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Journal articles on the topic 'Power Divergence'

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1

Binia, Jacob. "On Divergence-Power Inequalities." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 53, no. 3 (2007): 1179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2006.890715.

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2

Patra, Sujayendu, Avijit Maji, Ayanendranath Basu, and Leandro Pardo. "The power divergence and the density power divergence families: the mathematical connection." Sankhya B 75, no. 1 (2013): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13571-012-0050-3.

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3

Chen, Bao Fan, and De Yin Du. "Divergence Operator a Novel Power Conditioning System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 678 (October 2014): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.678.524.

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In order to improve the dynamic behavior of the weak link in power transmission and distribution network, studied a new regulator using the divergence operator to disturbance, improve power and high voltage power system, the divergent regulator based on the frequency response characteristics were simulated using the DIgSILENT software, the effect of good.
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4

Nielsen, Frank. "Generalizing the Alpha-Divergences and the Oriented Kullback–Leibler Divergences with Quasi-Arithmetic Means." Algorithms 15, no. 11 (2022): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15110435.

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The family of α-divergences including the oriented forward and reverse Kullback–Leibler divergences is often used in signal processing, pattern recognition, and machine learning, among others. Choosing a suitable α-divergence can either be done beforehand according to some prior knowledge of the application domains or directly learned from data sets. In this work, we generalize the α-divergences using a pair of strictly comparable weighted means. Our generalization allows us to obtain in the limit case α→1 the 1-divergence, which provides a generalization of the forward Kullback–Leibler diverg
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5

Muhammaditya, Nur, and Sudarsono Hardjosoekarto. "DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION DIVERGENCE OF MANAGEMENT ITEM BANK FACING THE ERA OF SOCIETY 5.0." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 6, no. 1 (2021): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v6i1.1893.

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Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis divergensi aktor-individual dalam pengelolaan bank soal digital menghadapi kebutuhan pemanfaatan big data pada masyarakat era 5.0. Kompleksitas divergensi tata kelola organisasi dilihat dari pendekatan berpikir sistem dimulai dari identifikasi permasalahan, pembuatan model konseptual, serta usulan yang berbasis tindakan secara menyeluruh dari setiap pemangku kepentingan. Ragam metode berpikir sistem yang digunakan berupa Soft Systems Methodology untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian yang menganalisis secara keseluruhan pemikiran, perkataan, dan tindakan pemili
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6

Kim, Moosup. "Robust learning of gamma regression model using density power divergence." Journal of the Korean Data And Information Science Society 36, no. 2 (2025): 327–38. https://doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2025.36.2.327.

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7

WU, YUE-LIANG. "QUANTUM STRUCTURE OF FIELD THEORY AND STANDARD MODEL BASED ON INFINITY-FREE LOOP REGULARIZATION/RENORMALIZATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 03n04 (2014): 1430007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14300075.

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To understand better the quantum structure of field theory and standard model in particle physics, it is necessary to investigate carefully the divergence structure in quantum field theories (QFTs) and work out a consistent framework to avoid infinities. The divergence has got us into trouble since developing quantum electrodynamics in 1930s. Its treatment via the renormalization scheme is satisfied not by all physicists, like Dirac and Feynman who have made serious criticisms. The renormalization group analysis reveals that QFTs can in general be defined fundamentally with the meaningful ener
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8

Kim, Moosup. "The learning of artficial neural network using density power divergence – Focusing on regression problem." Journal of the Korean Data And Information Science Society 35, no. 3 (2024): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2024.35.3.411.

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9

Sogawa, Yasuhiro, Tsuyoshi Ueno, Yoshinobu Kawahara, and Takashi Washio. "Active Learning for Regression via Density Power Divergence." Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 28, no. 1 (2013): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1527/tjsai.28.13.

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10

Lee, Seung Min, and Hwa Chang Song. "Homotopy Continuation Based Non-Divergent Power Flow." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1157.

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This paper presents a non-divergent power flow using homotopy continuation method for power system static analysis. During power flow calculation with newly established network data in power system planning, divergence may occur because of the ill-condition by singularity of power flow Jacobian or bad initial guesses. The application of homotopy continuation method can lead the chosen initial guess to a closer solution to power flow equations in hybrid coordinate successfully and can provide further information on the convergence characteristic. This paper includes an illustrative example cert
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11

Ahrari, Vahideh, and Arezou Habibirad. "Exponentiality Test Based on Progressively Type-II Censored Data Via Extension of Cumulative Tsallis Divergence." Revista Colombiana de Estadística 44, no. 2 (2021): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rce.v44n2.89797.

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In this article, first new divergences are defined by using Tsallis divergence and a measure of discrepancy between equilibriums associated with two distributions is proposed. Then utilizing the progressively Type-II censored sample, we construct goodness of fit tests for exponentiality based on the estimation of proposed divergences. To investigate the performance of the mentioned tests, Monte Carlo simulations are performed. In order to study the power, the alternatives are considered according to the failure rate function. The powers of the proposed tests are then compared with other existi
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12

Lee, Sangjin, and Changkon Hong. "Robust Interval Estimation Using Density Power Divergence." Korean Data Analysis Society 24, no. 1 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2022.24.1.1.

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13

Zhang, Tonglin, and Ge Lin. "Family of power divergence spatial scan statistics." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 75 (July 2014): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2014.02.003.

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14

Pak, Ro Jin. "The Bandwidth from the Density Power Divergence." Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods 21, no. 5 (2014): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/csam.2014.21.5.435.

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15

Eleftheriou, Maria, and Nikolas A. Müller-Plantenberg. "Price level convergence and purchasing power divergence." International Finance 21, no. 1 (2017): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/infi.12118.

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16

Riani, Marco, Anthony C. Atkinson, Aldo Corbellini, and Domenico Perrotta. "Robust Regression with Density Power Divergence: Theory, Comparisons, and Data Analysis." Entropy 22, no. 4 (2020): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040399.

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Minimum density power divergence estimation provides a general framework for robust statistics, depending on a parameter α , which determines the robustness properties of the method. The usual estimation method is numerical minimization of the power divergence. The paper considers the special case of linear regression. We developed an alternative estimation procedure using the methods of S-estimation. The rho function so obtained is proportional to one minus a suitably scaled normal density raised to the power α . We used the theory of S-estimation to determine the asymptotic efficiency and br
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17

Bleuler, Cédric, Amos Lapidoth, and Christoph Pfister. "Conditional Rényi Divergences and Horse Betting." Entropy 22, no. 3 (2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22030316.

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Motivated by a horse betting problem, a new conditional Rényi divergence is introduced. It is compared with the conditional Rényi divergences that appear in the definitions of the dependence measures by Csiszár and Sibson, and the properties of all three are studied with emphasis on their behavior under data processing. In the same way that Csiszár’s and Sibson’s conditional divergence lead to the respective dependence measures, so does the new conditional divergence lead to the Lapidoth–Pfister mutual information. Moreover, the new conditional divergence is also related to the Arimoto–Rényi c
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18

Rasheed, Tahir, Saad Ihsan Butt, Ɖilda Pečarić, and Josip Pečarić. "New Bounds of Cyclic Jensen’s Differences via Weighted Hadamard Inequalities with Applications." Mathematica Slovaca 73, no. 6 (2023): 1445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ms-2023-0105.

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ABSTRACT We generalize cyclic Jensen’s inequality utilizing the theory of 4-convex function under the effect of introduced Green functions. We formulate result for power means and quasi means. Also we give applications in information theory by giving new estimations of generalized Csiszár divergence, Rényi-divergence, Shannon-entropy, Kullback-Leibler divergence and χ 2-divergence.
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19

Lee, Sangyeol, and Junmo Song. "Minimum density power divergence estimator for GARCH models." TEST 18, no. 2 (2008): 316–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11749-008-0093-y.

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20

Lee, Sangyeol, and Junmo Song. "Minimum density power divergence estimator for diffusion processes." Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 65, no. 2 (2012): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10463-012-0366-9.

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21

Ghosh, Abhik, and Ayanendranath Basu. "Robust Bayes estimation using the density power divergence." Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 68, no. 2 (2015): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10463-014-0499-0.

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22

Liu, Zizhuo, Hongxiao Li, Jiagang Chen, et al. "Tapered Quantum Cascade Laser Achieving Low Divergence Angle and High Output Power." Sensors 25, no. 15 (2025): 4572. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154572.

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In this work, we present a high-performance tapered quantum cascade laser (QCL) designed to achieve both high output power and low divergence angle. By integrating a tapered waveguide with a Fabry–Perot structure, significant improvements of tapered QCL devices in both output power and beam quality are demonstrated. The optimized 50 µm wide tapered QCL achieved a maximum output power of 2.76 W in pulsed operation with a slope efficiency of 3.52 W/A and a wall-plug efficiency (WPE) of 16.2%, while reducing the divergence angle to 13.01°. The device maintained a maximum power of 1.34 W with a WP
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23

Kulhanek, Travis E., and Vadim Ponomarenko. "The Power Mean Test." PUMP Journal of Undergraduate Research 3 (June 12, 2020): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46787/pump.v3i0.2314.

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We devise a new test for convergence or divergence of an infinite series — the Power Mean Test. We explore the strength of this test relative to that of the Ratio and Root Tests and provide a family of series where the Power Mean Test is the most useful of the three tests.
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24

Ando, Shuji, Hikaru Hoshi, Aki Ishii, and Sadao Tomizawa. "A Generalized Two-Dimensional Index to Measure the Degree of Deviation from Double Symmetry in Square Contingency Tables." Symmetry 13, no. 11 (2021): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13112067.

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The double symmetry model satisfies both the symmetry and point symmetry models simultaneously. To measure the degree of deviation from the double symmetry model, a two-dimensional index that can concurrently measure the degree of deviation from symmetry and point symmetry is considered. This two-dimensional index is constructed by combining two existing indexes. Although the existing indexes are constructed using power divergence, the existing two-dimensional index that can concurrently measure both symmetries is constructed using only Kullback-Leibler information, which is a special case of
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25

Castilla, Elena, Nirian Martín, Leandro Pardo, and Konstantinos Zografos. "Model Selection in a Composite Likelihood Framework Based on Density Power Divergence." Entropy 22, no. 3 (2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22030270.

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This paper presents a model selection criterion in a composite likelihood framework based on density power divergence measures and in the composite minimum density power divergence estimators, which depends on an tuning parameter α . After introducing such a criterion, some asymptotic properties are established. We present a simulation study and two numerical examples in order to point out the robustness properties of the introduced model selection criterion.
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26

Mohanan, Janesh N., Kumaravel Sundaramoorthy, and Ashok Sankaran. "Performance Improvement of a Low-Power Wind Turbine Using Conical Sections." Energies 14, no. 17 (2021): 5233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175233.

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This paper examines the performance of conical sections (concentrator and diffuser) to improve the energy-recovery prospects of small-scale wind turbines. Detailed simulation studies of the conical sections with convergence angle viz., concentrator, and divergence angle viz., diffuser were conducted using ANSYS Fluent® software. Using simulation data, a trend analysis was conducted, and the empirical equations were derived for calculating the velocity variation and power variation in terms of the convergence/divergence angles. Working prototype models with optimum angles were fabricated for bo
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27

Ma, Sheng, and Qin Jiang. "The Characteristic of Power Series and its Sum Function on the Convergence Circle." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1434.

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In the paper, the specific issues is discussed whether or not the points on the convergence circle are the singular point of a sum function of a class of power series. Whats more, the relationship between divergence of the power series on the convergence circle and the pole of its function on the convergence circle is explored. And a new result is obtained that there exists the pole of its function on the convergence circle, the power series has the characteristic of everywhere divergence on the convergence circle.
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28

Pak, Ro Jin. "Minimum Density Power Divergence Estimation for Normal-Exponential Distribution." Korean Journal of Applied Statistics 27, no. 3 (2014): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.3.397.

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29

Pardo, Leandro, and María Del Carmen Pardo. "Minimum power-divergence estimator in three-way contingency tables." Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 73, no. 11 (2003): 819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0094965031000097782.

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30

Ommane, younes, and Idir Ouassou. "On the Stein Effect Under Density Power Divergence Loss." Afrika Statistika 14, no. 3 (2019): 2099–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/as/2019.2099.150.

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31

Hui-Qing, Li, Geng Ai-Cong, Bo Yong, Wu Ling-An, Cui Da-Fu, and Xu Zu-Yan. "Beam divergence effects on high power optical parametric oscillation." Chinese Physics 14, no. 10 (2005): 2026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-1963/14/10/018.

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32

Sogawa, Yasuhiro, Tsuyoshi Ueno, Yoshinobu Kawahara, and Takashi Washio. "Active learning for noisy oracle via density power divergence." Neural Networks 46 (October 2013): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2013.05.007.

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33

Bedrick, Edward J., and Chih-Ling Tsai. "Diagnostics for binomial response models using power divergence statistics." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 15, no. 4 (1993): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9473(93)90171-o.

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34

Kang, Jiwon, and Sangyeol Lee. "Minimum density power divergence estimator for Poisson autoregressive models." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 80 (December 2014): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2014.06.009.

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35

Ashtari Nezhad, Emad, Yadollah Waghei, Gholam Reza Mohtashami Borzadaran, Hamid Reza Nili Sani, and Hadi Alizadeh Noughabi. "Independence Test of Time Series Based on Power-Divergence." Journal of Statistical Sciences 13, no. 1 (2019): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jss.13.1.39.

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36

Vishal C. Jaunky. "Divergence of electric power consumption: evidence from the SAPP." Journal of Developing Areas 44, no. 1 (2010): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.0.0080.

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37

Basu, A., A. Mandal, N. Martin, and L. Pardo. "Testing statistical hypotheses based on the density power divergence." Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 65, no. 2 (2012): 319–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10463-012-0372-y.

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38

Basu, A., A. Mandal, N. Martin, and L. Pardo. "Testing Composite Hypothesis Based on the Density Power Divergence." Sankhya B 80, no. 2 (2017): 222–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13571-017-0143-0.

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39

Rost, A. W., A. M. Berridge, R. S. Perry, J. F. Mercure, S. A. Grigera, and A. P. Mackenzie. "Power law specific heat divergence in Sr3 Ru2 O7." physica status solidi (b) 247, no. 3 (2010): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200983068.

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40

Zhang, Jing, Xiaolong Ma, Xuyan Zhou, Anjin Liu, and Wanhua Zheng. "Mode engineering of semiconductor lasers with vertical periodic layered structures." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 6 (2021): 065102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac2e8c.

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Abstract High-power and low-divergence semiconductor lasers are useful in light detection and ranging, as well as material processing and so on. In this paper, an efficient approach is presented to explain the physics of mode selection in semiconductor lasers with vertical periodic layers for high power and low vertical beam divergence. The transmission matrix method is used to obtain the allowed band and forbidden band of the vertical periodic layered structure, and the band diagram of the layered structure of the semiconductor laser. The fundamental mode of the layered structure of the semic
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41

Schoon, Eric W., Alexandra Pocek Joosse, and H. Brinton Milward. "Networks, Power, and the Effects of Legitimacy in Contentious Politics." Sociological Perspectives 63, no. 4 (2020): 670–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121419896808.

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Legitimacy is widely theorized as shaping the dynamics of contentious politics, fostering support and stability for those involved while imposing behavioral constraints. Yet, empirical research reveals wide variation in how these effects are realized in practice. We contend that divergences in legitimacy’s effects are tied in fundamental ways to the relationship between actors engaged in contentious politics and their audience(s). We develop a framework that highlights three conditions shaping the effects of legitimacy—legitimacy type, network balance, and structural dependence—and use a compa
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42

Kojima, Takeshi, Yusaku Yamaguchi, Omar M. Abou Al-Ola, and Tetsuya Yoshinaga. "Optimizing Parameters for Enhanced Iterative Image Reconstruction Using Extended Power Divergence." Algorithms 17, no. 11 (2024): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a17110512.

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In this paper, we propose a method for optimizing the parameter values in iterative reconstruction algorithms that include adjustable parameters in order to optimize the reconstruction performance. Specifically, we focus on the power divergence-based expectation-maximization algorithm, which includes two power indices as adjustable parameters. Through numerical and physical experiments, we demonstrate that optimizing the evaluation function based on the extended power-divergence and weighted extended power-divergence measures yields high-quality image reconstruction. Notably, the optimal param
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43

Шашкин, И. С., А. Ю. Лешко, Д. Н. Николаев та ін. "Одномодовые лазеры (1050 нм) мезаполосковой конструкции на основе гетероструктуры AlGaAs/GaAs со сверхузким волноводом". Физика и техника полупроводников 54, № 4 (2020): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2020.04.49150.9334.

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The radiation properties of single-mode lasers based on an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure with an ultra-narrow waveguide are studied. It is shown that the use of an ultra-narrow waveguide (100 nm) and thin (70 nm) wide-gap barriers at the waveguide/cladding interface improves the vertical divergence. The lateral and vertical divergences were 5 and 18.5 degrees, respectively, for the developed narrow-stripe (5.1 µm) single-mode lasers. An efficient single-mode operation up to a power of 200 mW is demonstrated. A further increase in current leads to the onset of higher-order modes, while the maximu
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44

SVIRIN, YURI. "DIVERGENCE OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND JUSTICE: A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL STUDY." LEGAL BULLETIN 2, no. 6 (2021): 39–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11184502.

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The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the legislation and doctrine do not separate such legal categories as legal proceedings and justice. In scientific articles and educational literature, the authors most often use these terms as synonyms. In this connection, the purpose of this article is: to investigate the gnoseological essence of «justice» and «legal proceedings»; identify the features of justice, show the difference between justice and legal proceedings. Result: it has been proven that legal proceedings are inherent in any state, including a
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45

Wang, Tianfang, Chengao Yang, Yihang Chen, et al. "Coupling Performance Enhancement of GaSb-Based Single-Transverse-Mode Lasers with Reduced Beam Divergence Obtained via near Field Modulation." Photonics 9, no. 12 (2022): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120942.

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Symmetric narrow waveguide structure has been developed and fabricated to achieve low beam divergence and improved coupling performance of the 1.95 μm GaSb-based single-transverse-mode diode lasers. The near-field expansion effect of the narrowed 150 nm vertical waveguide design leads to a reduced fast-axis beam divergence of 44.2° full width at half maximum (FWHM) as well as 62% single-mode fiber (SMF) coupling efficiency, which has 55% relative promotion compared to the 40% efficiency of the conventional 270 nm waveguide design with 60.4° FWHM. The highest SMF coupling power of 113 mW was ob
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46

Komarov, I. D., and M. L. Gorbunova. "Convergence and Divergence in Multilateral Initiatives of Leading Powers." Governance and Politics 3, no. 3 (2024): 8–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2782-7062-2024-3-3-8-35.

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The emergence of multilateral initiative states and integration associations of the world, including the “Belt and road” of China, the “Greater Eurasian Partnership” of the Russian Federation, the “Free and Open Indo-Pacific Region” of the USA and Japan, the “Global Gateway” of the EU is an element of the rivalry between the mentioned powers. Within the system of international relations, this trend creates a complex interdependence among States with a different position in the global socio-political and economic hierarchy. Comparing multilateral initiatives represents a relatively new and prom
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47

Si, Pengfei, Ningfei Wang, Shitong Xia, Lin Shi, Shipeng Li, and Jianing Tang. "Numerical study on the influence of nozzle divergence half angle on thrust oscillation characteristic of underwater jet power." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1288, no. 1 (2023): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1288/1/012027.

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Abstract Underwater rocket propulsion is increasingly used in advanced marine vehicles that may be subject to supersonic gaseous jets while submerged. This work investigates the influence of supersonic nozzle divergence on the multi-flow field evolution process and the thrust oscillation characteristics by multiple numerical simulations using a VOF multiphase flow model. Four nozzle divergence half angles are taken into consideration. The analysis indicates that the thrust rises sharply at nozzle closure opens, then rapidly decreases and follows another rise. The thrust oscillates at high freq
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48

Liu, Junhong, Yunfei Xu, Rusong Li, et al. "High-Power Terahertz Photonic Crystal Surface-Emitting Laser with High Beam Quality." Photonics 11, no. 2 (2024): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11020150.

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The photonic crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL) has attracted much attention due to the advantages of a small far-field divergence angle and high output power. Here, we report a high-power terahertz (THz) photonic crystal laser with high beam quality through the optimization of the absorption boundary condition and the introduction of the symmetrically distributed electrodes. Single-mode surface emission at 3.4 THz with the maximum peak output power of 50 mW is demonstrated. Meanwhile, a high symmetric far-field pattern with C6 symmetry and a small divergence angle is achieved. In this dev
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49

Khan, Shadab Ali, and Faizan Munawwar. "A Comparative Exploration of Human Potential and Self-Transcendence in Iqbal and Nietzsche." Journal of Advances in Education and Philosophy 8, no. 10 (2024): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/jaep.2024.v08i10.001.

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This study examines the essential conceptual distinctions between Nietzsche's notion of the Superman and Iqbal's conception of the Perfect Man, two divergent goals of human potential. Nietzsche's Superman, grounded on power, autonomy, and the repudiation of conventional morality, aspires to grandeur via individual supremacy and the transcendence of social norms. Conversely, Iqbal’s Perfect Man is a fusion of heavenly grandeur and beauty, attaining excellence via spiritual self-actualization, ethical integrity, and altruistic service to mankind. Nietzsche’s Superman dismisses metaphysical ideas
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50

Pasmanik, G. A., A. I. Makarov, and A. A. Shilov. "Nonlinear optics concept for high-peak-power lasers." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 2 (1991): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003372.

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Abstract:
Possibilities are discussed of using Brillouin cells to produce high-peak-power radiation with the diffraction-limited divergence. The major emphasis is on the problems of coherent beam coupling at the output of several optical channels and of laser-pulse compression.
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