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1
Erices, Muñoz Eduardo Andrés, and Rojas Cristian Patricio Torres. "Sun Power Energy." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137206.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en AdministraciónEduardo Andres Erices Muñoz [Parte I Análisis estratégico y de mercado], Cristian Patricio Torres Rojas [Parte II Análisis organizativo-financiero]
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La necesidad de aumentar la capacidad instalada de la matriz energética del país es un tema que en la última década se ha instalado en la agenda nacional, dado que el crecimiento económico de Chile implica un mayor consumo eléctrico. A su vez, la estrechez energética se ve representada con mayor profundidad en la industria de la minería, especialmente en el norte grande de Chile. El sector minero, además de ser el principal consumidor de energía eléctrica del país, ha experimentado desde el año 2000 una caída sostenida en su productividad, entre otros factores, por los mayores consumos y costos de la energía eléctrica, enfrentando actualmente uno de los precios más altos de América Latina1. Dado lo anterior, el Gobierno está asumiendo un rol más activo, definiendo una Agenda de Energía que incluye como uno de sus ejes el compromiso que un 45% de la capacidad eléctrica que se instalará en el país hasta el año 2025 sean energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC) y, de esta forma, cumplir con la meta de la Ley 20/25 de ingresar a la matriz energética un 20% de ERNC para dicho año. En este sentido, la energía fotovoltaica es una alternativa técnicamente viable para cubrir el consumo eléctrico, principalmente en el norte grande del país, dado que posee un importantísimo potencial solar. El propósito del presente plan de negocios es evaluar la factibilidad económica y financiera de ingresar al negocio de las energías renovables no convencionales, de una manera no convencional. Más allá de este juego de palabras, dado que la mayoría de los proyectos de generación de energía limpia se basan en el modelo de negocios tradicional, o sea generando e inyectando energía al sistema y transando los precios en el mercado spot, la oportunidad de negocio se visualiza en vender directamente la energía a la industria minera, sin intermediarios ni costos de transmisión relevantes. La industria eléctrica nacional está dividida en tres segmentos: generación, transmisión y distribución de energía eléctrica. Las actividades de transmisión y distribución tienen el carácter de monopolio natural. El sector de generación opera en condiciones de competencia, no obstante se caracteriza por ser un mercado altamente concentrado. Asimismo, existen cuatro sistemas eléctricos siendo los dos más importantes el SING (Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande) y el SIC (Sistema Interconectado Central). La matriz energética del SING se alimenta en un 95% de fuentes térmicas (carbón, diésel, gas natural). En cuanto al desarrollo de proyectos ERNC, a pesar que el país posee condiciones naturales favorables para las energías solar y eólica, recién en el año 2014 se observó un “despegue” de las ERNC en Chile, materializándose proyectos con una capacidad instalada de casi 1.000 MW. Además, a nivel mundial la curva de aprendizaje en el costo de fabricación y operación de la tecnología solar fotovoltaica, ha permitido alcanzar precios competitivos respecto a las fuentes convencionales de energía. El mercado objetivo se concentra en el segmento de generación, a través del suministro eléctrico en base a energías renovables no convencionales, específicamente solar tipo fotovoltaica, para las empresas mineras (cobre) ubicadas en las regiones de Tarapacá y Antofagasta, ya que reúnen las condiciones de vida útil de la faena minera y disponibilidad de terrenos, de acuerdo a la propuesta de valor del proyecto. El modelo de negocios consiste en satisfacer parte de la demanda de energía eléctrica de las empresas mineras señaladas en el párrafo anterior, por medio de una planta solar fotovoltaica de 3 MW de potencia instalada y a través de un contrato de suministro tipo PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) a 20 años. La ventaja competitiva consiste en ofrecer una tarifa estable durante el período del contrato más baja que su tarifa actual en base a generación convencional, lo cual permitirá al cliente capturar y proyectar el ahorro en sus costos operativos. Además, la propuesta tiene la característica que la planta se construirá in-situ, aprovechando la superficie disponible en la faena minera, generando valor compartido en la economía de escala por el costo del terreno y línea de transmisión y conexión eléctrica. La operación y mantenimiento de la planta fotovoltaica estará a cargo de nuestra empresa. Para el desarrollo del negocio, dado que implica montos de inversión relevantes (USD 5,6 millones para cada planta) y se requiere de un respaldo tecnológico y logístico para realizar ese tipo de proyectos, se creará una Unidad Estratégica de Negocio (UEN) denominada “SUN POWER ENERGY” (SPE), bajo la estructura organizacional de E.CL S.A., una de las empresas principales que operan en el SING. Finalmente, en la evaluación financiera se contempla la ejecución de tres plantas solares dentro de los primeros seis años, con un total de aporte de capital requerido de USD 10 millones. Se ha considerado el apalancamiento financiero del proyecto, mediante la obtención de préstamos bancarios por USD 7,8 millones. Como resultado, través del valor actual de los flujos de caja libres descontados a una tasa del 7,5%, se obtiene un valor de la empresa sin deuda de USD 52.382, con una TIR del 7,5% y un periodo de recuperación de la inversión (payback) de 12 años. La TIR del inversionista alcanza al 7,9% con un VAN ajustado de USD 576.161.
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Masvigner, Raphael Charlie Jean. "EDF and the Brazilian power sector." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9844.
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Electricité de France (EDF) is a leading player in the European energy market by being both the first electricity producer in Europe and the world’s leading nuclear plant operator. EDF is also the first electricity producer and supplier in France. However, Europe, EDF’s core market, is currently underperforming: the European sovereign debt crisis is lowering significantly the growth perspective of an energy market that has already reached its maturity. As a consequence, European energy companies are now looking at international markets and especially BRIC economies where economic growth potential remains high. Among them, Brazil is expected to keep its strong economic and electricity demand growth perspectives for the coming decades. Though Brazil has not been considered as a strategic priority for EDF after the Light reversal in 2006, the current economic situation has led the Group to reconsider its position toward the country. EDF’s current presence in Brazil is limited to its stake in UTE Norte Fluminense, a thermal plant, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This report investigates the possibility and the feasibility of EDF’s activities expansion in Brazil and what added value it could bring for the Brazilian power market. Considering that the status quo would not allow EDF to take full advantage of Brazil’s future growth, this work is identifying the various options that are currently opened to EDF: market exit, status quo, EDF alone, local partner. For that purpose, this study collects and analyses the latest energy market data as well as generation companies’ information which are necessary to give a relevant overview of the current brazilian power sector and to present EDF strategic options for the country.
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van, Horen Clive. "The cost of power : externalities in South Africa's energy sector." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21698.
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Bibliography: pages [201]-220.The long-awaited birth of political democracy in South Africa in 1994 has led to a fundamental re-assessment of policy in most sectors of society. Although the energy sector has witnessed a clrar shift away from the self-sufficiency concerns of the apartheid era, to more universal goals of economic efficiency, social equity and environmental sustainability, there has, as yet, been very little analysis of problems at the energy-environment interface. In this context, this thesis investigates environmental externalities arising in South Africa's energy sector. Two questions are posed: first and foremost, which environmental problems give rise to the most significant social costs? Secondarily, how helpful is an environmental economic analysis in this context? With respect to the first question, it is hypothesised that the external costs arising from two sectors are significant: the electricity generation sector, and the low-income, unelectrified household sector. Of these two, it is suggested that externalities in the latter are most serious. After reviewing the literature on externalities and environmental valuation, the thesis undertakes an empirical investigation of external costs in both energy sub-sectors. A classification system is developed and used to select those externalities in each sector which are potentially serious and regarding which there is sufficient information for quantification purposes. After reviewing a larger number of impacts, data are collected from both published and unpublished sources for four environmental externalities in the electricity sector, and six in the household sector.
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Shirima, Hieromini Ireneus. "Power sector reforms and regulation in selected Eastern and Southern Africa countries." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10800.
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Bibliography: leaves 154-164 .The objective of this thesis is to undertake a comparative review of the power sector reforms and regulation in seven eastern and southern African countries, namely Uganda, Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Swaziland and Tanzania.
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Mula, Masauko. "Power sector reforms and regulation in selected countries of Central and Southern Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4971.
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Hannam, Phillip Matthew. "Contesting authority| China and the new landscape of power sector governance in the developing world." Thesis, Princeton University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10240338.
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Two co-constructed trends threaten to complicate global efforts to manage climate change. Electric power in developing countries is becoming more coal-intensive, while the international institutions capable of assisting lower-carbon growth paths are having their authority challenged by an emergent set of institutions under China’s leadership. In the last decade Chinese firms and state banks have become central players in power sector development across the developing world; China has been involved in over sixty percent of Africa’s hydropower capacity and is the single largest exporter of coal power plants globally. Statistical and qualitative evidence suggests that China’s growing role in these power markets has contributed to re-prioritization of the power sector in U.S. bilateral development assistance, complicated negotiation and implementation of coal power finance rules among OECD export credit agencies, and influenced where the World Bank chooses to build hydropower projects. The thesis establishes a framework for understanding responses to discord in development governance by drawing inductively on these contemporary cases. Competition between established and emerging actors increases with two variables: 1) conflicting ideological, commercial and diplomatic goals (difference in interests); and 2) the degree to which the emerging actor challenges rules and norms upheld by the established actor (contested authority). Competitive policy adjustment – one actor seeking to undermine or diminish the other’s pursuit of its objectives – has been historically commonplace when an emerging actor challenged an established actor in the regime for development assistance. China’s growing authority in global power sector assistance has prompted competitive policy adjustment among established donors while also enabling recipient countries to leverage donors and better direct their own development pathways. The thesis shows that although contested authority increases development sovereignty among recipients, it can cause backsliding on safeguards and rules among established donors with consequences for power sector outcomes, making fragile movement away from carbon-intensive development even more tenuous. By characterizing this new and uncertain landscape of power sector governance, the thesis contributes to theorization on discord in international governance and to policy development for mitigating climate change.
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Mummery, Robert. "What are the uncertainties and potential impacts of "Brexit"/the EU referendum result on the UK wind energy sector?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393318.
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This study examines the potential effects of Brexit on the wind power industry within the UK. It became apparent that in order to reach the objective that the approach of the research needed to be broadened as it was found that Brexit has potential effects in many areas of the UK's electricity industry, including the import and export of electricity and the associated fuels used in the generation of electricity. It was found that in the event of a hard Brexit, one with no deal, that the UK's physical connections by undersea cables with the EU may be disrupted. There is a raft of legislation within the Internal Energy Market (IEM) governing this issue that will need a complete rewrite should the UK be forced to leave the IEM. Consideration was given to the effect of Brexit on the three main traditional methods used to generate electricity in the UK, coal, gas and nuclear power and how wind powered energy could be used to fill any shortfall directly or indirectly caused by Brexit. The UK Government has pledged to eradicate the use of coal in generating electricity by 2025 so the study considered only the short term effect of this. For gas, the UK is a net importer, albeit mainly from outside the EU, so the implications of Brexit on gas fired generation of electricity were discussed and found to be negligible. For nuclear powered electricity generation the implications were found to be more serious. The UK would have to resign its membership of Euratom, the European Atomic Agency Community. The potential implications of this include, limited access to nuclear fuel, and reduced participation into nuclear research carried out by the EU. The scope of Euratom also includes a large variety of areas including the safeguarding of nuclear materials in storage and in transit along with radiation protection. Plans by two Japanese companies to build new nuclear power stations in the UK have been shelved with Brexit adding to the uncertainty of their viability. It was found that the combined implications of the above could result in a shortfall in the medium term provision of electricity within the UK. Finally it was discussed whether or not wind powered energy could fill this void and it was found that the UK Government could overcome the deficiency by encouraging investment in wind power by increasing the value of their Contract for Difference, CfD, auctions.
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Pailman, Kelsey Amy. "Policy harmonisation, regional integration and energy security: the participation of independent power producers in the Sub-Saharan African energy sector." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31244.
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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal Seven (SDG 7) promotes access to 'affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’. Sub-Saharan Africa is however characterised by high levels of energy insecurity. Regional integration is a way in which energy security in the region can be achieved through the sharing of resources, infrastructure and expertise. Electricity trade in Sub-Saharan takes place primarily through the Southern African Power Pool. The Power Pool consists of 13 member countries that import and export electricity across transmission infrastructure. Regional integration is however hampered by unreliable state-owned centralised grids. Many grids in sub-Saharan Africa do not have sufficient energy generation capacity for regional trade. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) promote regional integration and energy security by increasing a country’s energy generation capacity and diversifying its energy mix through renewable energy sources. Sub-Saharan Africa currently lacks a harmonised policy framework on the participation of IPPs in national energy markets. This thesis argues that a harmonised policy framework on IPP participation on a national level can increase electricity trade and energy security regionally.
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Lipták, Marek. "Competition Patterns at the EU Internal Energy Markets in Central Europe." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135910.
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The first part of the thesis concerns describing the main topics concerned when mentioning electroenergetics: peculiarities of electricity and specifics of this commodity as well as liberalization that took place within this sector and new patterns arisen from these changes mainly in terms of business not only in wholesale, but also with effects on retail. It also outlines the economic rationale behind these changes. The second part of the thesis is an empirical analysis of real wholesale market data, demonstrating results of correlation, convergence and cointegration in spot prices of wholesale electricity in particular European countries.
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Romanini, Evandro Gustavo. "Conservação de energia no setor comercial : um novo negocio para as concessionarias de energia eletrica." [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263847.
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Orientador: Moacyr Trindade de Oliveira AndradeDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, procurou-se estudar as novas oportunidades de negócios que as concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica vêm desenvolvendo, junto aos seus clientes comerciais. Para esta análise, foi necessário conhecer o atual cenário do mercado de energia no país e as novas leis sobre o Mercado Atacadista de Energia. Foram analisados os impactos da comercialização de energia com a abertura do mercado, da criação dos consumidores livres e do potencial de negócios na conservação de energia. Na conclusão, analisou-se o novo cenário de comercialização de energia e o potencial de ganho, financeiro e de marketing, das concessionárias de energia elétrica
Abstract: The aim of this work is to study the new business opportunities that electric power utilities have been offering their commercial customers. To carry out this analysis, it was necessary to get information about the current conditions of the power market in this country and the new laws about the energy Wholesale Market. The impact of the market opening on the energy trade, the creation of free consumers, and the new prospects for the conservation of energy have been analyzed. At the conc1usion, the new setting for the energy trade and the prospects for marketing and financia! gains of the electric power concessionaires have been analyzed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Avgerinopoulos, Georgios. "Strategic energy systems analysis:Possible pathways for the transition of electricity sector inTanzania." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-139072.
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This study examines the concept of the evolution of electricity sector in Tanzania.Electrification of Africa has raised large discussion and thus, nine scenarios based ondifferent production pathways and demand projections are formulated. The studyconsiders both grid based centralized electricity and decentralized power production.The main differentiation is between a centralized electricity system and decentralizedpower that are closer to demand. A model is created using three modeling tools(Answer-OSeMOSYS, LEAP and MESSAGE) and the results are presented andcompared. Finally, different funding options for electricity expansion projects inTanzania are explored in order to investigate the feasibility of the scenarios as well asa geopolitical analysis is carried out.
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Dixon, Dorothea Elizabeth. "A comparative international review of power sector reform and its impact on access to electricity by poor communities." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6741.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-111).Since the early 1980's, a number of countries have been undertaking power sector reform. Very often the drivers for change included the need to reduce reliance on public finances and to obtain foreign capital, either to service loans, or for investing in new capacity. Latin American countries were the forerunners in this regard, with Chile amongst the first. The other main driver was to improve the financial and technical performance of the electricity industry. The rationale for this initiative could also be found in other factors, which are discussed as the countries are dealt with individually later in this document. One important aspect thereof is clearly the 'public benefit' implications of power sector reform, which are more pressing in developing countries. Until the 1980's, the electricity industry was viewed as a natural monopoly, and the concept of economies of scale reinforced this point of view. However, with dramatic technology improvements, it became possible to generate electricity competitively in smaller power plants, and thus alternatives to monopolistic industries were increasingly feasible. Competition is now possible in generation and supply. Developers other than the state can participate in the industry either as Independent Power Producers (IPPs) or as distributors and suppliers of electricity. According to the principle of competition, the introduction of new players into the market should lower electricity prices. This study investigates if this holds true in developing countries and whether power sector reform slows down or accelerates electrification access for the poor.
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Kennedy, Robert Charles. "Organisational lobbying activities at the EU: An exploratory analysis of the energy and power generation sector." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.593916.
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As a result of the growth of the EU over the years, not only in its physical size and country membership but also in terms of its legislative power, there has been a need for organisations to address the manner in which they represent themselves and their interests at the EU level. For some time now, it has not been possible for large organisations from various industries to simply engage via their home national administrations with the institutions of the EU in terms of seeking to influence the legislation that is now being produced by these supranational bodies. In parallel, the nature and scope of the legislative agenda of the EU has also grown, which has made the EU legislative environment of interest for organisations in terms of both their market and nonmarket environment The growing ability for the EU to influence the setting in which organisations operate and thus have an effect on the overall competitiveness within the business context, of not only individual organisations but industries too, meant that organisations have become more interested in engaging with the EU institutions. The form this engagement takes is via lobbying activities towards the various institutions. This thesis first seeks to explore the aspects of lobbying activities at the EU level for actors from the Energy & Power Generation Sector. It consequently looks at the dynamics between the representation for industry actors via associations or federations, national or international, over more individualistic efforts. In doing so, the strategic aspects to lobbying activities are also explored in terms of the Resource Based View of the firm. In order to address these issues the industry selection is first justified and then a qualitative foundation is laid, this is in terms of seeking primary data for the research via face-to-face interviews with appropriate interview targets. The primary data was ultimately collected from 26 high level face-to-face interviews with actors from the industry side as well as from with in the institutions as well. The findings of the thesis are that activities via associations and federations are very much subject to the consensus position that can be reached within them and the overall effectiveness for their members is subject to the position reached. However, in terms of interaction with the European Commission, associations and federations allow also for smaller actors to make contact in the drafting stage of legislation by the EC. Timing is also a significant issue in terms of the legislative process when it comes to effective lobbying activities towards the institutions. Moreover, the ability to lobby in a transversal manner is an ultimate goal. In terms of achieving this goal of transversal lobbying for industry based actors, this is only possible through the contribution of the appropriate resources and capabilities. If these resources and capabilities are already present and configured in a particular way, then undertaking lobbying in a transversal manner is achievable. In cases 3 " where they are not, then they either need to be sought so that lobbying activity can be increased in the non market environment or alternative routes need to be followed to interact with and lobby the institutions (such as an increased reliance on lobbying activities via associations or federations). 4
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Hamedi, Zoheir. "A multilevel perspective for an energy transition in the power generation sector of the GCC countries." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10753/.
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As a result of a combination of concerns related to the climate change issue, energy security, and the inevitable depletion of fossil fuels, the energy system of the world economy is, indeed, at the early stage of a gradual and sustained energy transition. The future of the energy system of the GCC economies will strongly depend on this world tendency, as they are one of the main producers and providers of hydrocarbons to the world economy, and their economies rely almost entirely on the hydrocarbons on two aspects: first of all, as a source of revenue and therefore a core element of their political economy and secondly, hydrocarbons constitute the only energy source fuelling the economic engine of the GCC countries. Moreover, the economies of the Gulf are under an increased pressure to diversify their energy mix for the following reasons: they have one of the largest carbon footprint per capita in the world, and the ever-increasing domestic consumption of electricity is putting an increasing pressure on the available reserves of hydrocarbons to the export market. Grounded on this new international energy environment and the challenges facing the GCC countries to diversify their energy sources in the long-term, it is proposed through this study to explore through scenarios the possible transition pathway for engaging the GCC economies into an energy transition in their power generation sector up to 2050 and how this objective could be shaped within the context of a hydrocarbon-rich rentier economic system. The scenario methodology will be used within the concept of energy transitions and the multi-level perspective (MLP) framework of analysis, which will allow for a systemic analysis of the energy system of the GCC countries and for identifying the forces that will be at work for potential future energy transitions.
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Jamasb, Tooraj. "Welfare economic implications of energy-environmental costs and policies : the case of the Norwegian electric power sector." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621042.
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Seyhan, Tolga Han. "An Intertemporal And Spatial Network Model For Turkish Energy System." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608594/index.pdf.
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Turkey, as a recent signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has to adopt policies to restrict greenhouse gas emissions at a time when energy demand is increasing rapidly. We report on an intertemporal, spatial network model representing the energy system that seeks to address the difficult trade-offs involved. We compute and optimal mix of fuels and technologiesconsidering efficiencies and investments in generation and transmission. The model allows analysis of emissions and investment decisions to attain set targets. Extensions allowing the study of dependency on fossil fuels and imports are also discussed.
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Spalding-Fecher, Dennis Randall. "Impact of climate change and irrigation development on hydropower supply in the Zambezi River Basin, and implications for power sector development in the Southern African Power Pool." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28106.
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This thesis investigates the hypothesis that the combination of future changes in climate and development (primarily irrigation) in the Zambezi River Basin (ZRB) threatens the technical and economic viability of existing and planned hydropower plants, and in turn the expansion plans and costs of the regional power system for Southern African countries. This hypothesis is evaluated using the following three questions to structure the analysis. ● How could future climate and irrigation expansion in the Zambezi River Basin affect hydropower generation potential? ● How could development in Southern Africa affect power demand, and how might this demand be met? ● How could the changes in water availability for hydropower (i.e. due to climate change and development) affect regional electricity expansion plans, generation costs and greenhouse gas emissions? The methodological tool used to address the first research question is the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) scenario modelling system, developed by Stockholm Environment Institute. WEAP is a combined hydrological and water allocation model that is widely used internationally. The modelling demonstrates that the change in future climate is the overwhelming driver of future production at almost all hydropower plants in the ZRB over the study period of 2010-2070. The difference in mean generation under wetting and drying climates (i.e. difference between the values under wet and dry scenarios) is 12-16% for individual existing plants. This difference is as much as 30% for individual new plants, with all plants other than Batoka showing variation in mean annual generation of more than 13%. The impact of irrigation, on the other hand, is mainly an issue for plants downstream from Kariba, and even then the magnitude is typically less than a third of the impact of the alternative climates. The water modelling results therefore do not vary significantly across alternative development futures, because the accelerated irrigation development is still not large enough to dramatically impact hydropower. The second research question is analysed using Stockholm Environment Institute's Long- Range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model to trace the impacts of socio-economic development on electricity supply and demand. The analysis combines a simulation of current utility plans with a least cost optimisation to meet the remainder of supply needed over the long term. The analysis shows that the underlying socio-economic drivers of demand lead to both a dramatic increase in total electricity demand and a shift across sectors and countries within the region. Total electricity demand for the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) region increases by 8-14 times over period from 2010 to 2070, with the combined demand from the rapidly growing countries of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Mozambique and Zambia becoming larger than South African demand by 2070. At the sectoral level, the share of total demand from the extractive and manufacturing sectors increases from 59% in 2010 to 70% in 2070 under the most optimistic development scenario, based on a compound annual growth rate of consumption in excess of 5%. Activity level growth is the main driver of demand growth. Comparison with other studies in the region show that the mid-term demand estimates (e.g. 2025-2030) in this study are generally within the range of other research, with somewhat higher demand estimates from the most optimistic development scenario. Total electricity supply required over the longer term is met through the addition of 400-1400 GW of new capacity, or 8-20 times the current capacity of the region. More strikingly, the power mix shifts from almost 80% coal-fired power to 24-44% coal by 2070, with the balance being supplied mainly by solar, wind, hydropower and nuclear generation. The regional shift is no less dramatic, with South Africa's share of total generation declining from 84% to only a third, based on the higher growth rates in countries such as DRC, Mozambique and Zambia. The third research question is the most important in terms of the original contribution of this PhD thesis. Applying the WEAP and LEAP tools to an integrated multi-country system is a methodological advance pioneered in this thesis, showing that the integrated methodology can provide information to address not only the immediate questions about generation choices under an uncertain future climate, but also system costs and GHG emissions. The analysis shows that the reduction in hydropower generation under a drying climate leads to a shift in both capacity expansion choices and the operation of the regional power system, while the increases in hydropower output under a wetting climate are smaller. In other words, the "downside" of future climate changes is larger than the potential "upside". At an aggregate level, the increases in generation costs are a small share of total generation costs (i.e. less than 1% over the full study period compared to the baseline climate). However, the impact on generation costs for hydro-dependent countries such as Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe is considerably larger, and these countries also gain more under a wetting climate. Finally, because some hydropower could be displaced by coal, regional GHG emissions could increase by more than 6 MtCO2 per year in the medium term, or the equivalent of a large coalfired power station. This research has important policy implications for the water and electricity sector in the region. The potential transformation of the electricity supply sector would require a fundamental shift in resource use, grid management and infrastructure development in the region. The shift in the resource base for electricity generation will pose challenges for grid integration and balancing supply and demand across countries and load centres. Historically, the development of transmission capacity, and the resulting trade in electricity, has been constrained by the political and economic realities of the region. There are signs that the politics could be shifting, however, for political, economic and environmental reasons. In addition, the relatively low consumption of water in the Zambezi River Basin in the past meant that explicit trade-offs across sectors and across countries posed less of a challenge for the basin overall. This is very likely to change in the future, as increased demand from all sectors, and major potential changes in climate will require more explicit agreements across both countries and user groups on how best to utilise a limited resource. This research demonstrates the tools that could be used to integrate both climate change and upstream development demands into the feasibility studies before investment decisions are made. The research also illustrates the first steps toward integrating climate change and upstream development considerations into national and regional electricity planning. The electricity and water sectors are important contributors to the development of the Southern Africa, and hydropower in the ZRB lies at the intersection of these fields. Climate change, however, has the potential to add increased stress on these sectors, both directly and indirectly, and yet is not being considered in many individual hydropower power investments, or in national or regional electricity planning. The integrated scenario analysis approach in this thesis demonstrates how the impacts of climate change, as well as increased irrigation demand for water, could be assessed not only for specific hydropower plants and for the entire sector power sector. Preparing for this possible range of future climates can increase the resilience of the sector and reduce the risk of stranded assets in the power sector.
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Zheng, Zhanghua. "Overall CO2 efficiency assessment for a low carbon energy system." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619233.
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Decarbonization of the power sector is of great importance for the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon world economy. Estimating carbon efficiency in the power sector is a key step to grasp the impact of demand-side usage changes and evaluate their potential environmental benefits. In order to quantify the environmental benefits of demand-side usage changes, Average Emission Factor (AEF) and Marginal Emission Factor (MEF) have been proposed in the electrical power sector. AEF is defined as the ratio of the total CO2 emitted in the system to the total electricity generated. It is an effective factor for reporting on CO2 emissions at system level and on an average basis, but the current AEF model lacks clarity on the factors actually affecting the estimation. MEF is defined as the incremental change in carbon emissions as a result of a change in demand. However, previous MEF assessments did not consider key technical limitations, such as ramp-rate constraint for generators and network constraints, and carbon trading mechanisms. This thesis improves the estimation for both AEF and MEF and key achievements can be summarized as: 1). A novel model of estimating AEF, with its application to GB, US and China’s electricity system. 2). Improvement on conventional MEF model by considering ramp-rate constraint in dispatch order. 3). Sensitivity studies on MEF using current fuel prices and future fuel prices. 4). A new model of estimating MEF considering both the utilization level of generators and the carbon costs when determining the dispatch order. 5). The effect of power network on MEF estimation, with a comparison of congested scenarios and non-congested scenario.
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Sharabaroff, Alexander M. "An Assessment of the Impact of the Deregulation of the Electric Power Sector in the U.S. on the Efficiency of Electricity Generation and the Level of Emissions Attributed to Electricity Generation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1210903115.
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Okumura, Suzuki Pablo Arturo. "The framework electricity market in Peru." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108561.
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Throughout the decade of 1990, Peru went through a process of liberalization and privatization, a process that was reflected on the mechanism of provision of utilities in the country.In the present article, the author studies the previously mentioned process focusing in the power sector, analyzing it from the Law on Electric Concessions reforms and focusing on its commercial function. He also offers a critical and descriptive overview, including the advantages and disadvantages of the Peruvian model.A lo largo de la década de 1990, el Perú atravesó un proceso de liberalización y privatización, fenómeno que se reflejó en el mecanismo de prestación de servicios públicos en el país.En el presente artículo, el autor estudia dicho proceso centrándose en el sector eléctrico, analizándolo básicamente a partir de las reformas de la Ley de Concesiones Eléctricas y concentrándose en su función comercial. Asimismo, ofrece un panorama crítico y descriptivo, incluyendo las ventajas y desventajas del modelo peruano.
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Oniemola, Peter Kayode. "Developing a legal framework for promoting investment in renewable energy in the Nigerian power sector : an analysis of the design and implementation challenges." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=222677.
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This thesis investigates the role of support schemes to promote investment in renewable energy in the Nigerian power sector. The current situation does not favour investment in renewable energy. The argument developed by this thesis shows that the feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme is most suitable for encouraging investment in renewable energy in Nigeria. Drawing from legal analysis of international best practice and established FIT schemes in Germany and China, the research puts forward assertions that the FIT, with a design structure containing a fixed tariff for a guaranteed duration, tariff differentiation and degression, purchase obligation, guaranteed priority and guaranteed access to the grid, review measures and effective administration and implementation can encourage investment in renewable electricity in Nigeria. The thesis goes on to discuss how typical models of the FIT schemes used in the developed world need to be adapted to meet the existing challenges in the Nigerian electricity market if the FIT scheme is to be effective. The principal challenge is that consumers are unable to bear the cost of subsidies to investment in renewable energy. There are the concerns that purchasers of renewable electricity are not creditworthy. There are also general rule of law challenges which may lead to regulatory uncertainties and changes in support offered to investors. These require departures in design from the typical FIT models including those employed by Germany and China. The thesis proposes solutions to the particular difficulties in using an FIT scheme in Nigeria and concludes by providing a legal framework that includes suggested responses. It proposes that the FIT should be financed by the Nigerian state, by establishing a fund from the oil revenue account under the constitution. The risks of non-payment by the purchasers should be removed by establishing government guarantees backed by international financial institutions. Measures such as saving provisions in the law, stabilisation clauses in investment contracts and reliance on the provisions of bilateral investment treaties are important mechanisms that are proposed to check regulatory and investment uncertainties. The thesis presents a proposal for a legal framework for promoting renewable energy in the Nigerian power sector that incorporates these solutions.
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Salas, Bravo Pablo Andres. "The effects of uncertainty in the technological transitions of the power sector : endogenous emissions scenarios up to 2050." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265885.
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By August 2016, 180 countries have signed the Paris Agreement and committed to holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2degC above pre-industrial levels. Abiding by the agreement will require a substantial reduction of emissions over the next few decades and near zero emissions of CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases by the end of this century. In this context, the decarbonisation of the global power sector is of strategic importance, because low-carbon electricity has system-wide benefits that go beyond the electricity sector, enabling significant reductions of CO2 emissions in the industry, transport and buildings sectors. To make the necessary changes depends partly on improving the analysis and estimates of the economics of climate change, and for that there is an urgent need for a new generation of models that give a more accurate picture of the potential decarbonisation pathways. The technological transition towards a low carbon power sector depends on many uncertain factors, such as policy efficiency, renewable energy investment and availability of energy resources. The knowledge about how these uncertain factors interact, and the impacts on the technological evolution of the energy sector, are the key to creating successful policies for driving the economy towards a cleaner, low carbon society. In this context, the work presented here provides decarbonisation scenarios of the global power sector, under uncertain drivers of technological change, and in doing so, enables a better understanding of technology diffusion process in the power sector. The scenarios are created using the FTT:Power model, a representation of global power systems based on market competition, induced technological change and natural resource use and depletion. The scenarios analysed in this dissertation are focused on four drivers of technological change: energy policy, energy resource availability, learning and investment. The influence of uncertainty on each of these drivers is analysed in detail, through endogenous emission scenarios of the global power sector between 2016 and 2050. Emission pathways with uncertainty ranges, as well as policy recommendations, are presented as a result of the modelling exercise.
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Goron, Coraline. "Climate Revolution or Long March? The Politics of Low-Carbon Transformation in China (1992-2015). The Power Sector as Case Study." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/261337.
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The object of this thesis is to analyse the politics involved in low-carbon transformations from the point of view of the exercise of state power in the economy. It starts from the premise that large-scale socio-technical transformations such as that required by the overhaul of energy systems based on the burning of fossil fuels involve confrontations of interests and ideologies, and therefore are contentious and political. The objective of the thesis is to analyse how this political challenge has unfolded in China, which is relevant not only because of its global environmental impact, but also because its industrialisation experience invites a reflection on the way in which these issues have been analysed in the West. Thus, the thesis explores how, in China, the necessity to address environmental issues has transformed the way in which the state exercises its power over the economy, particularly over the electric power system. The research involves a longitudinal analysis of the political transformation of China’s state institutions from the 1980s to 2015, as well as two case studies in the field of low-carbon policy: the promotion of renewable energy and the implementation of administrative pollution targets in the electric power sector. The focus on the production of electric power stems from both its centrality to China’s low-carbon transformation and the particular position of the electric power industry in the market reforms. The key findings of this research are twofold. Firstly, the CPC absorbed environmental claims in its developmental doctrine, which validated the resort to authoritarian interventions in the economy and society, and by the same token also increased the resistance to them, undermining the construction of a rule-based state power. Secondly, it finds that the political logic of the market reforms, characterised by an expansionary economic logic accompanied by periodical political interventions to correct perceived excesses, also characterised the way in which the green transformation was handled.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Sterchele, Philip [Verfasser]. "Analysis of Technology Options to Balance Power Generation from Variable Renewable Energy : Case Study for the German Energy System with the Sector Coupling Model REMod / Philip Sterchele." Düren : Shaker, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1198601051/34.
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Ibáñez, López A. Santiago (Antonio Santiago). "Analysis and modeling of Spain's power sector in order to define the best incentive policies for achieving an optimum energy mix." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81066.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The goal of this thesis is the development of a model of the Spanish energy mix in order to be able to forecast its evolution in function of exogenous variables such as the public opinion about specific technologies, the price of oil, the price of natural gas, the interest rate, etc. at a given moment in time. The development of such a model is interesting in order to set the right pOlicies and incentives for achieving a required energy mix as well as to calculate the system costs at a specific moment in time. This way, under or overinvestment in specific technologies can be avoided. This issue has been a cause of concern in Spain, where for example, because of erratic incentive policies a huge overinvestment in solar PV power happened between 2008 and 2009, which entailed higher than expected energy costs that will have to be paid by the final consumers for many years. So, a model of the power system has been developed using the System Dynamics methodology. The model has been subsequently validated using historical data in order to check that the results obtained by the model reflect the reality. Once validated, different future scenarios have been considered and the model has been used in order to define the energy policies that entail the optimum results in terms of the resulting energy mix and wholesale power price. Learnings and conclusions about the Spanish power market have been summarized.
by A. Santiago Ibáñez López.
M.B.A.
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Datko, James A. "Carbon mitigation in the power sector as a solution to global climate change, a good idea but how much water will it cost?" The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1284138162.
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Silva, Rogério Souza da. "Gestão de energia em instituições públicas: metodologia baseada no modelo de excelência em gestão pública." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-23122014-141551/.
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As questões ambientais, o aquecimento global e a escassez dos recursos naturais são temas cada vez mais relevantes nesse início de século XXI. No Brasil também está em discussão a necessidade da melhoria dos gastos públicos e maior eficiência do Estado. A gestão de energia pode ser um vetor nessas frentes, contribuindo ao mesmo tempo para redução de impactos ambientais, melhor aproveitamento dos recursos e reduzindo o dispêndio de gastos públicos com energia. A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar o Sistema Público de Gestão de Energia (SPGE) visando incrementar a eficiência energética em instituições públicas brasileiras. O SPGE tem como base o Modelo de Excelência em Gestão Pública (MEGP), um modelo de gestão moderno, conceitualmente adaptado ao setor público do Brasil. Valendo-se também do conhecimento adquirido pelo Programa Permanente para o Uso de Energia na Universidade São Paulo (PURE-USP), que pratica a gestão de energia na USP desde 1997, este trabalho também aplica o SPGE para sugerir melhorias ao programa uspiano. Conclui que a gestão de energia deve ser praticada pelo setor público brasileiro, e que os conceitos de eficiência energética devem ser divulgados ao cidadão até o ponto que ele tenha condições de requerer a gestão de energia em todas as instituições públicas que faça uso.Environmental issues, global warming and scarcity of natural resources are themes even more relevant at the beginning of 21th century. In Brazil, it is also in discussion the need of improving public spending and bigger efficiency of the country. Energy management can be a vector in these fronts, at the same time contributing to reduce environmental impacts, better use of resources and reducing the waste of public spending with energy. The purpose of this paper is to present the Public System Power Management (known as SPGE) aiming increasing the energy efficiency in Brazilian public institutions. This System (SPGE) is based on the Model of Excellence in Public Management (known as MEGP), a model of modern management, conceptually adapted to Brazils public sector. Also taking advantage from the knowledge obtained by the Permanent Program to the Use of Energy from University of São Paulo (known as PURE-USP), that has exercised the energy management in USP since 1997, this paper also applies SPGE to suggest improves to USP program. It concludes that power management must be used by Brazilian public sector and the concept of energy efficiency has to be disseminated to the citizens up to the point where they are able to require the power management in all public institutions used by them.
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Ludig, Sylvie [Verfasser], Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Bruckner. "Renewable energy and CCS in German and European power sector decarbonization scenarios / Sylvie Ludig. Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer ; Thomas Bruckner. Betreuer: Ottmar Edenhofer." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1067385444/34.
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Ringer, Naya Jayme. "Desafios do setor de energia eólica no Brasil: uma abordagem sistêmica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-18072014-101417/.
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A busca pelo Desenvolvimento Sustentável inclui estratégias como o maior uso de formas de energia renováveis, que tenham menores impactos no meio ambiente, que tragam benefícios sociais, como geração de empregos, desenvolvimento científico, por exemplo e que tragam benefícios econômicos, como o barateamento do acesso à energia e uma menor dependência ao petróleo, entre outros. No Brasil, a principal fonte de geração de energia elétrica é a hidráulica que precisa ser complementada a fim de garantir um fornecimento estável. Uma forma de energia que tem grande potencial de geração no Brasil é a eólica, que compõe apenas uma pequena parte da matriz energética brasileira, mas que vem ganhando destaque nos leilões, por conta de sua competitividade. No entanto, para que o setor se consolide no país, ainda há diversos desafios. O presente trabalho se propôs a compreender o setor e esses desafios. Além de colaborar para o setor e ajuda-lo com a melhora da informação e sensibilização da opinião pública sobre energias renováveis, o trabalho pode ser de grande valia para o enriquecimento da literatura relacionada, visto que ele supre uma lacuna de trabalhos acadêmicos que analisam o setor de forma tão ampla e com tais metodologias. Foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa dividida em duas etapas. A primeira trata-se de uma análise do setor e do ambiente em que ele está inserido, na qual foram analisados aspectos político-legais, econômicos, sociais, ambientais e tecnológicos, bem como oportunidades e ameaças do setor. Em um segundo momento, a fim de complementar essa análise, foi realizada uma análise do sistema por meio da Soft System Methodology. Para as análises propostas foram coletadas informações secundárias, principalmente utilizadas na primeira parte da análise e informações primárias, coletadas por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada, que, juntamente com as informações da primeira etapa, foi analisada na segunda etapa. Como conclusão do trabalho, foram colocadas sugestões úteis à busca de competitividade do setor. Já que a utilização de fontes de energias renováveis é importante para a busca de Desenvolvimento Sustentável e que o Brasil tem grande potencial de tornar prática essa estratégia por meio da energia eólica, percebeu-se que é necessário incentivar o setor desenvolvendo novas linhas de financiamento, investindo-se em inovação e capacitação de recursos humanos, realizando trabalhos de conscientização do público em geral e trabalhando para que se reduza as dificuldades de implantação de projetos. Isso demonstraria os esforços do país na procura por um desenvolvimento econômico e social, que leve em consideração o meio ambiente e sua sustentabilidade, o que deveria ser feito em âmbito global.The pursuit of sustainable development includes strategies such as increasing the use of renewable forms of energy that have less impact on the environment, that bring social benefits such as employment generation, scientific development, for example and bring economic benefits, such as cheaper access to energy and less dependence on oil, among others. In Brazil the main source of electricity generation is hydro needs to be supplemented in order to ensure a steady supply. A form of energy that has great potential generation in Brazil is the wind, which makes up only a small part of the Brazilian energy matrix, but it is gaining prominence in the auction because of their competitiveness. However, for the sector to consolidate in the country, there are still many challenges. This study aimed to understand the industry and these challenges. In addition to collaborating for the sector and help it to improve information and raise public awareness about renewable energy, the work can be of great value to the enrichment of the related literature, since it fills a gap in academic papers by analyzing the industry widely and using such methodologies. A qualitative research divided in two steps was developed. The first is an analysis of the industry and his environment, in which political-legal, economic, social, environmental and technological aspects, as well as opportunities and threats in the industry were analyzed. In a second step, in order to complement this analysis, an analysis of the system via the Soft System Methodology was held. For the proposed analyzes were collected secondary information, mainly used in the first part of the analysis and primary data collected through a semi-structured interview, which, together with information from the first step, the second step was analyzed. As completion of the work, were placed in the search for useful suggestions competitiveness of the sector. As the use of renewable energy is important to the search for sustainable development and that Brazil has great potential to make practice this strategy through the use of wind enrgy, it was realized that it is necessary to encourage the industry to develop new lines of financing, by investing in innovation and training of human resources, and undertaking public awareness in general and working for reducing the difficulties of implementing projects. This would demonstrate the country\'s efforts in the search for economic and social development that takes into consideration the environment and its sustainability, what should be done globally.
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Amer, Muhammad. "Extending Technology Roadmap through Fuzzy Cognitive Map-based Scenarios: The Case of the Wind Energy Sector of Pakistan." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/999.
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In this modern era, energy is a key element required for sustainable development and prosperity of a society. Pakistan is an energy deficient country facing problems due to the shortage of over 4000 MW of electricity. The national energy sector is heavily dependent on imported fossil-fuel resources. The energy crisis is negatively affecting all economic and business activities, and it is widely recognized as a severe obstacle to growth and poverty reduction in the country. Establishment of wind farms can help to overcome the energy crisis.
In this research, a national level wind energy roadmap is developed through scenario planning. Multiple future scenarios are developed using the fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) approach. This research has extended technology roadmapping through FCM-based scenario analysis. Building scenarios with FCM is a very new approach, and for the first time FCM-based scenarios are developed for the wind energy sector of Pakistan. Based on these multiple scenarios, a technology roadmap has been developed. This research approach is applied to the wind energy sector of Pakistan as a case study.
This approach has been used to establish objectives and national targets of the roadmap. Then in a systematic way, critical roadmap barriers are identified against each scenario, and appropriate action items have been proposed to overcome barriers and promote deployment of wind energy projects in Pakistan. The objectives and targets of the roadmap have been translated into action items. The technology roadmap has four layers: strategic objectives, targets, barriers, and action items. Expert panels have been utilized to develop scenarios and technology roadmaps. Validation of this research is also carried out using experts. This new approach has helped to develop a robust roadmap and enabled anticipation of a wide range of possible future outcomes.
This research fills an important gap by combining scenario planning and technology roadmapping techniques in future studies, and it has enhanced flexibility of the developed roadmap. Moreover, for the first time multiple and plausible FCM-based scenarios are developed, which combine the benefits of both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Moreover, the technology roadmap for the wind energy sector of Pakistan is developed with a comprehensive study of practical obstacles and barriers towards deployment of wind energy technology. The research findings suggest that policy, financial, economic, lack of competition with conventional power plants, and technical are the most critical barriers towards deployment of wind energy projects in the country. Appropriate action items required to overcome the roadmap barriers against each scenario are also proposed in the developed roadmap. The experts also assigned responsibilities for the key roadmap action items to the major stakeholders.
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Ferreira, Henrique Tavares. "Energia eólica: Barreiras a sua participação no setor elétrico brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-10082011-163252/.
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A busca por novas fontes de energia e os impactos causados pelas formas tradicionais de geração elétrica têm levado a uma procura por fontes de energia mais limpas que complementem seus parques energéticos. O aumento do consumo e a crescente pressão econômica e ambiental têm justificado um planejamento mais rigoroso quanto ao uso de fontes alternativas de energia como a eólica. O Brasil apresenta um favorável cenário de recursos naturais para a instalação de usinas eólicas. No entanto, o que se observa no setor elétrico é uma tímida participação da energia eólica na matriz energética brasileira. Passados cinco anos desde a implantação do PROINFA, apenas 20% da demanda selecionada está em operação. Diversas barreiras, econômicas, ambientais e políticas são empecilhos apresentados pelos agentes do setor para justificar esta lenta caminhada. A discussão que objetiva este trabalho é apresentar e analisar as barreiras encontradas para o desenvolvimento da energia eólica no Brasil.The search for new energy sources and the impacts caused by traditional forms of electriityc generation, have led to a demand for cleaner sources of energy that complement its energy parks. The increase in consumption, and economic increasing and the environmental pressure have justified a schedule tougher on the use of alternative energy sources such as wind. Brazil presents a favorable scenario for natural resources and the installation of wind power plants. Nevertheless, which is observed in the electric industry is a timid participation of wind energy in the Brazilian energy matrix. After five years since the deployment of PROINFA only 20% of demand is selected in operation. Several barriers, economic, environmental and political impediments are presented by the players in the industry to justify the slow walk. The discussion that objective this work is to present and analyse the barriers encountered in the development of wind energy in Brazil.
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Susteras, Guilherme Luiz. "Aplicação de algoritmos genéticos para previsão do comportamento das distribuidoras como apoio à estratégia de comercialização de energia de agentes geradores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-23032006-163849/.
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As regras definidas pelo Decreto 5.163/2004 trazem incentivos e penalidades aos Distribuidores no processo de apresentação de suas declarações de necessidades de compra de energia ao Ministério de Minas e Energia. Nesse sentido, é importante para os Geradores estabelecer uma metodologia robusta para prever o comportamento dos agentes de distribuição com confiabilidade razoável, de forma a permitir uma preparação adequada para os leilões de que pretendem participar e, adicionalmente, simular os cenários pós-leilões de modo a compreender os efeitos dos preços e volumes contratados no ambiente regulado sobre as condições de contratação no ambiente livre. Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar as referidas regras, apresentando um modelo de otimização utilizando Algoritmos Genéticos que simula o comportamento das distribuidoras, obtendo-se uma importante ferramenta de apoio à definição de estratégias de comercialização de uma empresa geradora.The rules defined by the Decree 5.163/2004 bring incentives and penalties for Distribution companies to present their power purchase necessity declaration for the Ministry of Mines and Energy. In this sense, it is important for the Generation companies to establish a robust methodology for predicting Distribution companies behavior with enough accountability in order to allow an adequate preparation for the auctions in which those agents intend to participate and, additionally, simulate post auctions scenarios in order to understand the effects of prices and contracted volumes in the regulated environment over the free market contracting conditions. This work is supposed to analyze those rules, presenting an optimization model using Genetic Algorithms, which simulates Distribution companies behavior, getting an important power trading strategy decision support tool for a Generation Company.
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Florezi, Guilherme. "Consumidores livres de energia elétrica: uma visão prática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-12082010-160912/.
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No novo ambiente do setor elétrico brasileiro, a partir das mudanças no modelo em 1993, os agentes setoriais ingressaram em um mercado altamente competitivo e, particularmente no caso dos consumidores, surgiu a possibilidade de escolha do fornecedor de energia elétrica, de acordo com regras e restrições que foram sendo alteradas com o passar dos anos. O consumidor enquadrado neste perfil, foi denominado consumidor livre, o qual, de acordo com as regras e restrições ditadas pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), passa a ter a opção por fornecimento através de outras empresas, que não a concessionária que detém a área de concessão onde o consumidor em questão está fisicamente localizado. Os demais consumidores, não qualificados como livres, permanecem cativos, ou seja, não tem a possibilidade de optar por fornecimento a partir de empresas externas à área de concessão inicial onde esteja localizado. Os estudos aqui apresentados são um importante ponto de partida para a pesquisa sobre os consumidores livres de energia elétrica e seu comportamento no mercado. Nesse sentido, o conteúdo foi estabelecido de modo a propiciar aos leitores subsídios para um melhor entendimento sobre o histórico do setor energético brasileiro, bem como sobre o ambiente de livre contratação. Tratou-se com particular ênfase os consumidores livres (CL), visando assim permitir ao potencial CL bases para um possível estudo de migração para o ambiente de contratação livre (ACL).In the new environment of the Brazilian electric power sector, since the changes in the institutional model beginning in 1993, electrical sector agents entered into a highly competitive market, particularly in the case of the consumers which have had the possibility to choose their supplier of electricity in accordance with rules and restrictions that have been modified over the years. The consumer that fits this profile, was named free consumer whom in accordance with the rules and restrictions dictated by the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL), will have the option of electrical energy delivery through other companies, instead of the company that holds granting of the area where the consumer in question is physically located. The other costumers, that couldn\'t be qualified as free, remain captive, unable to choose for their supply from outside the area where the original grant is located. The studies presented here are an important starting point for research on free energy consumers and their behavior in order to provide subsidies to the readers to get a better understanding of the history of the Brazilian energy sector and the free market, with emphasis on free consumers (CL), to thereby enable the CL potential bases for a possible study of migration to the free market.
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Balls, Jonathan. "Fluid capitalism at the bottom of the pyramid : a study of the off-grid solar power market in Uttar Pradesh, India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d4457f09-bf69-4ec6-802e-dcdfa7495455.
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This thesis examines 'Bottom of the Pyramid' (BoP) capitalism through an empirical study of the off-grid solar power market in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Over the last three decades, the extension and neoliberalisation of capitalism across the Global South has gathered pace. In many countries, including India, there has been a proliferation of businesses serving low-income populations following economic liberalisation, and a resulting growth in what is increasingly been theorised as 'BoP capitalism'; primarily in a literature produced by economics, business, and development scholars. In this literature, the development of capitalism at the bottom of the pyramid through the Global South is predominantly being theorised as a free market story, of formal, regularised businesses succeeding by selling good quality, branded but value- conscious, innovative, and frugal goods and services. Furthermore, the argument is being made that this is 'social capitalism', that formal businesses entering BoP markets can deliver developmental and environmental benefits to low-income populations. New markets for off-grid solar power products that are growing in multiple countries in the Global South provide one significant example of BoP capitalism. Within India, an off-grid solar power market has been developing since the 1990s within a newly liberalised market context. A body of research reports that private businesses are selling good quality and value-conscious solar goods and services to India's poor. This market has been framed as highlighting the potential of BoP capitalism to bring energy and light to India's poor, while also delivering developmental benefits. The contribution of this thesis is to challenge the existing body of literature on BoP capitalism, which tells a story of BoP capitalism through the Global South being developed by formal businesses, according to market dynamics, and sees no place for informal businesses as formal ones develop. Based on ten months of qualitative fieldwork in 2013-2014 in the state of Uttar Pradesh, looking comparatively at formal, regularised and commercialised solar shops and dealerships and at informal, small-scale solar shops, this thesis explores BoP capitalism in the Indian context. This thesis has several main findings. Firstly, it shows how a new group of formal solar shops and dealerships selling good quality, branded, and standardised products, and providing an installation service, after-sales servicing, and formal bank financing are developing the BoP solar market in Uttar Pradesh in a fashion familiar to the wider literature on BoP capitalism. Secondly, it shows how the success of these solar shops and dealerships was not a free market story, but how they are being shaped and supported through state and non-state resources and patronage, and that their growth was often dependent upon informal relationships with rural development banks, which opened-up bank financing options for solar customers and access to government subsidies. Thirdly, it looks at how informal solar shops were successfully selling off- grid solar products, adopting distinctly different business practices to formal solar businesses, and developing the market in a distinctly different way. I trace how informal businesses were not just successful because they were selling cheap and substandard goods, but were also thriving because they were the site of improvised and what I term 'jugaad' products and business practices. Jugaad is a Hindi term, referring to improvised and ingenious innovation and action. This thesis highlights a context of fluid capitalism at the BoP in India, where formal and informal solar businesses are developing the BoP solar market in distinctly different ways, and where state and non- state actors are shaping the market.
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Näslund, Katarina, and Andrea Stafverfeldt. "Energioptimering genom samverkan : en nulägesrapport av sektorkoppling i Sverige." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276420.
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För att Sverige ska uppnå de energimål som satts upp i enighet med Agenda 2030, är det av stor vikt att implementera mer förnybara resurser. Sektorkopplingsstrategier är en potentiell åtgärd vilket skulle optimera det svenska energisystemet. På sikt skulle det även kunna frigöra kapacitet, och därmed möjliggöra hantering av en större andel förnybara källor i elnätet. Syftet med den här studien är att bistå med en nulägesrapport av sektorkopplingsetablering i Sverige, med särskild fördjupning i region Gotland. Studien grundas i en omfattande litteraturstudie och kvalitativa intervjuer. Genom att studera tidigare litteratur inom området identifierades tekniker och metoder inom sektorkoppling, vars nuvarande utsträckning i Sverige kartlades. Den fördjupade datainsamlingen för studien var ostrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med projektledare och aktörer med relevans för Gotland. Resultatet från studien är en sammanställning av sektorkopplingtekniker samt hur dessa kan bidra till att öka flexibiliteten i energisystemet i allmänhet, och elnätet i synnerhet. Vidare kartlades projekt i Sverige som tillämpar dessa tekniker. Slutsatserna visar på att sektorkoppling redan är etablerat i Sverige, men befinner sig i ett tidigt stadium. Resultatet visade vidare att det krävs engagemang från kunder och aktörer, samt en viss standard i energisystemet för att möjliggöra en framgångsrik tillämpning av sektorkoppling i det svenska energisystemet. Resultaten belyser likväl att en fortsatt etablering av sektorkoppling kan komma att kräva ekonomiska incitament i form av bidrag och satsningar.Including more renewable energy sources in the energy system is of great importance to enable Sweden to achieve its climate goals in unity of Agenda 2030. Sector coupling is a potential strategy for energy optimization, which in time could become a more established method to manage capacity issues, as well as permitting more renewable energy sources in the electricity grid. The purpose of this study is to compile a status report on current sector coupling in Sweden, with additional further investigation of region Gotland. The study is based on a comprehensive literature study as well as data collection through qualitative interviews with relevant stakeholders. Previous research and literature in the field enabled the identification of different technologies and methods relating to sector coupling. Qualitative data was gathered through unstructured interviews with represenatatives from companies and organizations having their focus set on energy planning in the Gotland region. The results consist of an assortment of various sector coupling technologies and their ability to increase the flexibility of the power grid and energy system in Sweden. In addition, several projects with diverse implementation of sector coupling strategies were also being mapped out. In conclusion, it became apparent that sector coupling is only at its earlier stages of implementation in Sweden. Further interest and commitment by customers and businesses is of great importance and needed to enable expansion of sector coupling technologies in Sweden. Moreover, the energy system requires standards, as well as financial incentives to promote further use of sector coupling in society.
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Buttigieg, Stéphane. "Transition énergétique : stratégies d'innovation des groupes électriques européens." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED038/document.
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En Europe, la transition énergétique du secteur électrique est unique à la fois d'un point de vue géographique et historique. D'une part, elle s'inscrit dans un double processus d'addition et de substitution technologique. Par ailleurs, elle appelle les électriciens à sortir du paradigme thermique et à mobiliser de nouvelles connaissances pour cela. L'objet de ce travail de recherche est de caractériser les stratégies d'innovation mises en œuvre au niveau des six plus importants groupes électriciens européens (EDF, Enel, Engie, E.ON, Iberdrola et RWE) et à l'échelle du secteur. En nous appuyant sur les brevets déposés entre 2007 et 2013 et sur les projets collaboratifs conduits dans le cadre du 7eme PCRD, nous analysons les stratégies technologiques qui concernent la direction du progrès et les stratégies d'acquisition des connaissances qui concernent la démarche mobilisée par les électriciens pour introduire les technologies bas carbone. Nous mettons en évidence qu'à l'échelle du secteur, les technologies d'addition sont privilégiées aux technologies de substitution et que ces dernières font l'objet d'une démarche d'ouverture moins marquée que les technologies d'addition. En outre, il apparaît que les électriciens les plus émetteurs ne sont pas ceux qui mobilisent une stratégie de substitution technologique la plus marquée. En revanche, ils mettent en œuvre une démarche d'ouverture la plus prononcée pour acquérir les nouvelles connaissancesIn Europe, the energy transition of the power sector is unique both from a geographical and historical standpoint. First, it is part of a two-way process of technological addition and substitution. Furthermore, it calls power corporations to exit the thermal paradigm and, in this perspective, gain new knowledge. The purpose of this research work is to characterize the innovation strategies implemented by six of the major European power companies (EDF, Enel, Engie, E.ON, Iberdrola and RWE) and by the industry. Based on the registeted patents between 2007 and 2013 and collaborative projects conducted in the frameword of the 7th PCRD, we will analyze the technology strategies relating to direction of progress and strategies relating to knowledge acquisition implemented by power companies in order to introduce low carbon technologies. We will highlight that at industry level, addition technologies are favoured in comparison with substitution technologies. We will also demonstrate that the latter shall be less prone to an open approach than addition technologies. Moreover, it seems that power companies with the largest emissions are not those who develop the most significant technology substitution strategy. However, they carry out the most openness based strategy in order to gain new knowledge
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Nogueira, Larissa Gonçalves. "Políticas e mecanismos de incentivo às fontes renováveis alternativas de energia e o caso específico da geração solar fotovoltaica no Brasil e no Chile." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264719.
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Orientador: Gilberto De Martino JannuzziDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Apesar da geração de energia elétrica no mundo ainda ser majoritariamente oriunda de combustíveis fósseis e não renováveis, várias políticas de incentivo ao uso de fontes renováveis alternativas de energia têm sido desenvolvidas. Dentre estas fontes, a geração de energia elétrica a partir de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede se destaca devido à elevada taxa de crescimento dos últimos anos; pelas expressivas reduções de preço e por ser uma das tecnologias chave para a geração descentralizada de energia elétrica em áreas remotas. Alguns dos benefícios da geração distribuída a partir de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede são: postergação de investimentos em expansão nos sistemas de distribuição e de transmissão; baixo impacto ambiental e tempo reduzido de implantação; redução no carregamento das redes e de perdas; e diversificação da matriz energética. No entanto, observa-se que a fonte tem sido mais bem aproveitada em países com baixos índices de irradiação solar. Chile e Brasil, por exemplo, possuem excelente potencial solar e oportunidades semelhantes de investimento na tecnologia, mas restringiram a utilização da fonte basicamente a sistemas isolados. Neste contexto, algumas iniciativas no Brasil e Chile têm visado o desenvolvimento da energia solar fotovoltaica. Esta dissertação tratou de analisar comparativamente as principais barreiras enfrentadas pela geração distribuída a partir de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede e, em seguida, sugeriu, através de cenários, quais mecanismos de incentivo seriam mais adequados para a promoção desta tecnologia
Abstract: Despite the generation of electricity in the world is still mainly coming from non-renewable fossil fuels, various policies to encourage the use of alternative renewable energy sources have been developed. Among these sources, electricity generation from photovoltaic systems connected to the grid has shown high rate of growth in recent years, due to the significant price reductions and also for being one of the preferred technologies for decentralized electricity generation in remote areas. Some of the benefits of distributed generation from photovoltaic systems connected to the grid are: postponement of investments needed for expanding distribution and transmission systems, low environmental impact and reduced time to deployment, reduction in network load and losses, improvement of voltage levels during heavy load and electric matrix diversification. Nevertheless, it is observed that the source has been utilized better in countries with low levels of solar radiation. Chile and Brazil, for example, have excellent solar potential and similar opportunities to investment in the technology, but the source use has been basically restricted to isolated systems. However, many initiatives in Brazil and Chile have targeted the development of solar photovoltaic systems in these countries. This thesis has the objective to analyze the major barriers faced by distributed generation from photovoltaic systems connected to the grid and then suggest, through scenarios, which mechanisms would be more appropriate for the promotion of this technology
Mestrado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Carvalho, Débora dos Santos. "O abastecimento através das águas subterrâneas: os impactos no sistema elétrico brasileiro e avaliação de cenários para desenvolvimento sustentável." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-09032018-152208/.
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O estudo visa investigar os impactos do abastecimento por águas subterrâneas no setor energético brasileiro, as dinâmicas das tomadas de decisões no gerenciamento hídrico e gerenciamento energético brasileiro, e apontar onde as ações para a sustentabilidade no bombeamento de águas subterrâneas devem ser tomadas. A geração, consumo e gestão de energia interagem de muitas formas com os recursos hídricos, contudo o gerenciamento das águas superficiais difere do gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas. Cerca de 2,6% do consumo energético brasileiro é utilizado para abastecimento por águas subterrâneas. Ações para eficiência energética neste setor podem trazer economia de energia.The study aims to investigate the impacts of groundwater supply in the Brazilian energy sector, the dynamics of decision making in water management and Brazilian energy management, and to point out where actions for sustainability in pumping groundwater must be taken. Power generation, consumption and management interact in many ways with water resources, yet surface water management differs from groundwater management. About 2.6% of Brazilian energy consumption is used for groundwater supply. Actions for energy efficiency in this sector can bring energy savings.
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Harthan, Ralph Oliver. "Integration of Renewable Energies into the German Power System and Their Influence on Investments in New Power Plants." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-160117.
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The increasing share of renewable energies in the power sector influences the economic viability of investments in new conventional power plants. Many studies have investigated these issues by considering power plant operation or the long-term development of the power plant fleet. However, power plant decommissioning, investment and operation are intrinsically linked. This doctoral thesis therefore presents a modelling framework for an integrated consideration of power plant decommissioning, investment and operation. In a case study focusing on Germany, the effects of the integration of renewable energies on power plant decommissioning, investment and operation are evaluated in the context of different assumptions regarding the remaining lifetime of nuclear power plants. With regard to the use of nuclear power, a phase-out scenario and a scenario with lifetime extension of nuclear power plants (by on average 12 years) are considered. The results show that static decommissioning (i.e. considering fixed technical lifetimes) underestimates the capacity available in the power sector in the scenario without lifetime extension since retrofit measures (versus decommissioning) are not taken into account. In contrast, capacity available in the case of nuclear lifetime extension is overestimated since mothballing (versus regular operation) is not considered. If the impact on decommissioning decisions of profit margins accrued during power plant operation are considered (“dynamic decommissioning”), the electricity price reduction effect due to a lifetime extension is reduced by more than half in comparison to static decommissioning. Scarcity situations do not differ significantly between the scenarios with and without lifetime extension with dynamic decommissioning; in contrast, there is a significantly higher need for imports without lifetime extension with static decommissioning. The case study demonstrates that further system flexibility is needed for the integration of renewable energies. It can be further concluded that the share of flexible power plants is higher with the phase-out of nuclear power plants. With regard to the decommissioning dynamics, the phase-out can be considered as beneficial for the economic viability of fossil power plants. Furthermore, the phase-out does not, overall, lead to environmental disadvantages in the medium term, but may be beneficial in the long run since lock-in effects are avoided. Further research is required with regard to the consideration of future flexibility options and a new market designDer steigende Anteil erneuerbarer Energien beeinflusst die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Investitionen in neue konventionelle Kraftwerke. Zahlreiche Studien haben diese Aspekte in Bezug auf den Kraftwerksbetrieb oder die langfristige Entwicklung des Kraftwerksparks untersucht. Stilllegungen, Investitionen und Betrieb im Kraftwerkspark bedingen jedoch einander. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Doktorarbeit ein Modellierungsansatz für eine integrierte Betrachtung von Kraftwerksstilllegung, -investition und -betrieb vorgestellt. In einer Fallstudie für Deutschland werden die Auswirkungen einer Integration erneuerbarer Energien auf Kraftwerksstilllegung, -investition und -betrieb im Zusammenhang mit unterschiedlichen Annahmen über die Restlaufzeit von Kernkraftwerken untersucht. Bezogen auf die Nutzung der Kernenergie wird hierbei ein Ausstiegsszenario sowie ein Laufzeitverlängerungsszenario (Verlän-gerung der Laufzeit um durchschnittlich 12 Jahre) betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die statische Stilllegung (d.h. die Betrachtung fester technischer Lebensdauern) im Fall eines Verzichts auf die Laufzeitverlängerung die im Kraftwerkspark verfügbare Leistung unterschätzt, da Retrofit-Maßnahmen (im Vergleich zur Stilllegung) nicht berücksichtigt werden. Die verfügbare Leistung im Falle einer Laufzeitverlängerung wird dagegen überschätzt, da die Möglichkeit der Kaltreserve (im Vergleich zum regulären Betrieb) vernachlässigt wird. Werden die Rückwirkungen der im Betrieb erwirtschaftbaren Deckungsbeiträge auf Stilllegungsentscheidungen (“dynamische Stilllegung”) betrachtet, so wird der strompreissenkende Effekt durch die Laufzeitverlängerung im Vergleich zur statischen Stilllegung mehr als halbiert. Knappheitssitutationen unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich mit und ohne Laufzeitverlängerung im Fall der dynamischen Stilllegung, während bei statischer Stilllegung ohne Laufzeitzeitverlängerung ein deutlich größerer Importbedarf besteht. Die Fallstudie zeigt, dass weitere Systemflexibilitäten für die Integration erneuerbarer Energien benötigt werden. Der Anteil flexibler Kraftwerke ist größer im Fall des Kernenergieausstiegs. Der Kernenergieausstieg wirkt sich in Bezug auf die Stilllegungsdynamik positiv auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit fossiler Kraftwerke aus. Insgesamt führt der Kernenergieausstieg zu keinen mittelfristig nachteiligen Umwelteffekten, er kann sich jedoch langfristig positiv auswirken, da Lock-in-Effekte vermieden werden. Es besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf in Bezug auf die Berücksichtigung künftiger Flexibilitätsoptionen und ein neues Marktdesign
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Chikowero, Joshua. "Stakeholders' perceptions on the factors constraining electricity generation by the local private sector in Tanzania : a review of financiers and investors." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79340.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.The provision of infrastructure in developing countries is traditionally a preserve of government discharged through state-owned monopolies. This arrangement enables the government to charge tariffs below cost recovery as a way of protecting consumers. Unfortunately, the state utilities are generally run inefficiently, relying on the public budget for both capital and operational expenditure. Private sector players have gradually started to engage in the provision of infrastructure in recent years. Working alone or in co-operation with government, these players have offered a viable alternative for securing financial resources by using well-structured project finance structures and expertise for efficient delivery of services, such as roads, water, electricity and hospitals. The private sector participation has resulted in fiscal relief as funding sources are broadened to include domestic and offshore capital markets. It has also been accompanied by necessary sector reforms, such as legislative amendments to protect private property, allowing private players to invest in the respective infrastructure domains. Consumers‟ perceptions have been mixed, largely due to resultant higher costs of services. In Tanzania, the Tanzania Electricity Supply Company (TANESCO), a vertically-integrated state monopoly, is responsible for generation, transmission, distribution and retailing of electricity. As sole provider, TANESCO has woefully failed to serve the estimated demand of about 1 200MW. Lack of adequate funding for new capital investment and maintenance of the existing network has seriously curtailed output to just over 500MW – less than half of installed capacity. This situation has been compounded by drought on the predominantly hydro-based generation. Transmission losses have also worsened electricity delivery. The result is that only 14 percent of the urban and about two percent of the rural population had electricity access as at 2010. Sector reforms introduced in the 1990s allowed independent power producers (IPPs) to set up fuel and gas-fired generation facilities and selling output to TANESCO under Power Purchase Agreements. Worsening electricity shortages have forced the Ministry of Energy and Minerals to engage more IPPs on an emergency basis at very exorbitant feed-in tariffs. Other smaller-scale private generators have also entered the deregulated generation sector using the regulatory framework set up by the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA). Various generation technologies are used and off-grid installations have enabled potential consumers beyond the national grid to have access. This study presents perceptions on challenges faced by private sector investors and financiers in participating in electricity generation. The findings highlight the apparent lack of appetite by financiers to underwrite long-term infrastructure projects. Furthermore, the capital markets are not developed sufficiently to meet the capital needs of private investors who see opportunity in the largely unserved electricity market. The results of the study help to show that the challenges of providing sufficient and affordable electricity in Tanzania cannot be addressed within the context of current macro-environmental circumstances. Specific policy guidelines are required to enhance the level of development of the financial market, facilitate private sector access to the required debt capital, and improve the tariff structure to attract investments in the electricity generation segment.
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Carvalho, Milene Clifford. "Financiamento da geração hidrelétrica de grande porte no Brasil: evolução e perspectivas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-17062013-141719/.
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A indústria de energia elétrica é caracterizada por sua importância no planejamento estratégico de um país, uma vez que o crescimento e desenvolvimento socioeconômico são respaldados pela disponibilidade energética nacional. Nesse sentido, a expansão da capacidade de geração, transmissão e distribuição são essenciais para o acompanhamento da evolução econômica e para a inserção social. Com base na atual configuração da matriz energética brasileira e no plano de expansão de energia elétrica, o planejamento de investimentos em projetos de geração é importante para suportar o desenvolvimento do país e o financiamento desses projetos é fundamental para que o planejamento seja cumprido. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho analisa a evolução das formas de financiamento adotadas nos empreendimentos de geração hidrelétrica de grande porte no Brasil, bem como busca identificar fontes alternativas de recursos adequadas às características desses projetos. Para isso, aborda-se o histórico do setor elétrico brasileiro, que alterna entre períodos de predomínio de investimentos públicos. Posteriormente, discute-se a dupla função do poder político, seja por defender os recursos naturais objetos de concessão, seja pela busca de atratividade de investimentos no setor de energia elétrica, e a atuação do BNDES como agente financiador da expansão de energia, com base no modelo Project Finance. As principais características do modelo de Project Finance são apresentadas no capítulo 4 e aborda-se seu aparecimento no Brasil e, mais especificamente, no desenvolvimento do setor elétrico brasileiro. Além disso, investiga-se como os critérios ambientais, relevantes nos empreendimentos de grande porte, interagem com a regulação e com a concessão de financiamentos. Por fim, analisa-se os financiamentos recentes das Usinas Hidrelétricas Santo Antônio, Jirau e Belo Monte, a evolução das políticas praticadas pelo BNDES e as possíveis alternativas de fontes de recursos para investimentos em infraestrutura e, portanto, empreendimentos hidrelétricos de grande porte.The electric power industry is characterized by its importance in the strategic planning of a country, since the growth and socioeconomic development are supported by national energy availability. In this regard, the expansion of generation capacity, transmission and distribution are essential for monitoring the economic evolution and social inclusion. Based on the current configuration of the Brazilian energy matrix and on the expansion plan for electricity, planning investments in generation projects is important to support the country\'s development, and financing is the key to accomplish such projects. In this context, this paper analyzes the evolution of financing adopted in Brazilian large scale projects of hydroelectric generation as well as seeks to identify alternative funding sources appropriate to the features of these projects. Therefore, the history of the Brazilian electric sector is discussed, which present alternates periods of predominance of public and private investments. In addition, the dual role of political power is discussed, whether by defending natural resources, subject to governmental concession, whether by the pursuit of attractiveness of investments in the electric sector. Also the role of BNDES as financing agent of the expansion of generation capacity is important to be considered, as well as the main features of the Project Finance and its presence on the Brazilian electric sector. Furthermore, a study of how environmental principles, relevant to large energy projects, interact with regulation and the granting of loans is prepared. Finally, the recent funding of Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte hydroelectric plants analysis is conduced, with regards of the development of financial policies of BNDES and possible alternatives sources of funds for infrastructure investments such as large hydroelectric projects.
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Aguilar, Graziela de Toni. "Análise do tempo de tramitação de processos de licenciamento ambiental: estudo de casos de termelétricas no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-18112008-155735/.
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Os procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental (LA) têm sido criticados pelos agentes econômicos, notadamente por aqueles ligados ao setor energético, por entenderem que a agilidade na análise dos processos de viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos encontra-se aquém ao esperado. Com o objetivo de analisar a interferência de alguns fatores ligados aos procedimentos de LA sobre o tempo total de tramitação dos processos, foi realizada revisão documental de processos que tramitaram no estado de São Paulo, entre 1998 e 2007, para a instalação de usinas termelétricas a gás natural, com potência superior a 10 MW, e que obtiveram a licença ambiental prévia (LP). Foram obtidos dados quantitativos e informações qualitativas que permitiram verificar que os fatores número de solicitações de informações complementares feitas pelos órgãos ambientais ao empreendedor, número de impactos ambientais identificados no estudo de impacto ambiental (EIA) e número de condicionantes constantes na LP expedida não apresentam uma relação com o tempo de tramitação dos processos. Outros fatores como deficiências no estudo ambiental e a inadequação do local proposto à instalação dos empreendimentos, dadas as restrições ambientais, aparentemente apresentam maior interferência sobre os tempos de tramitação. Diante disto, destaca-se a necessidade de, previamente ao licenciamento, serem elaborados estudos específicos voltados à apresentação de alternativas locacionais que considerem critérios ambientais e critérios econômicos com o mesmo nível de importância para a tomada de decisão. Tais estudos, servindo como base de referência para a escolha da melhor localização para instalação de empreendimentos, tendem a reduzir o tempo total de tramitação dos processos de licenciamento.The procedures for environmental licensing (LA) have been criticized by economic agents, especially by those connected to the energy sector, because they believe that agility on analysis of the processes of enterprises environmental viability is less than what was expected. In order to analyze the interference of some factors related to LA proceedings on proceeding period, the processes documentary review was held and transited in São Paulo State between 1998 and 2007 for the installation of natural gas thermal power plants with emitted preliminary environmental permit (LP) and output exceeding 10 MW. Quantitative data and qualitative information were obtained which allowed the confirmation that the factors number of requests for additional information made by environmental agencies to the enterprise, number of environmental impacts identified in the environmental impact statement (EIA) and number of constraints in the LP emitted have no relation to the proceeding period. Other factors such as shortcomings in the environmental study and inadequate the proposed site for the installation of enterprises, given the environmental restrictions, apparently show greater interference on the proceeding period. So, there is a necessity, prior to licensing, of being drawn up specific studies focused on the presentation of located alternatives to consider environmental and economic issues with the same level of importance for the decision. Such studies, serving as point of reference for choosing the best location for setting up of enterprises tend to reduce the proceeding period of the licensing processes.
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Cabrita, Raquel Rodrigues. "Divulgações sobre matérias climáticas : o caso das empresas do setor energético." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17342.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisEste estudo analisa os fatores que determinam a maior ou menor divulgação do consumo energético da norma 302/G4 da GRI relativa à energia. Foram incluídas no estudo 49 empresas do setor energético, nomeadamente empresas de utilidade pública e de óleo e gás, pertencentes ao índice STOXX ALL EUROPE 800. Para a realização desta investigação foi determinado o nível de divulgação de cada empresa através da análise de conteúdo da informação divulgada nos seus relatórios. Os resultados indicaram que as empresas pertencentes ao índice de sustentabilidade de Dow Jones Europeu divulgam maior volume de informação acerca do consumo energético. A variável referente ao Desempenho Ambiental não apresentou poder explicativo para a divulgação do consumo energético. Este estudo é relevante para os investidores que preferem investir o seu dinheiro em empresas que divulguem mais informações climáticas, como também para os agentes reguladores que pelo conhecimento dos fatores que determinam a divulgação poderão tomar medidas que obriguem as empresas a divulgar. A maioria dos estudos debruçam-se sobre os determinantes da divulgação de emissões e poucos sobre a divulgação do consumo energético. Da pesquisa efetuada não foi encontrado nenhum estudo sobre a divulgação do consumo energético na Europa.
This study reviews the variables that explain the level of disclosure of the power consumption from norm 302/G4 from GRI, related to Energy. In this study it was included data from 49 companies from the Energy sector, namely firms of public utilities and of from Oil and Gas sectors, belonging to STOXX ALL EUROPE 800 index. For the conduction of this investigation it was determined the level of disclosure of each company through the analysis of the content of the information published in their reports. The results show that the companies belonging to the European Dow Jones sustainability index publish a bigger volume of information about power consumption. The variable related to the Environmental Performance did not provide a significant explanation for the disclosure of the company's power consumption. This study is relevant for investors that line their investment decisions in companies that disclosure more information on climate (environmental) parameters, as well as regulators which by gathering the variables that determine its' disclosure, can take measures that oblige companies to do so. The majority of the studies go over variables for the disclosure of data on emissions and few on the disclosure of the power consumption. From the research made, no studies were find about the topic in Europe.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Molinari, Filho Rodolfo. "Análise dos mecanismos de incentivo às fontes alternativas no Setor elétrico brasileiro = um estudo de caso para projetos de cogeração a biomassa de cana de açúcar." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258758.
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Orientador: Paulo Sergio Franco BarbosaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T05:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MolinariFilho_Rodolfo_M.pdf: 7749913 bytes, checksum: 9e12842a3c1cda7369553d9184fedb39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: As fontes alternativas de energia estão cada vez mais delineando seu espaço na matriz elétrica nacional, e parte desta evolução pode ser atribuída aos mecanismos regulatórios, fiscais e financeiros desenvolvidos para auxiliar tais fontes nessa trajetória. A presente dissertação vislumbra analisar e quantificar o impacto que tais mecanismos proporcionam na atratividade de investimentos em fontes alternativas e na sustentabilidade do movimento de inserção destas fontes na matriz elétrica nacional. Dessa maneira, primeiramente desenvolveu-se uma análise qualitativa destes instrumentos, identificando os marcos regulatórios associados, os parâmetros de ingerência nos projetos, e as expectativas associadas à manutenção dos mesmos no longo prazo. Por conseguinte, realizou-se um estudo de caso para uma usina termelétrica movida a biomassa advinda do bagaço da cana de açúcar, visando quantificar o impacto em termos de atratividade ao investidor. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, para as fontes estudadas, a isenção destes mecanismos, até o presente momento, implicaria em baixa competitividade frente às fontes convencionais térmicas de energia, sinalizando que, mesmo com os avanços tecnológicos incorridos, ainda há necessidade de existência destes mecanismos
Abstract: Alternative sources of energy are increasingly outlining their space in the national energy matrix, and part of that can be attributed to regulatory, financial and fiscal mechanisms, designed to help those sources in their trajectory. This work aims to analyze and to quantify the impact that these mechanisms have in the attractiveness of investments and in the sustainability of the insertion movement of these sources in the Brazilian electrical matrix. Within this context, first a qualitative analysis of such instruments is developed, identifying relevant points of the regulatory framework, the parameteres of influence in alternative energy projects and also the maintenance of these mechanisms in the long term. At second, a case study of a biomass plant that makes use of sugar cane bagasse is developed in order to quantify the impact of these mechanisms in terms of investors attractiveness. Results show that, for the sources studied, the exemption of these mechanisms, so far, would imply in low competitiveness against conventional thermal sources of energy, indicating that, even with the occurred technological advances, these mechanisms are still needed
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Schaber, Katrin [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Hamacher, and Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Haas. "Integration of Variable Renewable Energies in the European power system: a model-based analysis of transmission grid extensions and energy sector coupling / Katrin Schaber. Gutachter: Thomas Hamacher ; Reinhard Haas. Betreuer: Thomas Hamacher." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058680781/34.
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BESSA, EDUARDO AUGUSTO DE SALLES. "OPPORTUNITIES CREATED BY GLOBAL STRATEGIC CONNECTIONS ALLIANCES AND MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS OF COMPANIES THAT COMPETE IN THE ENERGY SECTOR PROVIDING SOLUTIONS FOR THE POWER GENERATION AND MARINE MARKETS: THE CASE OF WARTSILA." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24372@1.
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População e crescimento da economia mundial são os dois principais fatores
que determinam a demanda por energia. Até 2035, projeta-se aumento
populacional global de aproximadamente vinte por cento em relação à população
atual, e crescimento da economia mundial em torno de noventa por cento. A partir
destas perspectivas, surgem diversas oportunidades para as empresas do setor de
energia. Porém, de modo a atendê-las, são necessários recursos para a fabricação,
a distribuição e a comercialização de equipamentos, recursos para a prestação de
serviços de operação, manutenção e suporte, recursos para pesquisa e
desenvolvimento, com o intuito de manter a competitividade frente aos
concorrentes e cumprir as regulamentações ambientais cada vez mais rígidas, e,
ainda, recursos financeiros elevados para o fomento de todas estas atividades.
Uma alternativa importante na busca por tais recursos consiste na formação de
ligações com outros atores-chave do setor. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em
contribuir com as pesquisas sobre ligações – alianças e fusões e aquisições -
estratégicas globais, por meio de um estudo de caso, identificando as ligações
estratégicas existentes entre a empresa Wartsila e os atores-chave globais da sua
rede de valor, e analisando as implicações das mesmas no âmbito da indústria, sob
o aspecto da constituição de oportunidades ou ameaças. Para tanto, utilizou-se o
arcabouço de análise estratégica relacional global de Macedo-Soares (2011). Os
resultados encontrados demonstram a relevância estratégica e a importância da
formação dessas ligações na constituição de oportunidades e na mitigação das
ameaças no âmbito da indústria.Population and growth of the world economy are the two major factors that determine the demand for energy. By 2035, It s expected a global population growth of approximately twenty percent over the current population and a growth of the world economy around ninety percent. From such perspectives, several opportunities arise for companies in the energy sector. However, in order to meet them, resources are needed for the manufacture, distribution and sale of equipment, resources for operation, maintenance and support services, resources for research and development, in order to maintain competitive edge over competitors and meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations, as well as high financial funds to execute all such activities. An important alternative in the quest for such resources is the establishment of connections with other key players in the industry. The objective of this work is to contribute to research on global strategic connections - alliances and mergers and acquisitions – by means of a case study, identifying existing strategic connections between the company Wartsila and global key players in its value network, and analyzing its implications in the industry, in terms of constituting opportunities and/or threats. For this, it was used the Global Strategic Network Analysis framework of Macedo-Soares (2011). The results confirmed the strategic relevance and importance of the establishment of these connections in seizing opportunities and mitigating threats from the industry.
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Bloeß, Andreas [Verfasser], Christian von [Akademischer Betreuer] Hirschhausen, Christian von [Gutachter] Hirschhausen, Claudia [Gutachter] Kemfert, and Wolf-Peter [Gutachter] Schill. "Enhanced energy system transformation through power and heat sector coupling : a modeling analysis at the national and urban levels / Andreas Bloeß ; Gutachter: Christian von Hirschhausen, Claudia Kemfert, Wolf-Peter Schill ; Betreuer: Christian von Hirschhausen." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1210027003/34.
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Fogdal, Hanna, and Adrian Baars. "Utilization of Forest Residue through Combined Heat and Power or Biorefinery for Applications in the Swedish Transportation Sector : a comparison in efficiency, emissions, economics and end usage." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215767.
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Sweden has the goal of reaching a fossil independent transportation sector by 2030. Two ways to reach the goal is to increase the use of electric vehicles or produce more biofuels. Both alternatives could be powered by forest residue, which is an underutilized resource in the country. Electricity could be produced in a biomass fired Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, and biofuel could be produced in a biorefinery through gasification of biomass and Fischer-Tropsch process. When located in Stockholm County, both system can also distribute heat to the district heating system. It is however important to use the biomass in an energy-efficient way. The scope of this work has been to analyze the efficiency together with environmental and economic aspects of the two systems. To assess the efficiency and environmental impact of the two systems a forest to wheel study was made of the systems where the product was studied from harvesting of forest residue to driving the vehicle. The studied functional units were: kilometers driven by vehicle, kWh of district heating, CO2-equivalents of greenhouse gases and MWh of forest residue. The system using CHP technology and electric vehicles outperformed the biorefinery system on the two first functional units. Using the same amount of forest residue more than twice as much district heating and almost twice as many driven kilometers were produced in this system. The study also showed that both systems avoids significant greenhouse gas emissions and can be part of the solution to decrease emissions from road transportation. The profitability of investing in a CHP plant or a biorefinery was calculated through the net present value method. It showed that the expected energy prices are too low for the investments to be profitable. The CHP plant investment has a net present value of -1.6 billion SEK and the biorefinery investment has a net present value of -4.6 billion SEK. Furthermore, the biorefinery investment entails higher risk due to the high investment cost and uncommercialized technology. Both systems face barriers for implementation, these barriers have been studied qualitatively.Sverige har som mål att skapa en fossiloberoende fordonsflotta till år 2030. Två vägar som pekats ut för att nå målet är att öka användningen av eldrivna fordon eller att producera mer biobränsle. Båda alternativen kan drivas av skogsavfall, en råvara som det finns gott om i Sverige. Elektricitet kan produceras av skogsavfallet i ett kraftvärmeverk, och biobränsle i ett bioraffinaderi genom användning av förgasning och Fischer-Tropschmetoden. I Stockholms län skulle båda systemen dessutom kunna producera värme till Stockholms fjärrvärmesystem. Det är dock viktigt att använda skogsavfallet på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Därför undersöker detta arbete effektiviteten av de två olika systemen tillsammans med en analys av växthusgasutsläpp och ekonomiska förutsättningar. För att kunna utvärdera effektiviteten och klimatpåverkan av de två olika systemen utfördes en ”skog-till-hjul”-analys där produkten undersöktes från ursprunget, till drivandet av ett fordon. För att utföra studien definierades fyra funktionella enheter. De funktionella enheterna var: körsträcka med bil mätt i kilometer, kWh fjärrvärmeproduktion, CO2 ekvivalenter av växthusgasutsläpp och MWh skogsavfall. Studien visade att systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett kraftvärmeverk för att producera elektricitet och ladda elbilar hade bättre resultat i de två första funktionella enheterna. Systemet producerade nästan dubbelt så lång körsträcka och mer än dubbelt så mycket fjärrvärme som systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett bioraffinaderi och biobränslet används i dieselbilar. Studien visade även att båda system kan bidra till att sänka växthusgasutsläppen från transportsektorn. Lönsamheten att investera i ett kraftvärmeverk eller bioraffinaderi beräknades med nuvärdesmetoden. Studien visade att de förväntade framtida energipriserna är för låga för att investeringarna ska bli lönsamma. Kraftvärmeanläggningen hade ett nuvärde på -1.6 miljarder kronor, och bioraffinaderiet ett nuvärde på -4.6 miljarder kronor. Dessutom ansågs investeringen i ett bioraffinaderi vara en hög risk på grund av den höga investeringskostnaden och att tekniken idag inte är kommersialiserad. Det finns även en rad andra barriär för att genomföra de två olika systemen, dessa barriärer har studerats kvalitativt i arbetet.
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Martinez, Castor de Cerqueira Manoela. "Repercusión de las energías renovables en la liberalización del sector eléctrico en España: análisis comparativo incluyendo Reino Unido, California y Brasil." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/43592.
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El sector eléctrico de muchos países pasó por un proceso de reestructuración que tuvo
su inicio en las décadas de los 80 y 90, cuyo objetivo era reorganizar el funcionamiento
del sector eléctrico, mejorando su eficiencia y proporcionando así beneficios a largo
plazo a los consumidores, como la reducción del precio de la electricidad. En España,
este proceso se inicia en la práctica con la aprobación de la Ley 54 del Sector Eléctrico
en 1997, que establecía las líneas generales de la reestructuración de las actividades del
sector y además marcaba como objetivo el 12% del consumo de energía primaria
proveniente de fuentes renovables en el año 2010. Esta ley también contenía un régimen
especial de apoyo a estas tecnologías basado en un sistema de primas. Este objetivo fue
un gran estimulo para el incremento de la participación de las renovables en la
estructura de generación del país, la cual pasó de representar el 2% de la potencia total
instalada en 1998 al 29% en 2012.
Teniendo en cuenta la situación de las renovables en España a lo largo del periodo de
reestructuración de su sector eléctrico, en esta tesis se propone averiguar el impacto
económico de estas fuentes de energía en el precio final medio de la energía eléctrica
durante este período. La herramienta seleccionada ha sido el análisis comparativo en
entornos similares para algunas variables y en entornos muy diferentes para otras, lo
cual debe permitir identificar el efecto de las variables de interés en el precio final
medio de la electricidad en el Reino Unido, California y Brasil junto con España.
En esta tesis se ha utilizado el precio final medio de la electricidad como parámetro para
valorar los efectos de la reestructuración del sector eléctrico en lugar de utilizar el
precio de la electricidad para consumidores domésticos o industriales, debido a que el
objetivo era analizar el comportamiento de esta commodity en el país como un todo y no
para una determinada clase de consumo. El precio final medio de la electricidad se
determinó considerando los costes reales de la energía eléctrica en cada ejercicio. Para
comparar este precio entre los distintos países se utilizó el purchasing power parity
(PPP) como factor de conversión del cambio de divisas para convertir los precios
nominales a dólares internacionales, además de ecualizar en el proceso el poder de
compra de los países considerados, eliminando las diferencias de nivel de precios entre
ellos.
Para el análisis propuesto se han recopilado datos procedentes de distintas fuentes,
abarcando un horizonte temporal de unos 30 años. La localización, verificación y
homologación de estos datos procedentes de fuentes muy diversas es uno de los
aspectos novedosos y fundamentales de esta tesis. A partir de estos datos se elaboraron
las curvas de precio final medio de la electricidad y de las variables que podían tener
alguna influencia en éste, para entonces establecer correlaciones entre el precio y cada
variable. La hipótesis de partida era que el aumento de generación renovable en España
había tenido una repercusión mensurable en los precios, mientras que en los países
comparados esta repercusión había sido insignificante, con lo cual, a partir del análisis
comparativo de las correlaciones encontradas entre las curvas de precio final medio de
la electricidad y las curvas de las variables identificadas, se segrega la influencia
específica de las renovables en la reestructuración del sector eléctrico español.Martinez Castor De Cerqueira, M. (2014). Repercusión de las energías renovables en la liberalización del sector eléctrico en España: análisis comparativo incluyendo Reino Unido, California y Brasil [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/43592
TESIS
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Saad, Hussein Noha [Verfasser], and Hans-Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Henning. "Effects of building refurbishment on a districts energy system : : optimization of the deployment and operation of heat, power and sector coupling technologies = Effekte von Gebäudesanierungsmaßnahmen auf ein dezentrales Energiesystem : Ausbau- und Betriebsoptimierung von Strom- und Wärme-, sowie Sektorkopplungstechnologien." Freiburg : Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1166559424/34.
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