Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Power grid fault resilience'

Fault detection and location algorithms have allowed for the power industry to alter the power grid from the traditional model to becoming a smart grid. This thesis implements an already established algorithm for detecting faults, as well as an impedance-based algorithm for detecting where on the line the fault has occurred and develops a smart algorithm for future HDL conversion using Simulink. Using the algorithms, the ways in which this implementation can be used to create a smarter grid are the fundamental basis for this research. Simulink was used to create a two-bus power system, create environment variables, and then Matlab was used to program the algorithm such that it could be FPGA-implementable, where the ways in which one can retrieve the data from a power line has been theorized. This novel approach to creating a smarter grid was theorized and created such that real-world applications may be further implemented in the future.

The smart grid is the next-generation electrical infrastructure utilizing Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), whose architecture is evolving from a utility-centric structure to a distributed Cyber-Physical System (CPS) integrated with a large-scale of renewable energy resources. However, meeting reliability objectives in the smart grid becomes increasingly challenging owing to the high penetration of renewable resources and changing weather conditions. Moreover, the cyber-physical attack targeted at the smart grid has become a major threat because millions of electronic devices interconnected via communication networks expose unprecedented vulnerabilities, thereby increasing the potential attack surface. This dissertation is aimed at developing novel game-theoretic and machine-learning techniques for addressing the reliability and security issues residing at multiple layers of the smart grid, including power distribution system reliability forecasting, risk assessment of cyber-physical attacks targeted at the grid, and cyber attack detection in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and renewable resources. This dissertation first comprehensively investigates the combined effect of various weather parameters on the reliability performance of the smart grid, and proposes a multilayer perceptron (MLP)-based framework to forecast the daily number of power interruptions in the distribution system using time series of common weather data. Regarding evaluating the risk of cyber-physical attacks faced by the smart grid, a stochastic budget allocation game is proposed to analyze the strategic interactions between a malicious attacker and the grid defender. A reinforcement learning algorithm is developed to enable the two players to reach a game equilibrium, where the optimal budget allocation strategies of the two players, in terms of attacking/protecting the critical elements of the grid, can be obtained. In addition, the risk of the cyber-physical attack can be derived based on the successful attack probability to various grid elements. Furthermore, this dissertation develops a multimodal data-driven framework for the cyber attack detection in the power distribution system integrated with renewable resources. This approach introduces the spare feature learning into an ensemble classifier for improving the detection efficiency, and implements the spatiotemporal correlation analysis for differentiating the attacked renewable energy measurements from fault scenarios. Numerical results based on the IEEE 34-bus system show that the proposed framework achieves the most accurate detection of cyber attacks reported in the literature. To address the electricity theft in the AMI, a Distributed Intelligent Framework for Electricity Theft Detection (DIFETD) is proposed, which is equipped with Benford’s analysis for initial diagnostics on large smart meter data. A Stackelberg game between utility and multiple electricity thieves is then formulated to model the electricity theft actions. Finally, a Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT) is utilized to detect potentially fraudulent meters.

Aujourd'hui, les systèmes photovoltaïques connectés au réseau sont de plus en plus utilisés parmi les systèmes à énergies renouvelables. L’élément clé du système de conversion de puissance est le convertisseur statique connecté au réseau. Pour les applications de faible puissance, le convertisseur monophasé est le meilleur compromis. Les structures de conversion mono-étage permettent d’avoir un rendement plus élevé ainsi qu'un coût et une taille réduits. Cependant, dans des conditions de faible irradiation la tension PV chute, ce qui entraîne l'arrêt de l'onduleur et la perte totale de puissance injectée. Par conséquent, les systèmes à un étage de conversion souffrent d'une plage de fonctionnement réduite. Dans ce travail, nous proposons des solutions pour améliorer le rendement et la fiabilité des systèmes mono-étage connectés au réseau. Pour cela, dans la première partie, un contrôleur basé sur le mode glissant terminal rapide est combiné à un contrôle direct de la puissance. Il est associé à un algorithme de suivi du point de puissance maximale. Les simulations et les résultats expérimentaux sur un banc d'essai de 1kW montrent l'efficacité de la proposition en termes de performance dynamique, de faible distorsion harmonique totale et de robustesse aux variations d'irradiance. Les systèmes mono-étage sont également confrontés à une ondulation de puissance sur le bus continu à la fréquence double de celle du réseau. Ces ondulations de puissance sont néfastes à la durée de vie des panneaux solaires. Ainsi, la deuxième partie de ce travail propose de développer un dispositif qui simultanément réduit les ondulations de puissance et compense la chute de tension. Le dispositif est constitué de deux convertisseurs statiques : un flyback à faible puissance et un pont complet (H-bridge). Le compensateur hybride augmente la plage de fonctionnement de l'onduleur, empêchant son arrêt. Il contribue aussi à augmenter la fiabilité du système. Un banc expérimental de 1kW a été dimensionné et réalisé. Il a permis d’évaluer le dispositif sur plusieurs points de fonctionnement. Les résultats en régime permanent montrent que le compensateur hybride peut simultanément réaliser une atténuation de 85% des ondulations de puissance et une compensation de 20% de la chute de tension. Le dispositif a également de bonnes performances en régime transitoire. Dans la troisième partie de ce travail, la surveillance des modules PV est abordée afin d'augmenter la fiabilité. La méthode proposée est basée sur la spectroscopie d'impédance. Elle ne nécessite pas d’équipement supplémentaire car elle utilise le circuit qui permet d’atténuer les ondulations de puissance. De plus elle ne nécessite pas d'interrompre la production d'électricité. Les résultats de simulation, à l'aide de MATLAB-Simulink®, montrent une réduction de plus de 80% de l'amplitude des ondulations de la tension aux bornes des modules PV. Les résultats montrent que la spectroscopie d'impédance permet d’estimer les paramètres de l'impédance du module PV avec une erreur relative inférieure à 5%. L’évolution de ces paramètres en cours de fonctionnement devrait permettre de surveiller l’état de santé du panneau<br>Today, grid-connected photovoltaic systems are becoming an increasingly important part of renewable energy. The power conversion system's heart is the grid-connected interface converter based on power electronics. The single-phase inverter is the best compromise for low power applications as an interface for power conversion. Single-stage systems offer higher efficiency and lower cost and size. However, the PV voltage drops under low irradiance conditions, leading to inverter shut down and the total injected power loss.As a consequence, single-stage systems suffer from a low operating range. This work addresses the critical issues of the single-stage single-phase grid-connected PV system, including reliability and efficiency. A fast terminal sliding mode combined with direct power control is proposed in the first part. It is associated with a maximum power point tracking algorithm with power output. Simulations and experimental results on a 1kW test bench show the proposal's effectiveness in terms of dynamic performance, low total harmonic distortion and robustness to irradiance variations. Single-phase power systems also face pulsating power at twice the mains frequency on the DC bus. This pulsating power should not be transferred to the PV side as it reduces the efficiency of the solar panel. Thus, the second part of this work proposes a dual-function decoupling circuit: it mitigates pulsating power and compensates for the voltage drop. Thanks to the following additional power converters, these objectives are fulfilled: a low power flyback and an H-bridge. The hybrid compensator increases the inverter's operating range, prevents its shutdown, and increases the system reliability. A 1kW experimental bench has been designed to evaluate the proposal for several operating points. The steady-state results show that the hybrid compensator can simultaneously achieve 85% compensation of the pulsating power and 20% compensation of the voltage drop. The circuit also shows good transient responses. In the third part of this work, monitoring and fault diagnosis of PV modules are addressed to increase system reliability, efficiency, and safety. The proposed fault diagnosis method is based on online PV impedance spectroscopy without additional equipment. It does not require interrupting the power production and uses the pulsating power decoupling circuit as an impedance spectroscopy tool. The simulation results, using MATLAB-Simulink®, show a reduction of more than 80% ripples amplitude of the PV modules terminal voltage. The results also show that impedance spectroscopy can estimate the PV module impedance parameters with a lower than 5% relative error. The evolution of these parameters during operation should make it possible to monitor the health of the panel

Technological improvements on wind energy systems with governmental supports have increased the penetration level of wind power into the grid in recent years. The high level of penetration forces the wind turbines stay connected to the grid during the disturbances in order to enhance system stability. Moreover, power system operators must revise their grid codes in parallel with these developments. This work is devoted to the modeling of variable speed wind turbines and the investigation of fault ride trough capability of the wind turbines for grid integration studies. In the thesis, detailed models of different variable speed wind turbines will be presented. Requirements of grid codes for wind power integration will also be discussed regarding active power control, reactive power control and fault ride through (FRT) capability. Investigation of the wind turbine FRT capability is the main focus of this thesis. Methods to overcome this problem for different types of wind turbines will be also explained in detail. Models of grid-connected wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator and permanent magnet synchronous generator are implemented in the dedicated power system analysis tool PSCAD/EMTDC. With these models and computer simulations, FRT capabilities ofvariable speed wind turbines have been studied and benchmarked and the influences on the grid during the faults are discussed.

Comme la puissance de calcul des systèmes de calcul haute performance continue de croître, en utilisant un grand nombre de cœurs CPU ou d’unités de calcul spécialisées, les applications hautes performances destinées à la résolution des problèmes de très grande échelle sont de plus en plus sujettes à des pannes. En conséquence, la communauté de calcul haute performance a proposé de nombreuses contributions pour concevoir des applications tolérantes aux pannes. Cette étude porte sur une nouvelle classe d’algorithmes numériques de tolérance aux pannes au niveau de l’application qui ne nécessite pas de ressources supplémentaires, à savoir, des unités de calcul ou du temps de calcul additionnel, en l’absence de pannes. En supposant qu’un mécanisme distinct assure la détection des pannes, nous proposons des algorithmes numériques pour extraire des informations pertinentes à partir des données disponibles après une pannes. Après l’extraction de données, les données critiques manquantes sont régénérées grâce à des stratégies d’interpolation pour constituer des informations pertinentes pour redémarrer numériquement l’algorithme. Nous avons conçu ces méthodes appelées techniques d’Interpolation-restart pour des problèmes d’algèbre linéaire numérique tels que la résolution de systèmes linéaires ou des problèmes aux valeurs propres qui sont indispensables dans de nombreux noyaux scientifiques et applications d’ingénierie. La résolution de ces problèmes est souvent la partie dominante; en termes de temps de calcul, des applications scientifiques. Dans le cadre solveurs linéaires du sous-espace de Krylov, les entrées perdues de l’itération sont interpolées en utilisant les entrées disponibles sur les nœuds encore disponibles pour définir une nouvelle estimation de la solution initiale avant de redémarrer la méthode de Krylov. En particulier, nous considérons deux politiques d’interpolation qui préservent les propriétés numériques clés de solveurs linéaires bien connus, à savoir la décroissance monotone de la norme-A de l’erreur du gradient conjugué ou la décroissance monotone de la norme résiduelle de GMRES. Nous avons évalué l’impact du taux de pannes et l’impact de la quantité de données perdues sur la robustesse des stratégies de résilience conçues. Les expériences ont montré que nos stratégies numériques sont robustes même en présence de grandes fréquences de pannes, et de perte de grand volume de données. Dans le but de concevoir des solveurs résilients de résolution de problèmes aux valeurs propres, nous avons modifié les stratégies d’interpolation conçues pour les systèmes linéaires. Nous avons revisité les méthodes itératives de l’état de l’art pour la résolution des problèmes de valeurs propres creux à la lumière des stratégies d’Interpolation-restart. Pour chaque méthode considérée, nous avons adapté les stratégies d’Interpolation-restart pour régénérer autant d’informations spectrale que possible. Afin d’évaluer la performance de nos stratégies numériques, nous avons considéré un solveur parallèle hybride (direct/itérative) pleinement fonctionnel nommé MaPHyS pour la résolution des systèmes linéaires creux, et nous proposons des solutions numériques pour concevoir une version tolérante aux pannes du solveur. Le solveur étant hybride, nous nous concentrons dans cette étude sur l’étape de résolution itérative, qui est souvent l’étape dominante dans la pratique. Les solutions numériques proposées comportent deux volets. A chaque fois que cela est possible, nous exploitons la redondance de données entre les processus du solveur pour effectuer une régénération exacte des données en faisant des copies astucieuses dans les processus. D’autre part, les données perdues qui ne sont plus disponibles sur aucun processus sont régénérées grâce à un mécanisme d’interpolation<br>As the computational power of high performance computing (HPC) systems continues to increase by using huge number of cores or specialized processing units, HPC applications are increasingly prone to faults. This study covers a new class of numerical fault tolerance algorithms at application level that does not require extra resources, i.e., computational unit or computing time, when no fault occurs. Assuming that a separate mechanism ensures fault detection, we propose numerical algorithms to extract relevant information from available data after a fault. After data extraction, well chosen part of missing data is regenerated through interpolation strategies to constitute meaningful inputs to numerically restart the algorithm. We have designed these methods called Interpolation-restart techniques for numerical linear algebra problems such as the solution of linear systems or eigen-problems that are the inner most numerical kernels in many scientific and engineering applications and also often ones of the most time consuming parts. In the framework of Krylov subspace linear solvers the lost entries of the iterate are interpolated using the available entries on the still alive nodes to define a new initial guess before restarting the Krylov method. In particular, we consider two interpolation policies that preserve key numerical properties of well-known linear solvers, namely the monotony decrease of the A-norm of the error of the conjugate gradient or the residual norm decrease of GMRES. We assess the impact of the fault rate and the amount of lost data on the robustness of the resulting linear solvers.For eigensolvers, we revisited state-of-the-art methods for solving large sparse eigenvalue problems namely the Arnoldi methods, subspace iteration methods and the Jacobi-Davidson method, in the light of Interpolation-restart strategies. For each considered eigensolver, we adapted the Interpolation-restart strategies to regenerate as much spectral information as possible. Through intensive experiments, we illustrate the qualitative numerical behavior of the resulting schemes when the number of faults and the amount of lost data are varied; and we demonstrate that they exhibit a numerical robustness close to that of fault-free calculations. In order to assess the efficiency of our numerical strategies, we have consideredan actual fully-featured parallel sparse hybrid (direct/iterative) linear solver, MaPHyS, and we proposed numerical remedies to design a resilient version of the solver. The solver being hybrid, we focus in this study on the iterative solution step, which is often the dominant step in practice. The numerical remedies we propose are twofold. Whenever possible, we exploit the natural data redundancy between processes from the solver toperform an exact recovery through clever copies over processes. Otherwise, data that has been lost and is not available anymore on any process is recovered through Interpolationrestart strategies. These numerical remedies have been implemented in the MaPHyS parallel solver so that we can assess their efficiency on a large number of processing units (up to 12; 288 CPU cores) for solving large-scale real-life problems

The rapid growth of the electric power system has in recent decades resulted in an increase of the number of transmission lines and total power outage in Norway. The challenge of a fast growing electrical grid has also resulted in huge increases of overhead lines and their total length. These lines are experiencing faults due to various reasons that cause major disruptions and operating costs of the transmission system operator (TSO). Thus, it’s important that the location of faults is either known or can be estimated with reasonably high accuracy. This allows the grid owner to save money and time for inspection and repair, as well as to provide a better service due to the possibility of faster restoration of power supply and avoiding blackouts.  Fault detection and classification on transmission lines are important tasks in order to protect the electrical power system. In recent years, the power system has become more complicated under competitive and deregulated environments and a fast fault location technique is needed to maintain security and supply in the grid. This thesis compares and evaluates different methods for classification of fault type and calculation of conventional one-side and two-side based fault location algorithms for distance to fault estimation.  Different algorithm has been implemented, tested and verified to create a greater understanding of determinants facts that affect distance to faults algorithm’s accuracy.  Implemented algorithm has been tested on the data generated from a number of simulations in Simulink for a verification process in implemented algorithms accuracy. Two types of fault cases have also been simulated and compared for known distance to fault estimation.

För sammankoppling av multi-terminala HVDC-system med punkt-till-punkt kopplingar ärDC-DC-omvandlaren den enda möjliga sammankopplingen. Därför genomgår problemenmed spänningsmatchning och likspänningsströmbegränsning i högspännings DC-systemomfattande forskning samt ligger i fokus för denna avhandling. Först analyseras toppmodernatopologier för högspännings DC-DC-omvandlare som används för samtrafik av flera terminalaHVDC-system. De analyserade topologierna jämförs sedan baserat på dess olika funktioner.Topologin för en konventionell icke-isolerad DC-DC-omvandlare analyseras när det gäller design,kostnad, storlek, förlust och effektstyrningskapacitet. Först skapas en matematisk modell ochsedan utförs en numerisk analys för olika arbetsområden. Därefter görs en jämförelse av entvåfas-icke-isolerad DC-omvandlare baserad på energilagring, maximal likströmsöverföring ochtotala förluster. Simulering utförs av en tvåfas och en trefas icke-isolerad DC-omvandlare iPSCAD med olika typer av styrenheter. Dessutom tas en isolerad omvandlartopologi och analyserasi detalj från matematisk modellering till validering med hjälp av simuleringsresultat.Olika typer av felanalyser för både isolerad och icke-isolerad omvandlartopologi görs. Slutligenutförs även analyser av DC-felet i olika möjliga anslutningar av omvandlaren i Multi-TerminalGrid, dvs Monopole, Bipole med både symmetriska och asymmetriska konfigurationer.<br>For interconnection of multi-terminal HVDC systems involving point-to-point links, aDC-DC converter is the only possible way to interconnect. Therefore, the issues of voltagematching and DC fault current limiting in high voltage DC systems are undergoing extensiveresearch and are the focus of this thesis. Starting with analyzing the state of the art highvoltage DC-DC converter topologies for interconnection of multi-terminal HVDC systems andbenchmarking each converter topology based on different functionalities. A basic non-isolatedDC-DC converter topology is analyzed in terms of design, cost, sizing, losses and power controlcapability. First, starting with the mathematical modeling and then the numerical analysis isdone for different operating regions. Next, it is compared with the two-phase non-isolated DCconverter based on energy storage, maximum DC power transfer, and total losses. Simulation oftwo-phase and three-phase non-isolated DC converter is done in PSCAD incorporating differenttypes of controllers. Then, an isolated converter topology is taken and analyzed in detail startingfrom mathematical modeling to validation using simulation results. Different types of faultsanalysis for both isolated and non-isolated converter topology is done. Finally, analyzing the DCfault in different possible connection of the converter in the multi-terminal grid, i.e. monopole,bipole in both symmetric and asymmetric configurations.

Le terme « réseau électrique intelligent » fait référence à un réseau électrique en présence d’une abondante production décentralisée et redirigeant les flux de puissance afin que soit maintenu l’équilibre entre production et consommation électrique en temps réel. Son fonctionnement est conditionné par le respect de contraintes de stabilité, sécurité et qualité de service. Il tire profit d'une observabilité améliorée, utilise les outils de contrôle/commande avancé et offre la possibilité d’une gestion avancée de la demande.Dans le contexte du projet Smart Occitania, dont l'objectif est d’évaluer la faisabilité du concept de réseau électrique intelligent en zones rurales et péri-urbaines, ces travaux de thèse proposent une stratégie fondée sur la théorie de la commande prédictive et la gestion de charges pilotables (ici, un méthaniseur et un château d'eau) afin de maintenir l'équilibre entre production et consommation électrique dans le réseau, tout en respectant des contraintes en tension prédéfinies. La stratégie de contrôle inclue des prévisions infra-journalières de plusieurs grandeurs stochastiques qui interviennent dans le système, obtenues par le biais d’une régression non paramétrique par processus Gaussien.La contribution principale de cette thèse est double : la formulation d’un problème d'optimisation pour gérer la commande tout ou rien du château d'eau sans avoir recours à la programmation non linéaire mixte en nombres entiers ou à une relaxation et l'utilisation d'intervalles de confiance fournis par le module de prévision pour réduire les dépassements de tension dus aux erreurs de prévision.Les résultats obtenus témoignent du potentiel de la commande prédictive pour la gestion de charges pilotables dans une optique de réduction de l'écart entre production et consommation, tout en respectant des contraintes en tension<br>The term ''smart grid'' refers to a modern power grid that successfully integrates prolific distributed generation with end loads and efficiently reroutes power flows to balance supply and demand in real time with respect to stability, quality, and safety constraints. It relies on improved observability and advanced control techniques, and offers the possibility of advanced demand side management.In the context of the Smart Occitania project, which aims to study the feasibility of the smart grid concept for rural and suburban power distribution grids, this work proposes a model-based predictive control strategy based on flexible asset management (herein a biogas plant and a water tower) that aims to balance power supply and demand within the power grid while maintaining voltage levels within prescribed margins. The control scheme incorporates intraday forecasts of various stochastic quantities that impact the system, procured through Gaussian process regression.The main contribution of this thesis is twofold: the predictive controller's optimisation problem is formulated in such a way that the ON/OFF of the water tower is handled without recourse to mixed-integer nonlinear programming or relaxation, and the confidence intervals provided by the forecast module are utilised to minimize voltage overshooting due to forecasting errors.The results illustrate the promise of a predictive controller relying on renewable-energy-based flexible assets to reduce the gap between power supply and demand, while upholding the power grid's voltage constraints

La fabrication des composants semi-conducteurs à base de nitrure de gallium (GaN) connaît actuellement une grande expansion. Ce matériau, par ces propriétés physico-chimiques intéressantes, est un très bon candidat pour la fabrication des composants de puissance à haute fréquence de fonctionnement. Dans la pratique, avant d'intégrer ces composants dans un système électronique, l'analyse de leur fiabilité est une étape nécessaire pour valider la technologie de fabrication utilisée. L'objectif de ce travail est la détermination des mécanismes physiques responsables de la dégradation des performances des Transistors à Haute Mobilité Electronique (HEMT) à base d'hétérostructures AlGaN/GaN et AlInN/GaN. Dans un premier temps, la caractérisation en régime statique des composants, par des mesures de courant et de capacité à différentes températures, nous a permis de repérer certaines anomalies dans les caractéristiques des composants. Cette non-idéalité liée aux effets thermiques semble provenir des mécanismes de piégeage des porteurs par les défauts dans le matériau. Dans le but d'analyser ces mécanismes, des mesures de spectroscopie de défauts profonds (DLTS) ont été effectuées sur la capacité de type Schottky du contact de la grille. L'étape suivante a consisté à mesurer les pièges profonds dans les HEMTs par DLTS en courant de drain, de façon à déterminer quels défauts influencent directement le courant dans ces dispositifs. Cette étude a été effectuée sur différents composants avec différentes géométries pour analyser au mieux le comportement de ces pièges. L'étude du contact de grille est aussi une étape importante pour déterminer les origines de défaillance des composants. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une étude approfondie sur les différents mécanismes de transport à travers la barrière métal/semi-conducteur. Cette étude nous a permis de conclure sur la stabilité du contact de grille après les tests de vieillissement accélérés.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>93<br>In order to maintain the reliability, safety, and power quality of power systems, the wind power generation integrated into the electrical distribution system should be carefully assessed the impacts on power system operations, such as voltage regulation, voltage flicker, fault current, etc. The reliability of the electrical power system connected with wind power generations is very important. For that, this thesis utilizes the fault tree analysis method to develop the fault tree of wind power generations for assessing the unavailability of the overall system and comparing the reliability of wind power generations connected with distribution and transmission system. Finally, this thesis summaries related discussions and conclusions.

The global electrical energy consumption is rising and there is a steady increase in the demand of power generation. So, in addition to conventional power generation units a large no. of renewable energy units are being integrated into the power system. A wind electrical generation system is the most cost competitive, environmentally clean and safe out of all the renewable energy sources. The recent evolution of power semiconductors and variable frequency drive technology has aided the acceptance of variable speed generation systems. Slip ring induction motor in the variable speed double fed induction generator mode is largely used in wind turbine generation technology. Therefore, a detailed model of induction generator is presented in the thesis. Then the induction generator is operated at different operating conditions and the results are presented in the thesis. A hardware set up is build up to estimate the different circuit parameter under different operating conditions. Speed, torque, Active and reactive power estimation are proposed in the thesis with the help of hardware set-up. Because these are the controllable parameter and they determine the machine performance. So, by estimating these parameter our future aim is to manipulate those parameter and to design a closed loop controller for DFIG. This study is relevant as DFIG-wind turbines are an integrated part of Distributed generation system. Any abnormalities associated with grid are going to affect the system performance considerably. Taking this into account, the performance of double fed induction generator (DFIG) variable speed wind turbine under network fault or under dynamic loading is studied. The significant result of the analysis is also shown and being compared with the existing literature to validate the approach.

abstract: There is growing concern over the future availability of water for electricity generation. Because of a rapidly growing population coupled with an arid climate, the Western United States faces a particularly acute water/energy challenge, as installation of new electricity capacity is expected to be required in the areas with the most limited water availability. Electricity trading is anticipated to be an important strategy for avoiding further local water stress, especially during drought and in the areas with the most rapidly growing populations. Transfers of electricity imply transfers of "virtual water" - water required for the production of a product. Yet, as a result of sizable demand growth, there may not be excess capacity in the system to support trade as an adaptive response to long lasting drought. As the grid inevitably expands capacity due to higher demand, or adapts to anticipated climate change, capacity additions should be selected and sited to increase system resilience to drought. This paper explores the tradeoff between virtual water and local water/energy infrastructure development for the purpose of enhancing the Western US power grid's resilience to drought. A simple linear model is developed that estimates the economically optimal configuration of the Western US power grid given water constraints. The model indicates that natural gas combined cycle power plants combined with increased interstate trade in power and virtual water provide the greatest opportunity for cost effective and water efficient grid expansion. Such expansion, as well as drought conditions, may shift and increase virtual water trade patterns, as states with ample water resources and a competitive advantage in developing power sources become net exporters, and states with limited water or higher costs become importers.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2013

A unified power quality conditioner or UPQC is a device that is similar in construction to a unified power flow conditioner also known as UPFC . The UPQC, just like a UPFC, employs two voltage source inverters (VSIs) that are connected to a common dc energy storage capacitor. One VSIs is connected in series with the ac line while the other is connected in shunt with the same line. An UPFC is employed in a power transmission system to perform shunt and series compensation at the same time. Similarly, a UPQC can also perform both the tasks in a power distribution system. However, at this point the similarities in the operating principles of these two devices end. Since a power transmission line generally operates in a balanced, distortion (harmonic) free environment, a UPFC must only provide balanced shunt or series compensation. A power distribution system, on the other hand, may contain unbalance, distortion and even dc components. Therefore a UPQC must operate under this environment while providing shunt or series compensation. The UPQC is a relatively new device and not much work has been reported on it yet.It has been viewed as a combination of series and shunt active filters. It can be used to attenuate current harmonics by inserting a series voltage proportional to the line current. Alternatively, the inserted series voltage is added to the voltage at the point of common coupling such that the device can provide a buffer to eliminate any voltage dip or flicker. It is also possible to operate it as a combination of these two modes. In either case, the shunt device is used for providing a path for the real power to flow to aid the operation of the series connected VSI. Also included in this structure is a shunt passive filter to which all the relatively low-frequency harmonics are directed. The study is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software for two cases- one without UPQC and another with UPQC. . Further a 3 phase fault is introduced in the system.The voltage and current waveforms are compared for both the cases with and without UPQC to compare the difference. THD analysis is also done for both the cases. It was observed that with UPQC , the performance of the system was improved considerably.

Now-a-days, the growing demand of electricity and the scarcity of fossil fuels, encourage to generate electricity from never ending renewable energy resources such as wind, solar etc., Wind energy has become one of the most important and promising sources of renewable energy. Today the wind power capacity of the world is approximately 539,291 MW at the end of 2017 and around 52,552 MW of capacity was added in the year 2017 only. The rapid increase in wind farms and production of wind energy facilitates the interconnection of Wind Turbine Generation System (WTGS) with the grid for uninterruptable power supply. With increased penetration of wind power into electrical grids, Variable Speed Induction Generators are largely preferred for its dynamic features. Out of these, Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is one which has various advantages such as providing four quadrant operation, unit power factor and maintained reactive power. But a grid connected system is always subjected to various load conditions and grid faults such as short circuits adversely affecting the continuous power supply. Hence to maintain all the appropriate operating conditions, the power system operators has decided some grid code requirements (GCR) out of which the Fault Ride Through (FRT) capability improvement is one. FRT is defined as the ability of the wind generator to stay connected to the grid in short periods of voltage dip caused by any disturbances. Various methods are there to improve the FRT capability of a DFIG system. It may be achieved through implementation of different devices such as crowbar protection (CB), active crowbar protection (ACB_P), Dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs), STATCOMs and Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (SFCLs). Some improved control technologies for the converters of the DFIGs are also there through whose application FRT capability can be improved without any external hardware circuit. Here in this work, CB, ACB_P, DVR and SFCL are implemented separately with a 1.5 MW grid connected DFIG system and the dynamic responses of the DFIG is studied during fault conditions. Finally by implementing sophisticated control techniques such as second order sliding mode (SOSM) control and Higher Order Sliding Mode Control (HOSM) methods, the back to back converter of the DFIG is operated to achieve effective FRT capability.

This thesis investigates and implements a fault detection scheme for cyber-physical power system (CPPS). An un-interruptible supply of energy is the biggest challenge faced by the power engineers. Due to the involvement of information and communication technology (ICT), the behavior of the power grid has transformed completely in recent years. The evolution of the existing grid system has resulted in bidirectional power flow. That means the entities once only consumed power now can generate and send power back to the main grid, behaving as a microgrid. The grid is made up of microgrids, which in turn is the combination of different generators that are mostly installed at the consumer end to generate electrical power for consumers' own use, whilst the additional power can be sent to the grid. To manage the power systems with microgrids and bidirectional power flow, Smart Grid (SG) is developed to efficiently manage the bulk power system across the network. SG expands the existing capabilities of grid generation, distribution, and transmission to provide a system capable of handling future requirements for renewable energy generation, electric vehicles and the demand side management of electricity. SG is based on the CPPS, which is vulnerable to cyber-attacks, where an intruder can change the information sent or received from the grid. As the purpose of this study is to find the best model to detect fault in the grid. A hypothetical scenario of a hacker intruding in the SG is considered the effect of line outages on SG is discussed when there is an attack from any hacker that altered the information of phasor measurement unit (PMU). Power World Simulator is used to simulate IEEE 13-Bus and 39-Bus systems, having renewable energy generators to test the SG after line outage. In addition, two techniques i.e. Phasor Angle Measurement Algorithm & Alternating Direction Method for Multipliers (ADMM) to detect line outage are implemented and compared to find pre-outage power flow and transmission line failure. ADMM was found to be more robust and simpler to implement.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>The power transmission network is stretched thin in Western North America. When generators or substations fault, the resultant cascading failures can diminish transmission capabilities across wide regions of the continent. This thesis examined several methods of determining one-shot controls based on frequency decline in electrical generators to reduce the effect of one or more phase faults and tripped generators. These methods included criteria based on indices calculated from frequency measured at the controller location. These indices included criteria based on local modes and the rate of change of frequency. This thesis primarily used particle swarm optimization (PSO) with inertia to determine a well-adapted set of parameters. The parameters included up to three thresholds for indices calculated from frequency. The researchers found that the best method for distinguishing between one or more phase faults used thresholds on two Fourier indices. Future lines of research regarding one-shot controls were considered. A method that distinguished nearby tripped generators from one or more phase faults and load change events was proposed. This method used a moving average, a negative threshold for control, and a positive threshold to reject control. The negative threshold for the moving average is met frequently during any large transient event. An additional index must be used to distinguish loss of generation events. This index is the maximum value of the moving average up to the present time and it is good for distinguishing loss of generation events from transient swings caused by other events. This thesis further demonstrated how well a combination of controls based on both rate of change of frequency and local modes reduces instability of the network as determined by both a reduction in RMSGA and control efficiency at any time after the events. This thesis found that using local modes is generally useful to diagnose and apply one-shot controls when instability is caused by one or more phase faults, while when disconnected generators or reduced loads cause instability in the system, the local modes did not distinguish between loss of generation capacity events and reduced load events. Instead, differentiating based on the rate of change of frequency and an initial upward deflection of frequency or an initial downward deflection of frequency did distinguish between these types of events.

abstract: The safety issue in an electrical power distribution system is of critical importance. In some circumstances, even the continuity of service has to be compromised for a situation that can cause a hazard to the public. A downed conductor that creates an electrical path between a current carrying conductor and ground pose a potential lethal hazard to anyone in the near proximity. Electric utilities have yet to find a fully accepted and reliable method for detecting downed conductors even with decades of research. With the entry of more automation and a smarter grid in the different layers of distribution power system supply, new doors are being opened and new feasible solutions are waiting to be explored. The 'big data' and the infrastructures that are readily accessible through the smart metering system is the base of the work and analysis performed in this thesis. In effect, the new technologies and new solutions are an artifact of the Smart Grid effort which has now reached worldwide dimensions. A solution to problems of overhead distribution conductor failures / faults that use simple methods and that are easy to implement using existing and future distribution management systems is presented. A European type distribution system using three phase supply is utilized as the test bed for the concepts presented. Fault analysis is performed on the primary and the secondary distribution system using the free downloadable software OpenDSS. The outcome is a set of rules that can be implemented either locally or central using a voltage based method. Utilized in the distribution management systems the operators will be given a powerful tool to make the correct action when a situation occurs. The test bed itself is taken from an actual system in Norway.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2014

Continued increase in system load leading to a reduction in operating margins, as well as the tendency to move towards a deregulated grid with renewable energy sources has increased the vulnerability of the grid to blackouts. Advanced intelligent techniques are therefore required to design new monitoring schemes that enable smart grid operation in a secure and robust manner. As the grid is highly interconnected, monitoring of transmission and distribution systems is increasingly relying on digital communication. Conventional security assessment techniques are slow, hampering real-time decision making. Hence, there is a need to develop fast and accurate security monitoring techniques. Intelligent techniques that are capable of processing large amounts of captured data are finding increasing scope as essential enablers for the smart grid. The research work presented in this thesis has evolved from the need for enhanced monitoring in transmission and distribution grids. The potential of intelligent techniques for enhanced system monitoring has been demonstrated for disturbed scenarios in an integrated power system. In transmission grids, one of the challenging problems is network partitioning, also known as network area-decomposition. In this thesis, an approach based on relative electrical distance (RED) has been devised to construct zonal dynamic equivalents such that the dynamic characteristics of the original system are retained in the equivalent system within the desired accuracy. Identification of coherent generators is another key aspect in power system dynamics. In this thesis, a support vector clustering-based coherency identification technique is proposed for large interconnected multi-machine power systems. The clustering technique is based on coherency measure which is formulated using the generator rotor measurements. These rotor measurements can be obtained with the help of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). In distribution grids, accurate and fast fault identification of faults is a key challenge. Hence, an automated fault diagnosis technique based on multi class support vector machines (SVMs) has been developed in this thesis. The proposed fault location scheme is capable of accurately identify the fault type, location of faulted line section and the fault impedance in the distributed generation (DG) systems. The proposed approach is based on the three phase voltage and current measurements available at all the sources i.e. substation and at the connection points of DGs. An approach for voltage instability monitoring in 3-phase distribution systems has also been proposed in this thesis. The conventional single phase L-index measure has been extended to a 3-phase system to incorporate information pertaining to unbalance in the distribution system. All the approaches proposed in this thesis have been validated using standard IEEE test systems and also on practical Indian systems.

Continued increase in system load leading to a reduction in operating margins, as well as the tendency to move towards a deregulated grid with renewable energy sources has increased the vulnerability of the grid to blackouts. Advanced intelligent techniques are therefore required to design new monitoring schemes that enable smart grid operation in a secure and robust manner. As the grid is highly interconnected, monitoring of transmission and distribution systems is increasingly relying on digital communication. Conventional security assessment techniques are slow, hampering real-time decision making. Hence, there is a need to develop fast and accurate security monitoring techniques. Intelligent techniques that are capable of processing large amounts of captured data are finding increasing scope as essential enablers for the smart grid. The research work presented in this thesis has evolved from the need for enhanced monitoring in transmission and distribution grids. The potential of intelligent techniques for enhanced system monitoring has been demonstrated for disturbed scenarios in an integrated power system. In transmission grids, one of the challenging problems is network partitioning, also known as network area-decomposition. In this thesis, an approach based on relative electrical distance (RED) has been devised to construct zonal dynamic equivalents such that the dynamic characteristics of the original system are retained in the equivalent system within the desired accuracy. Identification of coherent generators is another key aspect in power system dynamics. In this thesis, a support vector clustering-based coherency identification technique is proposed for large interconnected multi-machine power systems. The clustering technique is based on coherency measure which is formulated using the generator rotor measurements. These rotor measurements can be obtained with the help of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). In distribution grids, accurate and fast fault identification of faults is a key challenge. Hence, an automated fault diagnosis technique based on multi class support vector machines (SVMs) has been developed in this thesis. The proposed fault location scheme is capable of accurately identify the fault type, location of faulted line section and the fault impedance in the distributed generation (DG) systems. The proposed approach is based on the three phase voltage and current measurements available at all the sources i.e. substation and at the connection points of DGs. An approach for voltage instability monitoring in 3-phase distribution systems has also been proposed in this thesis. The conventional single phase L-index measure has been extended to a 3-phase system to incorporate information pertaining to unbalance in the distribution system. All the approaches proposed in this thesis have been validated using standard IEEE test systems and also on practical Indian systems.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>The substantial increase demand for electrical energy requires high efficient apparatus dealing with energy conversion. Several technologies have been suggested to implement power supplies with higher efficiency, such as multilevel and interleaved converters. This thesis proposes an energy conversion unit with an optimized number of output voltage levels per number of switches nL=nS. The proposed five-level four-switch per phase converter has nL=nS=5/4 which is by far the best relationship among the converters presented in technical literature. A comprehensive literature review on existing five-level converter topologies is done to compare the proposed topology with conventional multilevel converters. The most important characteristics of the proposed configuration are: (i) reduced number of semiconductor devices, while keeping a high number of levels at the output converter side, (ii) only one DC source without any need to balance capacitor voltages, (iii) high efficiency, (iv) there is no dead-time requirement for the converters operation, (v) leg isolation procedure with lower stress for the DC-link capacitor. Single-phase and three-phase version of the proposed converter is presented in this thesis. Details regarding the operation of the configuration and modulation strategy are presented, as well as the comparison between the proposed converter and the conventional ones. Simulated results are presented to validate the theoretical expectations. In addition a fault tolerant converter based on proposed topology for micro-grid systems is presented. A hybrid pulse-width-modulation for the pre-fault operation and transition from the pre-fault to post-fault operation will be discussed. Selected steady-state and transient results are demonstrated to validate the theoretical modeling.