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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Power law distribution

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Academic literature on the topic 'Power law distribution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Power law distribution"

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Newman, Mark. "Power-law distribution." Significance 14, no. 4 (August 2017): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2017.01050.x.

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CHEN, YANGUANG. "POWER-LAW DISTRIBUTIONS BASED ON EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS: LATENT SCALING, SPURIOUS ZIPF'S LAW, AND FRACTAL RABBITS." Fractals 23, no. 02 (May 28, 2015): 1550009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x15500097.

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The difference between the inverse power function and the negative exponential function is significant. The former suggests a complex distribution, while the latter indicates a simple distribution. However, the association of the power-law distribution with the exponential distribution has been seldom researched. This paper is devoted to exploring the relationships between exponential laws and power laws from the angle of view of urban geography. Using mathematical derivation and numerical experiments, I reveal that a power-law distribution can be created through a semi-moving average process of an exponential distribution. For the distributions defined in a one-dimension space (e.g. Zipf's law), the power exponent is 1; while for those defined in a two-dimension space (e.g. Clark's law), the power exponent is 2. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the exponential distributions suggest a hidden scaling, but the scaling exponents suggest a Euclidean dimension. Second, special power-law distributions can be derived from exponential distributions, but they differ from the typical power-law distributions. Third, it is the real power-law distributions that can be related with fractal dimension. This study discloses an inherent link between simplicity and complexity. In practice, maybe the result presented in this paper can be employed to distinguish the real power laws from spurious power laws (e.g. the fake Zipf distribution).

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TAKAYASU, HIDEKI. "POWER-LAW DISTRIBUTION OF RIVER BASIN SIZES." Fractals 01, no. 03 (September 1993): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x9300054x.

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River models are reviewed with emphasis on the power-law nature of basin size distributions. From a general point of view, the whole river pattern on a surface can be regarded as a kind of tiling by random self-affine branches. Applying the idea of stable distributions, we show that the self-affinity and tiling condition naturally derive the power-law basin size distribution.

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Campolieti, Michele. "Power Law Distributions and the Size Distribution of Strikes." Sociological Methods & Research 48, no. 3 (October 10, 2017): 561–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124117729709.

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Using Canadian data from 1976 to 2014, I study the size distribution of strikes with three alternative measures of strike size: the number of workers on strike, strike duration in calendar days, and the number of person calendar days lost to a strike. I use a maximum likelihood framework that provides a way to estimate distributions, evaluate model fit, and also test against alternative distributions. I consider a few theories that can create power law distributions in strike size, such as the joint costs model that posits strike size is inversely proportional to dispute costs. I find that the power law distribution fits the data for the number of lost person calendar days relatively well and is also more appropriate than the lognormal distribution. I also discuss the implications of my findings from a methodological, research, and policy perspective.

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Guo, Ran, and Jiulin Du. "Are power-law distributions an equilibrium distribution or a stationary nonequilibrium distribution?" Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 406 (July 2014): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.03.056.

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BURROUGHS, STEPHEN M., and SARAH F. TEBBENS. "UPPER-TRUNCATED POWER LAW DISTRIBUTIONS." Fractals 09, no. 02 (June 2001): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x01000658.

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Power law cumulative number-size distributions are widely used to describe the scaling properties of data sets and to establish scale invariance. We derive the relationships between the scaling exponents of non-cumulative and cumulative number-size distributions for linearly binned and logarithmically binned data. Cumulative number-size distributions for data sets of many natural phenomena exhibit a "fall-off" from a power law at the largest object sizes. Previous work has often either ignored the fall-off region or described this region with a different function. We demonstrate that when a data set is abruptly truncated at large object size, fall-off from a power law is expected for the cumulative distribution. Functions to describe this fall-off are derived for both linearly and logarithmically binned data. These functions lead to a generalized function, the upper-truncated power law, that is independent of binning method. Fitting the upper-truncated power law to a cumulative number-size distribution determines the parameters of the power law, thus providing the scaling exponent of the data. Unlike previous approaches that employ alternate functions to describe the fall-off region, an upper-truncated power law describes the data set, including the fall-off, with a single function.

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Song, W. G., H. P. Zhang, T. Chen, and W. C. Fan. "Power-law distribution of city fires." Fire Safety Journal 38, no. 5 (September 2003): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(02)00084-x.

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Zhu, Jianlin, and Zhiguo Liu. "Power-law distribution of acid deposition." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 19, no. 1 (2003): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2003.002345.

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GUPTA, HARI M., JOSÉ R. CAMPANHA, and FERNANDO D. PRADO. "POWER LAW DISTRIBUTION IN EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 06 (September 2000): 1273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183100001085.

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We studied the statistical distribution of candidate's performance which is measured through their marks in university entrance examination (Vestibular) of UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) for years 1998, 1999, and 2000. All students are divided in three groups: Physical, Biological and Humanities. We paid special attention to the examination of Portuguese language which is common for all and examinations for the particular area. We observed long ubiquitous power law tails in Physical and Biological sciences. This indicate the presence of strong positive feedback in sciences. We are able to explain completely these statistical distributions through Gradually Truncated Power law distributions which we developed recently to explain statistical behavior of financial market. The statistical distribution in case of Portuguese language and humanities is close to normal distribution. We discuss the possible reason for this peculiar behavior.

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Minasandra, Pranav, and Kavita Isvaran. "Truncated power-law distribution of group sizes in antelope." Behaviour 157, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 541–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10012.

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Abstract Quantifying and understanding group size distributions can be useful for understanding group behaviour in animal populations. We analysed group size data of the blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, from six different field sites to estimate the group size distribution of this antelope. We used likelihood based methods (AICs and likelihood ratios) to show that an exponentially truncated power law is the distribution that best describes blackbuck group data, outperforming a simple power-law, an exponential distribution, and a lognormal distribution. Our results show that distribution parameters can be used to draw novel insights regarding group dynamics, and we demonstrate this by investigating how habitat openness affects group size distributions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Power law distribution"

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Weinstein, Lee. "Scale free networks and their power law distribution." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3880.

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Chamberlain, Lauren. "The Power Law Distribution of Agricultural Land Size." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7400.

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This paper demonstrates that the distribution of county level agricultural land size in the United States is best described by a power-law distribution, a distribution that displays extremely heavy tails. This indicates that the majority of farmland exists in the upper tail. Our analysis indicates that the top 5% of agricultural counties account for about 25% of agricultural land between 1997-2012. The power-law distribution of farm size has important implications for the design of more efficient regional and national agricultural policies as counties close to the mean account for little of the cumulative distribution of total agricultural land. This has consequences for more efficient management and government oversight as a disruption in one of the counties containing a large amount of farmland (due to natural disasters, for instance) could have nationwide consequences for agricultural production and prices. In particular, the policy makers and government agencies can monitor about 25% of total agricultural land by overseeing just 5% of counties.

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Kim, Jung Eun. "Analysis of Sleep-Wake Transition Dynamics by Stochastic Mean Field Model and Metastable State." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406206931.

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Dashti, Moghaddam Mohammadamin. "Stochastic Phenomena in Finance, Economics, Cognitive Psychology -- Modeling with Generalized Beta Prime." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1571061904950758.

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Haro, Berois Martín. "Statistical distribution of common audio features : encounters in a heavy-tailed universe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128623.

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In the last few years some Music Information Retrieval (MIR) researchers have spotted important drawbacks in applying standard successful-in-monophonic algorithms to polyphonic music classification and similarity assessment. Noticeably, these so called “Bag-of-Frames” (BoF) algorithms share a common set of assumptions. These assumptions are substantiated in the belief that the numerical descriptions extracted from short-time audio excerpts (or frames) are enough to capture relevant information for the task at hand, that these frame-based audio descriptors are time independent, and that descriptor frames are well described by Gaussian statistics. Thus, if we want to improve current BoF algorithms we could: i) improve current audio descriptors, ii) include temporal information within algorithms working with polyphonic music, and iii) study and characterize the real statistical properties of these frame-based audio descriptors. From a literature review, we have detected that many works focus on the first two improvements, but surprisingly, there is a lack of research in the third one. Therefore, in this thesis we analyze and characterize the statistical distribution of common audio descriptors of timbre, tonal and loudness information. Contrary to what is usually assumed, our work shows that the studied descriptors are heavy-tailed distributed and thus, they do not belong to a Gaussian universe. This new knowledge led us to propose new algorithms that show improvements over the BoF approach in current MIR tasks such as genre classification, instrument detection, and automatic tagging of music. Furthermore, we also address new MIR tasks such as measuring the temporal evolution of Western popular music. Finally, we highlight some promising paths for future audio-content MIR research that will inhabit a heavy-tailed universe.
En el campo de la extracción de información musical o Music Information Retrieval (MIR), los algoritmos llamados Bag-of-Frames (BoF) han sido aplicados con éxito en la clasificación y evaluación de similitud de señales de audio monofónicas. Por otra parte, investigaciones recientes han señalado problemas importantes a la hora de aplicar dichos algoritmos a señales de música polifónica. Estos algoritmos suponen que las descripciones numéricas extraídas de los fragmentos de audio de corta duración (o frames ) son capaces de capturar la información necesaria para la realización de las tareas planteadas, que el orden temporal de estos fragmentos de audio es irrelevante y que las descripciones extraídas de los segmentos de audio pueden ser correctamente descritas usando estadísticas Gaussianas. Por lo tanto, si se pretende mejorar los algoritmos BoF actuales se podría intentar: i) mejorar los descriptores de audio, ii) incluir información temporal en los algoritmos que trabajan con música polifónica y iii) estudiar y caracterizar las propiedades estadísticas reales de los descriptores de audio. La bibliografía actual sobre el tema refleja la existencia de un número considerable de trabajos centrados en las dos primeras opciones de mejora, pero sorprendentemente, hay una carencia de trabajos de investigación focalizados en la tercera opción. Por lo tanto, esta tesis se centra en el análisis y caracterización de la distribución estadística de descriptores de audio comúnmente utilizados para representar información tímbrica, tonal y de volumen. Al contrario de lo que se asume habitualmente, nuestro trabajo muestra que los descriptores de audio estudiados se distribuyen de acuerdo a una distribución de “cola pesada” y por lo tanto no pertenecen a un universo Gaussiano. Este descubrimiento nos permite proponer nuevos algoritmos que evidencian mejoras importantes sobre los algoritmos BoF actualmente utilizados en diversas tareas de MIR tales como clasificación de género, detección de instrumentos musicales y etiquetado automático de música. También nos permite proponer nuevas tareas tales como la medición de la evolución temporal de la música popular occidental. Finalmente, presentamos algunas prometedoras líneas de investigación para tareas de MIR ubicadas, a partir de ahora, en un universo de “cola pesada”.
En l’àmbit de la extracció de la informació musical o Music Information Retrieval (MIR), els algorismes anomenats Bag-of-Frames (BoF) han estat aplicats amb èxit en la classificació i avaluació de similitud entre senyals monofòniques. D’altra banda, investigacions recents han assenyalat importants inconvenients a l’hora d’aplicar aquests mateixos algorismes en senyals de música polifònica. Aquests algorismes BoF suposen que les descripcions numèriques extretes dels fragments d’àudio de curta durada (frames) son suficients per capturar la informació rellevant per als algorismes, que els descriptors basats en els fragments son independents del temps i que l’estadística Gaussiana descriu correctament aquests descriptors. Per a millorar els algorismes BoF actuals doncs, es poden i) millorar els descriptors, ii) incorporar informació temporal dins els algorismes que treballen amb música polifònica i iii) estudiar i caracteritzar les propietats estadístiques reals d’aquests descriptors basats en fragments d’àudio. Sorprenentment, de la revisió bibliogràfica es desprèn que la majoria d’investigacions s’han centrat en els dos primers punts de millora mentre que hi ha una mancança quant a la recerca en l’àmbit del tercer punt. És per això que en aquesta tesi, s’analitza i caracteritza la distribució estadística dels descriptors més comuns de timbre, to i volum. El nostre treball mostra que contràriament al què s’assumeix, els descriptors no pertanyen a l’univers Gaussià sinó que es distribueixen segons una distribució de “cua pesada”. Aquest descobriment ens permet proposar nous algorismes que evidencien millores importants sobre els algorismes BoF utilitzats actualment en diferents tasques com la classificació del gènere, la detecció d’instruments musicals i l’etiquetatge automàtic de música. Ens permet també proposar noves tasques com la mesura de l’evolució temporal de la música popular occidental. Finalment, presentem algunes prometedores línies d’investigació per a tasques de MIR ubicades a partir d’ara en un univers de “cua pesada”.

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Blanchet, Thomas. "Essays on the Distribution of Income and Wealth : Methods, Estimates and Theory." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0004.

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Cette thèse couvre plusieurs sujets sur la répartition des revenus et des richesses. Dans le premier chapitre, nous développons une nouvelle méthode pour exploiter les tabulations de revenu et de richesse, telle que celle publiée par les autorités fiscales. Nous y définissons les courbes de Pareto généralisées comme la courbe des coefficients de Pareto inversés b(p), où b(p) est le rapport entre le revenu moyen ou la richesse au-dessus du rang p et le p-ième quantile Q(p) (c'est-à-dire b(p)=E[X|X>Q(p)]/Q(p)). Nous les utilisons pour caractériser des distributions entières, y compris les endroits comme le sommet où la lois de Pareto est une bonne description, et les endroits plus bas où elles ne le sont pas. Nous développons une méthode pour reconstruire de manière flexible l'ensemble de la distribution sur la base de données tabulées sur le revenu ou le patrimoine, qui produit courbes de Pareto généralisées lisses et réalistes.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous présentons une nouvelle approche pour combiner les données d'enquête et les tabulations fiscales afin de corriger la sous-représentation des plus riches au sommet. Elle détermine de façon endogène un "point de fusion'' entre les données avant de modifier les poids tout au long de la distribution et de remplacer les nouvelles observations au-delà du support original de l'enquête. Nous fournissons des simulations de la méthode et des applications aux données réelles. Les premières démontrent que notre méthode améliore la précision et la stabilité des estimations de la distribution, par rapport à d'autres méthodes de correction d'enquêtes utilisant des données externes, et même en présence d'hypothèses extrêmes. Les applications empiriques montrent que non seulement les niveaux d'inégalité des revenus peuvent changer, mais aussi les tendances.Dans le troisième chapitre, nous estimons la distribution du revenu national dans 38 pays européens entre 1980 et 2017 en combinant enquêtes, données fiscales et comptes nationaux. Nous développons une méthodologie cohérente combinant des méthodes d'apprentissage statistique, de calage non linéaire des enquêtes et la théorie des valeurs extrêmes afin de produire des estimations de l'inégalité des revenus avant et après impôt, comparables d'un pays à l'autre et conformes aux taux de croissance macroéconomiques. Nous constatons que les inégalités se sont creusées dans une majorité de pays européens, en particulier entre 1980 et 2000. Le 1% les plus riches en Europe a augmenté plus de deux fois plus vite que les 50% les plus pauvres et a capturé 18% de la croissance des revenus régionaux.Dans le quatrième chapitre, je décompose la dynamique de la distribution de la richesse à l'aide d'un modèle stochastique dynamique simple qui sépare les effets de la consommation, du revenu du travail, des taux de rendement, de la croissance, de la démographie et du patrimoine. À partir de deux théorèmes de calcul stochastique, je montre que ce modèle est identifié de manière non paramétrique et qu'il peut être estimé à partir de données en coupes répétées. Je l'estime à l'aide des comptes nationaux distributifs des États-Unis depuis 1962. Je trouve que, de l'augmentation de 15pp. de la part de la richesse détenue par les 1% les plus riches observée depuis 1980, environ 7pp. peut être attribuée à l'inégalité croissante des revenus du travail, 6pp. à la hausse des rendements sur le capital (principalement sous forme de plus-values), et 2pp. à la baisse de la croissance. En suivant les paramètres actuels, la part de la richesse des 1% les plus riches atteindrait sa valeur stationnaire d'environ 45% d'ici les années 2040, un niveau similaire à celui du début du XXe siècle. J'utilise ensuite le modèle pour analyser l'effet d'un impôt progressif sur les patrimoines au sommet de la distribution
This thesis covers several topics on the distribution of income and wealth. In the first chapter, we develop a new methodology to exploit tabulations of income and wealth such as the one published by tax authorities. In it, we define generalized Pareto curves as the curve of inverted Pareto coefficients b(p), where b(p) is the ratio between average income or wealth above rank p and the p-th quantile Q(p) (i.e. b(p)=E[X|X>Q(p)]/Q(p)). We use them to characterize entire distributions, including places like the top where power laws are a good description, and places further down where they are not. We develop a method to flexibly recover the entire distribution based on tabulated income or wealth data which produces smooth and realistic shapes of generalized Pareto curves.In the second chapter, we present a new approach to combine survey data with tax tabulations to correct for the underrepresentation of the rich at the top. It endogenously determines a "merging point'' between the datasets before modifying weights along the entire distribution and replacing new observations beyond the survey's original support. We provide simulations of the method and applications to real data. The former demonstrate that our method improves the accuracy and precision of distributional estimates, even under extreme assumptions, and in comparison to other survey correction methods using external data. The empirical applications show that not only can income inequality levels change, but also trends.In the third chapter, we estimate the distribution of national income in thirty-eight European countries between 1980 and 2017 by combining surveys, tax data and national accounts. We develop a unified methodology combining machine learning, nonlinear survey calibration and extreme value theory in order to produce estimates of pre-tax and post-tax income inequality, comparable across countries and consistent with macroeconomic growth rates. We find that inequality has increased in a majority of European countries, especially between 1980 and 2000. The European top 1% grew more than two times faster than the bottom 50% and captured 18% of regional income growth.In the fourth chapter, I decompose the dynamics of the wealth distribution using a simple dynamic stochastic model that separates the effects of consumption, labor income, rates of return, growth, demographics and inheritance. Based on two results of stochastic calculus, I show that this model is nonparametrically identified and can be estimated using only repeated cross-sections of the data. I estimate it using distributional national accounts for the United States since 1962. I find that, out of the 15pp. increase in the top 1% wealth share observed since 1980, about 7pp. can be attributed to rising labor income inequality, 6pp. to rising returns on wealth (mostly in the form of capital gains), and 2pp. to lower growth. Under current parameters, the top 1% wealth share would reach its steady-state value of roughly 45% by the 2040s, a level similar to that of the beginning of the 20th century. I then use the model to analyze the effect of progressive wealth taxation at the top of the distribution

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Li, Xiaohu. "Security Analysis on Network Systems Based on Some Stochastic Models." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1931.

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Due to great effort from mathematicians, physicists and computer scientists, network science has attained rapid development during the past decades. However, because of the complexity, most researches in this area are conducted only based upon experiments and simulations, it is critical to do research based on theoretical results so as to gain more insight on how the structure of a network affects the security. This dissertation introduces some stochastic and statistical models on certain networks and uses a k-out-of-n tolerant structure to characterize both logically and physically the behavior of nodes. Based upon these models, we draw several illuminating results in the following two aspects, which are consistent with what computer scientists have observed in either practical situations or experimental studies. Suppose that the node in a P2P network loses the designed function or service when some of its neighbors are disconnected. By studying the isolation probability and the durable time of a single user, we prove that the network with the user's lifetime having more NWUE-ness is more resilient in the sense of having a smaller probability to be isolated by neighbors and longer time to be online without being interrupted. Meanwhile, some preservation properties are also studied for the durable time of a network. Additionally, in order to apply the model in practice, both graphical and nonparametric statistical methods are developed and are employed to a real data set. On the other hand, a stochastic model is introduced to investigate the security of network systems based on their vulnerability graph abstractions. A node loses its designed function when certain number of its neighbors are compromised in the sense of being taken over by the malicious codes or the hacker. The attack compromises some nodes, and the victimized nodes become accomplices. We derived an equation to solve the probability for a node to be compromised in a network. Since this equation has no explicit solution, we also established new lower and upper bounds for the probability. The two models proposed herewith generalize existing models in the literature, the corresponding theoretical results effectively improve those known results and hence carry an insight on designing a more secure system and enhancing the security of an existing system.

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Chow, Jijun. "Power-law distributions in events involving nuclear and radiological materials." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55262.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 41).
Nuclear and radiological events are large-impact, hard-to-predict rare events, whose associated probability is exceedingly low. They can exert monumental impacts and lead to grave environmental and economic consequences. Identifying common trends of these events can help to assess the threat, and to combat it with better detection capabilities and practices. One way to achieve this is to model the events with established statistical and mathematical distributions. Power-law distribution is a good candidate because it is a probability distribution with asymptotic tails, and thus can be applied to study patterns of rare events of large deviations, such as those involving nuclear and radiological materials. This thesis, based on the hypothesis that nuclear and radiological events follow the power-law growth model, assembles published data of four categories of events - incidents of nuclear and radiological materials, incidents of radioactive attacks, unauthorized activities of illicit trafficking, and incidents of nuclear terrorism, and investigates whether specific distributions such as the power-law can be applied to analyze the data. Data are gathered from a number of sources. Even though data points are collected, the databases are far from complete, mainly due to the limited amount of public information that is available to the outside party, rendering the modeling task difficult and challenging. Furthermore, there may exist many undocumented instances, underscoring the fact that the reporting is an ongoing effort.
(cont.) To compile a comprehensive dataset for analytical purposes, a more efficient method of collecting data should be employed. This requires gathering information through various means, including different departmental or governmental domains that are available to the public as well as professional insight and support. In addition, to facilitate better management of nuclear and radiological events, technological capacities to track them need to be strengthened, and information sharing and coordination need to be enhanced not only on regional but also on national and international levels.
by Jijun Chow.
S.B.

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Mesgarzadeh, Behzad. "Low-Power Low-Jitter Clock Generation and Distribution." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniska komponenter, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14896.

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Today’s microprocessors with millions of transistors perform high-complexitycomputing at multi-gigahertz clock frequencies. Clock generation and clockdistribution are crucial tasks which determine the overall performance of amicroprocessor. The ever-increasing power density and speed call for newmethodologies in clocking circuitry, as the conventional techniques exhibit manydrawbacks in the advanced VLSI chips. A significant percentage of the total dynamicpower consumption in a microprocessor is dissipated in the clock distributionnetwork. Also since the chip dimensions increase, clock jitter and skew managementbecome very challenging in the framework of conventional methodologies. In such asituation, new alternative techniques to overcome these limitations are demanded. The main focus in this thesis is on new circuit techniques, which treat thedrawbacks of the conventional clocking methodologies. The presented research in thisthesis can be divided into two main parts. In the first part, challenges in design ofclock generators have been investigated. Research on oscillators as central elements inclock generation is the starting point to enter into this part. A thorough analysis andmodeling of the injection-locking phenomenon for on-chip applications show greatpotential of this phenomenon in noise reduction and jitter suppression. In thepresented analysis, phase noise of an injection-locked oscillator has been formulated.The first part also includes a discussion on DLL-based clock generators. DLLs haverecently become popular in design of clock generators due to ensured stability,superior jitter performance, multiphase clock generation capability and simple designprocedure. In the presented discussion, an open-loop DLL structure has beenproposed to overcome the limitations introduced by DLL dithering around the averagelock point. Experimental results reveals that significant jitter reduction can beachieved by eliminating the DLL dithering. Furthermore, the proposed structuredissipates less power compared to the traditional DLL-based clock generators.Measurement results on two different clock generators implemented in 90-nm CMOSshow more than 10% power savings at frequencies up to 2.5 GHz. In the second part of this thesis, resonant clock distribution networks have beendiscussed as low-power alternatives for the conventional clocking schemes. In amicroprocessor, as clock frequency increases, clock power is going to be thedominant contributor to the total power dissipation. Since the power-hungry bufferstages are the main source of the clock power dissipation in the conventional clock distribution networks, it has been shown that the bufferless solution is the mosteffective resonant clocking method. Although resonant clock distribution shows greatpotential in significant clock power savings, several challenging issues have to besolved in order to make such a clocking strategy a sufficiently feasible alternative tothe power-hungry, but well-understood, conventional clocking schemes. In this part,some of these issues such as jitter characteristics and impact of tank quality factor onoverall performance have been discussed. In addition, the effectiveness of theinjection-locking phenomenon in jitter suppression has been utilized to solve the jitterpeaking problem. The presented discussion in this part is supported by experimentalresults on a test chip implemented in 130-nm CMOS at clock frequencies up to 1.8GHz.
Mikroprocessorer till dagens datorer innehåller hundratals miljoner transistorersom utför åtskilliga miljarder komplexa databeräkningar per sekund. I stort settalla operationer i dagens mikroprocessorer ordnas genom att synkronisera demmed en eller flera klocksignaler. Dessa signaler behöver ofta distribueras överhela chippet och driva alla synkroniseringskretsar med klockfrekvenser pååtskilliga miljarder svängningar per sekund. Detta utgör en stor utmaning förkretsdesigners på grund av att klocksignalerna behöver ha en extremt högtidsnoggranhet, vilket blir svårare och svårare att uppnå då chippen blir större.Idealt ska samma klocksignal nå alla synkroniseringskretsar exakt samtidigt föratt uppnå optimal prestanda, avvikelser ifrån denna ideala funktionalitet innebärlägre prestanda. Ytterliggare utmaningar inom klockning av digitala chip, är atten betydande andel av processorns totala effekt förbrukas i klockdistributionen.Därför krävs nya innovativa kretslösningar för att lösa problemen med bådeonoggrannheten och den växande effektförbrukningen i klockdistributionen. att lösa de problem som finns i dagens konventionella kretslösningar förklocksignaler på chip. I den första delen av denna avhandling presenterasforskningsresultat på oscillatorer vilka utgör mycket viktiga komponenter igeneringen av klocksignalerna på chippen. Teoretiska studier avfaslåsningsfenomen i integrerade klockoscillatorer har presenterats. Studiernahar visat att det finns stor potential för reducering av tidsonoggrannhet iklocksignalerna med hjälp av faslåsning till en annan signal. I avhandlingensförsta del presenteras även en diskussion om klockgeneratorer baserade påfördröjningslåsta element. Dessa fördröjningslåsta elementen, kända som DLLkretsar, har egenskapen att de kan fördröja en klocksignal med en bestämdfördröjning, vilket möjliggör skapandet av multipla klockfaser. En nykretsteknik har introducerats för klockgenerering av multipla klockfaser vilken reducerar effektförbrukningen och onoggranheten i DLL-baseradeklockgeneratorer. I denna teknik används en övervakningskrets vilken ser till attalla delar i klockgeneratorn utnyttjas effektivt och att oanvända kretsarinaktiveras. Baserat på experimentalla mätresultat från tillverkade testkretsar ikisel har en effektbesparing på mer än 10% uppvisats vid klockfrekvenser påupp till 2.5 GHz tillsammans med en betydande ökning av klocknoggranheten. I avhandlingens andra del diskuteras en klockdistributionsteknik som baseraspå resonans, vilken har visat sig vara ett lovande alternativ till konventionllabufferdrivna klockningstekniker när det gäller minskande effektförbrukning.Principen bakom tekniken är att återanvända den energi som utnyttjas till attladda upp klocklasten. Teoretiska resonemang har visat att storaenergibesparingar är möjliga, och praktiska mätningar på tillverkadeexperimentchip har visat att effektförbrukingen kan mer än halveras. Ettproblem med den föreslagna klockningstekniken är att data som används iberäkningarna kretsen direkt påverkar klocklasten, vilket även påverkarnoggranheten på klocksignalen. För att komma till rätta med detta problemetpresenteras en teknik, baserad på forskning inom ovan nämndafaslåsningsfenomen, som kan minska onoggrannheten på klocksignalen medöver 50%. Både effektbesparingen och förbättringen av tidsnoggranheten harverifierats med hjälp av mätningar på tillverkade chip vid frekvenser upp mot1.8 GHz.

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10

Miotto, José Maria. "Modeling and predicting time series of social activities with fat-tailed distributions." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-211323.

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Fat-tailed distributions, characterized by the relation P(x) ∝ x^{−α−1}, are an emergent statistical signature of many complex systems, and in particular of social activities. These fat-tailed distributions are the outcome of dynamical processes that, contrary to the shape of the distributions, is in most cases are unknown. Knowledge of these processes’ properties sheds light on how the events in these fat tails, i.e. extreme events, appear and if it is possible to anticipate them. In this Thesis, we study how to model the dynamics that lead to fat-tailed distributions and the possibility of an accurate prediction in this context. To approach these problems, we focus on the study of attention to items (such as videos, forum posts or papers) in the Internet, since human interactions through the online media leave digital traces that can be analysed quantitatively. We collected four sets of time series of online activity that show fat tails and we characterize them. Of the many features that items in the datasets have, we need to know which ones are the most relevant to describe the dynamics, in order to include them in a model; we select the features that show high predictability, i.e. the capacity of realizing an accurate prediction based on that information. To quantify predictability we propose to measure the quality of the optimal forecasting method for extreme events, and we construct this measure. Applying these methods to data, we find that more extreme events (i.e. higher value of activity) are systematically more predictable, indicating that the possibility of discriminate successful items is enhanced. The simplest model that describes the dynamics of activity is to relate linearly the increment of activity with the last value of activity recorded. This starting point is known as proportional effect, a celebrated and widely used class of growth models in complex systems, which leads to a distribution of activity that is fat-tailed. On the one hand, we show that this process can be described and generalized in the framework of Stochastic Differential Equations (SDE) with Normal noise; moreover, we formalize the methods to estimate the parameters of such SDE. On the other hand, we show that the fluctuations of activity resulting from these models are not compatible with the data. We propose a model with proportional effect and Lévy-distributed noise, that proves to be superior describing the fluctuations around the average of the data and predicting the possibility of an item to become an extreme event. However, it is possible to model the dynamics using more than just the last value of activity; we generalize the growth models used previously, and perform an analysis that indicates that the most relevant variable for a model is the last increment in activity. We propose a new model using only this variable and the fat-tailed noise, and we find that, in our data, this model is superior to the previous models, including the one we proposed. These results indicate that, even if present, the relevance of proportional effect as a generative mechanism for fat-tailed distributions is greatly reduced, since the dynamical equations of our models contain this feature in the noise. The implications of this new interpretation of growth models to the quantification of predictability are discussed along with applications to other complex systems.

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Books on the topic "Power law distribution"

1

de, Witt Siegfried. Die Planung der Übertragungsnetze: Bedingung der Energiewende. Berlin: Alertverl., 2012.

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Piazuelo, Eloy Colom. El transporte de energía eléctrica: Régimen jurídico de la nueva regulación de la energía. Madrid: Civitas, 1997.

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Näringsdepartementet, Sweden. Förordning om mätning och rapportering av överförd el. [Stockholm]: Näringsdepartementet, 1995.

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North Carolina. General Assembly. Study Commission on the Future of Electric Service in North Carolina. Study Commission on the Future of Electric Service in North Carolina: Report to the 1999 General Assembly of North Carolina, 2000 regular session. [Raleigh, N.C.]: The Commission, 2000.

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North Carolina. General Assembly. Study Commission on the Future of Electric Service in North Carolina. Study Commission on the Future of Electric Service in North Carolina: Report to the 1999 General Assembly of North Carolina, 2000 regular session. [Raleigh, N.C.]: The Commission, 2000.

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William, Tenenbaum Bernard, and Woolf Fiona 1948-, eds. Regulation by contract: A new way to privatize electricity distribution? Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Pérez, Joaquín Ma Nebreda. Distribución eléctrica: Concurrencia de disciplinas jurídicas. Madrid: Civitas, 1999.

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Fa lü jie shi quan de pei zhi yan jiu: Research on the Distribution of Legal Interpretation Power. Beijing Shi: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.

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Jendrian, Lars. Nutzungsentgelte elektrischer Energieverteilungsnetze: Ein zahlungsstromorientiertes Verfahren. Berlin: E. Schmidt, 2002.

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Bhutan. Electricity Act of Bhutan year 2001. [Thimphu: Bhutan Electricity Authority, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Power law distribution"

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Kim, Yong-kyun, and Hong-Gyoo Sohn. "Focusing Events in the Power-Law Distribution." In Disaster Risk Reduction, 99–112. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4789-3_4.

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Virinchi, Srinivas, and Pabitra Mitra. "Link Prediction Using Power Law Clique Distribution and Common Edges Distribution." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 739–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45062-4_105.

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Bagchi, Debasis. "Power-Law Distribution in an Emerging Capital Market." In New Economic Windows, 205–9. Milano: Springer Milan, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0389-x_22.

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Su, Emma, Daniel T. Holt, and Jeffrey M. Pollack. "The Distribution of Family Firm Performance Heterogeneity: Understanding Power Law Distributions." In The Palgrave Handbook of Heterogeneity among Family Firms, 407–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77676-7_15.

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Virinchi, Srinivas, and Pabitra Mitra. "Similarity Measures for Link Prediction Using Power Law Degree Distribution." In Neural Information Processing, 257–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-42042-9_33.

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Furtado, Vasco, and Douglas Oliveira. "Generating Power Law Distribution of Spatial Events with Multi-agents." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 75–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25501-4_8.

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Hayakawa, Hisao, and Hideki Takayasu. "Aggreagation Systen with a Source Prefers a Power Law Size Distribution." In Dynamics of Ordering Processes in Condensed Matter, 509–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1019-8_63.

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Chuang, Kun-Ta, Jiun-Long Huang, and Ming-Syan Chen. "On Exploring the Power-Law Relationship in the Itemset Support Distribution." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 682–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11687238_41.

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Ostroumova, Liudmila, Alexander Ryabchenko, and Egor Samosvat. "Generalized Preferential Attachment: Tunable Power-Law Degree Distribution and Clustering Coefficient." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 185–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03536-9_15.

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Kim, Yong-kyun, and Hong-Gyoo Sohn. "Disasters from 1948 to 2015 in Korea and Power-Law Distribution." In Disaster Risk Reduction, 77–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4789-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Power law distribution"

1

Wang, Xiao, Ziwei Zhang, Jing Wang, Peng Cui, and Shiqiang Yang. "Power-law Distribution Aware Trust Prediction." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/495.

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Trust prediction, aiming to predict the trust relations between users in a social network, is a key to helping users discover the reliable information. Many trust prediction methods are proposed based on the low-rank assumption of a trust network. However, one typical property of the trust network is that the trust relations follow the power-law distribution, i.e., few users are trusted by many other users, while most tail users have few trustors. Due to these tail users, the fundamental low-rank assumption made by existing methods is seriously violated and becomes unrealistic. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method to address the problem of the violated low-rank assumption. Instead of discovering the low-rank component of the trust network alone, we learn a sparse component of the trust network to describe the tail users simultaneously. With both of the learned low-rank and sparse components, the trust relations in the whole network can be better captured. Moreover, the transitive closure structure of the trust relations is also integrated into our model. We then derive an effective iterative algorithm to infer the parameters of our model, along with the proof of correctness. Extensive experimental results on real-world trust networks demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method over the state-of-the-arts.

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Guo, Yuchun, and Changlia Chen. "Power-Law Topology Models with Given Spatial Distribution." In 2006 First International Conference on Communications and Networking in China. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chinacom.2006.344793.

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Deppman, Airton. "Fractal structure, power-law distribution and hadron spectrum." In XIII Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.336.0072.

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Diamond, L. E., M. E. Gaston, and M. Kraetzl. "An observation of power law distribution in dynamic networks." In Information, Decision and Control. IEEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/idc.2002.995373.

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Hirayama, Takahiro, Shin'ichi Arakawa, Ken-ichi Arai, and Masayuki Murata. "On the Packet Delay Distribution in Power-Law Networks." In 2009 First International Conference on Evolving Internet (INTERNET). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/internet.2009.23.

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Zheng, Xiaojing. "Power-law distribution for moral hazards in supply chain." In 2010 International Conference on Logistics Systems and Intelligent Management (ICLSIM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclsim.2010.5461236.

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Ktari, Salma, Artur Hecker, and Houda Labiod. "Exploiting Power-Law Node Degree Distribution in Chord Overlays." In 2009 Next Generation Internet Networks (NGI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ngi.2009.5175761.

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Si, Xia-Meng, and Yun Liu. "Power-Law Distribution of Human Behaviors in Internet Forums." In 2010 International Symposium on Intelligence Information Processing and Trusted Computing (IPTC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iptc.2010.79.

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Gadepally, Vijay, and Jeremy Kepner. "Using a Power Law distribution to describe big data." In 2015 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpec.2015.7322459.

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Zhou, Chuanle, and M. Grayson. "Thermal distribution in high power optical devices with power-law thermal conductivity." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Manijeh Razeghi, Eric Tournie, and Gail J. Brown. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.913568.

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