Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Power line carrier'

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001,
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A frequency domain Power Line Carrier (PLC) simulation program, with the ability to simulate signal attenuation including the coupling equipment, was developed. This simulation program was put to the test against the independent program of Professor L.M. Wedepohl and against practical field measurements. The predictions of the two programs were in precise agreement for a wide range of input parameters. Results from the field tests and predictions also showed close agreement. Further investigations, applying the simulation program, explained how ground conductors and soil resistivity influences PLC signal propagation. An experiment, which was developed to monitor PLC signal attenuation, was installed on the PLC system between Koeberg power station and Acacia substation, both near Cape Town. Data logged continuously over 28 days, indicated measurable and deterministic PLC signal attenuation variations with typical time constants of a few hours. Simulations of the PLC system indicated that the signal amplitude variations were influenced by changes in the height above the ground plane of the phase conductor. This significant finding creates the possibility to obtain real time knowledge of the sag of an Over Head Transmission Line (OHTL) by exploiting an operational PLC system. The knowledge about real time sag can be used in economical dynamic ampacity control systems. The practical and financial benefits to the electricity supply and distribution industry can be significant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Frekwensie gebied "Power Line Carrier" (PLC) simulasie program wat die sein verswakking en die koppeling verliese kan naboots, is ontwikkel. Die program is getoets teen die onafhanklike program van Professor L.M. Wedepohl asook praktiese metings in die veld. Die vooruitskatings van beide programme is presies die selfde vir 'n wye reeks van parameters. Metings en nabootsings het ook noue ooreenstemming getoon. Verdere ondersoek, m. b. v. die program, is gedoen ten einde te verduidelik hoe grond-geleiers en grond weerstand die PLC sein se voortplanting beïnvloed. 'n Eksperiment om die PLC sein se verswakking mee te monitor is ontwerp. Die eksperiment was geïnstalleer in die PLC stelsel tussen Koeberg kernkragstasie en Acacia substasie, naby Kaapstad. Die eksperiment was vir 28 dae geaktiveer en die data wat die eksperiment opgelewer het toon meetbare PLC sein verswakking met tyd konstantes van 'n paar uur. Verdere nabootsings het gewys dat die veranderende verswakking in die PLC seinsterkte toegeskryf kan word aan die wisseling in hoogte van die fase geleiers bo die grondvlak. Hierdie bevinding is van besondere belang aangesien dit die moontlikheid oopmaak om die gemiddelde sak van kraglyne in reële tyd en onder bedryfs toestande te kan meet. Die informasie van die reële sak van kraglyne kan gebruik word in effektiewe stroomdrae-vermoë beheer stelsels. Die praktiese en finansiële voordele wat krag voorsieners en verspreiders hieruit kan put kan aansienlik wees.

Power line carrier (PLC) is one of the communication and load control (C&LC) techniques employed in direct load control. A PLC is, within itself, a communication system. It utilizes power transmission line as a medium of transmitting control functions, and relaying. High frequencies, in the order of 30 to 300 kHz, are used. Power line carrier systems are, at present, the most attractive C&LC systems. Recently, dispersed generation - photovoltaics, wind energy, small scale hydro - is introduced to power systems. The introduction of small scale dispersed generation sources degrades the performance of PLC systems by injecting dc-ac inverter related harmonics into the distribution lines. These harmonics interfere with PLC signals. Thus load control functions assigned to PLC systems are affected. It is the purpose of this research to study how a PLC signal propagates through the transmission line and how it is affected by the harmonic interference. An experiment is conducted using a distribution network provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory discussions, and conclusions are presented.
M.S.

The search for cost-effective, and flexible means of connecting computers in a localized community has received considerable attention, during the last few decades. Intrabuilding power lines (IPL) provide a readily available and easily accessed network for data communications within buildings. In this thesis, a new generation of low-cost computer networks using carrier sense multiple access with priority acknowledgement (CSMA/PA) on intrabuilding power lines has been designed, analysed, implemented and tested. The communication characteristics of IPL channels are summarized, and found to suffer from highly variable, ever-changing and unpredictable signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rates. CSMA is an efficient and reasonably simple means for decentralized control of access to a shared communication channel. The advantages of CSMA/PA relative to those of polling and token passing access protocols are discussed. The design and implementation of an operational five-node IPL network using CSMA/PA is described. Choice of the best data link packet length is determined from throughput measurements to approximate 1000 bits. The performance of a finite 'user CSMA/PA is analysed based on power line channel characteristics which include high and variable channel error rates, large detection delays and significant effects of acknowledgement traffic. The analysis is generally applicable to noisy channels where messages and acknowledgements share a communication bandwidth. Delay-throughput performance measurements are obtained from an actual noisy five-node intrabuilding power line network operating at transmission rates ranging from 1.2 - 9.6 kbit/s and shows excellent agreement with analytical results. IPL network performance deteriorates rapidly with increasing channel errors and changes with electrical loading over time. An adaptive automatic- repeat request (ARQ) switching scheme has been proposed and shown to be very effective in improving IPL network performance whenever the channels are in a poor quality state, while preserving the maximum achievable performance when the channels are in a good quality state. The use of such an ARQ switching scheme with FEC and proper routing algorithms provide the most effective foundation of realizing efficient and reliable intrabuilding power line computer networks.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-116).
Wearable computing applications are becoming increasingly present in our lives. Of the many wearable computing applications, wearable health monitoring may have the most potential to make a lasting positive impact. The ability to remotely monitor physiological signals such as respiration, motion, and temperature has benefits for populations such as elderly citizens, fitness professionals, and soldiers in the battlefield. To fully integrate wearable networks into a user's daily life, these systems must be minimally invasive and minimally intrusive. At the same time, such wearable networks require multiple sensors and electronic components to be mounted on the body. Unfortunately, typical off-the-shelf components of this nature are heavy, bulky, and don't integrate well with the human form. Thus, it is critical to figure out how best to minimize the physical and mental burden that these systems place on the user. To address these problems, we propose a new method of designing wearable health monitoring networks by combining electrically conductive fabrics and power-line communication technology. Electrically conductive fabrics are useful in that they feel and behave like normally worn clothing but also have the ability to transmit data and power.
(cont.) To fully exploit the conductive fabric as a transmission medium, we also use power-line communication technology. Power-line communication allows for simultaneous power and data transmission over a shared medium. The use of these two technologies will allow us to significantly reduce the amount of metal cabling on the body and to reduce overall system bulk and weight. With this project, we design the DC-PLC system that will act as the physical layer of the architecture. Next, we construct a prototype body area network, and derive analytical models for predicting garment electrostatic and electro-dynamic properties using Maxwell's equations, and verify using empirical data and finite-element analysis. Finally, we will determine relevant rules and guidelines for the design and construction of such garments.
by Eric R. Wade.
Ph.D.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The present dissertation presented a comparative analysis between OFDM and FBMC modulation techniques, applied in Power Line Communication (PLC) technology, considering realistic channel models. With the growing demand for access to broadband data networks, there is a need to integrate the various data communication technologies. In this scenario, PLC networks can o er a viable alternative as a provider of network access, since they use the infrastructure of the transmission lines. However, the electrical network is a hostile medium for data transmission, presenting impedance mismatches, noise interference and signal propagation in multipath, characterizing the PLC channel model. With the objective of increasing the data transmission rate, as well as to obtain a better utilization of available bandwidth, the present work proposed to replace the OFDM technique by FBMC in PLC networks. For this, a study of the channel model was carried out to obtain the necessary parameters for the computational simulations through Matlab software. The OFDM and FBMC techniques were implemented according to IEEE 1901 standard technical speci cations. With the results obtained in the simulations, it was veri ed that the FBMC is more robust the channel interferences, presenting gains of up to 8 dB in the bit error rate, and an increase in the data transmission rate and spectral e ciency of up to 25% in relation to OFDM. Therefore, the FBMC technique can be implemented at the physical layer of the IEEE 1901 standard, replacing OFDM.
A presente dissertação apresentou uma análise comparativa entre as t_ecnicas de modulação OFDM e FBMC, aplicadas na tecnologia Power Line Communication (PLC), considerando modelos realísticos de canais. Com a crescente demanda ao acesso das redes de dados em banda larga, há uma necessidade de integração das diversas tecnologias de comunicação de dados. Nesse cenário, as redes PLC podem oferecer uma alternativa viável como provedora de acesso à rede, pois utilizam a infraestrutura das linhas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Entretanto, a rede elétrica é um meio hostil para transmissão de dados, apresentando desajustes de impedância, interferência de ruído e propagação do sinal em multipercursos, caracterizando o modelo do canal PLC. Com o objetivo de aumentar a taxa de transmissão de dados, como também obter um melhor aproveitamento da largura de banda disponível, o presente trabalho propôs substituir a técnica OFDM pela FBMC em redes PLC. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo do modelo do canal, para obter os parâmetros necessários para as simulações computacionais por meio do software Matlab. As técnicas OFDM e FBMC foram implementadas de acordo com especificações técnicas do padrão IEEE 1901. Com os resultados obtidos nas simulações, constatou que o FBMC é mais robusto as interferências do canal, apresentando ganhos de até 8 dB na taxa de erro de bit, e um incremento na taxa de transmissão de dados e eficiência espectral de até 25% em relação ao OFDM. Portanto, a técnica FBMC pode ser implementada na camada física do padrão IEEE 1901, substituindo o OFDM.

Pri.or to 1990, and the advent of deregulation in the UK, the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) was a state-owned, vertically integrated monopoly. For the first time the way was opened for the introduction of competitiveness into the many and varied aspects ofthe market. This brought with it diversity and additional requirements for customer and engineering services. This new business-driven, customer-orientated environment led to the re~assessment of the utility's customer communication systems. In order to take full advantage of this new environment, an integrated communications and information systems infrastructure is required. This thesis addresses the design and development of an efficient and reliable communications system for the collection and distribution of data within the ESI. Although the communications architecture proposed focuses on meeting the requirements of a specific Regional Electricity Company, SWEB, it is generic and hence may be used in any electric utility. This architecture, based on an open systems approach, provides bearer services to existing and emerging engineering and business applications. The open system aspect permits the deferred design of system components, thereby providing maximum system flexibility and simplicity. An overview ofthe operational systems in the ESI as they existed in 1997 is given. This review considers the power engineering and distribution networks, metering and tariffs, together with SWEB's specific IT and data communication systems. There then follows a review ofthe business and technical environments in the industry, in terms ofthe potential benefits of value-added services and the emerging applications, together with a brief analysis of the post-privatisation growth ofthe telecommunications industry in the UK. A review was carried out on the media used for different communication services involving Power Line Carrier technology (PLC), Telephony, Fibre Optic Cable (FOC), Twisted Pair and Coaxial cable. These media are examined as to their suitability for data communications for the electric utility industry. Various modulation techniques including AM, FM and Spread Spectrum systems were investigated with respect to their transmission characteristics, and a comparison made ofthe modulation techniques used in PLC systems. The 1990s saw considerable interest in utility communications resulting in many trials being carried out throughout the world. A number ofthese are reviewed in this thesis in support of the proposed architecture. The cardinal factor in the design and development of any modern communication system is the compliance with internationally agreed standards and recommendations. The Open Systems Interconnection model is introduced. together with the standards, protocols and profiles particularly relevant to utility communications. The Utility Communications Architecture (UCA) profile, developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is also introduced. The programme ofwork outlined in this thesis was driven by two objectives. The first of these was the aim of utilising the considerable copper infrastructure in the ESI distribution systems for communication purposes. The second was to investigate the feasibility of the provision ofvalue-added services. The generic architecture presented here, based on powerline carrier and other media technology, clearly satisfies the first ofthe above objectives. However PLC inherently lacks the bandwidth for some ofthe value-added services considered, and this may lead slow data transfer rates for certain applications such as downloading large text, image and audio files from internet websites.The second objective was pragmatically modified to address the problems of Remote Metre Reading. To this end a protocol is proposed which requires a minimum data rate transfer thereby conserving network bandwidth.

This master’s thesis deals with design and implementation of electric energy meter with support of automatic remote data collection. For the collecting of measured data is used narrowband PLC technology. The theoretical part describes the basic properties and standards of narrowband PLC technology, such as types of coupling circuits, modulations, frequency bands and interference problems. In the practical part, there is description of selected parts, such as control circuit power meter, modem, microcontroller and UART to USB converter. There are further described basic properties of narrowband PLC modem ST7570 by STMicroelectronics. The final chapter, implementation of the device, deals with designs of circuit PLC modem ST7570, power meter ADE7753 and converter USB to UART CP2102.

The theses is focused on the use of PLC technology. The aim of the thesis is creating device which communicates in a narrowband transmission frequency band. Transmission of communication between plc elements runs through the low voltage distribution network. The frequency and phase modulations are used in order to change the character of data signal. Transmitter and receiver parameters are subjects to the CENELEC standard. The theses gives more attention to the area of hardware build communication element rather than the area of programming.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
電機工程學系
95
Human’s lives and jobs more and more rely on computer following computer and communication technologies progress rapidly. And people use video-communication to form a virtual team to finish a complex job at any time. However, one stable video-communication needs a robust communication physical system, that has been developing to date involving two categories — wire and wireless communication. Wireless communication may lose signal at some dead area. Although Wire communication is more stable than wireless communication, but to establish extra physical line is the quite high cost. Therefore, electrical engineer starts to ponder another physical line - power line does for the communication medium possibility to simplify communication structures. The original goal of power line is not does for the communication uses. And various types electric power load can produce noises, that makes the lower communication rate does suit power line communication only. Besides, the one-to-one communication characteristic of power-line carrier is difficult to build a system. If people want to structure a whole communication system by power-line, people must have a suitable device as a role connecting all power-line circuits. So, this thesis will study and build a Power Line Carrier (PLC) Hub as a role connecting all power lines. This thesis will build an embedded system using Linux, and install a PLC communication program to connect PLC communication module in every PLC circuit. The PLC communication program can make the data packet direct to correct PLC circuit to avoid packet collision and enhance communication rate.

Digital modulation can be used on PLC communication links to increase system capacity. The improved noise and interference capability of digital modulation can lead to reduced guard distances between co-channel users and can more than offset the additional bandwidth requirements of digital modulation. QAM-16 is proposed as a suitable modulation scheme. In the example given this modulation leads to a modest capacity improvement of 10% when ADPCM is used for voice coding. This improves dramatically with the use of more advanced voice coders. Simulations are performed on a 500 KV line to determine the effect of reflections and modal propagation on the equalization requirements of the modem. The major distortions are caused by the applied filtering within the modem, and the reflections on the transmission path, the later are particularly evident at low carrier frequencies, and when the line lengths are short. A PLC bandlimited modem, whose frequency is user selectable within the PLC spectrum has been designed and tested. Particular emphasis is placed on the adaptive equalisation algorithm, that is selected in the modem design to combat distortions due to the imperfections of the modem and reflections on the power line. Most of the modem functions were implemented using DSP techniques.

D.Ing.
The technique of using a live power cable to simultaneously transport a communication signal, has been practiced since the early 1900’s. In most cases, power-line communications has been implemented as a retrofit technology, with its main benefit being the utilization of a ‘free’ existing network. This driving force of power-line communications is typical for high-, medium-, and low-voltage distribution networks, as well as intra-building networks currently targeted for home automation and home networking. Researchers have thus focused on the optimum use of these existing power-line channels, often accepting the inherent drawbacks of this hostile communication channel. Apart from unpredictable noise sources, two main disadvantages of the low-voltage powerline network as a communication channel, are i) the unknown power cable characteristics and topology and ii) time-dependent fluctuation of the power-line impedance level as loads are unpredictable switched into, and out of the network. These two factors have obscured the requirements for proper coupling and impedance adaptation to the degree that most researchers and manufacturers have merely accepted this typical ≈ 20-dB coupling loss as one of the inherited disadvantages of the power-line channel. Most researchers and manufacturers have thus defaulted to a guessed power-line impedance level, and have used one fixed coupler winding ratio under all circumstances, regardless of power-line conditions. This study has shown that proper coupling and impedance adaptation can yield significant transmission gains even with limited (qualitative) knowledge of a power-line channel and its topology. After formulating design steps for an impedance-adapting coupler that facilitates bidirectional transmission, the impact of the fluctuating power-line impedance on coupler bandwidth was investigated. Next, impedance adaptation strategies were considered and the tradeoff between series cable requirements and parallel load requirements was explored. A model of sufficient simplicity was developed to facilitate qualitative description and classification of power outlets – functioning as communication nodes. Very interesting simulation results were obtained and these were verified using a laboratory setup of characterized power cables and calibrated loads. Next, these simulation results were employed to improve power-line transmission over a live, uncharacterized 220-V residential network by means of i) classifying typical residential rooms qualitatively in order to choose proper coupler winding ratios and ii) using an innovative dual coupler for dedicated on-off switching with harsh loads, thereby mitigating the fluctuating impact of said loads on low-voltage power-line communications.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系博碩士班
103
This thesis applied power line carrier technology to design an intelligent, energy-saving load controller that comprised a power line carrier module, a ZigBee wireless communication module, and an infrared remote control unit (IR wireless). The power line carrier module and ZigBee technologes were used as the communication media for transferring control commands. At the control terminal, signals from the power line carrier module and ZigBee module were converted to control commands for automatically regulating the temperature or switching off the power of smart air conditioners, which were compliant with the appliances control protocol of the smart appliance alliance net (SAANET). In addition, the signals of the power line carrier module and Zigbee could be converted at the control terminal into the IR wireless signals of different brands to remotely control the air conditioners of various brands. Through the ZigBee, the temperature of air conditioners can be regulated and other appliances can be switched on/off。The power consumption of the appliances were also upload to mastor station. The energy-saving load controller was integrated into an intelligent energy management system to support demand response. In the event of an insufficient supply of power, load shedding control is executed by Zigbee to achieve power monitoring and load control of appliances。 Additionally, this study developed a plug and play control box that could connect to any indoor power outlet. In this box, SAANET control commands and IR wireless signals are periodically transmitted to prevent incidental uses of a conventional remote control for temperature reduction. When the user is absent or during off-hours, the air conditioner may be switched off by remote control, thereby facilitating energy savings.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
102
This thesis presents the communication module of Power Line Carrier (PLC) for the transmission of data information through the existing power line. The field test of the communication is executed to verify the communication performance and to identify the interference existed on the power line. This thesis also applies power line carrier communications to support the smart grid function of transformer management system. The hybrid communication system, which consists of the integration of power line carrier and optical fiber, has been used to report the operation status of transformer back to the master station. When the transformer becomes overload, the mast er station issues the control command to perform the remote thermal setting of all air conditioners served for reduction of transformer loading. The smart charging of electric vehicles can be applied using the PLC communication to mitigate the impact of transformer loading. The Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI) using the PLC communication for the collection of customer power consumption and the load control of customer application for demand response is also presented.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
99
This thesis develops an automatic lighting supervisory system (ALSS) which integrates the broadband power line communication (BPLC). The microprocessor, power line communication module and other hardware/firmware are applied in the ALSS to execute the optimal electric energy and lighting control to improve the energy usage efficiency. The ALSS consists of energy control module, BPLC module, and terminal control center. Energy control module provides the functions of electric power measurement, on/off control and lighting control. Furthermore, bidirectional communication between energy control unit and control center is possible via the usage of BPLC communication module. In this thesis, a terminal control center supports the functions of monitoring, recording and alarming. Also, it can allow users to adjust the setting values of the energy control module. Finally, the proposed ALSS is installed to a real lighting system to verify its effectiveness and value.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
電機工程學系
97
In this thesis, we will explore a suite of the application applied to the layout of factory automation by using the power line communication. The method is to use a data collecting server to collect the status of dispersed equipments and then to send the relevant data and display it on the remote central control PC via TCP/IP protocol based on the Ethernet communication structure. The structure of power line carrier communication is as follows: Each data collecting server return the specific messages based on different individual settings and each production line’s real-time status. Then these messages are sent to the remote monitoring PC. The remote monitoring PC will display the monitored contents on its screen based on the returned data, user-defined query and administrative interface settings. The application on the remote monitoring PC allows users to define user-filtering messages by configuring on the web page. This easy-to-use interface also allows users to select the messages for further study. The main functions of remote monitoring PC include: synchronizing the real-time status of each production lines, collecting data, and gauging the voltages, electric current, RPM (Revolution Per Minute, RPM) and temperature of each electric motors, querying data status or querying different data status by categories as well as returning connection status periodically. This research uses a quick-to-develop Windows based development tool Delphi, published by Borland, Inc., as well as RS-232 industrial serial port to develop a suite of: (1)Modules for status monitoring and network communication. (2) A tool executable on various platforms. and (3) A low-cost interface for developing product and system automation. Apart from the above mentioned items, we will incorporate our developed platform with the usual client-server structure of factory automation system, Internet and PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication, PLCC) to implement the practical integrated usages of the Remote Monitor System of Manufacturing Equipment. Keywords: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), Factory Automation, Ethernet, RS-232 interface, Delphi, Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC).

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
電機工程學系
97
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) has been a tendency to alleviate the labor of human meter-reading in the power company. The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the Power Line Carrier (PLC) for the layout application of AMR. PLC puts digital data on the ac power line to carry out the signal transmission. Power companies have the highest coverage of low-voltage power line network. The use of this feature can speed up the deployment of AMR. Both commercially available electronic meters and several program modules developed in this thesis are used to construct an AMR test system for exploring the application of PLC for AMR layout. In addition, massive meter data are created from a personal computer to test the transmission capacity and the transmission time of the PLC in order to verify the stability of the communication quality of AMR. The application of PLC to enable the AMR system has been verified from the results of conducted experiments. Keyword: Power Line Carrier (PLC), Automatic Meter Reading (AMR), Meter.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
101
This thesis proposes the smart management system using the power line carrier (PLC) technology and microprocessors to develop the broadcasting control function of air conditioner. The communicate protocol of smart appliance alliance control protocol (SAA_Net) is applied for the command transmission from the master station to each air conditioners over the power line. The function of demand response can be obtained to reduce the customer loading by the broadcasting control of remote thermal setting of air conditioners. To verify the communication performance of control signal using the power line carrier technology, the field testing of PLC over both the low voltage and meddle voltage power line has been executed. By integrating the PLC with the existing optical fiber of distribution automation system (DAS) in Taipower the hybrid communication system is proposed to support the control of air conditioners, it is found that the energy conservation by reducing the system peak loading can be achieved when the proposed system is applied for the remote thermal setting of air conditioners in the residential and commercial sections the power consumption of various type of loads can also be collected and repost to the control center using the two way communication provided by the proposed system.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
97
This thesis develops a peers-to-peers intelligent air conditioner (A/C) controller which integrates the power line carrier technology and the infrared remote control. The intelligent air conditioner controller is used for the remote temperature setting and load control of air conditioner without requesting extra communication line and modification of the control circuit in the A/C unit. With the A/C controller developed the demand response in residential and commercial areas can be achieved effectively by reducing the peak power demand of A/C units. In order to investigate the PLC signal transmission over the low voltage distribution lines, the mathematical model of low voltage distribution system under high carrier signal frequency is derived. The computer simulation is executed to analyze the transmission characteristics of power line carrier signal. The proposed controller can receive the command issued by the demand response control center over the distribution lines with carrier frequency to execute the remote temperature setting of A/C units. Based on the field measurement of energy by air conditioner, it is found that significantly power demand reduction of air conditioner has been resulted by applying the proposed controller for remote temperature setting of air conditioner.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
96
This thesis is to develop the power line carrier based identifier for the determination of customers served by each distribution transformer. The signal transmission characteristics of the power line carrier (PLC) over low voltage distribution lines and investigated. By executing the connectivity validation with the identifier developed, the accuracy of outage management system database can be enhanced for different types of customers (commercial /office buildings, commercial/ buildings, residential buildings) Various application functions such as contingency maintenance, transformer load management and customer outage management can be supported by outage management system (OMS) system more effecting. The mathematical models of 1ψ2W, 1ψ3W, 3ψ3W and 3ψ4W distribution have been developed by including the high frequency equivalent circuits of transformers, low voltage lines and customer loads in the computer simulation. The systems of signal coupling circuit, data processing, man machine interface have been designed with the embedded firmware for the PLC identifier. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the PLC identifier, a field test has been performed in Tainan District of Taipower. It is found that the customers served by each distribution transformer can be determined correctly with the PLC identifier developed.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系
97
The thesis is to propose a home energy management system. The power line is utilized as the transmission medium in the proposed system and it avoids changing pipeline arrangement. The system is critical to combine the user interface and the home energy controller. Server computer can retrieve electricity-consuming data in Digital Power Meter through the power line. The power system’s parameters such as voltage, current, power and power factor which are acquired by Digital Power Meter transmit to the sever computer. These data can be recorded and stored simultaneously in the sever computer and displayed on the screen by graphical user interface. By the use of graphical user interface which is designed with Visual Basic, it can properly evaluate the demand for power, measure the amount of power usage, monitor and control the load device, analyze and gather statistics of power usage, and integrate the power demand control. The proposed system will help user to understand the situation of the use of electricity, reduce operating costs, and improve the user's power consumption habits, for the purposes of peak load clipping and bill cut.

碩士
義守大學
電機工程學系
104
The paper will utilize the power line carrier to establish a synchronized measurement system. The system includes a host computer, an electrical detection module, a speed detection module, and a control module. The host computer uses the LabVIEW graphical interface is complete the operation screen. Via LabVIEW graphical panel of the computer screen. Besides synchronizing the system, the host computer can command to the control module to operate the electrical equipment, can collect measured waveforms from detection modules, and can analyze these data. The host computer can send out a synchronization signal, which can be received by the detector and controller. The synchronization of the whole system can be reached. The detection modules are digital signal recorder, which can monitor realtime waveforms and send them to the host computer.Electrical-signal detectors can measure voltage and current waveforms. Speed detector can measure the speed waveform. The control module receives the command of the host computer via power line carrier,and control electrical equipment.

M.Phil.
The advantages offered by power line communications (hereon after called PLC) cannot be over-emphasized neither can the inherent problems affecting its commercial takeover be underestimated. This research work creates a background study for experimental measurement and eventual implementations on power lines. It explains those salient aspects of commercially available communication modules that are rather not straight forward to understand from reading the Comblocks user manual. Especially, addressing those shortcomings of Comblocks that were not indicated in the documentation, we o er solutions to those we could nd our way around. M-ary frequency shift keying was implemented. This implementation tested the ro- bustness of the scheme against noises, attenuation and other power line channel char- acteristics as encountered practically. Based on our results, we nally recommend an optimal set of frequencies; we believe to be good for use in most PLC application pur- poses. Pseudo random bits of information were generated, encoded and modulated; the signals were transmitted over power line channels. The impact of noise sources, impulse noise especially was observed at di erent distances along the channel. Coupling and decoupling circuits used for this research, with associated issues sur- rounding the use of coupling circuitry are also presented. The CENELEC norm for PLC communication was adhered to, hence only frequencies that fall within the CENELEC speci cation for low voltage power distribution network were considered for MFSK use. Signal-to-noise ratio and other factors that a ect signal transmission over PLC was also measured. A complete communication system comprises of the transmitter, the channel and the receiver. This work however did not cover the receiver part of the system. Future work can now be done on this aspect which amongst others can take care of synchronization issues, in which a coding system as well as bit error rates can be determined.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
103
As time goes by economic growth and industry upgrades, the demand for power load has increased steadily. For distribution system, it is important not only to consider about demand but also to improve reliability of electricity supply. Therefore, applied for the communication technology and automation system to support asset management of distribution system is indispensable. This thesis develops a communication module by integration of power line carrier(PLC) chip with various hardware circuits such as signal coupling and amplifier circuits, filter and ethernet chip. Besides, the different field test of the communication is executed to verify the communication performance and to identify the interference existed on the power line. Finally, the communication module is applied for the distribution system which has to be integrated with computer information and communication network for remotely monitoring equipment. In other words, a lateral automatic distribution feeder system should establishment. Through sending the command from central station when system failure occurs, the information of feeder can also be collected and transmitted back to the control station via communication with the PLC/Ethernet communication module. That would be speed up the locating and isolating of faults, quickly restore power for non-faulty areas but with power outrage. This way, power outage time can be significantly reduced. Therefore, the communication performance of PLC can be verified in this study.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
綠能電路與積體電路設計與應用產業碩士專班
103
This thesis shall propose a set of architecture through power line carrier (PLC) technology so as to realize a set of accurate time transmission and correction system.PLC can take full advantage of existing power lines as well as carrier approaches to transmit signals and its strength lies at that there is no need for reconfiguring the network. Moreover this system can be divided into two parts and the first part can detect portion of the PLC time protocol in addition to converting into currently and more commonly used RS-485 time protocol. The 2nd part shall convert them into the time protocols required by network time protocols (NTP) and PLC time protocols through Global Positioning System (GPS) time information. Within it, NTP can be the computer provided time correction of the to-be-updated computer time in area network. Additionally PLC time protocol can provide the master clock system with a stabilized output. And from the empirical findings we can learn that this system can effectively convert various protocols in addition that it can successfully produce waveform of PLC time protocol as well as in protocol format of NTP system.

M.Ing. (Electrical And Electronic Engineering)
In-vehicle Power Line Communication (PLC) is an emerging technology that can easily bene t the automotive industry by reducing the amount of wires (and hence cost, weight and complexity) for vehicle wire harnesses. The reduction in weight would also lead to less fuel consumption. This dissertation aims at taking the research of this technology a step towards fully understanding the vehicle's power line as a communication medium. We investigate the bit error characteristics of a readily available transceiver on the vehicle's power bus. To do so, we develop and perform bit error recording over the medium to get experimental results with the battery line under di ferent operating conditions. Using the rst set of these results, we parametrise di erent kinds of Markov models to see which one simulates the channel best. Using the preferred model, we then model the rest of the sets of results so that we can simulate the channel's bit error characteristics under these di erent conditions. Using these models, we demonstrate how these simulations can be used to evaluate the performance of di erent error detection and correction techniques. In particular, we evaluate the error detection mechanisms used in the popular in-vehicle Local Intercon- nect Network (LIN) protocol, in addition to some simple error correction techniques.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系博碩士班
96
With the voluminous distribution transformers and complexity of low voltage lines between transformer and the customer metering box, the traditional way to identify the connectivity of transformer and customers by disconnecting the customer service will raise serious complaints of power interruption. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the signal transmission characteristics of power line carrier (PLC) used in distribution systems. The PLC based testing system will be developed to support the identification of distribution transformer and all the customers served. The residential building, commercial and office building, the building mix of residential and commercial customers, are selected as the testing sites for PLC testing. With this testing system developed, distribution engineers can identify the connectivity of each distribution transformer and the customers, which can enhance the practicability of OMS system, the efficiency of outage restoration and the transformer load management. This objective will also study the power line carrier signal transmission for Open Y-Open Delta of distribution transformers. A proper PLC chip will be selected and the circuits of signal coupling module, signal transceiver module are going to be integrated as a single PLC based testing unit. The factory testing will be conducted to verify the performance fine tune the PLC unit. After completing the testing, the field acceptance test of the PLC unit developed will be conducted to verify the effective-ness of the system for the identification of all customers served by each transformer. The PLC testing unit will provide a very effective tool for Taipower engineers to support the connectivity verification of transformer and customers, which will be very important to enhance the operation and maintenance of distribution systems.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電機工程系所
95
Due to the advancement of information technology, Power Line Carrier technology and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) of wireless communication technology developed rapidly, causes the Remote Real-Time Control is able to realize. The remote inspection system of street lighting insulation resistance and Freeway Power Line Guard System development method will discuss in this thesis. The remote inspection system of street lighting insulation resistance allows the operating staff to monitor the quality of insulation circuits that installed in outdoors areas and to enhance the safety of using electricity. The system could reduce and avoid electric shock or any electric accident that could be happen due to the ageing of electric facilities. By combining Power Line Carrier technology, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) of wireless communication technology and computer man-machine interface software procedure in control center. As the result of the adopting of the remote inspecting circuit insulation resistance would automatically reduce the maintenance cost by save the cost for detaching staffs to the on-the-spot safe inspection. While the cost of developing insulation testing facilities is inexpensive, this can conform to the economic requirement. Freeway Power Line Guard System use by Power Line Carrier technology, GPRS of wireless communication technology and computer man-machine interface software procedure in control center. Install the power sensor on every end of Power Line Circuit. When the circuit unusually cut out, it would pass the alert news back immediately. The detection of power line failure can send the alert to control center in the real-time so the control center could send any technician to the field. This system also adds the power line have a burglarproof capability.

A thesis submitted in ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment June 2017
The realization of robust, reliable and e cient data transmission have been the theme of recent research, most importantly in real channel such as the noisy, fading prone power line communication (PLC) channel. The focus is to exploit old techniques or create new techniques capable of improving the transmission reliability and also increasing the transmission capacity of the real communication channels. Multi-carrier modulation scheme such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) utilizing conventional single-carrier modulation is developed to facilitate a robust data transmission, increasing transmission capacity (e cient bandwidth usage) and further reducing design complexity in PLC systems. On the contrary, the reliability of data transmission is subjected to several inhibiting factors as a result of the varying nature of the PLC channel. These inhibiting factors include noise, perturbation and disturbances. Contrary to the Additive White Gaussian noise (AWGN) model often assumed in several communication systems, this noise model fails to capture the attributes of noise encountered on the PLC channel. This is because periodic noise or random noise pulses injected by power electronic appliances on the network is a deviation from the AWGN. The nature of the noise is categorized as non-white non-Gaussian and unstable due to its impulsive attributes, thus, it is labeled as Non-additive White Gaussian Noise (NAWGN). These noise and disturbances results into long burst errors that corrupts signals being transmitted, thus, the PLC is labeled as a horrible or burst error channel. The e cient and optimal performance of a conventional linear receiver in the white Gaussian noise environment can therefore be made to drastically degrade in this NAWGN environment. Therefore, transmission reliability in such environment can be greatly enhanced if we know and exploit the knowledge of the channel's statistical attributes, thus, the need for developing statistical channel model based on empirical data. In this thesis, attention is focused on developing a recon gurable software de ned un-coded single-carrier and multicarrier PLC transceiver as a tool for realizing an optimized channel model for the narrowband PLC (NB-PLC) channel. First, a novel recon gurable software de ned un-coded single-carrier and multi-carrier PLC transceiver is developed for real-time NB-PLC transmission. The transceivers can be adapted to implement di erent waveforms for several real-time scenarios and performance evaluation. Due to the varying noise parameters obtained from country to country as a result of the dependence of noise impairment on mains voltages, topology of power line, place and time, the developed transceivers is capable of facilitating constant measurement campaigns to capture these varying noise parameters before statistical and mathematically inclined channel models are derived. Furthermore, the single-carrier (Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Di erential BPSK (DBPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Di erential QPSK (DQPSK)) PLC transceiver system developed is used to facilitate a First-Order semi-hidden Fritchman Markov modeling (SHFMM) of the NB-PLC channel utilizing the e cient iterative Baum- Welch algorithm (BWA) for parameter estimation. The performance of each modulation scheme is evaluated in a mildly and heavily disturbed scenarios for both residential and laboratory site considered. The First-Order estimated error statistics of the realized First- Order SHFMM have been analytically validated in terms of performance metrics such as: log-likelihood ratio (LLR), error-free run distribution (EFRD), error probabilities, mean square error (MSE) and Chi-square ( 2) test. The reliability of the model results is also con rmed by an excellent match between the empirically obtained error sequence and the SHFMM regenerated error sequence as shown by the error-free run distribution plot. This thesis also reports a novel development of a low cost, low complexity Frequency-shift keying (FSK) - On-o keying (OOK) in-house hybrid PLC and VLC system. The functionality of this hybrid PLC-VLC transceiver system was ascertained at both residential and laboratory site at three di erent times of the day: morning, afternoon and evening. A First and Second-Order SHFMM of the hybrid system is realized. The error statistics of the realized First and Second-Order SHFMMs have been analytically validated in terms of LLR, EFRD, error probabilities, MSE and Chi-square ( 2). The Second-Order SHFMMs have also been analytically validated to be superior to the First-Order SHFMMs although at the expense of added computational complexity. The reliability of both First and Second-Order SHFMM results is con rmed by an excellent match between the empirical error sequences and SHFMM re-generated error sequences as shown by the EFRD plot. In addition, the multi-carrier (QPSK-OFDM, Di erential QPSK (DQPSK)-OFDM) and Di erential 8-PSK (D8PSK)-OFDM) PLC transceiver system developed is used to facilitate a First and Second-Order modeling of the NB-PLC system using the SHFMM and BWA for parameter estimation. The performance of each OFDM modulation scheme in evaluated and compared taking into consideration the mildly and heavily disturbed noise scenarios for the two measurement sites considered. The estimated error statistics of the realized SHFMMs have been analytically validated in terms of LLR, EFRD, error probabilities, MSE and Chi-square ( 2) test. The estimated Second-Order SHFMMs have been analytically validated to be outperform the First-Order SHFMMs although with added computational complexity. The reliability of the models is con rmed by an excellent match between the empirical data and SHFMM generated data as shown by the EFRD plot. The statistical models obtained using Baum-Welch to adjust the parameters of the adopted SHFMM are often locally maximized. To solve this problem, a novel Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, a Bayesian inference approach based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is developed to optimize the parameters of the adopted SHFMM. The algorithm is used to optimize the model results obtained from the single-carrier and multi-carrier PLC systems as well as that of the hybrid PLC-VLC system. Consequently, as deduced from the results, the models obtained utilizing the novel Metropolis-Hastings algorithm are more precise, near optimal model with parameter sets that are closer to the global maxima. Generally, the model results obtained in this thesis are relevant in enhancing transmission reliability on the PLC channel through the use of the models to improve the adopted modulation schemes, create adaptive modulation techniques, develop and evaluate forward error correction (FEC) codes such as a concatenation of Reed-Solomon and Permutation codes and other robust codes suitable for exploiting and mitigating noise impairments encountered on the low voltage NB-PLC channel. Furthermore, the recon gurable software de ned NB-PLC transceiver test-bed developed can be utilized for future measurement campaign as well as adapted for multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) PLC applications.
MT2018

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
100
This thesis develops a power line carrier(PLC) communication module using FSK modulation technology by integration of PLC chip, with various hardware circuits such as DSP, signal coupling and amplifier circuits, filter. The communication performance and conduction EMI tests and executed for the communication module developed. The PLC module is then applied for appliance control of commercial customers to fulfill the demand response function for energy conservation by reducing the summer peak loading. Besides sending the load control command from central station in the smart grid, the power consumption of various appliances can also be collected and transmitted back to the control station via two way communication with the PLC communication module. Finally, the broadband PLC (BPLC) is applied for the CCTV supervision in system to support asset management of distribution room to prevent the power equipment from steal. With the remote control of light brightness and CCTV lens with high data transmission rate provided, the communication performance of PLC can therefore be verified in this study.

With the increasing complexities of power system control, protection, operation and SCADA, there is a need to have a very reliable telecommunication network to provide data transmission in steady state and transient conditions of the system. Integrity of the data should be verified with the use of different back-up communication systems eg. microwave, power line carrier (PLC), fibre optic and private telecommunication networks etc. PLC is a very convenient back-up and is available at a very low cost, as it uses the same line for power transmission and PLC signal propagation. Due to the presence of ehv signal on the line, PLC equipment eg. line trap shows inefficient behaviour in providing appropriate attenuation to the PLC signal at busbars. As a result, leakage signal interferes with the PLC signal on adjacent line sections, operating at the same fi^equencies, which ultimately limits the utility of the available PLC spectrum. In this thesis, adaptive interference cancellation schemes based on adaptive identification, fuzzy logic and artificial neural network theories have been implemented on PLC systems. Studies of these cancellation schemes were also extended on a laboratory model of power line, which was designed based on Modal Analysis. The development of these techniques can help in providing extra attenuation to the PLC signal at the busbars and hence the power industry could use the same frequencies on adjacent line sections to make the maximum use of PLC for the power system utilities.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Engineering (Electrical). Johannesburg, 2016
Power-line communications can be used for the transfer of data across electrical net- works in applications such as automatic meter reading in smart grid technology. As the power-line channel is harsh and plagued with non-Gaussian noise, robust forward error correction schemes are required. This research is a comparative study where a Luby transform code is concatenated with power-line communication systems provided by an up-to-date standard published by electricit e R eseau Distribution France named G3 PLC. Both decoding using Gaussian elimination and belief propagation are imple- mented to investigate and characterise their behaviour through computer simulations in MATLAB. Results show that a bit error rate performance improvement is achiev- able under non worst-case channel conditions using a Gaussian elimination decoder. An adaptive system is thus recommended which decodes using Gaussian elimination and which has the appropriate data rate. The added complexity can be well tolerated especially on the receiver side in automatic meter reading systems due to the network structure being built around a centralised agent which possesses more resources.
MT2017

Electric power systems are among the most complex man made systems on the world. Most of the time, they operate under quasi-steady state. With the ever increasing load demand and the advent of the deregulated power market recently, the power systems are pushed more often to operate close to their design limits and with more uncertainty of the system operating mode. With the increasing complexity and more interconnected systems, power systems are operating closer to their performance limits. As a result, maintaining system security and facilitating efficient system operation have been challenging tasks. Transmission systems are considered the most vital components in power systems connecting both generating/substation and consumer areas with several interconnected networks. In the past, they were owned by regulated, vertically integrated utility companies. They have been designed and operated so that conditions in close proximity to security boundaries are not frequently encountered. However, in the new open access environment, operating conditions tend to be much closer to security boundaries, as transmission use is increasing in sudden and unpredictable directions. Transmission unbundling, coupled with other regulatory requirements, has made new transmission facility construction more difficult. Unfortunately these transmission lines are frequently subjected to a wide variety of faults. Thus, providing proper protective functions for them is essential. Generally the protection of Extra High Voltage (EHV) and Ultra High Voltage (UHV) transmission lines are carried out by the use of distance relays in view of the fact that they provide fast fault clearance and system coordination. Transmission line relaying involves detection, classification and location of transmission line faults. Fast detections of faults enable quick isolation of the faulty line from service and hence, protecting it from the harmful effects of fault. Classification of faults means identification of the type of fault and faulted line section, and this information is required for finding the fault location and assessing the extent of repair work to be carried out. Accurate fault location is necessary for facilitating quick repair and restoration of the line, to improve the reliability and availability of the power supply. Generally, the protection system using conventional distance relaying algorithm involves three zones. The first zone (Z1) of the relay is set to detect faults on 80%90% of the protected line without any intentional time delay. The second zone (Z2) is set to protect the remainder of the line plus an adequate margin. Second zone relays are time delayed for 1530 cycles to coordinate with relays at remote bus. The settings of the third zone (Z3) ideally will cover the protected line, plus all of the longest line leaving the remote station. Z3 of a distance relay is used to provide the remote backup protection in case of the failure of the primary protection. Since Z3 covers an adjacent line, a large infeed (outfeed) from the remote terminal causes the relay to underreach (overreach). Thus, a very large load at the remote terminal may cause distance relays to mal-operate. Settings for conventional distance relays are selected to avoid overreach/underreach operation under the worst case scenarios. Studies of significant power system disturbances reported by North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) indicate that protective relays are involved, one way or another, in 75% of the major disturbances and the most troublesome ones are backup protection relays. With their limited view of the interconnected network based on their locally measured inputs, conventional backup protection relays generally take actions to protect a localized region of the network without considering the impact on the whole network. Relay mal-operations or unintended operations due to overload, power swing, and relay hidden failure are the main factors contributing to the blackouts. Most of the problems are associated with relays tripping too many healthy lines. Since a relay makes the decision automatically to remove a component from the system according to its internal mechanism, the relay mal-operation or unintended operation can make an effective influence on the system stability. Approaches to reduce the relay misbehavior need to be identified. Real time monitoring tools to assess the relay misbehavior are needed, providing the system operator, the accurate information about unfolding events. Existing transmission line protection scheme still has drawbacks. Advanced fault analysis mechanism to enhance the system dependability and security simultaneously is desirable. Relay settings play a significant role in major blackouts. So correct settings should be calculated and coordinated by suitable studies. Attempts are to be made to employ highly accurate AI techniques in protective system implementation. The research work focussed on developing knowledge based intelligent tools for the improving the transmission system security. A process to obtain knowledgebase using SVMs for ready post-fault diagnosis purpose is developed. SVMs are used as Intelligent tool for identifying the faulted line that is emanating from a substation and finding the distance from the substation. The approach uses phasor values of the line voltages and currents after the fault has been detected. The approach is particularly important for post-fault diagnosis of any mal-operation of relays following a disturbance in the neighboring line connected to the same substation. This may help in improving the fault monitoring/diagnosis process and coordination of the protective relays, thus assuring secure operation of the power systems. The approach based on SVMs, exploits the first part of this goal. For comparison, a classifier and regression tools based on the RBFNNs was also investigated. The RBFNNs and SVM networks are introduced and considered as an appropriate tool for pattern recognition problems. Results on a practical 24Bus equivalent EHV transmission system of Indian Southern region and on IEEE39 bus New England system are presented to illustrate the proposed method. In a large connected power network, the number of generators are more in number and their set patterns number will be large. As the line flows are sensitive to generator set patterns, it is difficult to consider all the combinations of generators while simulating the training and testing patterns as input to SVMs. To simulate the training and testing patterns corresponding to possible changes in line flows to meet the load in the present deregulated environment, line flow sensitive generators set to be identified/merit-listed. In this regard, to identify the most sensitive generators for a particular line of interest, a method from the literature is adopted and developed a software program based on the graph theory concepts. Case studies on generator contributions towards loads and transmission lines are illustrated on an equivalent 33bus system, a part of Indian Northern grid with major part of Uttar Pradesh and also with an equivalent 246bus system of practical Indian Southern grid. A distance relay coordination approach is proposed using detailed simulation studies, taking into account various operating conditions and fault resistances. Support Vector Machines as a pattern classifier is used for obtaining distance relay coordination. The scheme uses the apparent impedance values observed during fault as inputs. SVMs are used to build the underlying concept between reach of different zones and the impedance trajectory during fault. An improved performance with the use of SVMs, keeping the reach when faced with different fault conditions as well as line flow changes are illustrated with an equivalent 246bus system of practical Indian Southern grid and also with an equivalent 265bus system of practical Indian Western grid. A strategy of Supportive System is described to aid the conventional protection philosophy in combating situations where protection systems are mal-operated and/or information is missing and provide selective and secure coordination. Highly accurate identification/discrimination of zones plays a key role in effective implementation of the region-wide supportive system. This typically requires a multiclass SVM classifier to effectively analyze/build the underlying concept between reach of different zones and the apparent impedance trajectory during fault. Different multiclass methods are compared for their performance with respect to accuracy, number of iterations, number of support vectors, training and testing time. The performance analysis of these methods is presented on three data sets belonging to the training and testing patterns of three supportive systems for a region, part of a network, which is an equivalent 265bus system of practical Indian Western grid.