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Kalpage, Sanjay. "Sri Lanka's power sector : privatization issues." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40599.
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Masvigner, Raphael Charlie Jean. "EDF and the Brazilian power sector." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9844.
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Electricité de France (EDF) is a leading player in the European energy market by being both the first electricity producer in Europe and the world’s leading nuclear plant operator. EDF is also the first electricity producer and supplier in France. However, Europe, EDF’s core market, is currently underperforming: the European sovereign debt crisis is lowering significantly the growth perspective of an energy market that has already reached its maturity. As a consequence, European energy companies are now looking at international markets and especially BRIC economies where economic growth potential remains high. Among them, Brazil is expected to keep its strong economic and electricity demand growth perspectives for the coming decades. Though Brazil has not been considered as a strategic priority for EDF after the Light reversal in 2006, the current economic situation has led the Group to reconsider its position toward the country. EDF’s current presence in Brazil is limited to its stake in UTE Norte Fluminense, a thermal plant, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This report investigates the possibility and the feasibility of EDF’s activities expansion in Brazil and what added value it could bring for the Brazilian power market. Considering that the status quo would not allow EDF to take full advantage of Brazil’s future growth, this work is identifying the various options that are currently opened to EDF: market exit, status quo, EDF alone, local partner. For that purpose, this study collects and analyses the latest energy market data as well as generation companies’ information which are necessary to give a relevant overview of the current brazilian power sector and to present EDF strategic options for the country.
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Ashraf, Hafiz Farhan, and Shakeel Khan. "Analysis of Pakistan's Electric Power Sector." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för elektroteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-11796.
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Pakistan is among some countries which has a lot of potential to produce electricity. The country is geographically very rich in terms of various renewable resources which are low costing to produce electricity and at the same time more environment friendly. But still from last 15 years Pakistan has a series of crises in power sector and there is a shortfall because electricity demand is growing day by day and the resources to produce electricity are not used efficiently. This study covers how the country is producing electricity from different available resources, furthermore to address how to reduce shortfall using renewable resources. The main parameters covered by this study are electricity production and its consumption, and installed capacity from different power sources. Currently there are 81 different Power plants with installed capacity 24857 MW of electricity and some more power generating projects are in consideration in future to increase electricity production in the country. Production units are shown in terms of bar charts which compares installed capacity of all power plants. Annual production data of different power plants and their generation history is also shown and explained in tables. Furthermore in our study, reasons of existing shortfall are explained and renewable resources like wind, hydel and solar potential of the country is specified, which will help to reduce existing shortfall. At the end, it is concluded that renewable resources importance is realizing in the country with time, as their contribution towards electricity generation is increasing, and are more beneficial, sustainable, economical and long lasting.
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Thapliya, Bikash. "Power utility restructuring and power-sector financing in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42670.
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Quiñones, Alayza Maria Teresa, and Acosta Edwin Quintanilla. "Power sector: institutional framework, issues, and new trends." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108326.
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The power sector of a country is highly relevant for its competitiveness and social development. In Peru, this sector has passed through many changes before having its current configuration, which has negative and positive aspects.In the present versus, two different perspectives come face to face as the debate about key and current topics starts. The discussion is about questions such as the “oversupply” of power generation, the creation of additional charges to the power transmission service, or the frontiers of the regulated market.El sector eléctrico de un país es de suma importancia para su competitividad y desarrollo social. En el Perú, este sector ha pasado por varios cambios hasta tener su configuración actual, que tiene aspectos tanto positivos como negativos.En el presente versus, dos diferentes perspectivas se encuentran y se abre paso al debate acerca de temas clave y de actualidad, tales como: la “sobreoferta” de generación eléctrica, la creación de cargos adicionales a la transmisión, o los límites del mercado regulado.
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Collin, Adam John. "Advanced load modelling for power system studies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8890.
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Although power system load modelling is a mature research area, there is a renewed interest in updating available load models and formulating improved load modelling methodologies. The main drivers of this interest are the introduction of new types of non-conventional (e.g. power electronic interfaced) loads, the requirement to operate power supply systems with increasing levels of renewable distributed generation and the implementation of various load control functionalities (e.g. demand side management). As the majority of existing load models do not allow for a full and precise analysis of these new operating conditions, it is essential to develop new load models and update load modelling techniques. This thesis presents a detailed study of modern loads, focussing on the requirements for their correct representation in power system analysis. The developed models of the individual loads are then combined using a new load aggregation methodology for developing aggregate load models, suitable for the analysis of both existing and future power supply systems (so called ’smart grids’). The methodology uses a circuit-based load modelling approach, as this allows reproduction of the instantaneous current waveforms of the modelled load for any given supply voltage. This approach retains all electrical characteristics of the loads and provides a more realistic representation of some important phenomena (e.g. harmonic cancellation and attenuation due to load and supply system interactions) which are often neglected in traditional load modelling procedures. Case studies of the UK residential and commercial load sectors are presented as illustrations of the load aggregation methodology. The results show significant short-term and long-term temporal variations in the load characteristics, which are not available or reported in the existing literature. This information allows for a more comprehensive assessment of demand-side management functionalities and correlation with locally connected distributed generation. Both of these effects are investigated in the thesis by quantifying the possible extent and range of changes in power system performance for some expected near future changes in load configurations and network operating conditions.
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Nane, Grimot. "Corruption and institutions : the Nigerian electric power sector (1999-2009)." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.634036.
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The thesis focuses on institutional sources of corruption and their relationship with incidences of corruption in the Nigerian Electric Power Sector (NEPS). Another focus of the research is on the interactions and tensions between formal and informal institutions in the governance of NEPS with particular emphasis on enforcement. The main purpose of this research is to provide a number of contributions to the literature on corruption. Three different research methodologies were employed to undertake the research on corruption in the NEPS in Nigeria. Qualitative analysis was carried out to investigate the underlying institutional mechanisms of corruption; the Delphi Method was employed for undertaking institutional analysis of enforcement and its conditions; and quantitative analysis (OLS and logistic regression) was adopted to analyse the relationships of co-existence between institutional failure and direct experiences of corruption. The choice of three different methodologies was deemed necessary to generate analyses on various aspects of corruption that would not be possible using only a single method. A new approach to the institutional analysis of corruption was presented in the form of Sircoh Institutional Analysis (SIA). SIA is used to investigate corruption at the level of Sircoh bundles in conjunction with banditry analysis of the political economy, as a pre-condition for Sircoh bundle analysis, and the bureaucratic morality analysis of public servants behaviour, as a consequence. Key hypotheses were also framed to investigate the relationship between (x) sources of institutional failures as independent variables, (y) direct experiences of corruption and (z) informal and moral influences that facilitate or inhibit corruption. A new explanation of corruption known as the “logic of relevance” was developed. The logic of relevance as an explanatory tool proposes that where banditry (and especially roving banditry) exists in a given economy the dependence of actors and agents on state resources (institutional benefits) ix creates competition amongst them. Access to institutional benefits by actors and agents under the conditions of uncertainty of competition becomes increasingly secured by the acquisition of social relevance within the social structure of society. The underlying mechanisms by which corruption takes place are investigated and the central contribution is the development and empirical analysis of the concept of contrary institutions. From the analysis, it was found that the internal mechanisms of institutions in NEPS lacked internal legitimacy and consistency, which undermined the functioning of the institutions even though the external mechanisms appeared consistent and enforceable. Contrary institutions were found to be particularly susceptible to informalities, social pressures and collusive behaviour amongst agents. The typology of corruption in NEPS was analysed was found to be a significant empirical indicator of corruption. The Sircoh Institutional Analysis (SIA) is used to investigate the tensions between formal and informal institutions and the coordination of governance in NEPS. From the first component of SIA, the political economy of Nigeria was found to be dominated by roving banditry. From the second component, it was found that the influences of informal institutions prevailed over the enforcement of formal institutions at all levels. The third component, bureaucratic morality analysis, revealed that qualities such as trust, fairness and discipline amongst public servants were low due to the consequences of institutional failure and corruption. The banditry analysis component is modified by extension to produce (a) a comprehensive taxonomy of roving banditry and (b) an evaluation of the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures. Robust regression (OLS and logistic) analysis techniques were used to establish statistical relationships between sources of institutional failure and experiences of corruption. Interference from corporations was found that the dominant source of institutional failure that engendered corruption in NEPS. Other factors of institutional failure include interference from power elites and inadequate enforcement of institutions by government. The regression analysis was also used as a robust tool to empirically validate a broad range of findings x from the qualitative and Delphi analyses. The hypotheses were also found to be empirically valid. A solution known as “closing the door” is provided as a potentially effective tool for tackling corruption in NEPS. Corruption in NEPS was deemed to be persistent because of the existence of the “unclosed door syndrome”. “Closing the door” is based on findings produced from the empirical analysis of contrary institutions and Sircoh Institutional Analysis with the necessary condition of consistent and constant enforcement of legitimate formal institutions at all levels attached to it
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Vijay, Avinash. "Techno-economics of optimised residential heating under power sector decarbonisation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/64913.
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The Climate Change Act constitutes legally binding legislation that requires the UK to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80 per cent by 2050 relative to 1990. Decarbonising the electricity and heat sectors is fundamental to achieving this target. Since the challenge could potentially involve several million heating installations and several thousand megawatts of generation, there is a pressing need for tools that can provide insights into the impacts stemming from this transition. Previous studies make use of coarse simplifications of links between the heat and electricity sectors. A primary contribution of this work is the linking of detailed models of electricity supply and residential heating. Analysis of future electricity price formation leads to questions regarding the financing of dispatch-able generation. Furthermore, these issues are seen to influence performance of residential heating systems. In a low carbon future, fuel cell based micro cogeneration shows the most economic potential but is the worst performer in terms of emissions, and economic value can be eroded by low ramping limits and high minimum set points. Stirling engine based micro cogeneration is not economic in any of the scenarios considered due to low utilisation. Although heat pumps produce the lowest emissions, investment does not yield economic gains unless they are incentivised to consume inexpensive excess low carbon generation. Resistive heaters are likely to be chosen over heat pumps in this setting since they are cheaper to install and produce significant economic benefits for consumers, though this could lead to significantly higher primary energy consumption with related environmental impacts. Overall, this work has demonstrated that an important dynamic exists between electricity sector decarbonisation, market arrangements that drive electricity prices and technology choices in residential heating systems. Policy makers should be mindful of this dynamic when designing markets and policy instruments of the future.
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Rogol, Michael G. "Why did the solar power sector develop quickly in Japan?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39335.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-181).
The solar power sector grew quickly in Japan during the decade 1994 to 2003. During this period, annual installations increased 32-fold from 7MW in 1994 to 223MW in 2003, and annual production increased 22-fold, from 16MW in 1994 to 364MW in 2003. Over these years, the growth of Japan's solar power sector outpaced the global industry's growth, which is puzzling because Japan was in a recession during this period. At the same time, the U.S. was experiencing considerable economic expansion, yet the U.S. solar industry's growth was significantly slower than Japan's. This thesis focuses on the rapid development of Japan's solar power sector in order to address the central question, "Why did the solar power sector develop quickly in Japan?" To address this question, this thesis develops two comparative case studies: (1) Japan's solar power sector: 1994 to 2003 and (2) U.S. solar power sector: 1994 to 2003. These case studies provide detailed descriptions of the historical development of the solar power sectors in Japan and the U.S. based on data collected from International Energy Agency's PVPS program, Japan's New Energy Development Organization and the U.S. Energy Information Administration, among other sources.
(cont.) A comparative analysis of these cases suggests that the rapid growth of Japan's solar power sector was enabled by interplay among (a) decreasing gross system prices price, (b) increasing installations, (c) increasing production and (d) decreasing costs. The second-order explanation for this interplay is that a mosaic of factors led to (a) decreasing prices, (b) increasing installations, (c) increasing production and (d) decreasing costs. This mosaic included the extrinsic setting (solar resource, interest rate, grid price), industrial organization (including the structure of the electric power sector and the structure within the solar power sector), demand-side incentives that drove down the "gap" with and provided a "trigger" for supply-side growth, and supply-side expansion that enabled significant cost reductions and price reductions that more than offset the decline in demand-side incentives. Within this complex interplay of numerous factors, roadmapping and industry coordination efforts played an important role by shaping the direction of Japan's solar power sector. This thesis concludes with "lessons learned" from Japan's solar power sector development, how these lessons may be applicable in a U.S. context and open questions for further research.
by Michael G. Rogol.
S.M.
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Arowolo, Adewale. "What Market Design and Regulation for the Nigeria Power sector ?" Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS045.
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La réforme du secteur de l'électricité du Nigeria a eu lieu en 2010-2013 mais a été jugée infructueuse par la plupart des parties prenantes. L'échec de la réforme est illustré par une myriade de défis économiques, institutionnels, techniques, financiers et sociopolitiques apparemment insurmontables. Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer des solutions viables aux défis (ex post) auxquels fait face le secteur électrique du Nigéria, en empruntant aux approches de l'économie de l'énergie sur le market design et la régulation. Elle identifie les principales causes de l'échec de la dernière réforme du secteur : privatisation incomplète, intégration horizontale des opérations de transport et de réseau, infrastructure d'approvisionnement gazière sous-développée et cadre réglementaire faible et inefficace. Ainsi, elle recommande de renforcer le cadre réglementaire comme un bon point de départ pour résoudre les problèmes sectoriels (ex-post) de la réforme.Ensuite, cette thèse démontre que des enchères inversées bien conçues peuvent être un mécanisme de marché approprié à la situation du Nigéria, en précisant les variables importantes pour une implémentation réussie. Cette thèse affirme également que ces variables devraient être fondées sur un cadre institutionnel et réglementaire solide pour réussir. Elle recommande donc de concevoir des enchères inversées pour la technologie de stockage solaire photovoltaïque hors réseau /minigrid, en tant que solution potentielle pour accroître l'accès à l'électricité, attirer les investissements, et également discuté de la voie à suivre afin d’adapter la conception au cadre de marché discuter / réglementaire existant.Enfin, cette thèse comble certaines lacunes de l'état de l'art du secteur électrique nigérian en appliquant et combinant des systèmes d’informations géographiques (GIS), un outil d’optimisation de système énergétique et des connaissances du market design et de la régulation. Elle a identifié les clusters de consommateurs les plus peuplées sans accès à l'électricité, fait des projections de la demande de charge et déterminé les tailles de stockage PV et de batteries optimisées sur le plan techno-économique pour obtenir une alimentation de haute qualité d’électricité avec une certaine gestion de la demande. Également, elle a analysé les besoins en terrains / la disponibilité pour obtenir une liste restreinte de 233 clusters de 7,2 millions d'habitants, nécessitant un solaire photovoltaïque de 3 280 MW pour la vente aux enchères proposée. Enfin, cette thèse a examiné la voie à suivre pour adapter la conception proposée de la vente aux enchères de stockage d’énergie solaire photovoltaïque et de stockage au cadre de market design/réglementaire existantThe Nigeria Power sector reform was performed in the year 2010-2013 but has been adjudged unsuccessful by most stakeholders. The failure of the reform is evidenced by a myriad of seemingly insurmountable economic, institutional, technical, financial and socio-political challenges. This thesis aims to propose workable solutions to the challenges in the Nigeria Power sector (ex-post) reform from the field of market design and regulation in energy economics. It finds incomplete privatization coupled with the horizontal integration of the transmission and network operations, underdeveloped gas supply infrastructure and the ineffective/weak regulatory framework as the root causes of the reform failure. Thus, it recommends strengthening the regulatory framework as a good starting point to resolve sectoral problems (ex-post) reform.Furthermore, it argues that reverse auction has the potential to be successful in Nigeria with well-designed market variables and provides the market design variables adaptable to the Nigeria case to achieve a successful auction run. It also argues that these variables should be built on a foundation of a robust institutional and regulatory framework to be successful. It thus recommends designing reverse auctions for offgrid/minigrid solar PV plus storage technology as a potential solution to increase power access and attract investment and also discussed the pathway to adapt the design to the existing market/regulatory framework. In addition, it applied and combined Geographical Information System (GIS), energy system optimization tool and market/regulation knowledge to bridge some knowledge gap in the Nigeria Power sector. It identified the most populated consumer clusters without electricity access, made load demand projections and determined the techno-economically optimized PV plus battery storage sizes to achieve high quality power supply with some demand side management. Furthermore, it analyzed the land requirements/availability to achieve a shortlist of 233 clusters with 7.2 million people that require 3,280 MW solar PV for the proposed auction. Finally, it discussed the pathway to adapt the proposed solar PV plus storage auction design to the existing market/regulatory framework
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Malgas, Isaac. "Power sector reform in Africa : the paradox of hybrid markets." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8961.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-276).For many countries in Africa, power sectors in are characterised by insufficient generation capacity. Due to poor financial and operational performances, many state-owned utilities have had inadequate financial reserves to invest in additional generation capacity. Governments, too, have experienced difficulty in financing generation expansions as a result of the reduction in loans from traditional financiers of infrastructure. Reforms to address poor performances in the 1990s, in part, focused on introducing private sector participation to the power sector at the generation level through independent power projects. It was anticipated that independent power producers would provide benchmarks for state-owned utilities and enable longer term power sector efficiency. Reform in this sector followed a prescribed evolution towards power markets that would allow wholesale competition amongst generators and so lead towards efficiency improvements. Despite reforms being embarked on in many African states, competitive power markets have not been established in Africa; rather, the result has been the emergence of hybrid markets where state-owned generators and IPPs operate devoid of competition; and although IPPs have emerged in a number of African power sectors, many countries still do not have sufficient generation to meet their electricity demands. This thesis investigates the development of private generation power projects in Africa by analysing data collected from both primary and secondary sources in four case studies of power sectors in Ghana, Cote d'lvoire, Morocco and Tunisia. The thesis identities and describes the factors that have contributed to a lack of investment and shortages in generation capacity in hybrid markets exploring how policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks have contributed to this situation. It also investigates how planning and procurement challenges have led to difficulties in adding sufficient generation capacity in a timely manner, exacerbating the problem of insufficient generation capacity in Africa. Finally, the dissertation provides suggestions as to how these frameworks could respond more effectively to the capacity challenges faced by hybrid electricity generation markets, and how broader power sector reforms should be guided to reflect the challenges of hybrid markets better.
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van, Horen Clive. "The cost of power : externalities in South Africa's energy sector." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21698.
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Bibliography: pages [201]-220.The long-awaited birth of political democracy in South Africa in 1994 has led to a fundamental re-assessment of policy in most sectors of society. Although the energy sector has witnessed a clrar shift away from the self-sufficiency concerns of the apartheid era, to more universal goals of economic efficiency, social equity and environmental sustainability, there has, as yet, been very little analysis of problems at the energy-environment interface. In this context, this thesis investigates environmental externalities arising in South Africa's energy sector. Two questions are posed: first and foremost, which environmental problems give rise to the most significant social costs? Secondarily, how helpful is an environmental economic analysis in this context? With respect to the first question, it is hypothesised that the external costs arising from two sectors are significant: the electricity generation sector, and the low-income, unelectrified household sector. Of these two, it is suggested that externalities in the latter are most serious. After reviewing the literature on externalities and environmental valuation, the thesis undertakes an empirical investigation of external costs in both energy sub-sectors. A classification system is developed and used to select those externalities in each sector which are potentially serious and regarding which there is sufficient information for quantification purposes. After reviewing a larger number of impacts, data are collected from both published and unpublished sources for four environmental externalities in the electricity sector, and six in the household sector.
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Roque, Paxis Marques Joao. "Economic and sustainable development of the power sector of Mozambique." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9146.
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Includes bibliographical references.Mozambique has a vast potential of energy resources which are little exploited, particularly in the power sector. Mozambique’s diverse energy resource includes hydropower, natural gas, coal, biomass, solar and wind. Despite this, the country still faces constraints in increasing the level of access to energy. Therefore, the sustainable use of energy resources and the expansion and provision of reliable energy services for all districts is central to addressing many issues related with the development of the country. According to the Mozambican power utility, “Electricidade de Moçambique” (EDM), practically 97 of Mozambique’s electricity is generated from hydropower, with total installed capacity of 2179 Megawatts but due the existence of large reserves of coal and gas, the country is also intending to generate 1100 Megawatt from coal, 1790 Megawatt from gas and to increase the generation from hydro. However, before choosing those options regarding energy resources usage, it is important to assess the sustainability of the options from both socio-economic and environmental perspectives. Policies must wisely track reliable and affordable modern energy supplies and reduce the negative environmental impacts related to energy production and use and capital investments in equipment and energy infrastructure are crucial for developing the energy system. This study aims to examine socio-economic and environmental aspects of energy resource usage in Mozambique and the evaluation of Mozambique’s power supply alternatives into the future.
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Simasiku, Mirriam. "Power sector reforms and the poor : case study of Zambia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6711.
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Power sector reforms around the world have been driven by various factors ranging from economic and financial to technological reasons. The reforms in the power sector are frequently undertaken under conditionality agreements linked to broader macro economic reforms. The main objective of this thesis is to find out whether power sector reforms advance social benefits to the poor, specifically increase their affordable access and use of electricity in Zambia. The rationale behind power sector reforms in Zambia include the increase of access to electricity by the majority of the Zambian population through expansion of the national electricity network to cover areas that have production potential. The promotion of private sector participation in the electricity industry by ensuring that market rules are attractive to private investors is another objective of reforms. The reforms also aim to improve efficiency in the electricity industry. To achieve the rationale of power sector reforms, the government's focus is on macro electrification projects. These electrification projects exclude poor household electrification owing to its unprofitable nature. Furthermore, the expected economic benefits arising from the macro electrification projects could result in further marginalization of poor household electrification. In short, the proposed approach to restructure the electricity industry in Zambia does not contain specific initiatives for increasing affordable access to electricity by the poor households. This thesis draws out the point that without considerable attention to affordable access to electricity by the poor at the inception of the reforms, addressing them at a later stage could difficult. To be effective, social concerns need to be included into the reform design early and backed by strong political commitment.
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Erices, Muñoz Eduardo Andrés, and Rojas Cristian Patricio Torres. "Sun Power Energy." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137206.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en AdministraciónEduardo Andres Erices Muñoz [Parte I Análisis estratégico y de mercado], Cristian Patricio Torres Rojas [Parte II Análisis organizativo-financiero]
Autores no autorizan el acceso a texto completo de su documento
La necesidad de aumentar la capacidad instalada de la matriz energética del país es un tema que en la última década se ha instalado en la agenda nacional, dado que el crecimiento económico de Chile implica un mayor consumo eléctrico. A su vez, la estrechez energética se ve representada con mayor profundidad en la industria de la minería, especialmente en el norte grande de Chile. El sector minero, además de ser el principal consumidor de energía eléctrica del país, ha experimentado desde el año 2000 una caída sostenida en su productividad, entre otros factores, por los mayores consumos y costos de la energía eléctrica, enfrentando actualmente uno de los precios más altos de América Latina1. Dado lo anterior, el Gobierno está asumiendo un rol más activo, definiendo una Agenda de Energía que incluye como uno de sus ejes el compromiso que un 45% de la capacidad eléctrica que se instalará en el país hasta el año 2025 sean energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC) y, de esta forma, cumplir con la meta de la Ley 20/25 de ingresar a la matriz energética un 20% de ERNC para dicho año. En este sentido, la energía fotovoltaica es una alternativa técnicamente viable para cubrir el consumo eléctrico, principalmente en el norte grande del país, dado que posee un importantísimo potencial solar. El propósito del presente plan de negocios es evaluar la factibilidad económica y financiera de ingresar al negocio de las energías renovables no convencionales, de una manera no convencional. Más allá de este juego de palabras, dado que la mayoría de los proyectos de generación de energía limpia se basan en el modelo de negocios tradicional, o sea generando e inyectando energía al sistema y transando los precios en el mercado spot, la oportunidad de negocio se visualiza en vender directamente la energía a la industria minera, sin intermediarios ni costos de transmisión relevantes. La industria eléctrica nacional está dividida en tres segmentos: generación, transmisión y distribución de energía eléctrica. Las actividades de transmisión y distribución tienen el carácter de monopolio natural. El sector de generación opera en condiciones de competencia, no obstante se caracteriza por ser un mercado altamente concentrado. Asimismo, existen cuatro sistemas eléctricos siendo los dos más importantes el SING (Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande) y el SIC (Sistema Interconectado Central). La matriz energética del SING se alimenta en un 95% de fuentes térmicas (carbón, diésel, gas natural). En cuanto al desarrollo de proyectos ERNC, a pesar que el país posee condiciones naturales favorables para las energías solar y eólica, recién en el año 2014 se observó un “despegue” de las ERNC en Chile, materializándose proyectos con una capacidad instalada de casi 1.000 MW. Además, a nivel mundial la curva de aprendizaje en el costo de fabricación y operación de la tecnología solar fotovoltaica, ha permitido alcanzar precios competitivos respecto a las fuentes convencionales de energía. El mercado objetivo se concentra en el segmento de generación, a través del suministro eléctrico en base a energías renovables no convencionales, específicamente solar tipo fotovoltaica, para las empresas mineras (cobre) ubicadas en las regiones de Tarapacá y Antofagasta, ya que reúnen las condiciones de vida útil de la faena minera y disponibilidad de terrenos, de acuerdo a la propuesta de valor del proyecto. El modelo de negocios consiste en satisfacer parte de la demanda de energía eléctrica de las empresas mineras señaladas en el párrafo anterior, por medio de una planta solar fotovoltaica de 3 MW de potencia instalada y a través de un contrato de suministro tipo PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) a 20 años. La ventaja competitiva consiste en ofrecer una tarifa estable durante el período del contrato más baja que su tarifa actual en base a generación convencional, lo cual permitirá al cliente capturar y proyectar el ahorro en sus costos operativos. Además, la propuesta tiene la característica que la planta se construirá in-situ, aprovechando la superficie disponible en la faena minera, generando valor compartido en la economía de escala por el costo del terreno y línea de transmisión y conexión eléctrica. La operación y mantenimiento de la planta fotovoltaica estará a cargo de nuestra empresa. Para el desarrollo del negocio, dado que implica montos de inversión relevantes (USD 5,6 millones para cada planta) y se requiere de un respaldo tecnológico y logístico para realizar ese tipo de proyectos, se creará una Unidad Estratégica de Negocio (UEN) denominada “SUN POWER ENERGY” (SPE), bajo la estructura organizacional de E.CL S.A., una de las empresas principales que operan en el SING. Finalmente, en la evaluación financiera se contempla la ejecución de tres plantas solares dentro de los primeros seis años, con un total de aporte de capital requerido de USD 10 millones. Se ha considerado el apalancamiento financiero del proyecto, mediante la obtención de préstamos bancarios por USD 7,8 millones. Como resultado, través del valor actual de los flujos de caja libres descontados a una tasa del 7,5%, se obtiene un valor de la empresa sin deuda de USD 52.382, con una TIR del 7,5% y un periodo de recuperación de la inversión (payback) de 12 años. La TIR del inversionista alcanza al 7,9% con un VAN ajustado de USD 576.161.
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Joosse, Alexandra Pocek. "Power in Collaborative Networks." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/577215.
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The research described herein focuses on understanding the effects of power on the processes and outcomes of collaborative networks. Power is conceptualized from a structural perspective, as the dependence that exists in the relationships that tie network participants together. Using the method of social network analysis, the dissertation first validates a measure of structural power in collaborative networks, betweenness centrality. It then examines the effect of uneven distributions of structural power among participants on an important variable for these networks: cohesion, as measured from a behavioral perspective. This effect is examined from the perspective of two levels of analysis: the whole network level and the working group level. The results indicate that structural power has a variable effect on cohesion, depending on the level of analysis. At the whole network level, uneven distributions of power negatively affect the cohesive behavior of participants. At the working group level, on the other hand, the relationship between the variables is curvilinear. Finally, the effect of structural power on three dimensions of participant satisfaction is examined: process satisfaction, human capital satisfaction, and outcome satisfaction. The research finds that being in a power disadvantaged position affects how participants rate their satisfaction with the process of collaboration.
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Grosse, Philippe. "Application of knowledge engineering techniques for managing operational expertise of transmission network operator." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249049.
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Sareen, Eklavya. "The performance, regulation and reform of the power sector in India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285653.
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Lamoureux, Marcel. "Policy learning theory derived from Russian power sector liberalisation policy experience." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.726804.
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Bobe, Jonathan Mark. "Power, competition and regulation : the case of the UK brewing sector." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311291.
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This thesis explores the role of unequal power relationships between business enterprises in the UK brewing sector and how these asymmetries shape the dynamic and direction of changei n patternso f geographicailn dustrialisation.P ower has,t o date,r emaineda largely neglected concept in economic relationships as considered in economic geography. A new model of geographical industrialisation is developed in this thesis that focuses on capital: capital relations, incorporates the dynamic nature of enterprises and the networks of relations within which they are embeddedt,h e asymmetryo f power relations within and betweene nterprisesa ndt he dynamicc hangesin markets tructured uring periodso f recession and restructuring. It further seeks to explore the relationship between stability and instability in the derivation of emerging patterns of geographical industrialisation. The model is based on the concept of circuits of power (Clegg, 1989) which has been successfully applied to economic geography over recent years (Taylor, 1995,1996; Taylor and Hallsworth, 1996,1999; Taylor eta!, 1995). In this model inequalities in power between enterprisese stablishesth e basesu pon which competition can take place and go on to create the context within which social relationships are established and can develop. However, as currently specified this approach neglects the collective agency of enterprises inherent in segmented economic sectors (Taylor and Thrift, 1982a, 1982b, 1983). By the incorporation of appropriate insights from the study of complexity, collective agency, the element of process within the circuits of power framework, can be more fully understood. In this way those processes that create instability and flux in enterprises, but which at the same time lead to periodic stabilisations, can be identified. The thesis is divided into four parts. Part I. makes explicit the limitations of current theories of geographical industrialisation (Chapters 1 and 2) and proposes a new model (Chapter 2), incorporating the concepts of circuits of power and complexity, that addresses these limitations. Part II of the thesis (Chapters 3,4 and 5) tests the model against historical trajectories of change in the UK brewing sector identifying six cycles of change since 1700. For each cycle, by applying the model, the processes that have instigated and promulgated change are made explicit. Distinct enterprise segmentations, associated with each period of relative stability during these cycles, are also identified. Part III of the thesis, through a questionnaire survey (Chapter 6) and a series of semistructured interviews (Chapter 7), uses the model to examine the state of the UK brewing sector at the present time. Chapter 6 identifies contemporary enterprise segments active within the sector and the differential action of pressures upon these segments. In doing so the path dependent trajectories ofchange ofenterprise segments, and the limitations imposed upon such trajectories, are made explicit. Chapter 7 considers, through the model, the day to day interactions of enterprise segments and how these interactions reinforce the negotiated inequalities inherent in asymmetrical power relations. Coping strategies adopted by enterprises during a period of instability are identified and the relationship between the market and interpersonal relationships are made explicit. It is concluded that the model proposed in this thesis provides for a more realistic interpretation of changing patterns of geographical industrialisation than previous models
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Mazzarotto, Nicola. "Buyer power : economic theory and competition policy towards the retail sector." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437833.
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The main international antitrust institutions within the last ten years have all devoted significant resources to solving one particular problem. The problem of how to treat antitrust cases, and in particular merger cases, that involved firms operating in the retail sector has been considered in Britain by the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission, in the US by the Federal Trade Commission, by the Directorate General Competition (DGComp) in the European Union, and finally, in an attempt to compare and coordinate international approaches, by the OECD. At the same time, independent academic research had also started to devote more attention to the economic theory that could be employed to analyse the retail sector. An important factor behind this relatively sudden growth of interest in the economics of the retail sector has been the sharp rise in concentration that the food retail sector in particular has experienced in most western economies during the past 20 years or so. The change in concentration was accompanied by a change in consumers' shopping habits and has brought about a change in business practices, in particular in retailers' relations with suppliers. This is not a change that has taken place everywhere. Concentration indexes vary substantially across European states. Great Britain is one of those markets where the retail sector is relatively mature with retail chains dominating the marketplace at the national level. At the other end of the spectrum lie countries such as Spain, Greece, and 5 Nicola Mazzarotto © 2005 Italy where concentration is still relatively low and consumers' shopping habits appear to still be quite traditional. Changes in business relations have, in some cases, been met by organized political responses. In both France and the UK, farmers' associations have complained strongly of an alleged monopolistic power that national retail chains exploited to impose unfair contract terms upon their members. In the UK, consumers associations organised the "rip off Britain" campaign with the aim of tackling the supposed monopolistic origin of international price differentials. For most antitrust authorities in the second half of the 1990s the need was urgent to find a framework within which to analyse mergers between retail chains in markets where concentration was already high. These mergers involved issues that were not much treated by economic theory, such as the role of specific contractual clauses imposed by retailers on their suppliers or, more generally, the implications of "buyer power". Buyer power can be thought of, broadly speaking, as the market power that retailers enjoy vis-ä-vis their suppliers, for competition. Despite being used in different contexts, however, this term does not always carry the same meaning. The first chapter discusses the use of this term by antitrust authorities, before reviewing the most relevant theoretical literature that has addressed the issue of buyer power in recent years. In 1999, following a first wave of independent as well as commissioned theoretical research, the European Commission's DGComp was given the opportunity of employing it by the notification of a merger between two major Austrian supermarket chains: Rewe-Billa and Meinl. Chapter 2 analyses the principles of this decision' in detail. This chapter also argues that the principles established in this decision are representative of the Commission's "approach" as they were subsequently utilised to assess other mergers in food retailing as well as in other retail sectors. This Decision represents, in my view, an opportunity for two main reasons. First, it allows us to clearly identify the principles upon which the Commission, more or less explicitly, judges a retail merger to be anticompetitive and allows us to check whether these principles are supported by economic theory. Second, it allows us to identify where policy implementation could benefit from further developments in economic theory. Chapter 2 is motivated by these two ideas. It highlights areas where the Commission's approach seems weak. These are mainly in the field of market definition, ' Decision1 999/674/EC- Rewe/Mein(lO J L 274/1,23/10/1999). at various stages of the supply chain, and in its use of the theory on buyer power. These themes then inform the theoretical work in the subsequent chapters. The third chapter focuses on market definition, analysing the Commission's practice by reference to a simple stage-game model of bargaining between a single manufacturer and several retailers. The results show that the Commission's approach to market definition at the procurement level, i. e. where retailers act as buyers from manufacturers, can give misleading results in the competitive assessment of the merger if the assumption that the Commission makes on the origin of buyer power is violated. This assumption states that buyer power originates from the size of the orders that a buyer can place In simple terms: the larger buyer pays the lower price. In the second chapter an alternative view is put forward, which stresses the importance of competitive conditions in differentiated markets. If retailers are asymmetric in that they sell in distribution markets that differ for their degree of seller market power, and their bargaining power vis-a-vis suppliers is linked to those competitive conditions, then the Commission's approach may not capture buyers' dominance in the intermediate market and may give misleading indications. This chapter then suggests some changes to the Commission's practice of defining procurement markets that could address the current shortcomings. The fourth chapter extends the model of chapter 3 to look at retailers' procurement strategies. In the Rewe/Meinl decision it was reported that Rewe did not coordinate the purchases of its international subsidiaries when buying from large international producers. This is a puzzling fact when one thinks that buyer power is directly related to buyer's size. However, chapter 4 shows that if buyer power is determined by competitive conditions in the distribution markets, then not to coordinate international purchases can be a profit maximising strategy. The fifth chapter addressesth e issue of the origin of buyer power formally and in a more general setting. In the model retailers compete for final consumers around a circle and bargain with a single monopolist manufacturer, over a linear price and a two-part tariff contract, in a way that can be described by a Nash Bargaining Solution. The chapter compares the effect of different types of mergers on the merged parties' bargaining strength. The results point to the size of the merged entity being a misleading proxy for its buyer power and suggest that using a modified version of Shapiro's diversion ratios, which are termed "buyer diversion ratios", is a better way to analyse the buyer power implications of mergers between retailers. Finally, chapter 6 concludes considering the main results of the thesis in terms both of economic theory and competition policy. The chapter also discusses the limitations of this thesis and identifies areas were the research could be taken forward.
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Lai, Chiu-cheong. "Electricity use and its conservation potential in the commercial sector : a case study in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498423.
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MARTINS, ALEXANDRE SANDRE. "PROJECT FINANCE IN THE POWER GENERATION SECTOR: ALTERNATIVE SOURCE: ANALYZING THE RISKS AND MITIGATION OF WIND POWER PROJECTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22209@1.
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O uso do Project Finance, como instrumento de viabilização na estruturação de empreendimentos intensivos de capital, é uma alternativa eficiente em relação ao financiamento corporativo no setor de infraestrutura. O presente trabalho tem o propósito de analisar a aplicabilidade dessa ferramenta de estruturação financeira no setor elétrico brasileiro por meio da análise dos riscos envolvidos em projetos de implantação de usinas de geração eólica. Com a finalidade de aferir quais riscos são mais relevantes em projetos dessa natureza e como estes podem ser mitigados, simulou-se diversas variáveis tendo-se como base o modelo de leilões de venda de energia nova utilizada no Brasil. A pesquisa envolveu o levantamento e ranqueamento dos riscos envolvidos na implantação de projetos eólicos, e a mensuração dos seus impactos sobre o valor presente líquido VPL de tais empreendimentos. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo de caso a partir de um exemplo numérico demonstrando-se a relevância dos diversos riscos apresentados. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o fator de capacidade de geração de energia de uma usina eólica é a variável com maior potencial de redução do VPL do projeto, sendo, portanto, o risco mais relevante. A incerteza em relação à quantidade de energia efetivamente gerada, considerando um horizonte de 20 anos de contratação de energia, representa um fator de risco preponderante a qualquer parque eólico, conforme apresentado em gráficos no presente estudo. A pesquisa também conclui que o preço de comercialização da energia gerada, os custos de construção e as despesas de operação e manutenção dos parques eólicos têm um peso considerável na viabilização financeira dos projetos. Portanto, após a avaliação dos impactos das variáveis investimento, financiamento e atraso sobre as projeções financeiras, demonstrados por meio de análises de sensibilidade ao longo das seções 6 2, 6 3 e 6 4, conclui-se que a
falta de planejamento e de uma análise criteriosa dos riscos e de seus respectivos mitigadores podem deteriorar a rentabilidade e até comprometer a viabilidade financeira de um empreendimento eólico.The use of project finance as a tool for structuring capital intensive projects, is an efficient alternative in relation to corporate financing in the infrastructure sector. This study aims to analyze the applicability of this tool in the Brazilian power sector through risk and mitigation analysis involved in the implementation of wind power plants. In order to verify which risks are most relevant in such projects and how these can be mitigated, was simulated with the most common variables based on the model of auctions of new energy used in Brazil. The research involved a survey and ranking of risks involved in the implementation of wind power projects, and measuring their impact on the net present value NPV of such enterprises. For this purpose, was performed a case study from a numerical example demonstrating the relevance of the various risks presented. The results demonstrate that the capacity factor of power generation from a wind power plant is the variable with the greatest potential for reducing the NPV of the project, therefore, the most significant risk. The uncertainty regarding the amount of energy actually generated, considering a 20 year energy contract, represents a relevant risk factor to any wind power projects, as shown in graphs in this study. The research also concludes that the trading price of energy generated, construction costs and the costs of operation and maintenance of these enterprises have considerable weight in the financial viability of the projects. Therefore, after assessing the impacts of the variables investment, financing and delay on the financial projections, demonstrated through sensitivity analyzes along sections 6 2, 6 3 and 6 4, it is concluded that the lack of planning and a thorough analysis of the risks and their mitigation can deteriorate the profitability and even jeopardize the financial viability of a wind power project.
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Faiers, Adam. "Understanding the adoption of solar power technologies in the UK domestic sector." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2009. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4588.
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The aim of this thesis was to provide new insights into the adoption of solar power technologies. Policy has identified solar technologies capable of providing domestic carbon reductions but limitations such as high capital costs and poor productivity are preventing widespread adoption. The research problem was that neither the attitudes of householders to the technology, nor their adoption decision processes had previously been investigated. If these could be understood, policy interventions might be more effective. This research presents previously unseen adoption curves for solar power systems, which by volume are less significant than conventional energy efficiency technologies, but the ‘S’ curve shows a rate of adoption similar to insulation and boiler systems. In addition, this research presents a comprehensive set of constructs that householders use as heuristics in their decision making process. These constructs were used in a survey of householders that showed both innovative and pragmatic tendencies in order to gain insight to their attitudes towards the systems. The results of this survey highlighted that adopters are mostly positive to solar power systems, especially the environmental aspects. However, on aesthetic, operational and financial issues, the responses indicated less positive attitudes by the ‘pragmatic’ majority. The survey confirmed the presence of a previously theorised ‘chasm’ that demonstrated significant differences between earlier and later adopters. This highlighted seven aspects of the technology that developers should consider, and also a difference in the decision making process followed by the two sets of adopters. Policy insights are discussed in relation to this.
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Bergman, Mats. "Market structure and market power : the case of the Swedish forest sector." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100717.
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The Swedish forest sector is analyzed, using methods drawing on traditional (forest) market analysis and industrial organization literature. Models based on economic theory are tested empirically with time-6eries data. Paper [1] deals with how the pulp and paper industry manages wood supply risk. It appears as if the import of wood is not counter-cyclical to the domestic supplies of wood. Instead, the inventory is used to absorb unexpected shifts in supply. In paper [2], the supply behaviour is compared between different categories of forest owners. The supply elasticities with respect to prices are found to be much smaller in this study, which is based on quantities of thinning wood and final felling wood, than in other studies using pulpwood and sawtimber quantities. Only small differences are found between owner categories. Paper [3] attempts to estimate parametrically the market power (the ‘markdown’) of the assumedlv monopsonistic pulp and paper industry, using a restricted Generalized Leontief (GL) profit function to model the production structure. The hypothesis of a competitive market can be rejected, when the alternative hypothesis is a variable degree of market power. Paper [4] clarifies some notions raised by the use of the restricted GL profit function. A specification of the profit fuction is proposed, where linear homogeneity in the fixed factor is nested in the non-homogeneous case. The final paper [5] explores the weakening of a natural resource monopsony’s market power, if time-consistency (or subgame-perfection) is required in a two- period model. The analysis resembles that of a monopoly selling a durable good (Coase conjecture). The monopsony does loose market power, but its position is strengthened if the resource is renewable or if it grows between periods.Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 5 uppsatser
digitalisering@umu
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Söderström, Fredrik. "Introducing public sector eIDs : The power of actors’ translations and institutional barriers." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Informatik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132737.
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The electronic identification (eID) is a digital representation of our analogue identity used for authentication in order to gain access to personalized restricted online content. Despite its limited and clearly defined scope, the eID has a unique role to play in information society as an enabler of public digital services for citizens as well as businesses and a prerequisite for the development of electronic government (eGovernment). This study shows a tendency of treating public sector eIDs like Information and Communications Technology (ICT) artefacts in general. Hence, a narrow focus on technology is often applied thus placing non-technical aspects in the background. Consequently, social and organizational implications are often unproblematized which in turn becomes problematic in the case of the public sector eID. This study puts forth a need for a broader focus in this area and contributes by focusing on the challenges related to the resistance to introductions of eIDs among affected actors in the public sector. This study assumes that affected actors’ perceptions (translations) of the eID have a potential impact on its introduction on organizational as well as operational level. Research questions focus on the influence of resistance on the introduction and the relationship between resistance and actors’ translations of the eID. The aim is to further develop existing concepts and bring new insights to research as well as practice. The analytical perspectives of sociology and institutionalism aim at developing a tentative analytical framework for investigations of this relationship. Introductions, therefore, become institutional pressures facing resistance as related to affected actors’ translations. The empirical basis consists of two interpretive case studies of eID introductions –a national eID to cover the entire public sector and a professional eID in health care. The result shows that resistance in the form of institutional barriers develops from actors’ negative translations of the eID and main coordinating actors’ tend to fail in their attempts to negotiate these barriers. This confirms a closer relationship between institutional pressures and barriers and a view of pressures, barriers and eIDs as translated institutions transferred across organizational settings is put forth. To facilitate future research and practice related to public sector eID introductions, three propositions are put forth. (1) The importance of acknowledging pressures to introduce eIDs as closely related to barriers. (2) The institutions involved in this process as all translated by the government, coordinating actors as well as affected actors. (3) The importance of a developed understanding of these institutions, translations and relationships in order to facilitate cooperative efforts shaping future public sector eIDs.Elektronisk identifiering (eID) är en digital representation av vår analoga identitet som används för autentisering i syfte att få tillgång till skyddat innehåll på nätet. Trots ett begränsat syfte, har eID en unik roll i informationssamhället som möjliggörare av offentliga digitala tjänster för medborgare och företag och en förutsättning för utveckling av elektronisk förvaltning (eförvaltning). Denna studie visar att eID i offentlig sektor ofta hanteras som informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) generellt. Därför tillämpas ofta ett tekniskt perspektiv vilket medför att icke-tekniska aspekter placeras i bakgrunden vilket blir problematiskt i fallet med eID i offentlig sektor. Sociala och organisatoriska konsekvenser förblir därmed ofta otillräckligt problematiserade vilket blir problematiskt vid introduktioner av eID i offentlig sektor. Följaktligen för denna studie fram ett behov av bredare fokus inom detta område och bidrar genom att fokusera på utmaningar som rör motståndet mot introduktioner av eID bland berörda aktörer inom offentlig sektor. Denna studie förutsätter att berörda aktörers uppfattningar (översättningar) av eID har en potentiell inverkan på dess introduktion på organisatorisk och operativ nivå. Forskningsfrågorna behandlar hur motståndet påverkar införandet och förhållandet mellan motstånd och aktörernas översättningar av eID. Målet är att vidareutveckla befintliga begrepp och att bidra med nya insikter till forskning samt praktik. De analytiska perspektiven inom sociologi och institutionalism syftar till att utveckla ett tentativt analytiskt ramverk för att undersöka denna relation och med detta se introduktioner som institutionella tryck som möter motstånd kopplat till berörda aktörers översättningar. Den empiriska grunden består av två tolkande fallstudier - ett nationellt eID införande och ett införande av eID för tjänstebruk inom vården. Resultatet visar att motståndet i form av institutionella hinder utvecklas från aktörers negativa översättningar av eID och samordnande försök att hantera dessa hinder misslyckas ofta. Detta bekräftar också en tydlig relation mellan institutionella tryck, hinder och eID som översatta institutioner vilka överförs mellan olika organisatoriska sammanhang. För att underlätta framtida eID-införanden och för nya insikter till forskning, förs följande tre påståenden fram: (1) Vikten av att erkänna institutionella tryck som närbesläktade med hinder vid införande av eID. (2) De institutioner som deltar (tryck, hinder och eID) är alla översatta av förvaltning, samordnande och berörda aktörer. (3) Vikten av en utvecklad förståelse av dessa institutioner, översättningar och relationer för att underlätta samverkan kring framtidens eID inom offentlig sektor.
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Kenny, Kate Marguerite. "Passionate attachments : emotion, power and identity at work in the development sector." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612955.
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Renner, Marie. "The Emergence of Carbon Capture and Storage Techniques in the Power Sector." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100045/document.
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La problématique de cette thèse porte sur les conditions technico-économiques et sociales d’émergence des techniques de Captage, transport et Stockage géologique du Carbone (CSC) dans le secteur électrique. Il existe effectivement un hiatus entre le niveau actuel de déploiement du CSC et son rôle dans les scénarii climatique de long terme. Les travaux s’appuient sur deux approches complémentaires ; l’approche positive met en exergue les déterminants économiques et sociaux nécessaires à l’émergence du CSC et répond à deux interrogations : pour quel prix du CO2 devient-il intéressant d’investir dans des centrales CSC ? Quand l’usage du CSC est-il socialement optimal ? Sur le plan normatif, diverses recommandations relatives au déploiement optimal du CSC sont apportées. Elles concernent notamment le portefeuille optimal d’instruments de soutien au CSC. Cette thèse s’articule en quatre chapitres. Dans l’optique de minimiser les coûts de la transition énergétique, les deux premiers chapitres embrassent la vision investisseur et mettent en évidence les déterminants économiques indispensables au déploiement commercial du CSC. Les deux derniers chapitres adoptent la vision de la puissance publique. Bien que compétitive, une technologie peut ne pas se développer du fait de problèmes d’acceptabilité sociale ; c’est l’objet du modèle du Chapitre 3. Le Chapitre 4 élargit le propos et intègre la problématique de décision dans le CSC en univers ambigu, en s’appuyant sur des simulations numériquesThis thesis analyses the techno-economic and social conditions required for the emergence of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) techniques in the power sector, in compliance with CCS role in long-term mitigation scenarios. The research combines two complementary approaches: the positive one deals with the economic and social determinants necessary to trigger CCS investments, and addresses two significant issues: (1) for which CO2 price is it worth investing in CCS plants, and (2) when is CCS use socially optimal? The normative approach gives recommendations on how CCS can best be deployed as part of a least cost approach to climate change mitigation. Notably, recommendations are provided about the optimal combination of CCS policy supports that should be implemented. This Ph.D. dissertation is composed of four chapters. The first two chapters embrace the investor’s vision and highlight the determinants necessary for CCS commercial emergence. The last two chapters embrace the public decision-makers’ vision. Based on the fact that, although cost-effective, one technology may not be deployed because of social acceptance issues, Chapter 3 deals with CCS public acceptance and optimal pollution. Chapter 4 goes further and addresses the optimal CCS investment under ambiguity by providing a decision criterion with simulations on the European Union’s 2050 Energy Roadmap
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Bennett, Ellen Katherine. "The power of ideas : the state-sector relationship in policy and practice." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2015. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19345/.
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This thesis explores the relationship between the state and the voluntary sector as expressed within national documents and individual actor accounts. It is a response to the tendency within existing studies to cast voluntary sector organisations as passive in their context, responding to ideas from the central state rather than playing an active role in how and why particular ideas take hold. By first considering how the voluntary sector emerged as an object of policy, this thesis moves on to explore how both national texts and individual actors within organisations discursively present the role of the voluntary sector, the role of the state, and the relationship between the two. In order to explore this topic, this study uses a discursive methodology to consider the ideas within national documents and narratives of actors from Local Infrastructure Organisations (LIOs). This study drew on discursive approaches, such as discourse analysis, and sought to consider how and why ideas were constructed and used within different texts. This thesis contributes to knowledge in a number of ways. First, within the study of national policy documents, this thesis proposes an approach to bridging empirical studies of the societal and the micro levels of analysis, drawing on concepts of institutional logics and institutional message to demonstrate how national documents construct and convey institutional identity-cues for voluntary sector organisations. Second, within the study of the narrative of LIO actors, this study makes a series of contributions relating to the way we conceptualise what is happening at the organisational field level, linking the shifts in ideas at the societal level with the actor accounts of the implications of, and responses, to these shifting institutional logics. Third, the discursive analysis of actor accounts enables a consideration of the ways in which LIO actors are engaging in forms of identity work in order to align with, and distance from, voluntary sector identity-cues presented within national documents. These contributions are significant, particularly in light of debates surrounding the deepening austerity agenda, and associated cuts to services across communities in England. Such cuts have, at times, been presented within a narrative of the voluntary sector emerging to 'fill the gaps' and it is therefore important to start to understand how voluntary sector actors might be responding to such cues. This study therefore has implications for both sectors but also beneficiaries of both state and voluntary sector services, as it illuminates the way in which ideas are developing, and the way in which these ideas are reworked by actors at the local level.
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Tembo, Bernard. "Policy options for the sustainable development of the power sector in Zambia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10678.
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Includes bibliographical references.Many climate change studies project that occurrence of droughts (due to dry years) in Southern Africa will increase; this raises concerns over Zambia's electricity system. Currently, over 99% of Zambia's electricity is supplied by hydropower, which is vulnerable to droughts. With Zambia targeting to be a middle income industrialised country by 2030, it isimportant that the impacts of droughts on the electricity system are understood, and how the system's adaptive capacity can be improved. This is imperative if the system were to enhance economic development. The main focus of this research therefore, was to develop an understanding of how Zambia's electricity system would evolve in different economic and climatic scenarios. A comprehensive electricity model for Zambia was developed after reviewing literature on Zambia's electricity sector and energy planning in a developing country context. A Scenario planning approach was used to model and analyse the electricity system that would be required to meet demand in two climatic scenarios (average and dry year river-flows) and for different economic growth scenarios. The results showed that the supply system has to be increased in order to support economic development. In a dry year scenario, the availability of the hydro technologies reduces significantly and this leads to a considerable increase in the average generation cost of the system. The introduction of renewable energy and coal technologies into the system lessens the impacts of droughts. Carbon emitting technologies such as coal and oil are still viable supply options even with a carbon price of $50 per tonne. Only low and base-case growth scenarios need an explicit diversification policy since least cost policy in the high growth scenario (the middle income growth trajectory) leads to a diverse supply system. Implementing a diversification policy in the high growth scenario increases average generating cost without improving the system's adaptive capacity. The most cost effective way of increasing the system's adaptive capacity is by importing electricity and gradually increasing share of renewable and coal technologies in the system. Further research on how electricity trade in Southern Africa could be enhanced, should be done.
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Shirima, Hieromini Ireneus. "Power sector reforms and regulation in selected Eastern and Southern Africa countries." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10800.
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Bibliography: leaves 154-164 .The objective of this thesis is to undertake a comparative review of the power sector reforms and regulation in seven eastern and southern African countries, namely Uganda, Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Swaziland and Tanzania.
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Walker, Kimberly Allyn. "The Construction and Impact of Power in Cross-Sector Partnerships: An Interpretive Phenomenological Study." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch159284139183969.
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Švéda, Miroslav. "Sector coupling a budoucí podoba sektoru elektroenergetiky a plynárenství." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442549.
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This thesis deals with Sector coupling problematics. First, it deals with the development and present situation in the generation and consumption of electric power and the development and present situation in the extraction and consumption of natural gas in the Czech Republic and in the European union. Further, the thesis deals with Sector coupling, this concept is explained, and it is adumbrated what questions it deals with. Then, the technologies that can be achieved in the future of Sector coupling are introduced. Pilot projects of these technologies are presented as part of the discussion about these technologies. Finally, a consideration of the future use of Sector coupling technologies in the Czech Republic is given.
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Gboney, William. "Econometric assessment of the impact of power sector reforms in Africa : a study of the generation, transmission and distribution sectors." Thesis, City University London, 2009. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/11922/.
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The objective of the thesis is to use econometric analysis to assess the impact of power sector reforms in Africa during the period 1988-2005, using panel data analysis. The study uses fixed effects model, where all the reform variables are assumed to be strictly exogenous, but goes a step further, to endogenise the variables using 1-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation. To ensure the robustness of the results, the study makes use of both static and dynamic models and other econometric methods to reduce as far as practicable, the likelihood of spurious correlation. The main conclusion from the generation sector study is that, the establishment of a regulatory agency is generally associated with favourable generation outcomes. These are likely to be achieved after a minimum period of 2 years for installed plant capacity, 3 years for plant energy output, and 7 years for plant utilization. Passage of energy sector law seems likely to enhance both installed generation capacity and actual plant energy output. On the impact of private sector participation (PSP) in the generation sector, management and lease contracts, as well as greenfield projects seem likely to enhance installed capacity and actual plant output. On plant utilization, the favourable outcome is associated with concessions and greenfield projects. For the network sector, the result seems to indicate that the co-existence of energy sector law and regulatory agency can reduce transmission network loss levels. The result on the distribution system however show that though energy sector law and regulation are necessary, they are not likely to be sufficient to reduce the system loss level. Effective loss reduction in the distribution sector is likely to be achieved if management and lease contract is present as a PSP option. The long lags associated with the existence of regulation, underline the notion that institutional changes alone are unlikely to be sufficient, if the workforce is not competent and well trained. This implies that regulatory agencies in Africa are still fragile, and it will take quite sometime to build the capacity of key professional staff to operate whatever institutional and regulatory frameworks are chosen.
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Saz, Carranza Angel. "Managing Interorganizational Networks: Leadership, Paradox and Power. Cases from the U.S. Inmigration Sector." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9189.
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Aquest estudi qualitatiu empíric de quatre xarxes d'organitzacions no lucratives que promouen els drets dels immigrants als EUA vol contribuir a la bibliografia sobre gestió de xarxes centrant-se en dues tensions paradoxals inherents a la xarxa: unitat/diversitat i cooperació/confrontació. Així mateix, identifica quatre activitats fonamentals, activating, facilitating, framing, capacitating, com a fonts per generar unitat i mantenir la diversitat interna de la xarxa. Aquesta unitat i diversitat mencionades proporcionen poder a les xarxes, el qual es conceptualitza com a "power to" i té quatre bases principals: coneixement, recursos financers, legitimitat i accés. A més a més, l'estudi mostra que les xarxes utilitzen aquest poder, que elles mateixes han generat i a les quals es destina, juntament amb dues activitats més strategyzing, mobilizing per cooperar amb els actors estatals més poderosos i, al mateix temps, enfrontar-s'hi. Aquesta investigació, que utilitza com a eix principal les tensions paradoxals inherents a les xarxes, desenvolupa la bibliografia sobre gestió de xarxes, especialment sobre el lideratge i el poder de la xarxa, i té com a objectiu proporcionar als professionals reflexius un marc conceptual de referència.Este estudio cualitativo empírico de cuatro redes de organizaciones no lucrativas que promueven los derechos de los inmigrantes en los EE. UU. pretende contribuir a la literatura de la gestión de redes centrándose en dos tensiones paradójicas inherentes a la red: unidad/diversidad y cooperación/confrontación. El estudio identifica cuatro actividades fundamentales, activating, facilitating, framing, capacitating, como fuentes para generar unidad y mantener la diversidad interna en la red. Dicha unidad y diversidad dan poder a las redes, conceptualizado como "power to", y que tiene, principalmente, cuatro bases de poder: conocimiento, recursos financieros, legitimidad y acceso. El estudio, además, muestra que las redes utilizan este poder generado por y para ellas, junto con dos otras actividades strategyzing, mobilizing para cooperar y enfrentarse a actores estatales mucho más poderosos. Usando las tensiones paradójicas inherentes a las redes como foco principal, esta investigación desarrolla la literatura sobre gestión de redes, en particular sobre el liderazgo y el poder de la red, y pretende proveer a los profesionales reflexivos de un marco conceptual de referencia.
This empirical qualitative study of four interorganizational non-profit networks promoting immigrant rights in the US contributes to the interorganizational network management literature by focusing on the management of two inherent paradoxical tensions: unity/diversity and cooperation/confrontation. Four leadership activities activating, facilitating, framing, and capacitating are found to generate unity and maintain diversity. Unity and diversity, together, build the networks' power: conceptualized as "power to" and as four power bases, namely, knowledge, financial resources, legitimacy, and access. In turn, the networks' power together with two other leadership activities strategizing and mobilizing is found to be used by the immigration non-profit networks to both cooperate with and confront powerful state actors. By using paradoxical tensions inherent to networks as its focus, this research further develops both the network leadership and network power literatures, and also aims at providing reflexive practitioners with a guiding conceptual framework.
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Horton, Keith S. "A critical study of information system strategy formation in a public sector context." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2000. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19834/.
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This thesis comprises a critical examination of Information System Strategy (ISS) formation in a public sector context, namely the Police Service in Scotland. Despite the apparent importance attached to ISS, and the proliferation of many methods to assist those engaged in ISS formation, the practice of ISS formation remains comparatively ill-understood. The concepts of strategy and power can be viewed as being closely linked. Using theory based accounts of power, we put forward a multi-dimensional conceptualisation of power as an aid to organisational analysis of ISS formation. Consequently, the focus of this work is not only a detailed investigation into ISS formation practice, but also one in which we evaluate the way in which a multi-dimensional conceptualisation of power affects our understanding of ISS formation practice. This research is based upon six longitudinal case studies of ISS formation in the Police Service. Data collection involved a number of methods: in-depth semi-structured interviews, informal conversation, participation, collection of documentation produced within the case study settings, and collation and analysis of documentary materials from secondary sources. The abstraction of several themes from a cross-case comparative analysis of issues has led to the development of a conceptual framework which underpins our contribution to knowledge: namely, a means of understanding ISS formation as micro-political activity, based upon an ongoing process of construction and reconstruction of social reality. This in turn can be considered as being based upon individual mental constructs, which in turn are influenced by the themes identified. Our framework has been developed as an epistemological device to aid thinking about ISS formation, rather than as a representation of what an ISS formation process is. Implicit in the framework is the contention that ISS formation reflects power relations; however, the practical difficulties in researching power issues should not be underestimated. Several areas for further research arising from this thesis are discussed.
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Steyn, Grove. "Governance, finance and investment : decision making and risk in the electric power sector." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390926.
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Akella, Devi. "Power and control within learning organisations : a critical review within the professional sector." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393151.
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Kurdgelashvili, Lado. "Designing effective power sector reform a road map for the republic of Georgia /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 329 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654495131&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Day, Aviah Sarah. "Partnership and power : domestic violence, the women's sector, and the criminal justice system." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23603/.
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This thesis is a sociological investigation into partnership between the criminal justice system and women’s organisations, and its impact on survivors of domestic violence. To examine this, the criminal justice initiatives of the charity Standing Together Against Domestic Violence were researched – Hammersmith and Westminster Specialist Domestic Violence Courts and the Impact Project in Hammersmith Police Station. These initiatives have placed domestic violence specialists inside the police station or courts to reform they way domestic violence is investigated and prosecuted, and how survivors are supported through the process. Qualitative research was conducted which included semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, and observations of the domestic violence court’s while they were in session. The data yielded was analysed using intersectionality based policy analysis, and focused on the power dynamics between the criminal justice system, women’s organisations and its impact on marginalised survivors. The emergent themes of this research focus on how these initiatives have influenced the safety of survivors; how they impact on survivor freedom in terms of self-determination and survivor criminalisation and; how they impact on police and perpetrator accountability. Taking an intersectional approach to criminal justice policy on domestic violence, this thesis offers a unique contribution by examining how survivors from a range of social locations experience the police and courts. My findings indicate that while increased specialism in the criminal justice system has increased the safety for some survivors, it has increased the vulnerability of others.
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Mula, Masauko. "Power sector reforms and regulation in selected countries of Central and Southern Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4971.
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Vallentin, Daniel. "Inducing the international diffusion of carbon capture and storage technologies in the power sector." Wuppertal : Wuppertal Inst. for Climate, Environment and Energy, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984467718.
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Ghosh, Ranjan Kumar [Verfasser]. "Towards Transaction Cost Regulation : Insights from the Indian Power Generation Sector / Ranjan Kumar Ghosh." Aachen : Shaker, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1066196745/34.
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Chen, Ji. "Considerations in Introducing Emissions Trading in China's Power Sector - Learning from the International Experience." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500627.
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Fuentes, Rolando. "The environmental outcome of liberalising the power sector in Mexico : a system dynamics approach." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551349.
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The energy sector is both a significant contributor to the problem of climate change and a critical factor in efforts to tackle the problem. Yet trends towards de-regulation of this sector, while offering "conventional'' economic gains, may have unintended consequences for climate change. This thesis is a contribution to understanding the ramifications of electricity sector de-regulation options in Mexico. This is an interesting case because Mexico's motivation to implement electricity and energy market reforms is different from the motivations that drove other analogous reforms in developed countries. Although Mexico does not have legal requirements to reduce carbon emissions, this is an important matter since the country might be able to achieve efficient energy supplies and provide better carbon performance with the judicious implementation of electricity reform. To investigate these issues, this thesis develops a system dynamics model that is used as a tool to frame thinking about energy and environmental policy decision making in Mexico. System dynamics fs well suited to shed light on problems best characterised as "out-of-equilibrium," such as the liberalisation of electricity markets and climate change itself. With this model, we address the responses of the energy sector and e.g. carbon emissions to perturbations such as: different institutional arrangements arising from market liberalisation, oil policy decisions, and the creation of different institutional arrangements for environmental policy and regulation. We find that a full liberalisation scenario leads to higher carbon emissions as a consequence of an increase in coal capacity. However, all reform scenarios that we tested would achieve lower accumulations of carbon than would occur if the initial carbon emissions rate persisted throughout the simulation period. Carbon emissions are highly sensitive to the reform settings, specifically to the role adopted by the public utility CFE after liberalisation, and the technology restrictions imposed on private firms.
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Kindle, Andrew. "Four Essays Analyzing the Impacts of Policy and System Changes on Power Sector Emissions." Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3705610.
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The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is a regionally based carbon dioxide (CO2) cap and trade policy. A potential weakness of regional emissions trading policies is that they can incur "leakage" if emission reductions in the targeted area are accomplished by relying more on imports, thereby causing offsetting emission increases in the regions supplying the imports. The member state of New York shares a long electrically interconnected border with non-member state Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania is a source of many coal plants and statewide emissions may increase if coal power is exported to New York. RGGI Leakage is empirically tested for using several models.
A method is demonstrated to empirically estimate emission and fuel use functions for fuel-burning electric generation units in Texas. Emission functions are necessary for estimating emissions and fuel use when measurements are not available such as in power system simulation scenarios, unit commitment and dispatch decisions, and when measurement equipment is absent, turned off, or malfunctioning. Commonly, the "functions" used assume that emissions of a generation unit are simply a constant multiple of its output. The functions include the impacts of ramping, startup, and shutdown on emissions. The method of their estimation is described and can be extended to any fuel-burning generator in the U.S. that reports hourly generation and emissions via the EPA's Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS). The accuracy of the emission functions in predicting in-sample and forecasting out-of-sample is shown.
The regulations governing the reporting requirements for emissions under various EPA mandates offer a possible loophole by way of a calibration exemption. Generators that report emissions from CEMS equipment must calibrate the equipment once every 24 hours. During the hour of calibration generators can take advantage of different emission rates during that hour to under-report emissions. This has potential cost savings due to the need for generators to hold allowances for NOx and SO2 emissions. CEMS data containing the additional information of the hour in which generators calibrate is analyzed to determine if generators are utilizing this loophole.
The emission functions, which can estimate the impact of calibration on reported emissions, are then used to determine the magnitude of unreported emissions. The emission functions are then used to address a controversy about the emission effects of wind power. Because wind power increases the frequency of startups, shutdowns, and ramping by fuel-burning generators, some have claimed that wind power actually increases emissions. Some have also claimed that emissions reductions may not be as large as constant emissions rates would indicate. Emission functions are calculated for all of the combustion-based generators in Texas, and applied to the output of differing wind power penetration scenarios to carefully estimate the emission impacts of increased wind power penetration.
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Oates, David Luke. "Low Carbon Policy and Technology in the Power Sector: Evaluating Economic and Environmental Effects." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/502.
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In this thesis, I present four research papers related by their focus on environmental and economic effects of low-carbon policies and technologies in electric power. The papers address a number of issues related to the operation and design of CCS-equipped plants with solvent storage and bypass, the effect of Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) on cycling of coal-fired power plants, and the EPA’s proposed CO2 emissions rule for existing power plants. In Chapter 2, I present results from a study of the design and operation of power plants equipped with CCS with flue gas bypass and solvent storage. I considered whether flue gas bypass and solvent storage could be used to increase the profitability of plants with CCS. Using a pricetaker profit maximization model, I evaluated the increase in NPV at a pulverized coal (PC) plant with an amine-based capture system, a PC plant with an ammonia-based capture system, and a natural gas combined-cycle plant with an amine-based capture system when these plants were equipped with an optimally sized solvent storage vessel and regenerator. I found that while flue gas bypass and solvent storage increased profitability at low CO2 prices, they ceased to do so at CO2 prices high enough for the overall plant to become NPV-positive. In Chapter 3, I present results from a Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch model of the PJM West power system. I quantify the increase in cycling of coal-fired power plants that results when complying with a 20% RPS using wind power, accounting for cycling costs not usually included in power plant bids. I find that while additional cycling does increase cycling-related production costs and emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOX, these increases are small compared to the overall reductions in production costs and air emissions that occur with high levels of wind. In proposing its existing power plant CO2 emissions standard, the Environmental Protection Agency determined that significant energy efficiency would be available to aid in compliance. In Chapter 4, I use an expanded version of the model of Chapter 3 to evaluate compliance with the standard with and without this energy efficiency, as well as under several other scenarios. I find that emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOX are relatively insensitive to the amount of energy efficiency available, but that production costs increase significantly when complying without efficiency. In complying with the EPA’s proposed existing power plant CO2 emissions standard, states will have the choice of whether to comply individually or in cooperation with other states, as well as the choice of whether to comply with a rate-based standard or a mass-based standard. In Chapter 5, I present results from a linear dispatch model of the power system in the continental U.S. I find that cooperative compliance reduces total costs, but that certain states will prefer not to cooperate. I also find that compliance with a mass-based standard increases electricity prices by a larger margin than does compliance with a rate-based standard, with implications for the distribution of surplus changes between producers and consumers.
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Chirwa, Catherine Sekanayo. "Partnership for education in Malawi : power and dynamics within the education sector wide approach." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/40520/.
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This thesis investigates the sector wide approach (SWAp) partnership in the education sector in Malawi. In my study, I utilized interviews with key actors and a questionnaire for selected development partners (DPs), government officials and members of civil society. In so doing, my aim was to gain an insight into the origins of the SWAp as a critical partnership strategy for funding sectors in developing countries based on the conceptual understanding that it would prove to be a more effective aid modality than the project approach. Being a typical basis for partnership collaboration in the wake of the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, the Malawian education SWAp, which was initiated as a response to the demands of changes in international aid during the 1990s, provided the focus of the study. The findings of the study show evidence of how partnership interactions affected the SWAp process. This thesis demonstrates that the SWAp process has experienced challenges around power relations, as DPs seem to be either unwilling or unable to comply with the principles and partnership model prescribed in the Paris Declaration. Funding constituted the main source of power relations in this SWAp process. DPs that donated more money to the government created an imbalance of power and influenced the interactions of other actors, which adversely influenced the decision-making process, including policy design and implementation. This in turn affected the participation of government officials, civil society and those DPs that donated less money. The thesis argues that as long as those who loan or donate the most fail to use their influence positively and facilitate adherence to the principles of the Paris Declaration, the SWAp process is bound to continue to be adversely affected. It also shows that although the SWAp differs fundamentally and conceptually from the project approach, in reality, nothing much has changed. The thesis further argues that the initial assertion that a SWAp is a more effective aid modality than the project approach is optimistic, and is made without due consideration for the practice on the ground. In addition, the thesis demonstrates that the role of civil society as a watchdog in this SWAp was constrained and, although expected to constitute one of the main actors in the process, it was rarely viewed as part of the main partnership. It also found that even though DPs seemed to embrace the innovations that a SWAp necessitated, their internal systems were too slow to change and adapt to the requirements of the modality. It argues that, moreover, DPs‟ own government mandates and internal systems restricted their operations in the SWAp process; which, in a sense, created conflict not only with their role as DPs, but also around the setting of national priorities. Finally, a key finding of the study is that minimum capacity – a “capacity base” – is required if the government is to engage meaningfully in a SWAp, even though such a modality intrinsically includes state capacity building. Indeed, capacity was an area of great concern, particularly in terms of the ability of government officials to engage in the SWAp process according to the principles of ownership and leadership – as a certain amount of capacity is required to lead the SWAp process by bringing together DPs and civil society, and clearly advancing government priorities.
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Santen, Nidhi. "Technology investment decisions under uncertainty : a new modeling framework for the electric power sector." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92656.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, February 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 303-315).
Effectively balancing existing technology adoption and new technology development is critical for successfully managing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the fossil-dominated electric power generation sector. The long infrastructure lifetimes of power plant investments mean that deployment decisions made today will influence carbon dioxide emissions long into the future. New technology development and R&D decisions can help reduce the overall costs of reducing emissions, but there are multiple technology investments to choose from, and returns to R&D are inherently uncertain. These features of the technology "deployment versus development" question create unique challenges for decision makers charged with managing cumulative carbon dioxide emissions from the electricity sector. Unfortunately, current quantitative decision support tools ultimately lack one or more of three overarching features jointly necessary to provide useful insights about an optimal balance between R&D program and power plant investments. They lack (1) resolution of the critical structure of the electricity sector, (2) an explicit endogenous representation of the effects of learning-by-searching technological change, and/or (3) an efficient decision-analytic framework to explore multiple technology investment options under uncertainty in the returns to R&D. This dissertation presents a new quantitative decision support framework that allows for the study of socially optimal R&D and capital investment decisions for the power generation sector. Through a novel integration of classical electricity generation investment planning methods, economic modeling of endogenous R&D-driven technological change, and emerging numerical stochastic optimization techniques, the new framework (1) explicitly accounts for the complementary roles that generating technologies play within the electric power system, (2) considers the characteristics of the uncertainty in the technology innovation process, and (3) identifies flexible, adaptive R&D investment strategies for multiple technologies for decision makers to consider. A series of numerical experiments with the new model reveal that (1) the optimal near-term R&D investment strategy under technological change uncertainty and adapting between decisions can be different than the optimal strategy assuming perfect foresight, and may be higher or lower; (2) the timing that a technology should be deployed to meet a specific carbon target dictates the direction and magnitude of the difference in these decisions; (3) increasing the level of uncertainty tends to increase near-term R&D investments; and (4) increasing right-skewness of the uncertainty (i.e., decreasing the likelihood of higher than average returns), reduces R&D spending throughout the planning horizon.
by Nidhi Rana Santen.
Ph. D.
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Karkatsouli, Ioanna. "The role of wind generation in European power sector decarbonization : a general equilibrium analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81123.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-93).
Wind generation has been growing fast, with onshore wind having a 27% average annual growth rate over the past decade. Motivated by this growth, a comprehensive analysis of both the economic and engineering implications of a large wind penetration in power systems was conducted. In order to understand and capture the unique characteristics of wind generation different tools and methods were combined. First, an analysis of hourly wind and load profiles was completed for individual European countries and for the whole European region. Then, a detailed electricity model was used in order to capture the effects of a large wind penetration (up to 60% of total demand) on the power system. Finally, this information was integrated in a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the MIT EPPA model - a tool for analyzing the economy-wide implications of energy and climate policies. Based on the bottom-up modeling results, a new methodology for capturing wind intermittency in EPPA, through modeling system flexibility requirements at large wind penetration levels, was proposed. As a case study, a 40% and an 80% GHG emissions reduction scenarios by 2050 (relative to 1990 levels) were modeled for Europe. The analysis illustrates that, in order to mitigate wind intermittency, particularly for large wind penetration levels, a system needs to have enough flexible capacity installed - traditionally provided by gas or hydro technologies. However, it is shown that for a significant emissions reduction scenario (80% GHG reduction in Europe by 2050), providing this flexibility from the generation side might be challenging as low-cost, low-carbon, flexible, dispatchable technological options might be limited. This might impose a constraint on the total electricity use and on the growth of wind penetration. Thus, the importance of considering other options for providing flexibility in the system, such as storage, demand response or interconnections is displayed. In particular, the wind and load profile analysis indicates a high value of interconnecting wind farms in the European region.
by Ioanna Karkatsouli.
S.M.in Technology and Policy