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Journal articles on the topic 'Power (Social sciences) Power (Social sciences) Power (Social sciences)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Diermeier, D. "SOCIAL SCIENCES: Arguing for Computational Power." Science 318, no. 5852 (2007): 918–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1142510.

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2

Kropp, Kristoffer. "Social sciences in the field of power – the case of Danish social science." Social Science Information 52, no. 3 (2013): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018413482843.

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The social science disciplines are strongly differentiated both on an epistemological level and in problem choice. It can be argued that they are characterized by a number of different epistemological ways of position-taking or ways of legitimizing social scientific knowledge production. Furthermore, different scientific problems and social institutions are allocated as research objects to different social science disciplines. This article looks into how these different epistemological styles and choice of scientific problems not only are internal principles of differentiation but also constitute important relations to other powerful social interests and institutions in the field of power. I argue that we can understand the social sciences as a field of force and struggle, where different disciplines compete in producing legitimate representations of the social that also represent specific societal interests. Using the language of Bourdieu, I construct a space of social scientific epistemological position-taking using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). Into this space I project a number of supplementary variables representing social science disciplines, position-taking towards non-academic institutions, interests and research subjects, and thus show how different epistemological position-taking is connected to specific societal interests, problems and institutions. The article draws on data from a survey conducted among Danish social scientists in autumn 2009.
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3

Schafft, Kai, and David Brown. "Social capital, social networks, and social power." Social Epistemology 17, no. 4 (2003): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269172032000151795.

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4

Orloff, Ann Shola. "Remaking Power and Politics." Social Science History 36, no. 1 (2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010348.

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I contend that we should remake conceptions of power and politics, taking off from the project of remaking “modernity.” Here, I perform a similar move for “power and politics,” core concepts for history and the human sciences, building on the foundational work of the 1970s and 1980s and bringing in key elements of institutionalist and culturalist critiques. The theories of the early days of social science history were usually materialist, and the character of state policies and political structures was understood to reflect the “balance of class forces,” interests to flow from class position, and power to work in a juridical vein, as “power over.” By the 1980s these common understandings were widely criticized. There were new emphases on the multiplicity of identities and structures of inequality, new questions about the adequacy of materialist accounts of politics. Dissatisfactions were also stimulated by “real-world” developments. However, we see a parting of the ways when it came to addressing these new political conditions and analytic challenges. Moves to “bring the state and other political institutions back in” have been focused on politics, while the scholars taking the various cultural turns have focused on power. The conceptualizations of power and politics have been sundered along with the scholarly communities deploying them. I address both communities and argue for new ways of understanding power and politics emerging from renewed encounters between institutionalist and culturalist analyses. Such encounters and the conceptual work that they will produce can help us reforge a productive alliance between history and the social sciences.
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5

Suh, Nam Pyo. "Axiomatic Design and Design Thinking in Humanities and Social Sciences in the 21st Century." MATEC Web of Conferences 223 (2018): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822301025.

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Since the Industrial Revolution (IR), science and technology have advanced at an ever-accelerating rate. In a mere 250 years since IR, advances in science and technology have changed nearly all aspects of humanity. Before IR, people and animals were used as the primary source of power and energy. After IR, steam engines and other power sources replaced human and animal power, which ultimately changed the economic and political structure of many nations and the world. Now, the world is undergoing socio-economic transformation due to information technology and will soon enter the age of biological revolution. These and other advances in science and technology are likely to accelerate, creating both opportunities and some unanticipated risks to humanity. To ascertain that the technological changes result in positive outcomes for humanity and society, more research in humanities and social sciences is needed so as to complement the advances being made in natural sciences and technology. The question raised in this paper is: “Can Axiomatic Design and design thinking be applied in the fields of humanities and social sciences so as to create imaginative societal solutions in the technology era?” Design examples are given that show how AD can be applied in non-technical fields.
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6

Andersen, Heine. "Gender inequality and paradigms in the social sciences." Social Science Information 40, no. 2 (2001): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901801040002004.

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The article is based on a survey of 788 Danish researchers, mainly from the social sciences, and analyses differences between female and male researchers concerning cognitive styles and cognitive convictions. Sandra Harding's portrait of modern science as androcentric and characterized by a set of gender-related dualisms is taken as a point of departure, and the results by and large show gender differences which can be related to this picture. Male researchers give more importance to methodological ideals taken from natural science, objectivity, mathematical methods, rationality, universality and cumulative results, etc., than female researchers do. These differences are shown to be correlated with the degree of power orientation of research topics.
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7

Beddoe, Liz. "Social Work and Power." Australian Social Work 63, no. 3 (2010): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0312407x.2010.500650.

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8

Breur, Tom. "Statistical Power Analysis and the contemporary “crisis” in social sciences." Journal of Marketing Analytics 4, no. 2-3 (2016): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41270-016-0001-3.

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9

Ryan, Dan. "Time Use: Expanding the Explanatory Power of the Social Sciences." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 36, no. 3 (2007): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610703600351.

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10

Dawson, Graham. "Perspectivism in the Social Sciences." Philosophy 60, no. 233 (1985): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100070200.

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The general question to which this paper is addressed is whether knowledge and rationality carry within themselves the seeds of their own destruction. Some of those who set out in search of knowledge come to believe as a result of their inquiries that the object of their quest is not what they had taken it to be; seeking to discover the way the world actually is, they are led to conclude that all they can hope to find is a reflection of their own needs and interests; the grail is but a beaker. Similarly, some of those whose aim is to formulate the principles of rational thought are led by reason to deny that any beliefs can be rationally justified; reasons are never reasons for believing but mere epiphenomena, produced by but not producing events whose only begetter is the passions; the quest is just another power struggle. The particular question I wish to ask is whether this picture is an accurate representation of social inquiry.
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11

Tiger, Lionel. "Power is a liquid, not a solid." Social Science Information 39, no. 1 (2000): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901800039001001.

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An approach to political “human nature” which incorporates data from the natural sciences ranging from neurophysiology to primatology better captures the free-flowing character of dominance interactions than the categorical analyses derived from conventional political science. Even the early theorist Max Weber appeared to suspect this. There is an intriguing link between deception by subdominant individuals and self-deception by dominant ones. Animals including humans appear to prefer to be dominant rather than subdominant.
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12

Pernicka, Susanne, and Christian Lahusen. "Power and Counter Power in Europe. The Transnational Structuring of Social Spaces and Social Fields." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie 43, S1 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11614-018-0295-9.

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13

Tullmann, Katherine. "Empathy, Power, and Social Difference." Journal of Value Inquiry 54, no. 2 (2019): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10790-019-09691-8.

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14

Kimeldorf, Howard. "Social Science as If History Mattered." Social Science History 34, no. 1 (2010): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200014097.

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Ruling Oneself Out is an extremely impressive scholarly achievement at multiple levels. It offers a model of how to identify and pose an important research question; that is, a question worth asking and answering not only because it is intrinsically interesting but also because it is theoretically puzzling and at the same time of great practical significance. Ruling Oneself Out is all this and more.Ivan Ermakoff (2008) begins by asking about the conditions that lead dominant actors to surrender their power in ways that are likely to undermine their own interests. It is an intriguing question and all the more puzzling because he examines this process in the context of two cases in which the decision to surrender power was reached after a long and public process of deliberation and discussion. Moreover, both cases—the German Reichstag’s passage of the enabling act in March 1933 that gave Adolf Hitler the authority to circumvent the constitution and the transfer of state power to the proponents of an authoritarian and reactionary Vichy regime in the summer of 1940—followed open and democratic decision-making procedures to realize an outcome that would ultimately undermine the commitment to democracy that made those outcomes possible.
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15

Bar-On, A. "Restoring Power to Social Work Practice." British Journal of Social Work 32, no. 8 (2002): 997–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/32.8.997.

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16

Leong, Carmen, Shan L. Pan, Shamshul Bahri, and Ali Fauzi. "Social media empowerment in social movements: power activation and power accrual in digital activism." European Journal of Information Systems 28, no. 2 (2018): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0960085x.2018.1512944.

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17

Carli, Linda L. "Gender, Interpersonal Power, and Social Influence." Journal of Social Issues 55, no. 1 (1999): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00106.

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18

Макаров, V. Makarov, Бахтизин, and A. Bakhtizin. "Supercomputer Technologies Application in Social Sciences." Administration 2, no. 2 (2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4167.

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This paper contains a brief on questions related to use of supercomputing technologies in social sciences, primarily - in terms of technical implementation of large-scale agent-focused models (AFM). The essence of this tool is that by increasing computers’ power it has become possible to describe a behavior of complex system’s many separate fragments. As a result, many thinkers’ dream to learn to explain a macro phenomenon based on its components behavior is becoming to reality. For example, physics, able to describe the behavior of elementary particles, have created a computer simulation of such particles’ large ensemble actions, and have begun to study this large ensemble’s behavior in the computer, not in the
 life. Thus, an artificial reality notion has appeared. In this paper the experience of foreign scientists and practitioners related to launch AFM using supercomputers, as well as on example of AFM developed in CEMI RAS, have been considered, steps and methods related to effective display of multiagent system’s calculating core on modern supercomputer architecture have been analyzed. This work has been financially supported by Russian Humanitarian Scientific Fund (grants № 14-02-00431 and № 12-02-00082).
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19

Lu, Jinjin. "Publish or Perish in Social Science?" Asian Journal of Social Science 47, no. 4-5 (2019): 484–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04704004.

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Abstract The national “Double First-class” strategic plan, a new ambitious higher education policy, which was officially launched at the end of September 2017. This emphasises that 42 Chinese universities have a target of being ranked in the global “First-class” category within ten years. Under the guidance of the strategic plan, Chinese academics in Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) will face significant opportunities and challenges. Compared with those in Science and Technology (S&T), academics in the HSS have less internationalisation in terms of academic discourse power. This study used a mixed-research method to investigate Chinese HSS academics’ perceptions of this innovative strategic plan across different types of universities, academics’ ranks and locations of academic training. Findings showed that these three variables have significant influences on Chinese academics’ perceptions in research publications, research policy understandings and academic promotion strategies.
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20

Krawczyk, Zbigniew. "Theoretical Conceptions in Sport Social Sciences." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 47, no. 1 (2009): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0026-9.

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Theoretical Conceptions in Sport Social SciencesIn the presented study we assume, after Piotr Sztompka that a sociological theory is every set of ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions, abstract notions and general propositions concerning social reality which is to provide with explanation of existing descriptive knowledge about it and orient future research (Sztompka 1985, p. 12). In the discussed theory there have developed hitherto the following orientations: the systemic-functional one, the ethnomethodological one, symbolic interactionism, theory of conflict, socio-historical theory and positivist theory. They have together shaped theoretical conceptions in sociology of sport and — indirectly — in other social physical culture sciences.Interpreting the issue in a prospective way, it can be assumed that in the future there will appear other theories, such as the theory of behaviour, the theory of rational choice, the sociobiological theory, the theory of power, the theory of neo-institutionalism and others.Sociology, however, need not to be the only source of inspiration for sociohumane sports sciences. An equally important role can be played there by philosophy and psychology. Moreover, that thesis can be referred to other humanities, especially to history and pedagogy, as well as to philosophical, sociological and pedagogical versions of theory of physical culture — or to multidisciplinary theories, as e.g. postmodernist and globalist ones.
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21

Faul, Franz, Edgar Erdfelder, Albert-Georg Lang, and Axel Buchner. "G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences." Behavior Research Methods 39, no. 2 (2007): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146.

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22

Wearing, Betsy M. "Gender and Power in Social Work." Australian Social Work 38, no. 1 (1985): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03124078508549829.

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23

Vrecko, Scott. "Neuroscience, power and culture: an introduction." History of the Human Sciences 23, no. 1 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695109354395.

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In line with their vast expansion over the last few decades, the brain sciences — including neurobiology, psychopharmacology, biological psychiatry, and brain imaging — are becoming increasingly prominent in a variety of cultural formations, from self-help guides and the arts to advertising and public health programmes. This article, which introduces the special issue of History of the Human Science on ‘Neuroscience, Power and Culture’, considers the ways that social and historical research can, through empirical investigations grounded in the observation of what is actually happening and has already happened in the sciences of mind and brain, complement speculative discussions of the possible social implications of neuroscience that now appear regularly in the media and in philosophical bioethics. It suggests that the neurosciences are best understood in terms of their lineage within the ‘psy’-disciplines, and that, accordingly, our analyses of them will be strengthened by drawing on existing literatures on the history and politics of psychology — particularly those that analyze formations of knowledge, power and subjectivity associated with the discipline and its practical applications. Additionally, it argues against taking today’s neuroscientific facts and brain-targetting technologies as starting points for analysis, and for greater recognition of the ways that these are shaped by historical, cultural and political-economic forces.
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24

Kim, Yun Tae. "Korean elites: Social networks and power." Journal of Contemporary Asia 37, no. 1 (2007): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472330601104482.

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25

Goddard, Jim. "Book Review: Social Theory, Power and Practice." Journal of Social Work 4, no. 3 (2004): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146801730400400310.

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26

Pušnik, Maruša. "SCIENCE IN POWER." Cultural Studies 24, no. 5 (2010): 637–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502380903546927.

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27

Harsanyi, John C. "Measurement of social power in n-person reciprocal power situations." Behavioral Science 7, no. 1 (2007): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830070106.

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28

Sijuwade, O. Philip. "Social Organization and Power: A Sociological Perspective." Social Sciences 7, no. 5 (2012): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2012.704.712.

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29

Suzuki, Akihito, and Akinobu Takabayashi. "Life, Science, and Power in History and Philosophy." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13, no. 1 (2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-7338333.

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30

Delforouz, Saleh. "Agents of Power and Power Relations in Translation." Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (2012): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2012.166.171.

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31

KLUG, SAM. "SOCIAL SCIENCE IN BLACK AND WHITE: RETHINKING THE DISCIPLINES IN THE JIM CROW EMPIRE." Modern Intellectual History 15, no. 3 (2017): 909–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244317000087.

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The rise of the social sciences in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America has been an especially fruitful topic for intellectual historians over the past four decades. An early, prominent explanation of the new levels of institutional power and intellectual authority achieved by the social sciences stressed the sense of interdependence created by the expansion of the market and the rise of new communications technologies. Others have emphasized intellectual struggles for authority among religious, popular, and scientific approaches to knowledge. Still others have laid the credit, or blame, for the ascension of the social sciences on liberal elites’ consolidation of their power after the collapse of monarchical authority and the successful repression of Marxist challenges. Two celebrated accounts have argued that ideological conditions, whether pervasive beliefs in American exceptionalism or visions of “scientific democracy,” shaped the development of the social sciences and their claims to intellectual authority. In the case of specific disciplines, like sociology and political science, the most supple histories have shown how broad changes in the structure of American capitalism created the conditions of possibility for new forms of knowledge about the social world, while more subtle intellectual shifts created openings for particular practices.
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32

Mansbridge, Jane. "Using Power/Fighting Power." Constellations 1, no. 1 (1994): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.1994.tb00004.x.

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33

Friedkin, Noah E. "A formal theory of social power." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 12, no. 2 (1986): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022250x.1986.9990008.

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34

Conley, John M. "Comment?Power Is as Power Does." Law Social Inquiry 31, no. 2 (2006): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2006.00018.x.

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35

Mainzer, Klaus. "Causality in Natural, Technical, and Social Systems." European Review 18, no. 4 (2010): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798710000244.

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Since the very beginning of science and philosophy, causality has been a basic category of research. In the theory of dynamical systems, different forms of causality can be distinguished depending on different equations of motion. The question arises how causal relationships can be inferred from observational data. Statistic data analysis often yields information on correlations only, but not on causation. Under special conditions probabilistic distributions of data are connected with causal networks. Causal modeling plays an eminent role in the natural sciences (e.g. physics, chemistry, biology). In engineering sciences, causal dependence must not only be recognized, but constructed and controlled, in order to guarantee reliable and desired functions of technical systems. Control is the inverse problem of causality for engineers. In social sciences, causal networks are used to analyze social and economic interactions in, for example, markets, organizations, and institutions. With respect to volatility shocks and financial crashes, it is a challenge to discover the causes of extreme events. From an epistemic and interdisciplinary point of view, complex nonlinear causal networks are distinguished by universal properties, which are true in natural, technical, and social networks (e.g. scale-invariance, power laws).
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36

Adeney-Risakotta, Bernard. "Power from Below: Deconstructing the Dominant Paradigm of Power." Asian Journal of Social Science 33, no. 1 (2005): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568531053694699.

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AbstractIn 1998, Indonesia was shaken to the bone by a political, economic, social and cultural crisis that has lasted at least six years. As the 32-year-old regime of President Soeharto collapsed under massive protests, the country began a process of democratization that unleashed conflicts and power struggles all over the country. The ending of an authoritarian regime, the de-legitimization of the military and the euphoria of Reformasi (Reformation) did not usher in a golden age of freedom and prosperity but rather, a period of serious conflicts between races, tribes, religions, political groups, regions and naked economic interests that seem impossible to quench. The long drawn-out crisis in Indonesia may be viewed as a period of power struggles that are an inevitable result of the power vacuum that followed the fall of Soeharto. Conflicts that had been repressed for decades under a militaristic regime roared into life under the banner of "democracy".
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37

Thayer, Bradley A., and Valerie M. Hudson. "Sex and the Shaheed: Insights from the Life Sciences on Islamic Suicide Terrorism." International Security 34, no. 4 (2010): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.37.

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Theoretical insights from evolutionary psychology and biology can help academics and policymakers better understand both deep and proximate causes of Islamic suicide terrorism. The life sciences can contribute explanations that probe the influence of the following forces on the phenomenon of Islamic suicide terrorism: high levels of gender differentiation, the prevalence of polygyny, and the obstruction of marriage markets delaying marriage for young adult men in the modern Middle East. The influence of these forces has been left virtually unexplored in the social sciences, despite their presumptive application in this case. Life science explanations should be integrated with more conventional social science explanations, which include international anarchy, U.S. hegemony and presence in the Middle East, and culturally molded discourse sanctioning suicide terrorism in the Islamic context. Such a consilient approach, melding the explanatory power of the social and life sciences, offers greater insight into the causal context of Islamic fundamentalist suicide terrorism, the motivation of suicide terrorists, and effective approaches to subvert this form of terrorism.
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38

Barnes, Barry. "Power Listens to Science." Social Studies of Science 17, no. 3 (1987): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030631287017003007.

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39

Thorpe, Charles. "Science and political power." Metascience 19, no. 3 (2010): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-010-9417-0.

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40

Hall, Peter M. "Meta-Power, Social Organization, and the Shaping of Social Action." Symbolic Interaction 20, no. 4 (1997): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.1997.20.4.397.

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41

Conner, Ross F. "AEA's power source." Evaluation Practice 10, no. 2 (1989): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-1633(89)80067-4.

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42

KRANICHFELD, MARION L. "Rethinking Family Power." Journal of Family Issues 8, no. 1 (1987): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251387008001002.

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The family power literature, in its macro-level focus on marital decision making, has emphasized the kind of family power that is generally conferred on men and is based on extrafamilial roles and performance. Women, by virtue of their intrafamilial roles as kinkeepers and nurturers, are more deeply, extensively, and enduringly embedded in the family; yet the power that accrues to them as the lynchpins of family cohesion and socialization has received little attention. A micro-level analysis of family power reveals that women's positions in the family power structure rest not on the horizontal marital tie but rather are derived from the more complex, significant, and dynamic power of the intergenerational bond.
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43

Gunnison, Elaine, and Jacqueline B. Helfgott. "Process, Power, and Impact of the Institutional Review Board in Criminology and Criminal Justice Research." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 16, no. 3 (2021): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264621992240.

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While research on Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) has been conducted on issues ranging from quality, process, and effectiveness, gaps remain. Social science researchers have raised issues regarding decisions by IRBs applied to the social sciences based on biomedical research. To date, little is known about the experience of social scientists in criminology and criminal justice with IRBs and this research seeks to fill this gap. An online survey, including open- and closed-ended questions drawn from the validated IRB-Researcher Assessment Tool, was administered to members of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and the American Society of Criminology about their experiences with IRBs. Results revealed that researchers report experiencing challenges with their IRBs including timeline delays of their research, bias against their research, and decisions that protect legal liability rather than human subjects ethics. Recommendations for improving IRB reviews of protocols and challenges unique to criminology and criminal justice are discussed.
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44

Mahalingam, Ramaswami. "Essentialism, Culture, and Power: Representations of Social Class." Journal of Social Issues 59, no. 4 (2003): 733–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00087.x.

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45

Wódz, Jacek. "New social partners of local power in Poland." International Social Science Journal 54, no. 172 (2002): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00375.

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46

Bruins, Jan. "Social Power and Influence Tactics: A Theoretical Introduction." Journal of Social Issues 55, no. 1 (1999): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00101.

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47

Simpson, Brent, Barry Markovsky, and Mike Steketee. "Power and the perception of social networks." Social Networks 33, no. 2 (2011): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2010.10.007.

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48

Hardin, Russell. "Russell's Power." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 26, no. 3 (1996): 322–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004839319602600302.

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49

Beekman, Madeleine, and Francis L. W. Ratnieks. "Power over reproduction in social Hymenoptera." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1438 (2003): 1741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1262.

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Inclusive fitness theory has been very successful in predicting and explaining much of the observed variation in the reproductive characteristics of insect societies. For example, the theory correctly predicts sex–ratio biasing by workers in relation to the queen's mating frequency. However, within an insect society there are typically multiple reproductive optima, each corresponding to the interest of different individual(s) or parties of interest. When multiple optima occur, which party's interests prevail? Presumably, the interests of the party with the greatest ‘power’; the ability to do or act. This article focuses on factors that influence power over colony reproduction. In particular, we seek to identify the principles that may cause different parties of interest to have greater or lesser power. In doing this, we discuss power from two different angles. On the one hand, we discuss general factors based upon non–idiosyncratic biological features (e.g. information, access to and ability to process food) that are likely to be important to all social Hymenoptera. On the other hand, we discuss idiosyncratic factors that depend upon the biology of a taxon at any hierarchical level. We propose that a better understanding of the diversity of reproductive characteristics of insect societies will come from combining inclusive fitness theory with a wide range of other factors that affect relative power in a conflict situation.
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50

Wallace, William. "Truth and power, monks and technocrats: theory and practice in international relations." Review of International Studies 22, no. 3 (1996): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021050011856x.

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‘The study of international relations is not an innocent profession.’1 It is not like the classics, or mathematics, an abstract logical training for the youthful mind. The justification for the place it has gained in the university curriculum rests upon utility, not on aesthetics. The growth of the social sciences in Western universities in the past century, and their remarkable expansion over the past thirty years, has been based upon their perceived contribution to better government, in the broadest sense. ‘The forever explosive relationship between social science and public policy’ has been embedded in the discipline of International Relations from the outset.2
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