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1
Panteli, Mathaios. "Impact of ICT reliability and situation awareness on power system blackouts." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/impact-of-ict-reliability-and-situation-awareness-on-power-system-blackouts(e5384a73-232c-4edf-b11c-45e8051298d7).html.
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Recent major electrical disturbances highlight the extent to which modern societies depend on a reliable power infrastructure and the impact of these undesirable events on the economy and society. Numerous blackout models have been developed in the last decades that capture effectively the cascade mechanism leading to a partial or complete blackout. These models usually consider only the state of the electrical part of the system and investigate how failures or limitations in this system affect the probability and severity of a blackout.However, an analysis of the major disturbances that occurred during the last decade, such as the North America blackout of 2003 and the UCTE system disturbance of 2006, shows that failures or inadequacies in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and also human errors had a significant impact on most of these blackouts.The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the contribution of these non-electrical events to the risk of power system blackouts. As the nature of these events is probabilistic and not deterministic, different probabilistic techniques have been developed to evaluate their impact on power systems reliability and operation.In particular, a method based on Monte Carlo simulation is proposed to assess the impact of an ICT failure on the operators’ situation awareness and consequently on their performance during an emergency. This thesis also describes a generic framework using Markov modeling for quantifying the impact of insufficient situation awareness on the probability of cascading electrical outages leading to a blackout. A procedure based on Markov modeling and fault tree analysis is also proposed for assessing the impact of ICT failures and human errors on the reliable operation of fast automatic protection actions, which are used to provide protection against fast-spreading electrical incidents. The impact of undesirable interactions and the uncoordinated operation of these protection schemes on power system reliability is also assessed in this thesis.The simulation results of these probabilistic methods show that a deterioration in the state of the ICT infrastructure and human errors affect significantly the probability and severity of power system blackouts. The conclusion of the work undertaken in this research is that failures in all the components of the power system, and not just the “heavy electrical” ones, must be considered when assessing the reliability of the electrical supply.
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Zhang, Nan. "Advanced fault diagnosis techniques and their role in preventing cascading blackouts." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4897.
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This dissertation studied new transmission line fault diagnosis approaches using
new technologies and proposed a scheme to apply those techniques in preventing and
mitigating cascading blackouts. The new fault diagnosis approaches are based on two
time-domain techniques: neural network based, and synchronized sampling based.
For a neural network based fault diagnosis approach, a specially designed fuzzy
Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) neural network algorithm was used. Several ap-
plication issues were solved by coordinating multiple neural networks and improving
the feature extraction method. A new boundary protection scheme was designed by
using a wavelet transform and fuzzy ART neural network. By extracting the fault gen-
erated high frequency signal, the new scheme can solve the difficulty of the traditional
method to differentiate the internal faults from the external using one end transmis-
sion line data only. The fault diagnosis based on synchronized sampling utilizes the
Global Positioning System of satellites to synchronize data samples from the two ends
of the transmission line. The effort has been made to extend the fault location scheme
to a complete fault detection, classification and location scheme. Without an extra
data requirement, the new approach enhances the functions of fault diagnosis and
improves the performance.
Two fault diagnosis techniques using neural network and synchronized sampling
are combined as an integrated real time fault analysis tool to be used as a reference of traditional protective relay. They work with an event analysis tool based on event tree
analysis (ETA) in a proposed local relay monitoring tool. An interactive monitoring
and control scheme for preventing and mitigating cascading blackouts is proposed.
The local relay monitoring tool was coordinated with the system-wide monitoring
and control tool to enable a better understanding of the system disturbances. Case
studies were presented to demonstrate the proposed scheme.
An improved simulation software using MATLAB and EMTP/ATP was devel-
oped to study the proposed fault diagnosis techniques. Comprehensive performance
studies were implemented and the test results validated the enhanced performance
of the proposed approaches over the traditional fault diagnosis performed by the
transmission line distance relay.
3
Elizondo, de la Garza David C. "Hidden Failures in Protection Systems and its Impact on Power System Wide-area Disturbances." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31890.
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This document explores Hidden Failures in protection systems, which have been identified as key contributors in the degradation of Power System wide-area disturbances. The Hidden Failure Modes in which the protection
systems may fail to operate correctly and their consequences are identified in a theoretical approach. This theoretical side has its practical counterpart since a number of Hidden Failure Modes are found in real wide-area disturbances.
The original definition of Hidden Failure, which is a failure that remains undetected and is uncovered by another system event, is included as well as developments on Hidden Failure sequence of events and a methodology for Hidden Failure identification. This method is based on Protection Element Functionality Defects (PEFD), which are applicable to all the elements included in the protective chain. PEFD are classified in two main groups.
Primary and Back-up protection schemes applied for Generators, Buses, Transformers and Transmission Lines are analyzed. The abnormal Power System conditions that each Power System element may have are enumerated. A catalogue of the relays or relay systems, in charge of detecting and stopping the continuous presence of the abnormal conditions is developed. Relay families organize this catalogue. The relaying schemes for five Special Protection Systems are described.
Thirty-three Hidden Failures Modes are included based on the relaying implementation for Primary protection, Back-up protection and Special Protection Systems. These Hidden Failures Modes are based on PEFD-A. Hidden Failures related to PEFD-B are included in a general fashion.
Wide-area disturbances based on NERC reports are analyzed and Hidden Failures are identified employing the developed methodology. The mechanisms in the disturbances are summarized and are applicable to Primary protection, Back-up protection and Special Protection Systems.
Regions of Vulnerability and Areas of Consequence definitions are included and are identified for a Power System wide-area disturbance. For some protection schemes the term Condition of Vulnerability was developed.
Regions of Vulnerability and Areas of Consequence will bring the initial steps towards the problem solution. Further research directions are oriented towards the development of a computer-based tool to track the regions of vulnerability in real time.Master of Science
4
Beeravolu, Nagendrakumar. "Predicting Voltage Abnormality Using Power System Dynamics." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1722.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze dynamic behavior of a stressed power system and to correlate the dynamic responses to a near future system voltage abnormality. It is postulated that the dynamic response of a stressed power system in a short period of time-in seconds-contains sufficient information that will allow prediction of voltage abnormality in future time-in minutes. The PSSE dynamics simulator is used to study the dynamics of the IEEE 39 Bus equivalent test system. To correlate dynamic behavior to system voltage abnormality, this research utilizes two different pattern recognition methods one being algorithmic method known as Regularized Least Square Classification (RLSC) pattern recognition and the other being a statistical method known as Classification and Regression Tree (CART). Dynamics of a stressed test system is captured by introducing numerous contingencies, by driving the system to the point of abnormal operation, and by identifying those simulated contingencies that cause system voltage abnormality.
Normal and abnormal voltage cases are simulated using the PSSE dynamics tool. The results of simulation from PSSE dynamics will be divided into two sets of training and testing set data. Each of the two sets of data includes both normal and abnormal voltage cases that are used for development and validation of a discriminator. This research uses stressed system simulation results to train two RLSC and CART pattern recognition models using the training set obtained from the dynamic simulation data. After the training phase, the trained pattern recognition algorithm will be validated using the remainder of data obtained from simulation of the stressed system. This process will determine the prominent features and parameters in the process of classification of normal and abnormal voltage cases from dynamic simulation data.
Each of the algorithmic or statistical pattern recognition methods have their advantages and disadvantages and it is the intention of this dissertation to use them only to find correlations between the dynamic behavior of a stressed system in response to severe contingencies and the outcome of the system behavior in a few minutes into the future.
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Bukhsh, Waqquas Ahmed. "Islanding model for preventing wide-area blackouts and the issue of local solutions of the optimal power flow problem." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9671.
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Optimization plays a central role in the control and operation of electricity power networks. In this thesis we focus on two very important optimization problems in power systems. The first is the optimal power flow problem (OPF). This is an old and well-known nonconvex optimization problem in power system. The existence of local solutions of OPF has been a question of interest for decades. Both local and global solution techniques have been put forward to solve OPF problem but without any documented cases of local solutions. We have produced test cases of power networks with local solutions and have collected these test cases in a publicly available online archive (http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/optenergy/LocalOpt/), which can be used now by researchers and practitioners to test the robustness of their solution techniques. Also a new nonlinear relaxation of OPF is presented and it is shown that this relaxation in practice gives tight lower bounds of the global solution of OPF. The second problem considered is how to split a network into islands so as to prevent cascading blackouts over wide areas. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for islanding of power system is presented. In recent years, islanding of power networks is attracting attention, because of the increasing occurrence and risk of blackouts. Our proposed approach is quite flexible and incorporates line switching and load shedding. We also give the motivation behind the islanding operation and test our model on variety of test cases. The islanding model uses DC model of power flow equations. We give some of the shortcomings of this model and later improve this model by using piecewise linear approximation of nonlinear terms. The improved model yields good feasible results very quickly and numerical results on large networks show the promising performance of this model.
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Henneaux, Pierre. "A two-level Probabilistic Risk Assessment of cascading failures leading to blackout in transmission power systems." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209433.
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In our society, private and industrial activities increasingly rest on the implicit assumption that electricity is available at any time and at an affordable price. Even if operational data and feedback from the electrical sector is very positive, a residual risk of blackout or undesired load shedding in critical zones remains. The occurrence of such a situation is likely to entail major direct and indirect economical consequences, as observed in recent blackouts. Assessing this residual risk and identifying scenarios likely to lead to these feared situations is crucial to control and optimally reduce this risk of blackout or major system disturbance. The objective of this PhD thesis is to develop a methodology able to reveal scenarios leading to a blackout or a major system disturbance and to estimate their frequencies and their consequences with a satisfactory accuracy.A blackout is a collapse of the electrical grid on a large area, leading to a power cutoff, and is due to a cascading failure. Such a cascade is composed of two phases: a slow cascade, starting with the occurrence of an initiating event and displaying characteristic times between successive events from minutes to hours, and a fast cascade, displaying characteristic times between successive events from milliseconds to tens of seconds. In cascading failures, there is a strong coupling between events: the loss of an element increases the stress on other elements and, hence, the probability to have another failure. It appears that probabilistic methods proposed previously do not consider correctly these dependencies between failures, mainly because the two very different phases are analyzed with the same model. Thus, there is a need to develop a conceptually satisfying probabilistic approach, able to take into account all kinds of dependencies, by using different models for the slow and the fast cascades. This is the aim of this PhD thesis.
This work first focuses on the level-I which is the analysis of the slow cascade progression up to the transition to the fast cascade. We propose to adapt dynamic reliability, an integrated approach of Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) developed initially for the nuclear sector, to the case of transmission power systems. This methodology will account for the double interaction between power system dynamics and state transitions of the grid elements. This PhD thesis also introduces the development of the level-II to analyze the fast cascade, up to the transition towards an operational state with load shedding or a blackout. The proposed method is applied to two test systems. Results show that thermal effects can play an important role in cascading failures, during the first phase. They also show that the level-II analysis after the level-I is necessary to have an estimation of the loss of supplied power that a scenario can lead to: two types of level-I scenarios with a similar frequency can induce very different risks (in terms of loss of supplied power) and blackout frequencies. The level-III, i.e. the restoration process analysis, is however needed to have an estimation of the risk in terms of loss of supplied energy. This PhD thesis also presents several perspectives to improve the approach in order to scale up applications to real grids.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Norris, Sean William. "Preventing wide area blackouts in transmission systems : a new approach for intentional controlled islanding using power flow tracing." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10713/.
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A novel method to reduce the impact of wide area blackouts in transmission networks is presented. Millions of customers are affected each year due to blackouts. Splitting a transmission system into smaller islands could significantly reduce the effect of these blackouts. Large blackouts are typically a result of cascading faults which propagate throughout a network where Intentional Controlled Islanding (ICI) has the advantage of containing faults to smaller regions and stop them cascading further. Existing methodologies for ICI are typically calculated offline and will form pre-determined islands which can often lead to excessive splits. This thesis developed an ICI approach based on real time information which will calculate an islanding solution quickly in order to provide a ‘just-in-time’ strategy. The advantage of this method is that the island solution is designed based on the current operating point, but well also be designed for the particular disturbance location and hence will avoid unnecessary islanding. The new method will use a power flow tracing technique to find a boundary around a disturbance which forms the island that will be cut. The tracing method required only power flow information and so, can be computed quite quickly. The action of islanding itself can be a significant disturbance, therefore any islanding solution should aim to add as little stress as possible to the system. While methods which minimise the power imbalance and total power disrupted due to splitting are well documented, there has been little study into the effect islanding would have on voltage. There a new approach to consider the effects that islanding will have on the voltage stability of the system is developed. The ICI method is based on forming an island specific to a disturbance. If the location of a source is known along with information that a blackout is imminent, the methodology will find the best island in which to contain that disturbance. This is a slightly different approach to existing methods which will form islands independent of disturbance location knowledge. An area of influence is found around a node using power flow tracing, which consists of the strongly connected elements to the disturbance. Therefore, low power flows can be disconnected. This area of influence forms the island that will be disconnected, leaving the rest of the system intact. Hence minimising the number of islands formed. Finally the methodology is compared to the existing methods to show that the new tool developed in this thesis can find better solutions and that a new way of thinking about power system ICI can be put forward.
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Beeravolu, Nagendrakumar. "Pattern Recognition of Power Systems Voltage Stability Using Real Time Simulations." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1279.
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The basic idea deals with detecting the voltage collapse ahead of time to provide the operators a lead time for remedial actions and for possible prevention of blackouts. To detect cases of voltage collapse, we shall create methods using pattern recognition in conjunction with real time simulation of case studies and shall develop heuristic methods for separating voltage stable cases from voltage unstable cases that result in response to system contingencies and faults. Using Real Time Simulator in Entergy-UNO Power & Energy Research Laboratory, we shall simulate several contingencies on IEEE 39-Bus Test System and compile the results in two categories of stable and unstable voltage cases. The second stage of the proposed work mainly deals with the study of different patterns of voltage using artificial neural networks. The final stage deals with the training of the controllers in order to detect stability of power system in advance.
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Krchová, Eva. "Analýza dopadů větrné energie na hospodaření ČEPSu a dopad rozvojových investic firmy ČEPS na českou ekonomiku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192966.
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The aim of master thesis is to analyze the impact of electricity generation from wind on investment activities of CEPS's company, and also to assess the impact of these investments on the Czech economy. The work familiarizes readers with reasons for the development of the transmission system in the Czech Republic, with the concept of blackout and also with apparatus of assessing the impact of investment on the economy of the selected state -- input-output model analysis. The method used to obtain data for this work is based on the literature review, as well as expert advice on the input-output model, consultation with the experts in CEPS and the data provided by them. The theoretical part deals with Czech transmission system, and it is followed by the development of wind energy construction and the problems associated with it, with blackout and readiness of the Czech Republic to the possible failure in electricity supply. In the practical part, there are measures that are built in order to prevent the risk of blackouts in the Czech Republic, there is a more detailed examination of the Plan of development and rehabilitation of Czech transmission system, and there is also described the process of construction of analytical input-output apparatus for analyzing the impact of CEPS's development investments on the Czech economy, approximated by GDP.
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Holmgren, Åke J. "Quantitative vulnerability analysis of electric power networks." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transporter och samhällsekonomi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3969.
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Disturbances in the supply of electric power can have serious implications for everyday life as well as for national (homeland) security. A power outage can be initiated by natural disasters, adverse weather, technical failures, human errors, sabotage, terrorism, and acts of war. The vulnerability of a system is described as a sensitivity to threats and hazards, and is measured by P (Q(t) > q), i.e. the probability of at least one disturbance with negative societal consequences Q larger than some critical value q, during a given period of time (0,t]. The aim of the thesis is to present methods for quantitative vulnerability analysis of electric power delivery networks to enable effective strategies for prevention, mitigation, response, and recovery to be developed. Paper I provides a framework for vulnerability assessment of infrastructure systems. The paper discusses concepts and perspectives for developing a methodology for vulnerability analysis, and gives examples related to power systems. Paper II analyzes the vulnerability of power delivery systems by means of statistical analysis of Swedish disturbance data. It is demonstrated that the size of large disturbances follows a power law, and that the occurrence of disturbances can be modeled as a Poisson process. Paper III models electric power delivery systems as graphs. Statistical measures for characterizing the structure of two empirical transmission systems are calculated, and a structural vulnerability analysis is performed, i.e. a study of the connectivity of the graph when vertices and edges are disabled. Paper IV discusses the origin of power laws in complex systems in terms of their structure and the dynamics of disturbance propagation. A branching process is used to model the structure of a power distribution system, and it is shown that the disturbance size in this analytical network model follows a power law. Paper V shows how the interaction between an antagonist and the defender of a power system can be modeled as a game. A numerical example is presented, and it is studied if there exists a dominant defense strategy, and if there is an optimal allocation of resources between protection of components, and recovery.QC 20100831
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Wasserbauer, Vojtěch. "Obnova napětí v oblasti Prostějova a Zlína." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220176.
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The aim of this thesis is description of critical situations in the electrical grid and the consequences which can be caused by these situations. Further possibilities of voltage recovery and ways how to reach the needed voltage are described. Another part is firstly about regulation electrical system and resources which are connected to this system. Secondly there is appraisal of possibility of connection new resource into distribution system 110 kV and conditions of connection new resources. The result of the thesis is description voltage recovery and the rules which have to be kept during critical situations.
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Žák, Tomáš. "Návrh schématu zajištěného napájení jaderného bloku pro řešení projektových i nadprojektových havárií." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220178.
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The present Master´s thesis aims at designing an evolutionary scheme of secured power supply at nuclear power plants with VVER 440 reactors during design basis accidents as well as design extension conditions. In the first part of this thesis, concepts relating to the defence in depth of nuclear reactors, operating modes of the blocks as well as types and possibilities of electrical power supply and electric circuits of the block are defined. Although the present thesis deals with PWR 440 in general, special emphasis is put on the Czech NPP in Dukovany, where there are four PWR 440 reactors in operation, and on the possibilities for enhancing the defence in depth in this area. The second part of the thesis deals with the difference in station blackout definitions before and after Fukushima; not only the differences in situation evaluation are dealt with, but a solution is also proposed to make the system of secured power supply system during design basis accidents as well as design extension conditions more robust. This option has been selected out of a number of possibilities based on the evaluation of reliability, availability and cost-effectiveness of the proposal.
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JIN, HONG-ZHAN, and 金鴻展. "Planning an energy management system power laboratory and blackout study." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34596551035178067269.
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Liu, Chi-Hsuan, and 劉奇炫. "Research on the Power Blackout of July 29, 1999 in the Taipower System." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51600996418691473449.
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碩士國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
91
At 23:31 on July 29, 1999, No.326 tower of Taipower system located at Tainan collapsed. The event results in two 345-KV EHV circuits on that tower, one sea line connecting Chia-Min and Lung-Chyi(south) and another mountain line connecting Jong-Liaw(south) and Lung-Chyi(south), tripped due to ground fault, which then led to successive relay trips resulting in system blackout of the northern and central Taiwan. Almost up to 83% of the total consumers had a power interruption, and this event affected more people and extended over a wider geographic area than any previous outages. The purpose of this research is in three respects. First, to simulate and analyze the 729-blackout event of the Taipower system. Secondly, to check the Taipower system of year 2002 to see whether it conformed to the programming criteria. Thirdly, to provide improvement suggestions for the electric utility. In order to simulate the 729-blackout, a power flow program was used to simulate the steady-state conditions of the system immediately before the fault. Then the results were taken as the initial conditions for the subsequent dynamic stability study. Dynamic stability studies were conducted assuming various branches tripping events. Details of cascading outages leading to the system blackout can be obtained from the results of these state-steady and dynamic simulations. Finally, Lessons learned from this blackout will be employed to develop strategies for future improvement to the Taipower system. In order to check the Taipower system to see if it conforms to the programming criteria, a power flow program was also used to simulate the steady-state conditions of the Taipower system of year 2002 at both peak load and off-peak load. Then the results were taken as the initial conditions for the subsequent dynamic stability study. Dynamic stability studies were conducted assuming various N-2 contingencies and failures of the 345-KV bus of generation stations. In so doing, judgment based on the simulation results can be made to see whether the system conforms to the programming criteria.
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Chiu, Tai-Chuan, and 邱泰川. "The study of crisis management improvement in Taiwan power system contingency accidents which triggered off a big blackout." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13974235375936954216.
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碩士國立中山大學
公共事務管理研究所
95
Due to rising standard of life in Taiwan, power consumption rose dramatically, power systems network are becoming complicated, thus serious impact increasingly. But for many Taipower on-site staffs, lack of blackout related experience and emergency plan. Therefore it is necessary to understand the weaknesses of Taipower systems and the cause and affect of accidental accidents over the years, to develop blackout emergency plan and minimum the loss. In July 29, 1999, Taiwan had occurred unprecedented collapse of the power transmission system in the midnight, caused the country blackouts, outages four-fifths of users in Taiwan, this was the biggest power rationing during the past 50 years. Then 921 Chichi earthquakes, Chung-Liao substation led to the dumping destroyed, caused more than two weeks of power rationing in northern Taiwan. Such comprehensive blackout in the high-tech industries economic pattern’s country like ours, the losses caused of the economic impact is goes without saying. This Study is base on the “Crisis Management” theory to explore the emergency response while the power outage occurs, and how to deal with the crisis issue. This thesis through data collected, literature review and in-depth interview results, analysis Taipower internal contingency handling mechanism through unpredicted natural disasters or artificial improper operation, intend for Taipower reference to construct a contingency mechanism for unexpected incident which triggered off a blackout accident.
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STANĚK, Jakub. "Přístup k zajištění informovanosti obyvatelstva v rámci výpadků elektrické energie ve vybraných státech." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390849.
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Today's globalized world is much more vulnerable than we are often willing to admit. We live in a society which is considerably dependent on a stable supply of electricity. Potential large power outage also called blackout may be a very dangerous situation for our community. Usually we don't realize all consequences there can be for our everyday life, people's health, the security and the economy of the country. Despite the efforts of the responsible authorities, the complications for the population can be very serious. The effects of such unfortunate event can be reduced in a variety of ways. An option is to support an informed society that can take care of itself in times of crisis. This text is focused on the current approach to raising and maintaining awareness of the people for masive power outage not only in the Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis is to compare the information environment of the Czech Republic with the situation in neighboring Germany. It is important to keep on mind that many important systems serving under normal conditions to inform the population will not work when such an event occurs. It can be necessary to proceed with alternative solutions and communication channels. In the education context, it's realisic to inform the majority of the population only about the most important measures and appropriate patterns of blackout behavior. With the restoration of energy supplies, the task of informing the population doesn't end. By selecting key information, this work could contribute to the society.
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ŠÍMA, Oldřich. "Zabezpečení nouzového zásobování elektrickou energií u nemocnic v Jihočeském kraji." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-137775.
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This diploma thesis is aimed at assessing the provision of emergency electric power supply to hospitals in South Bohemia. The chapter titled Present State briefly characterises the generation of electric power, the history of power plants in the Czech Republic, the power distribution system, it lists the basic elements of the power distribution system, including its stability and security. Among other things, it presents the term of blackout and its potential impact on the society. Furthermore, this chapter deals with the infrastructure in relation with the critical infrastructure and its history. At the end of this chapter, the functioning of health service is mentioned in relation to emergency situations, including the emergency sources used by hospitals. The research made use of the qualitative method of data collection and the data was acquired through the technique of controlled interviews and a secondary analysis of data from competent South Bohemian hospital staff who is responsible for or deal with the issue or providing emergency power supplies.
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Chegu, Ashwini. "High Order Contingency Selection using Particle Swarm Optimization and Tabu Search." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/693.
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There is a growing interest in investigating the high order contingency events that may result in large blackouts, which have been a great concern for power grid secure operation. The actual number of high order contingency is too huge for operators and planner to apply a brute-force enumerative analysis. This thesis presents a heuristic searching method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and tabu search to select severe high order contingencies. The original PSO algorithm gives an intelligent strategy to search the feasible solution space, but tends to find the best solution only. The proposed method combines the original PSO with tabu search such that a number of top candidates will be identified. This fits the need of high order contingency screening, which can be eventually the input to many other more complicate security analyses. Reordering of branches of test system based on severity of N-1 contingencies is applied as a pre-processing to increase the convergence properties and efficiency of the algorithm. With this reordering approach, many critical high order contingencies are located in a small area in the whole searching space. Therefore, the proposed algorithm tends to concentrate in searching this area such that the number of critical branch combinations searched will increase. Therefore, the speedup ratio is found to increase significantly. The proposed algorithm is tested for N-2 and N-3 contingencies using two test systems modified from the IEEE 118-bus and 30-bus systems. Variation of inertia weight, learning factors, and number of particles is tested and the range of values more suitable for this specific algorithm is suggested. Although illustrated and tested with N-2 and N-3 contingency analysis, the proposed algorithm can be extended to even higher order contingencies but visualization will be difficult because of the increase in the problem dimensions corresponding to the order of contingencies.