Journal articles: 'Power transmission belts'

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Dalgarno, Kenneth W. "Power Transmission Belt Performance and Failure." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538494.

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Abstract The performance and life of power transmission belts has been investigated by a number of research groups over the past decade or so. Most studies have been directed at a particular problem with or application of belting technology, with synchronous and V-ribbed belts generating the most research activity. This paper reviews contemporary studies on the performance and failure of synchronous and V-ribbed belts to develop an overall picture of how the understanding of belt materials, mechanics, and failure mechanisms has progressed in recent years. The studies which have moved the understanding of belt behavior furthest forward have been those which sought, through an improved understanding of how a belt acts as a composite, to integrate the various strands of materials, mechanics and failure analysis knowledge available to give a clear and coherent picture of how a belt works and fails, although none of the studies seen so far can claim to have accomplished this completely.

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Domek, Grzegorz, Piotr Krawiec, and Michał Wilczyński. "Timing belt in power transmission and conveying system." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815704001.

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This paper presents the problem of phenomena occurring at the contact of a timing belt and a pulley. Depending on a belt size range these phenomena differ significantly. There is no indication as to what solutions are optimal for drive belts. The analysis of the coupling process and performance tests have shown that the drive belt should have a cord of very good mechanical properties and its raceway side should be made from the material of a low friction coefficient against the pulley material. A flat belt in power transmission and conveying systems cooperates with several elements consisting of timing pulleys, tensioners or guiding rails. In gear with timing belts they depend strongly on characteristics of the process as well as the type of friction. In recent constructions, producers of timing belts are very much concerned about achieving as much slippery surface as possible. The work describes the problem of friction on different surfaces as well as its influence on gear lifetime. Research results confirm that on many surfaces bigger coefficient of friction is expected.

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Schaefer, Frank H. "Operational Behavior of Chloroprene Belts at their Performance Limit." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.287.

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This paper investigates the main parameters like power, torque, speed, slip and temperature influencing power transmission and belt life. The specimen chosen are common narrow V-belts existing of a Chloroprene matrix. The design procedures used in practice so far are not fully capable to achieve an optimised design due to the individual application as they do not consider the belt's temperature. The results of this investigation show the interaction of the drive operation and belt temperature of the elastomeric material as well as the belt performance limit due to slip respectively belt's temperature.

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Childs, T. H. C., and D. Cowbum. "Power Transmission Losses in V-Belt Drives Part 1: Mismatched Belt and Pulley Groove Wedge Angle Effects." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 201, no. 1 (January 1987): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_155_02.

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AV 10 raw-edged V-belts cut to wedge angles from 32° to 42° have been run in 36° grooves on pulleys of 51 mm pitch circle radius. It has been shown experimentally that belts with wedge angles from 37° to 38.5° fitted the grooves best and were the most efficient. The excess speed and torque loss parts of the power loss of other belts was due to the larger radial compliance of these belts which did not fit their pulley groove. Current theoretical models of radial compliance of misfitting belts are shown to be wrong. The results have been generalized and a theory of belt bending distortion developed to give detailed recommendations of the most efficient pulley groove angles in which to run belts cut to 40°, depending on pulley radius, belt construction and belt length.

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Massouros, G. "The Effect of Geometry Imperfections on the Performance of Multiple V-Belt Drives." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258962.

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It has been observed in practice, that the lifetime of a multiple V-belt drive is always less than the corresponding life of a single V-belt drive. This is due to an uneven contribution of all belts of the multiple drive to the power transmission owing to microerrors in the equality of the diameters and profiles of all grooves and of the lengths of all belts. These microerrors cause a distribution of the transmission ratios among the branches of the V-belt around a mean value which in turn results in an uneven loading of the belts and a reduction of their “life.” In the present work, analytical relations are obtained for the influence of the aforementioned errors on the elastic creep of the belts, on the transmitted power, and on the other characteristics of the belt drive. An experiment was made to verify the analytical results.

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Childs, T. H. C., and D. Cowburn. "Power Transmission Losses in V-Belt Drives Part 2: Effects of Small Pulley Radii." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 201, no. 1 (January 1987): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_156_02.

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Run-in AV10 wrapped, raw-edged and cogged V-belts have been used to transmit power between pulleys of equal radii R equal to 51, 36 and 21 mm. Separate measurements of the torque and angular speed losses between the pulleys have shown that these are approximately proportional to 1/R and 1/R2 respectively and are also greater than expected from current theories. The maximum useful belt tension ratio fell from 21 to 5 as R was reduced from 51 to 21 mm. A dimensionless belt deformation parameter (gEI/R4)1/2, arising from a simplified analysis of torque loss, has been found empirically to correlate with both torque loss and the speed loss in excess of that expected from belt extension and radial compliance. Subsidiary tests with thick flat belts on cylindrical pulleys have shown their power losses to be unexpectedly close to those of V-belts of similar cross-sectional area, suggesting that those V-belt losses usually attributed to wedging in the pulley groove are of more general origin. It is speculated that belt carcass warping or shearing distortions must be considered to explain losses on small-radii pulleys.

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Moon, J., and J. A. Wickert. "NON-LINEAR VIBRATION OF POWER TRANSMISSION BELTS." Journal of Sound and Vibration 200, no. 4 (March 1997): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1996.0709.

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Kawahara, Hideaki. "Power Transmission Belts for High Performance Engine." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 101, no. 952 (1998): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.101.952_140.

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SZCZYPIŃSKI-SALA, Wojciech, Krzysztof DOBAJ, and Adam KOT. "FRICTIONAL PROBLEMS IN CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION BELT DRIVES." Tribologia, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5923.

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The article describes the results of the research carried out on the evaluation of the influence of friction pairs (rubber belt – belt pulley in belt drive) on the ability to transmit power. In order to determine the characteristics of the belt drive operation, measurements were made on a real belt drive from the drive train of a light two-wheeled vehicle. The measurement was carried out in conditions of changes in the dynamic load. The measurements of the belt slip on the belt pulley within the whole range of the changes of gear ratios and angular speed of the engine were made. During the tests, belts made from various rubber mixtures were compared. The values of the friction coefficients between the surface of belts and the belt pulley were measured. Model analyses of the impact of belt slip on the wheel related to the temperature of Belt drive elements were also made. Generally, one can ascertain that, in belt drive systems, power losses are a combination of speed losses and torque losses. The increase in the efficiency of belt drives is possible by decreasing power losses. It is possible to obtain the high performance of continuously variable transmission belt drives with a V- belt solely with the proper choice of the design parameters, which is possible only after the exact recognition of the operational characteristics unique to this class of belt drive systems.

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Kátai, László, Péter Szendrő, and Péter Gárdonyi. "The power transmission stability and efficiency of V-belts." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 2016): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/446.12.2016.2.

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The V-belt drive is a rather popular, widely used form of power transmission in agricultural and food industry engineering. At the same time, its stability, the lifetime of V-belt is influenced by several environmental factors, namely in the food industry by the contamination affecting the belt sides, the ambient temperature, humidity and the occasionally aggressive (acidic, alkaline air, air saturated with gases, etc.) medium. In the case of agricultural machinery, the vibration caused by uncertainly oriented pulleys with bearing in different plate structures (often being shaken in the fields) as well as alignment adjustment inaccuracies jeopardize the reliability of the parameters of the drive. Furthermore, the efficiency is determined by several factors together: the slippage occurring during drive transmission, the hysteresis loss resulting from the external and internal friction occurring with the belt entering and exiting the pulley. Experimental equipment and calculation methods were developed to determine the dynamics of temperature increase generated by the belt and pulley relationship. The temperature generated in the V-belt was measured as a function of pretension, pulley diameter and bending frequency. The so-called damping factor characterizing the contact with the pulley (the external friction when entering and exiting the groove) and the hysteresis loss (inner friction) are also determined. On the basis of the damping factor (ζ ≈ 400 Ns/m2) of the V-belt involved in the experiments the other losses (Poth) occurring from the pulley—V-belt contact and internal friction may be estimated. The drive parameters may be optimized with the mathematical model describing the effect of the pulley diameter and belt frequency on the increase in temperature. A standardized calculation method as well as design factors valid for the properly adjusted drive and normal operating conditions determined through empirical and laboratory experiments are used for the sizing of V-belt drives. The lifetime of V-belt drives designed in this way, used in extreme conditions typical of agricultural machinery will not be appropriate and will not provide clear, predictable information for maintenance planning. In such cases the results of our own many lifetime tests conducted in the given circumstances can be safely relied on. The agricultural harvesting machines are large plate-body self-propelled structures on which most of the power supply of the (threshing, cleaning, moving, etc.) machine units handling the crop is realized via belt drives. The distance and angular displacement of the axes involved in the drive can vary within wide limits. The misalignment and angular displacement of the pulleys can be the result of installation instability — due to the plate structure — and the deformation of the plate structure occurring during the operation as well. V-belt drives operate satisfactorily under such conditions as well, however these faults are unfavourable in terms of belt lifetime and result in the reduction of drive efficiency. A further aim of our research is to examine through experiments the lifetime and efficiency of V-belts used in agricultural machines as a function of drive adjustment errors. According to the results of the measurements of the geometrical adjustment errors of V-belt drives performed in the field, the pulleys of agricultural equipment are not always positioned in the medium plane of the drive. In our experiments these data served as independent variables. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of a V-belt drive in a grain harvester with the laser pulley alignment measuring instrument installed as an accessory. In the case of many machine types in 80% of the tested drives three times the permissible error was measured, and because of off-road use, due to dynamic load these errors further increased as a result of the frame deformation. The results of both the belt bending testing and the geometrical adjustment testing of the drive offer great help in the design of belt drives. At the same time they can be the source of lifetime and efficiency forecasts.

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FUKUDA, MINORU. "Technical tendevcy for the industrial power transmission belts." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 63, no. 8 (1990): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.63.475.

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Kim, H., and K. M. Marshek. "Belt Forces and Surface Model for a Cloth-Backed and a Rubber-Backed Flat Belt." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 110, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258912.

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The normal and tangential belt forces for two types of flat belts are measured and compared. From friction theory, it was assumed that the actual contact area Aa is proportional to normal pressure p; i.e., Aaαpn. For a flat belt with cloth backing, the n =2/3 is obtained for the belt surface contact model. For a flat belt with rubber backing, which is used for power transmission, the n = 0.9 to 1.0 is suggested as a surface model. Different friction surfaces, construction materials, and geometries for the two belts resulted in different contact patterns and different friction characteristics.

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Ulsoy, A. G., J. E. Whitesell, and M. D. Hooven. "Design of Belt-Tensioner Systems for Dynamic Stability." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269258.

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Belt drive systems are an effective means for power transmission which offer the advantages of light weight, low cost, quietness, and efficiency. Recently in automotive applications there has been a trend to power several accessories with a single drive belt in order to reduce overall vehicle size and weight. Since these belts are typically longer than conventional belts, a tensioner component is added to maintain acceptable belt tension levels. In this paper we describe several potential instability mechanisms for belt-tensioner systems, and present a design methodology to ensure good dynamic performance of such systems. A mathematical model of the belt-tensioner system, and numerical solution methods, are utilized to develop a computer-aided design procedure. Numerical results, and confirming experimental data, are presented for a particular automotive belt-tensioner system.

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Balovnev, N. P., Y. I. Brovkina, and L. A. Dmitrieva. "V-belt transmissions of agricultural machines." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 3 (2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2021-3-31-36.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of design features and operating conditions of V-belt trans-missions of agricultural machinery. When designing these gears, it is recommended to give prefer-ence to gears made according to an open circuit or with a tension roller located outside the belt con-tour, to avoid cross and semi-cross gears, as well as multi-pulley gears with crossing shaft axles. To make the wider use of more progressive types of belts. It was shown that the features of V-belt transmissions of agricultural machinery require clarification of the methods for calculating trans-missions with progressive types of V-belts and automatic belt tensioning methods. It was noted that special attention should be paid to transmissions with multi-profile belts, which calculation has not been sufficiently reflected in domestic regulatory documents. The advantages of such belts are es-pecially noticeable under variable and shock loading. Based on the analysis, the recommendations for clarifying the calculation of belt drives with multi-profile belts were given. Analytical dependencies are proposed for determining the value of the nominal power transmitted by one belt (stream) of a multi-profile belt, allowing automation of the calculation of V-belt transmissions of agricultural machinery. For gears with a tension or guide roller that add an extra (sometimes reverse) bend of the belt, it is proposed to determine the coeffi-cient taking into account different degrees of bending on the pulleys according to a graph built tak-ing into account the linear hypothesis of summation of damages. It is recommended to calculate gears with spring-loaded tensioning rollers and design tensioning devices for such transmissions using a special method that takes into account the belt tensioning method. At the same time, the required value of the pre-tension of the belt can be significantly re-duced, which will have a positive effect on its resource, without losing the traction capacity of the transmission itself. Expressions are given for finding the value of the pre-tension of belts, both for gears with tension due to the elasticity of the belt, and for gears with spring-loaded tension rollers. Conclusions and directions for further research are formulated.

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Perdan, Boštjan, Drago Bračun, and Janez Diaci. "Automated detection of surface defects on power transmission belts." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 53, no. 1-4 (July 27, 2010): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-2841-x.

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Bračun, Drago, Boštjan Perdan, and Janez Diaci. "Surface Defect Detection on Power Transmission Belts Using Laser Profilometry." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2011, no. 03 (March 15, 2011): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2010.176.

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Hu, Yonghui, Yong Yan, Lijuan Wang, and Xiangchen Qian. "Non-Contact Vibration Monitoring of Power Transmission Belts Through Electrostatic Sensing." IEEE Sensors Journal 16, no. 10 (May 2016): 3541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2016.2530159.

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Takahashi, Mitsuhiko, Ryuichi Kido, Keizo Nonaka, and Toru Fujii. "BCD-11 NORMALIZED POWER TRANSMISSION ABILITY FOR CONVENTIONAL RUBBER TYPE V BELTS(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions II.01.202 (2001): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.ii.01.202.763.

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Hu, Yonghui, Shuai Zhang, Yong Yan, Lijuan Wang, Xiangchen Qian, and Lu Yang. "A Smart Electrostatic Sensor for Online Condition Monitoring of Power Transmission Belts." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 64, no. 9 (September 2017): 7313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2017.2696507.

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HOSHIRO, TAKESHI. "Researches for service life anticipation and component material reliability of power transmission belts." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 61, no. 8 (1988): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.61.535.

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Bortnowski, Piotr, Lech Gładysiewicz, Robert Król, and Maksymilian Ozdoba. "Models of Transverse Vibration in Conveyor Belt—Investigation and Analysis." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144153.

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The transverse vibration frequency of conveyor belts is an important parameter describing the dynamic characteristics of a belt conveyor. This parameter is most often identified from theoretical relationships, which are derived on the basis of an assumption that the belt is a stationary elastic string. Belt vibrations have a number of analogies to other tension member systems, such as, for example, power transmission belts. Some research findings suggest that in the case of a limited length of the belt section, a more accurate description of its vibration can be obtained with a beam model rather than with a string model. Experimental research has so far mostly revolved around measurements of stationary belts. This article presents the results of vibration measurements performed for a moving belt and obtained for various operating parameters of the conveyor, as well as for several configurations of the distance between idler supports. The analysis was conducted on a moving steel-cord belt. Belts of this type are commonly used in the majority of mines and industrial plants. The measurement results were compared with the model of a string and with the model of a beam in tension. Both of the theoretical models allowed for the belt speed, whose influence was demonstrated in both theoretical calculations and experimental tests to be negligible. On the other hand, the tensile force in the belt was observed to have a significant impact on the vibration frequency. Depending on the idler spacing, the measurement results are approximate to those of the beam model or of the string model. For spacing smaller than 1.6 m, the belt shows properties approximate to an elastic beam, while for spacing greater than 1.6 m, the belt behaviour can be better represented through a string model. A beam model is, therefore, more applicable in analyses of vibrations in the upper strand of the belt, while a string model is more useful in analyses of vibrations in the lower strand.

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Wałęsa, Krzysztof, Ireneusz Malujda, Krzysztof Talaśka, and Dominik Wilczyński. "Process Analysis of the Hot Plate Welding of Drive Belts." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2020-0012.

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AbstractMost industrial machines use belt transmission for power transfer. These mechanisms often use the round belts of several millimetres in diameter that are made of thermoplastic elastomers, especially polyurethane. Their production process calls for bonding the material, which is often performed by hot plate butt welding. In order to achieve proper design of an automatic welding machine, the authors analysed the hot plate welding process of round belts. This process consists of five phases. It is necessary to recognize all the physical phenomena that occur during welding, especially those connected with thermomechanical properties of material. This knowledge is necessary to determine the temperature distribution during each step of the process. The paper presents a standard welding cycle together with an explanation of the physical phenomena in each phase. An analysis of these fundamentals will be used to derivate the function of temperature distribution during all process phases. In addition, some assumptions for calculation of temperature distribution and some fundamental physic correlations were presented.

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Bajda, Mirosław, and Monika Hardygóra. "Analysis of Reasons for Reduced Strength of Multiply Conveyor Belt Splices." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051512.

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Belt conveyors are used for the transportation of bulk materials in a number of different branches of industry, especially in mining and power industries or in shipping ports. The main component of a belt conveyor is its belt, which serves both as a support for the transported material along the conveyor route and as an element in the drive transmission system. Being crucial to the effective and reliable operation of the conveyor, the belt is also its most expensive and the least durable element. A conveyor belt comprises a core, covers and edges. A multiply textile belt, in which the core is constructed of synthetic fibers such as polyamide, polyester or aramid, is the oldest and still the most commonly used conveyor belt type. The plies are joined with a thin layer of rubber or another material (usually the material is the same as the material used in the covers), which provides the required delamination strength to the belt and allows the plies to move relative to each other as the belt is bent. Belts are installed on the conveyors in a closed loop in order to join belt sections, whose number and length depend on the length and type of the belt conveyor. Belts are joined with each other in a splicing procedure. The cutting of the belt core causes belt splices to be prone to concentrated stresses. The discontinued core also causes the belt to be the weakest element in a conveyor belt loop. The article presents the results of strength parameter tests that were performed on laboratory and industrial splices and indicated the reasons for the reduced strength of conveyor belt splices. Splice strength is reduced mainly due to incorrect preparation of the spliced surfaces and to different mechanical parameters of the spliced belts.

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Kumaran, Varun Urundolil, Markus Zogg, Lukas Weiss, and Konrad Wegener. "Design of a Test Stand for Lifetime Assessment of Flat Belts in Power Transmission." Procedia CIRP 91 (2020): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.187.

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Gerbert, Go¨ran, and Francesco Sorge. "Full Sliding Adhesive-Like Contact of V-Belts." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 4 (November 26, 2002): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1514662.

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Analysis of power transmission in a belt drive consisting of, e.g., two pulleys might be treated as a boundary value problem. Tight side tension FT, slack side tension FS and the wrap angle α are the three natural boundary conditions. In the literature, theories are developed where seating and unseating as well as the power transmitting part of the contact are considered. The solutions presented so far don’t fulfill the boundary conditions properly, since a certain tension ratio FT/FS is associated with a certain contact angle and not an a priori specified one. It appears that a new type of full sliding solution must be introduced to handle the boundary condition problem. During part of the contact there is almost no tension variation in spite of the full sliding conditions. The designation adhesive-like solution is here introduced for that part. Conditions and character of the adhesive-like solution are outlined in the paper.

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Wałęsa, Krzysztof, Ireneusz Malujda, and Krzysztof Talaśka. "Butt Welding of Round Drive Belts." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2018-0019.

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Abstract The on-going rapid development of industry encourages development of new production technologies and designing of machines that use inventive mechanical engineering solutions, a big demand for parts of such machines being a natural consequence. Polymeric power transmission belts are a good example of that. This paper proposes an improvement in the process of production of such belting. Their production includes cutting to length and splicing of elastic round belts to obtain endless belts of the specified length. This is the key phase of the whole production process. A number of splicing methods are available using different physical phenomena. One of them is butt welding technique. In this process heat is applied on the material through an additional heating element called the heat platen. The effect depends on several factors, including preparation of the work pieces. Due to its characteristics the process is often carried out by hand. The need for automated manufacturing was created by important factors associated with manufacturing on an industrial scale: cost, time and quality. The proposed butt welding machine, complete with a control system is an answer to this need. The practical benefits include improved repeatability of splices, time savings and less work load for the operator.

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Hu, Yonghui, Yong Yan, Lu Yang, Lijuan Wang, and Xiangchen Qian. "Online Continuous Measurement of the Operating Deflection Shape of Power Transmission Belts Through Electrostatic Charge Sensing." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 66, no. 3 (March 2017): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2639218.

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Wałęsa, Krzysztof, Ireneusz Malujda, Jan Górecki, and Dominik Wilczyński. "The temperature distribution during heating in hot plate welding process." MATEC Web of Conferences 254 (2019): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925402033.

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Most of the industrial machines use the belt transmission for the power transfer. These mechanisms often use the round belts with a few millimetres in diameter, which are made of the thermoplastic elastomers, especially the polyurethane. Their production process requires the bonding step, which is often performed by the butt welding, using the hot plate. To design the automatic welding machine in a proper way, the authors analyzed this process. One of the most important parameter which describes the hot plate welding is plasticized distance. Knowledge about its value is necessary to predict the length reduction of the belt during welding and will be used during the quality of the joint rating. To obtain value of this parameter the temperature distribution calculations are needed. The paper shows the results of the analytical calculations of the temperature distribution and their comparison with analyses performed by the FEM implements. Calculations were performed for the thermoplastic elastomer during the heating phase in the hot plate welding process.

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Giripunje, Manish. "Development of Jacketing Machine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35666.

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Flat Belt is manufactured almost all over the world. In the Transmission Industries, Flat Belt is almost available in every part. In modern trend demand has been significantly increased. To fulfil the increased demand for flat belt, jacketing operation of flat Belt must be paced up. In traditional jacketing processes which are carried out manually take more time, labour work and also provide damage to industry growth. To overcome this and to minimize stress on workers, an attempt has been made to design a jacketing machine for flat belt, which is simple in design and can be handled by the common man. The demand for a flat belt jacketing machine is higher and it is time to respond to the problem raised. Designing and fabricating such types of functional machines is important to save money instead of investing money and time buying labor and conventional tool. Since metal resources are declining and their products are very expensive as compared to rubber, it’s preferable to use Rubber flat belts rather than using chains for transmission. As per the studies, it is easier and economical to use belt drives replacing chain drives and it is good for the future without disturbing the ecosystem. Study shows that while analyzing the force and power for machines the designer takes the help of analysis software. The cost of software for analysis is high. So there is requirement to find simple formula. In this paper the various theories regarding bending are reviewed, formulae for force and power calculation are collected and finally a case study is taken where we have put together all the results of these formulae. Our main concern is to reduce the human effort required in jacketing of flat belt and also to save the time, labour work, lead time, and move towards the partial automation. The machine has been designed and developed to minimize the cost of production and increase the efficiency.

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Kurniawan, Dicky, Safril Safril, and Bukhari Bukhari. "RANCANG BANGUN MESIN PUNTIR UNTUK PEMBUAT BESI TERALIS MODEL SPIRAL SPESIFIKASI BESI KOTAK 10X10X1000 mm." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 11, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jtm.11.1.174.

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Today the need for housing (home) is increasing. Touch of beauty and support in terms of security are widely used in the construction of the house, one of the trellis. One of the production processes in processing iron trellis is the process of forming spiral iron trellis models of a certain size, in the process special machines are needed that can alleviate, simplify, and accelerate human work. This process is also called cold work because without the heat treatment process. The specifications of the trellis iron torsion machine are 1500x500x800 mm. This machine has several driving units, namely: Motor as a driver, and reducer to reduce the rotation of the shaft on the swivel chuck, and use belt transmission and chains. From the calculation and design of the engine, the motor power of ½ Hp is obtained, the production capacity is 10x10x1000 mm, the shaft diameter is 25.4 mm. The production time of this machine is 7 times / workpiece or ± 2 minutes / Pcs or 29 to 30 Pcs / hour. This trellis iron torsion machine works well and gets a better and stronger spiral model iron box. The components contained in this machine include: Electric motors, pulleys, belts, frames, sprocket, chains, chucks, bearings and speed reducers.

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G. Mohammed, Khalid, ., and . "Experimental Investigations on Hybrid Vehicle." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.17 (August 1, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16627.

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Electric driving is one of the main courses in energy science. It represents the relationship between an electric motor as a tool to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and between a managed or mechanical device that drives it through belts or gears. In the current research, a three-phase synchronous motor 1200 Watt was used to drag an electric vehicle with a rated load of 150 kg and at a speed of up to 40 km per hour. Transmission from the electric motor to the vehicle's tires is done through a gear to rotate the wheels of the vehicle. Batteries are used to store continuous electrical power from a 220-volt alternating power source using the DC/AC inverter. Solar energy 150 Watt has also been used by using a solar panel placed on the roof of the vehicle. Mechanical energy has also been used by mechanical pedal. The vehicle was tested on a flat and sloping road in Baquba / Diyala province / Iraq. The efficiency tests proved the acceleration and balance of the car are good and matched with the theoretical calculations.

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Ma, Qian Li, Yong Bao, Guo Rui Zhang, Li Meng Yu, Ling Fei Ji, and Yi Jian Jiang. "Nanocrystallization of Fe-Based Amorphous Alloys Fe_73.5Cu₁Nb₃Si_13.5B₉ by Yb-Doped Fiber Laser Overlapping Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 2365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.2365.

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The paper presents a laser irradiation method for rapidly fabricating Fe-based nanocrystalline alloys using Yb-doped fiber laser with a wavelength of 1070nm by overlapping irradiation of the heated areas. The samples are annular cores rolled with 20μm-thick and 3.2mm-wide belts of amorphous alloy Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9, which have internal diameter of 14 mm and external diameter of 20 mm. Every side of the samples is irradiated for 15 min by fiber laser. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used for microstructure analysis and observation. The samples irradiated by a defocus beam with a diameter of 7.1mm through a lens have better soft magnetic properties than directly by an original collimating beam with a diameter of 6.7mm. The dimension of homogeneous ultrafine grains is about 10nm with a bcc α-Fe (Si), which is the foundation of the excellent soft magnetic property. Uniform laser irradiation and the appropriate laser power are necessary for optimum microstructure and soft magnetic properties.

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OGATA, Hirohiko, Kenjiro TADAKUMA, Riichiro TADAKUMA, Mitsuru HIGASHIMORI, and Makoto KANEKO. "2A1-N04 Omnidirectional Driving Unit Mechanism without Singular Line Realized by the Power Transmission between the Adjacent Belts(Mobile Robot with Special Mechanism(1))." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2012 (2012): _2A1—N04_1—_2A1—N04_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2012._2a1-n04_1.

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Werner, S. M., C. J. Rodger, and N. R. Thomson. "Identifying power line harmonic radiation from an electrical network." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 6 (September 15, 2005): 2107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2107-2005.

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Abstract. It has been suggested that the space environment is being polluted by power line harmonic radiation (PLHR), generated from harmonics of the electrical power transmission frequency (50 or 60 Hz) and radiated into the ionosphere and magnetosphere by long power lines. While some in-situ satellite measurements of PLHR have been reported, it has proved difficult to confirm the source and overall significance. The electricity network of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand, is tiny compared to the many large industrial zones found outside New Zealand. However, the 1050Hz ripple control signal injected into the local electrical grid at regular intervals as a load-control mechanism provides an opportunity for identifying PLHR strengths radiated from a spatially well defined electrical network. In-situ observations by satellites should allow a greater understanding of PLHR and its significance as man-made pollution to near-Earth space. Calculations have been undertaken to estimate the strength of the radiation fields expected from the ripple control signal which is injected into the Dunedin city electrical network. We find that ground-based measurements will not be sensitive enough for detection of the ripple control radiation fields, even during the quietest winter night. While significant power penetrates the lower ionosphere, this is well below the reported threshold required for nonlinear triggering in the Van Allen radiation belts. Some radiated fields at satellite altitudes should be detectable, allowing in-situ measurements. At the altitude of the DEMETER mission, the radiated electric fields will not be detectable under any ionospheric conditions. However, we find that the radiated magnetic fields may be detectable by the DEMETER satellite at certain times, although this will be very difficult. Nonetheless, there is the possibility for future experimental campaigns. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (Magnetosphereionosphere interactions; Plasma waves and instabilities) – Ionosphere (Active experiments)

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Kumstel, Judith, and Sven Lüken. "Deburring and rounding of sheet metals and functionally relevant edges of parts using laser radiation." MATEC Web of Conferences 190 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819002003.

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The manufacturing of sheet metal parts or component edges often leads to burrs. Due to different requirements regarding the appearance, haptics, tribology et cetera the edges have to be deburred or rounded in a subsequent process. Especially for complex geometries, automated post-processing has been difficult up to now. Laser remelting is one possible solution. It is fully automated and suitable for most 3D geometries. During laser remelting the laser beam is focused on the surface, thus a thin surface layer up to 100 μm is melted. The surface tension in the liquid state is smoothing out the surface and the edge resolidifies rounded. The radius of the rounding is adjustable by the chosen process parameters, especially laser power PL and feed speed vfeed. Furthermore the resulting roughness and the gloss level are controllable via the process parameters. Typical processing speeds are 100 mm edge length per second. First studies with industry partners showed promising results. Laser remelting of push belts for the torque transmission in CVTs lead to an increase of fatigue strength by up to 200% which enables a higher torque.

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NAKAJIMA, MASAYOSHI. "Power Transmission Belt." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 68, no. 7 (1995): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.68.463.

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Tawi, Kamarul Baharin, Izhari Izmi Mazali, Bambang Supriyo, Nurulakmar Abu Husain, Mohd Salman Che Kob, and Yusrina Zainal Abidin. "Pulleys' Axial Movement Mechanism for Electro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (October 2014): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.185.

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Pulley-based continuously variable transmission (CVT) with Metal Pushing V-belt (V-belt) is a type of automotive transmission that is widely applied currently by many car manufacturers worldwide. Unlike the conventional automotive transmissions, in a pulley-based CVT with V-belt, the transmission ratio (CVT ratio) is changed continuously without the use of discrete gears. Instead, the CVT ratio is varied through the simultaneous axial movement of the primary pulley and the secondary pulley. By axially moving both pulleys simultaneously, the radius of the V-belt on both pulleys will be changed accordingly, resulting in the change of the CVT ratio. The existing pulley-based CVTs in the market use electro-hydro-mechanical (EHM) actuation system to change and to maintain the desired CVT ratio through the hydraulic pressure. However, the application of EHM actuation system leads to some disadvantages, particularly in term of the high power consumption from the engine needed to maintain the desired CVT ratio. This reduces the efficiency of the powertrain system, which eventually increases the fuel consumption of the vehicles. In addition to that, the existing pulley-based CVTs also use single acting pulley mechanism to axially move the pulleys for changing the CVT ratio. Therefore, the issue of V-belt's misalignment, which shortens the lifespan of the V-belt, is inevitable here. In this paper, the pulleys' axial movement mechanism that uses electro-mechanical (EM) actuation system is proposed. Consequently, the working principle of the proposal is described and its potential benefits are discussed.

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BUGROVSKII, ALEKSANDR. "GROUPS OF INTEREST IN THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL POLICY: THE EXAMPLE OF ALL-RUSSIAN SOCIETIES OF DISABLED, BLIND, DEAF." Sociopolitical sciences 10, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-6-129-136.

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There is a research gap in the study of interest groups in the social sphere, arguing the possibility of examination the activities of all-Russian public organizations of the disabled, blind, and deaf in interaction with the state authorities in the Russian system of social protection of disabled people. The context of reforming the social sphere in Russia is important because it is suggesting the opposite to conservative principles the transition to market relations and effective management of institutions of social protection. The researchers consider public organizations created in the USSR as of “the power transmission belts” of the state, however these actors may represent interest groups preserving the conservative practices in the social sphere. The aim of the article is to verify whether all-Russian public associations of people with disabilities are interest groups in Russian social policy. The investigation compares the actions of conservative nongovernmental organizations with the theoretical characteristics of interest groups. To argue that the selected actors promote certain interests in the social protection system, a review of the research literature of characteristics of interest groups was conducted. Then, the characteristics were traced in the statutory activities of the investigated organizations. The analysis of the legislation and statutory activities of All-Russian organizations of people with disabilities revealed the possibilities of the organizations to influence political decision-making in relation to persons with disabilities, as well as to contribute to the persistence of the conservative course of social policy, despite the introduced innovations in Russian legislation.

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Zhao, Qingrui, Xuanjun Zhang, Qing Yang, and Yi Xie. "One-step synthesis of Sb2O3 broom-like belts with controllable morphology." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-123.

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A direct and simple surfactant- and template-free route has been developed for the controlled synthesis of Sb2O3 belt-like microstructures. By adjusting the reactant ratio between SbCl3 and urea under solvothermal reaction conditions, broom-like belts and rods of Sb2O3 have been successfully prepared. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to characterize the phases and morphologies of the as-prepared products. A possible formation mechanism is also discussed.Key words: antimony trioxide, solvothermal synthesis, broom-like belts.

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Silva, Carlos AF, Lionel Manin, Marie-Ange Andrianoely, Etienne Besnier, and Didier Remond. "Power losses distribution in serpentine belt drive: Modelling and experiments." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 13 (January 25, 2019): 3424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018824943.

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Over the last years, significant research effort has been directed towards developing vehicle transmissions more energy efficient. This effort has been a direct consequence of the new environmental regulations encouraging truck and car manufacturers to reduce the power losses of their engines. For development purposes and in belt transmission design, it is worth predicting the power losses before manufacturing. For predicting the power losses in serpentine belt drive, theoretical models have been developed taking into consideration different types of energy loss taking place in a front engine accessory drive. These losses have several origins: from the poly-V belt or the mechanical components of the system (bearings, tensioners). The present paper reviews the state-of-the-art research on power losses modelling in a front engine accessory drive and focuses on internal and external losses of the belt. To construct a predictive power loss model, external losses such as belt–pulley slip and bearings friction are modelled and implemented in addition to our previous modelling of belt-hysteresis losses. Simulation results are compared with experiments on a specific test bench which has been designed to permit measuring the power losses for any kind of belt transmission layout. The experiment results permit highlighting some particular power losses as belt-hysteresis losses, pulley-belt slip losses and bearing losses. The comparisons between simulation and experimental results permit validating the developed models.

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Zeng, Zechen, Xianglong Zhang, Jiangming Kan, and Wenbin Li. "Effects of tooth profile and belt speed on cogged V-belt vibration and stress." MATEC Web of Conferences 221 (2018): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822104003.

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With the aim of reducing the vibration and maximum stress of a cogged V-belt and determining the appropriate cogged V-belt for the vertical disc stump grinder (RG25HD), this paper analyses the relationship between, on the one hand, the horizontal displacement of the vibration and node stress and, on the other, the tooth profile and belt speed. In addition, the pattern of the vibration and node stress of the cogged V-belt is investigated using various tooth profiles and belt speeds. Our approach uses a rigid/flexible coupling simulation of belt power transmission based on a finite element flexible body method and employs Recurdyn multi-body dynamics software. After the simulation, we obtain the stress distribution of the belt, the lateral displacement curve and the node stress curve. Our results indicate that cog shape affects belt stress and vibration. When selecting or designing a cogged V-belt, a belt with trapezoidal cogs is preferable. Regarding the effect of belt speed, the trapezoidal cogged V-belt’s lateral vibrating displacement and maximal stress increase with an increase in belt speed. Therefore, when the stump grinder is in operation, its revolving speed should be maintained at a low rate to reduce vibration and prolong the belt’s life.

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Beccari, A., and M. Cammalleri. "Implicit regulation for automotive variators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407011528275.

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A well-known practice uses mechanical variators to realize the so-called continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) for automotive application. A remarkable problem for one of the most used CVTs is given by the hydraulic control of the axial thrust on the half-pulleys that is necessary for torque transmission. It involves a heavy decrease in transmission efficiency. In the present paper, the possible production of the required axial thrust by a simple spring to eliminate hydraulic losses is analysed. It is shown that the power capacity of such a regulated variator is near to the maximum possible, and the belt torque loss is always considerably lower than the sum of the belt and pump losses of a standard controlled CVT. Moreover, it is not much greater than a slip limit controlled CVT for medium-low vehicle speeds, and slightly lower for higher speeds. Finally, the power capacity by the spring thrust is evaluated when the variator is used in split power transmissions, considering several configurations and steady ideal operation.

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Guebeli, M., J. D. Micklem, and C. R. Burrows. "Maximum Transmission Efficiency of a Steel Belt Continuously Variable Transmission." Journal of Mechanical Design 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1044–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919254.

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A mathematical model of the power transmission through a Van Doorne steel belt continuously variable transmission is developed. The approach is based on a simplified viscous oil shear stress model. This enables the determination of the power transmission loss resulting from shearing the oil film along the traction line. The power to maintain the necessary hydraulic clamping forces is taken into account to optimize the power transmission efficiency. The analytical solution is evaluated numerically and compared with experimental results. Variations in the hydraulic pump displacement that are determined by the required ratio adjustment dynamics show that with a sufficiently small pump, peak efficiencies exceeding 97 percent are possible.

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Wong, Pak Kin, Zhengchao Xie, Yueqiao Chen, and Lap Mou Tam. "Development of a Novel Dual-Belt Van Doorne's Continuously Variable Transmission for Automobiles — A Preliminary Study." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 02 (February 2018): 1850016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418500165.

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The continuously variable transmission (CVT) is one of the prevailing automotive transmissions. Nowadays, the most popular design is Van Doorne's CVT with single metal pushing V-belt. However, it is only applicable to low-power passenger cars because of its low torque capacity. To overcome this limitation of traditional single-belt Van Doorne's CVT, this research proposes a novel parallel Van Doorne's dual-belt CVT system which can be applied to heavy-duty vehicles. As the first attempt, an analytical model for both torque capacity and power efficiency based on effective radii instead of traditional working radii for the single-belt CVT is developed for this novel CVT system, and this newly developed model is experimentally validated. Evaluation result reveals that the new analytical model based on effective radii is more accurate than that based on working radii. Experimental and simulation results show that the proposed dual-belt CVT system can greatly improve the torque capacity as compared with the single-belt CVT. Moreover, the newly proposed analytical model can provide a foundation for further study of multi-belt CVTs.

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Billah, MM, MS Hossain, MR Islam, and MA Rahman. "Selection of V-Belt for Power Transmission in Agricultural Machinery." Progressive Agriculture 19, no. 2 (November 11, 2013): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16961.

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The solution of a v-belt design problem depends upon many data tables, figures, equations and sequence of calculations. To solve such a problem a computer program is developed which facilitates the design procedure by fast computation with less drudgery and more accuracy. Computed result shows the diameter of smaller and larger sheave, center distance, belt length, belt number, required number of belt, belt cross-section, as output after calculation. The computer-generated output by using this program is found more accurate and efficient than the conventional calculation method.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16961 Progress. Agric. 19(2): 187 - 194, 2008

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Herák, D., V. Šleger, R. Chotěborský, K. Houška, and E. Janča. "Kinematical characteristic of mechanical frictional variable speed drive." Research in Agricultural Engineering 52, No. 2 (February 7, 2012): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4881-rae.

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The paper describes a new system of mechanical spherical conical friction drive. In the present a row of simple friction, belt, chain, wave and differential variable speed drives is published. For the required range of speed variation they are altogether unfit. The currently used power transmissions are of low efficiency (60–70%). Therefore the better power transmission efficiency is required. The possibility of multicontact power transmission appears as the most suitable principle of the power transmission. Using the designed function model, which was made according to the small tractor producers requirements, the real output kinematical characteristic was measured. It is derived the complete drive conversion unit kinematics and the theoretical kinematical characteristic design. The theoretical design is compared with the real characteristic determined by measuring using the test station. From the measured values we determined that the geometrical characteristic, i.e. the relation between output speed and ring position, corresponds in the ring position range (2.8÷14) mm to the theoretical premise.

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Xu, Luohua, and Ping Huang. "Experimental study on elastic engagement and friction-coupled transmission." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 217, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065003768618623.

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A new type of mechanical transmission, elastic engagement and friction-coupled (EEFC) transmission, is studied. The surfaces of the transmission pairs consist of a large number of elastic clusters, through which power is transmitted from the driving part to the driven part. The experiments are carried out to test the performance of the EEFC transmission as clutch transmission and as belt transmission. The EEFC belt transmission is compared with a V-belt transmission.

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Pan, Hui, and Xing Cai. "Study on Characteristics of Metal V-Belt Infinitely Variable Power-Split Transmission." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.785.

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Six kinds of torque-splitting and speed-converging metal V-belt IVPST were raised; their global speed ratio and torque ratio of metal V-belt CVT output to metal V-belt IVPST output were derived. Two different torque-splitting and speed-converging metal V-belt IVPSTs were sum up: series and parallel metal V-belt IVPSTs. In series metal V-belt IVPST, speed ratio changing rate and torque ratio were related to gear ratio of planetary gear train and fixed gear transmission, but in parallel metal V-belt IVPST, that were only related to gear ratio of planetary gear train.

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Junaidi, Ichlas Nur, Nofriadi, and Rusmardi. "Pengembangan Mesin Pencacah Sampah/Limbah Plastik Dengan Sistem Crusher dan Silinder Pemotong Tipe Reel." Jurnal Ilmiah Poli Rekayasa 10, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jipr.10.2.12.

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Waste plastic mounting, but can be recycled into other products in the form of granules before further processed into pellets and seed injection molding process produces products such as buckets, plates, bottles and other beverages. To be processed into the required form of granules of plastic thrasher. Though so small plastic recycling industry is still constrained in plastic enumeration process because the machine used was not optimal ability. The purpose of this research is the development of the system thrasher plastic crusher and cutter cylinder-type reel and technical evaluation. This study was conducted over two years, the first year the design and manufacture of machinery, the second year is a technical evaluation of the engine, engine performance improvements and economic analysis of granular plastic products.From the results obtained engine design capacity of the machine ± 350 kg / h, the engine size is 50 cm x 120 cm x 30 cm, power motor of 10 HP at 1450 RPM rotation with 3 phase. Some of the major components of the engine that is, counter crusher unit consists of two counter rotating cylinders opposite, counter shaft size Ø 4 cm x 58 cm, blade chopper Ø 17 cm x 2 cm with the number of teeth / blades 7 pieces and the number of blades along shaft 7 pieces, buses retaining Ø 10 cm x 2 cm. Counter-cylinder unit consists of a reel-type cutter counter shaft size Ø 4 cm x 90 cm, the middle shaft mounted cylinder with Ø 17 cm x 40 cm as the holder of the chopper blades. Chopper blade consists of 4 pieces with a size of 40 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm with ASSAB materials. Furthermore, as the blade retaining bedknife shear force of the blade chopper, upper frame, lower frame, strainer, funnel entry, exit funnel, and the drive unit consists of an electric motor, reducer, belts, pulleys and 2 pieces of gear transmission. The results of performance testing machine crusher round cylinder 75 RPM and 1450 RPM reel-type cutting machine capacity ± 300 kg / h on the filter hole Ø 1.5 cm, with a 80% grain uniformity.

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Joshi, Ayanesh Y. "Synchronous Belt Drive for Power Transmission in Geared Motorcycles." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, no. IX (September 30, 2017): 1417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.9204.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Power transmission belts'

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