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Bartolucci, Andrea. "Previsione dell'età biologica mediante segnali PPG." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19172/.
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La fotopletismografia (PPG) è una tecnica recente per la misura del volume del sangue arterioso basata sullo studio della variazione dell'assorbanza fra emoglobina ossigenata e deossigenata. I suoi vantaggi sono la semplicità dell'apparato, il basso costo e la non invasività. L'età biologica di un individuo è determinata non solo dall'età cronologica, ma anche da altri fattori come lo stile di vita, possibili patologie, dieta, esercizio fisico, stress. Lo studio dell'età biologica è quindi importante per la possibilità di diagnosticare possibili malattie o problemi con il proprio stile di vita. In questa tesi svilupperemo diversi modelli di machine learning e reti neurali per la regressione dell'età biologica utilizzando delle features estratte da un dataset di segnali PPG. La quantità di sangue che transita nel sistema vascolare dipende infatti dal tono vascolare e questo a sua volta dipende dall'età del soggetto.
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O'Sickey, Matthew J. "Characterization of Structure-Property Relationships of Poly(urethane-urea)s for Fiber Applications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26792.
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Poly(urethane)s and poly(urethane-urea)s (PUU) are nearly ubiquitous, having been in existence since before the Second World War. Spandex, a poly(urethane-urea) elastomeric fiber, is found in nearly all articles of apparel as well as in an increasing array of other consumer items. The technology and chemistry of spandex is largely unchanged since its inception in the late 1950s, with the majority of spandex employing poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) as soft segments. Recent developments in catalyst technology have resulted in the production of ultra-low monol content poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), which is nearly difunctional (f=1.95+). This enhancement in difunctionality has potentially enabled the use of PPG as a spandex soft segment with potential spandex processing, performance, and economic benefits.
PPG-based spandex elastomers were evaluated in both film and fiber form for the purpose of investigating morphological, orientational, mechanical, and thermal properties with the goal of understanding relationships between chemistry, morphology and properties. Key variables of interest were soft segment molecular weight (MW), molecular weight distribution (MWD), and composition, and hard segment content and composition. Of those, the influence of the molecular weight distribution of the polyol used for soft segments was of foremost interest and had previously been largely neglected during the course of poly(urethane) and poly(urethane-urea) research.
It was found that over the range of PUU compositions suitable for production of spandex, that hard segment content and composition had little effect upon the morphology and thermal and mechanical properties. Appreciable trends as functions of soft segment molecular weight were observed. The soft segment MWD was adjusted through the addition of a low molecular weight homolog of PPG, tri(propylene glycol) (TPG), decreasing the number average soft segment MW. The results of these experiments were contrary to those for variation of soft segment molecular weight. It was determined that the low MW portion of the polyol MWD contributes to the building of hard segments in addition to or in lieu of soft segments.
Incorporation of TPG in the PUUs resulted in larger, presumably less cohesive, hard domains and increased hard segment content. The TPG containing materials had enhanced tensile properties, less permanent set, and less residual orientation after deformation. These materials proved quite comparable to those using PTMEG soft segments.
Comparison of film and fiber PUUs revealed only minor differences, implying that the trends and conclusions drawn from the study of films with spandex-like compositions would also hold for fibers. The key difference between films and fibers is that fibers maintain some residual ordering and orientation due to drawing of the fibers during processing. Of the processing variables investigated, none impacted the morphology as determined from small angle x-ray scattering.
It was concluded, that of the various compositional variables germane to spandex, the polyol MW and MWD played key roles in development of morphology, and hence properties. The role of polyol MWD had been woefully neglected during the development of spandex previously, and was observed to be a critical variable.<br>Ph. D.
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Ryan, Kevin J. "Properties of PEG, PPG and their copolymers influence on the gap-fill characteristics of damascene interconnects." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3566568.
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<p> A laboratory scale plating cell was built that provided reproducible bottom-up fill results for the electrochemical deposition of copper in damascene features. Several techniques used in the full wafer plating tool were incorporated into the setup to accurately control the process conditions. These techniques included but were not limited to a voltage controlled `hot-entry' step, a custom coupon holder to allow sample rotation, a secondary thief electrode and an automatic entry system. The results of qualification experiments are presented to demonstrate that precise control was realized along with repeatable partial fill plating results. The qualified setup was then used to perform time-evolved partial fill plating experiments using several different structural configurations of open-source suppressors to investigate their affect on the gap-fill characteristics. </p><p> Common open-source suppressors used for copper filling of damascene interconnects include polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), or a copolymer structure of both. Differences in the configuration and structure of these suppressors generate variations in polarization strength, surface adsorption rate, and SPS displacement rate. These properties were measured by electrochemical transient analysis and coupled with the results of time-evolved partial fill plating experiments to determine the effect of electrochemical property variations on the gap-fill characteristics. The high polarization strength of PPG, along with its greater dependence on concentration was found to greatly increase the bottom-up growth rate during copper filling, while the improved resistance to accelerator displacement of PEG resulted in better sidewall protection. Both these gap-fill characteristics were evident when PEG and PPG were combined together as a mixture of separate homopolymers or in copolymer structures, although the overall influence was dependent on the size and configuration of each component. These data sets provided a more fundamental understanding of PEG, PPG and their different configurations role in the metallization of damascene interconnects. These data can also be used to infer the relative gap-fill performance to screen new suppressor candidates and reduce the quantity of plating experiments by comparison of the electrochemical properties.</p>
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Dorn, Udo [Verfasser]. "Entmischungsgleichgewichte und weitere thermodynamische Eigenschaften in Systemen aus Wasser, Polyethylenglykol (PEG) und Polypropylenglykol (PPG) / Udo Dorn." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172582092/34.
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Bussola, Francesco. "Quantitative analysis of smartphone PPG data for heart monitoring." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18150/.
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The field of app-based PPG monitoring of cardiac activity is promising, yet classification of heart rhythms in normal sinus rhythm (NSR) or atrial fibrillation (Afib) is difficult in the case of noisy measurements.
In this work, we aim at characterizing a dataset of 1572 subjects, whose signals have been crowdsourced by collecting measurements via a dedicated smartphone app, using the embedded camera.
We evaluate the distributions of three features of our signals: the peak area, amplitude and the time interval between two successive pulses. We evaluate if some factors affected the distributions, discovering that the strongest effects are for age and BMI groupings. We evaluate the results agreement between the R G B channels of acquisition, finding good agreement between the first two.
After finding signal quality indexes in literature, we use a subset of them in a classification task, combined with dynamic time warping distance, a technique that matches a signal to a template. We achieve an accuracy of 89% on the test set, for binary quality classification.
On the chaotic temporal series we evaluate the appearance of different types of rhythms on Poincaré plots and we quantify the results by a measure of their 3D spread. We perform this on a set of 20 subjects, 10 NSR and 10 Afib, finding significant differences between their 3D morphologies. We extend our analysis to the larger dataset, obtaining some significant results.
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Winokur, Eric S. 1984. "Single-site, noninvasive, blood pressure measurements at the ear using ballistocardiogram (BCG), and photoplethysmogram (PPG), and a low-power, reflectance-mode PPG SoC." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91038.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>73<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 149-155).<br>This work presents a wearable congestive heart failure (CHF) monitor at the ear that uses the ballistocardiogram (BCG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and photoplethysmogram (PPG) to extract mean blood pressure up the Carotid Artery. Being a natural anchoring point, the ear is demonstrated as a viable location for the integrated sensing of physiological signals. The BCG is obtained with an accelerometer, the ECG is taken in a single lead configuration, with one electrode at the mastoid and one on the back of the neck, and the PPG is measured by reflecting light off of the mastoid region above Reid's baseline. When the BCG and PPG are used together, a time delay of the blood pulse wave can be obtained, known as the pulse transit time (PTT), from a single site of measurement. The ear-worn device is wirelessly connected to a computer for real-time data recording. A clinical test involving hemodynamic maneuvers is performed on 15 subjects. The results demonstrate a linear relationship between mean blood pressure and ln(1/PTT ). Using amplitude information from the BCG signal allows for improving the accuracy of the PTT-to-BP algorithm without additional sensors. While the clinical device uses commercial components, a custom integrated circuit for reflectance-mode PPG is designed with the goal of removing static and time-varying interferers while minimizing power consumption and device size. The chip nominally consumes 425[mu]W and only requires LEDs and photodiodes to operate, replacing 7 chips and a MATLAB program compared to the discrete version. The circuit architecture leverages analog and digital techniques to remove up to 100[mu]A of static interferers and attenuate time-varying interferers by 87dB.<br>by Eric S. Winokur.<br>Ph. D.
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Silva, Alberto Luiz Teixeira da. "A Amazonia na governança global : o caso do PPG-7." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279923.
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Orientador: Leila da Costa Ferreira<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T16:37:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2003<br>Doutorado
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Nguyen, Tuan Ngoc. "An algorithm for extracting the PPG Baseline Drift in real-time." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1801.
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Photoplethysmography is an optical technique for measuring the perfusion of blood in skin and tissue arterial vessels. Due to its simplicity, accessibility and abundance of information on an individual’s cardiovascular system, it has been a pervasive topic of research within recent years. With these benefits however there are many challenges concerning the processing and conditioning of the signal in order to allow information to be extracted. One such challenge is removing the baseline drift of the signal, which is caused by respiratory rate, muscle tremor and physiological changes within the body as a response to various stimuli.
Over the years there have been many methods developed in order to condition the signal such as Wavelet Transform, Cubic Spline Interpolation, Morphological Operators and Fourier-Based filtering techniques. All have their own individual benefits and drawbacks. These drawbacks are that they are unsuitable for real-time usage due to the computation power needed, or have the trade-off of being real-time at the cost of deforming the signal which is unideal for accurate analysis. This thesis aims to explore these techniques in order to develop an algorithm that can be used to condition the signal against the baseline drift in real-time, while being able to achieve good computational efficiency and the preservation of the signal form.
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Cloyd, Lisa Loewinger. "Relationship between Key Variables in Penile Plethysmograph and Viewing Time Measures of Sexual Arousal in Sex Offending Adult Males." Scholarly Repository, 2007. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/58.
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Penile plethysmography is amongst the best measures for prediction of sexual recidivism and has been extensively researched. However, there are a variety of criticisms regarding use of penile plethysmography (PPG), including financial investment, significant training needs, lack of standardization, intrusive nature of the measure, extensive time for testing, and inability to use PPG with all groups of sexual offenders (e.g., women and adolescents). Viewing time has been studied, though not as extensively as PPG, regarding detection of sexual interest. This study examined the relationship between Monarch 21 PPG and Affinity viewing time variables, including responses to individual stimuli, a sex deviance differential, and a sex deviance ratio. It was predicted that there would be a significant positive correlation between key variables of the Monarch 21 PPG and Affinity. Overall, the associations found between the Monarch 21 PPG and the Affinity were significant, although the magnitudes of the associations were modest. When considering sexual deviance ratios and differentials (as is typically utilized in PPG literature), there was a small, but significant association between the Monarch 21 PPG and the Affinity. Consequently, it is recommended that more research be done comparing these two sets of measures, further evaluating the Affinity and its' predictive validity, and examining the complex arousal pattern shapes, rather than focusing only on a series of discrete variables.
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Vignau, Benjamin. "Méthodes d'évaluation des systèmes biométriques cardiaques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ISAB0011.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux systèmes d’authentification continue basés sur les signaux cardiaques, et plus précisément du signal PPG. Ce dernier est très largement utilisé dans les montres connectées et équipements médicaux, et son usage principal est de mesurer la fréquence cardiaque ainsi que le taux d’oxygène dans le sang.Cependant, ce signal est suffisamment précis et complexe pour différencier les individus et créer un nouveau système d’authentification. La mesure de ce signal en continu est déjà largement répandue au sein des populations, ainsi il paraît logique de chercher à l’utiliser pour créer un système d’authentification continue.Afin de créer un tel système, nous avons d’abord effectué un état de l’art. Ce dernier a mis en lumière divers biais méthodologiques au sein de la communauté. L’identification de ces derniers nous a poussés à créer un nouveau système de comparaison ainsi qu’une nouvelle méthode d’analyse des résultats. Nous avons ainsi testé et comparé plus de 250 modèles d’intelligence artificielle capables de reconnaître des individus à l’aide de leurs battements de cœur.Puis, nous avons créé un premier système d’authentification continue basé sur le signal PPG et étudié diverses attaques par corruption. Cette étude nous a permis de déterminer certaines failles de l’apprentissage continu.Enfin, nous avons déterminé une nouvelle méthode pour paramétrer de manière optimale un système d’authentification continue. Cette procédure permet de maximiser l’ergonomie de chaque utilisateur pour un niveau de sécurité défini<br>This thesis focuses on continuous authentication systems based on cardiac signals, and more specifically on the PPG signal. The latter is widely used in connected watches and medical equipment, and its main purpose is to measure heart rate and oxygen levels in the blood.However, this signal is sufficiently precise and complex to differentiate between individuals and create a new authentication system. The continuous measurement of this signal is already widespread in populations, so it seems logical to seek to use it to create a continuous authentication system.In order to create such a system, we first carried out a state-of-the-art study. This revealed various methodological biases within the community. Identifying these biases prompted us to create a new comparison system and a new method for analyzing the results. We tested and compared over 250 artificial intelligence models capable of recognizing individuals by their heartbeat.We then created a first continuous authentication system based on the PPG signal and studied various corruption attacks. This study enabled us to identify some of the shortcomings of continuous learning.Finally, we determined a new method for optimally parameterizing a continuous authentication system. This procedure maximizes the usability of each user for a given level of security
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Hjelm-Andersson, Alexander. "En kombination av Bluetooth och LabVIEW för ett universellt mätdatorsystem inom medicinsk teknik." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2816.
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<p>Examensarbetet är utfört på Linköpings Universitet, Institutionen för Medicinsk Teknik och bygger på att undersöka möjligheterna för trådlös överföring av mätvärden via Bluetooth. Mätningarna gäller två olika hårdvaror som med metoden PPG mäter blodflöde, en ny förenklad hårdvara och en mer avancerad och tidigare utvecklad hårdvara. Arbetet är tvådelat, under första delen upprättades en kommunikation med Bluetooth och två metoder för överföring av data undersöktes. Under andra delen togs ett gränssnitt fram i utvecklingsmiljön LabVIEW för styrning av hårdvarorna samt för åskådliggörandet av mätdata. Metoderna som undersöktes för dataöverföring är att antingen kontinuerligt skicka samplat data direkt från en AD-omvandlare eller att fylla bluetoothmodulens minne för att därefter skicka samtliga värden samtidigt. För utvärdering av vilken metod som passar bäst för ändamålet diskuteras för- och nackdelar, samplingshastigheter undersöks och redovisas med hjälp av tabeller och grafer. Examensarbetet har resulterat i en grund för fortsatt utveckling av trådlös anpassning av mättekniska ändamålinom medicinsk teknik.</p>
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Patancheru, Govardhan Reddy. "Wearable Heart Rate Measuring Unit." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-23351.
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Despite having the numerous evolved heart rate measuring devices and progress in their development over the years, there always remain the challenges of modern signal processing implementation by a comparatively small size wearable device. This thesis paper presents a wearable reflectance photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor system for measuring the heart rate of a user both in steady and moving states. The size and, power consumption of the device are considered while developing, to ensure an easy deployment of the unit at the measuring site and the ability to power the entire unit with a battery .The selection of both the electronic circuits and signal processing techniques is based on their sensitivity to PPG signals, robustness against noise inducing artifacts and miniaturization of the entire measuring unit. The entire signal chain operates in the discrete-time, which allows the entire signal processing to be implemented in firmware on an embedded microprocessor. The PPG sensor system is implemented on a single PCB that consumes around 7.5mW of power. Benchmarking tests with standard heart rate measuring devices reveal that the developed measurement unit (combination of the PPG sensor system, and inertial measurement unit (IMU) developed in-house at Acreo Swedish ICT, and a battery) is comparable to the devices in detecting heart rate even in motion artifacts environment. This thesis work is carried out in Acreo Swedish ICT, Gothenburg, Sweden in collaboration with MidSweden University, Sundsvall, Department of Electronics Design. This report can be used as ground work for future development of wearable heart rate measuring units at Acreo Swedish ICT.
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Villela, Adriana Badaró de Carvalho. "A participação social e ONGs em projetos de pesquisa científica : o caso do PPG-7-Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2009. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/3884.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2009.<br>Submitted by Larissa Ferreira dos Angelos (ferreirangelos@gmail.com) on 2010-02-25T18:23:22Z
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-05<br>As organizações da sociedade civil em diferentes campos de atuação têm sido foco de atenção, de modo particular no que se refere à necessidade de processos mais participativos na formulação e gestão de políticas públicas. Esse debate alcança a pesquisa, atividade que, tradicionalmente, tem sido reservada às instituições de ensino e pesquisa, principalmente universidades e institutos. A participação das ONGs - em especial, mas não exclusivamente - é vista como uma via de maior aproximação entre ciência e sociedade e como forma de captar as necessidades de pesquisa e aplicar seus resultados, de modo mais direto, nas comunidades locais e regionais. É necessário verificar se e como isso tem ocorrido com base em experiências concretas. Este estudo buscou analisar a participação das ONGs nos Projetos de Pesquisa Dirigidas do Subprograma de Ciência e Tecnologia do Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil e seu significado quanto à participação social na pesquisa. Esse exemplo – pioneiro entre programas oficiais quanto à inserção de ONGs na pesquisa no Brasil - pode contribuir para a melhor compreensão dos contextos e condições necessárias para o êxito do processo participativo - de modo particular via agregação das ONGs - no campo da pesquisa e da utilização dos conhecimentos para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. A análise baseou-se nas informações e dados disponíveis no MMA, MCT e instituições executoras sobre o Programa e o Subprograma; as avaliações realizadas pelas instâncias coordenadoras; e informações obtidas via entrevistas/questionários com coordenadores de projetos e gestores do Programa e de C&T na Região Amazônica. A partir dos resultados desse estudo, três considerações podem ser ressaltadas sobre a participação de ONGs no PPD e o papel desempenhado por estas organizações na aproximação entre ciência e sociedade: a) são consideradas importantes principalmente para a divulgação dos resultados de pesquisa, o que corrobora com a hipótese de que essas organizações teriam, em tese, uma maior proximidade e facilidade de diálogo com a sociedade, podendo contribuir para acelerar o processo de incorporação dos resultados da ciência; b) possuem maior flexibilidade e agilidade administrativa na coordenação e execução dos projetos, bem como na captação de recursos alternativos; e c) um grande entrave à participação de ONGs na pesquisa no Brasil refere-se à credibilidade quanto à capacidade de C&T que detêm e à qualidade científica das pesquisas que realizam. Pode-se concluir que a condução e/ou participação dessas organizações em projetos de pesquisa científica embora não seja a solução para a geração de conhecimentos com maior participação social, pode ser considerada um componente importante em uma estratégia para maior aproximação entre ciência e sociedade, desde que cumpridos os requisitos de qualidade da pesquisa e que as organizações realmente tenham representatividade e reconhecimento nas comunidades ou segmentos em que atuam. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>Civil society organizations in different fields of action have been the focus of attention, in particular regarding the need for more participatory processes in the formulation and management of public policies. That debate reached a search, that activity in Brazil traditionally has been reserved for education and research institutions, mainly universities and institutes. The participation of NGOs - especially but not exclusively - is seen as a means of further approach between science and society and as a way of capturing the needs of research and apply their results in a more direct, local communities and regions. However, it is necessary to ascertain how this has occurred based on concrete experiences. This study examined the participation of NGOs in the projects of SPC & T of the PPG-7 and its significance on the social participation in research. The analysis was based on information and data available on the MMA, MCT and institutions on implementing the Program and Subprogram; evaluations conducted by the coordinators, and information obtained through interviews / questionnaires with project managers and coordinators of the Program and the S & T in the Region Amazon. This example - pioneered the inclusion of NGOs in research in Brazil - can contribute to better understanding of the contexts and conditions for the success of the participatory process - in particular through aggregation of the NGOs - in the field of research and utilization of knowledge to promote development. From the results of this study, three important considerations are highlighted on the participation of NGOs in the PPD and the role played by these organizations in the rapprochement between science and society: a) are considered especially important for the dissemination of research results, which confirms (with) the hypothesis that these organizations would, in theory, greater proximity and ease of dialogue with society, thus accelerating the process of incorporation of the results of science, b) have greater flexibility and agility in the administrative coordination and implementation of projects and as the uptake of alternative resources, which gives NGOs considerable efficiency in the management of research and achievement of results, and c) the credibility about the ability of S & T and the scientific quality of research they carry out is still a great obstacle to the participation of NGOs in search in Brazil. It was the conclusion that the work of these organizations in projects of scientific research, although it is not the solution to the generation of knowledge with greater social participation, may be considered an important strategy for achieving a greater rapprochement between science and society.
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Hilmersson, Anette. "Multisensor Stress Monitoring For Non-Stationary Subjects." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28340.
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Monitoring stress in real-time, in a non-laboratory environment can be benecial in several applications. One of these, which have been the motivation for this thesis, is to to perform this measurement during Attention decit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis. Monitoring several physiological responses to internal or external stimuli in a single soft-real-time system is nota solution widely used in an application like this. The thesis starts by studying several stress related responses in detail. Sensors for all of the responses are not implemented nor is it possible toimplement in to the desired system. After the study is was decided to implement two measurement modules. The first a Photo-plethysmogrophy (PPG) measurement module to measure heart rate and also estimate breathing. This module is prepared for estimating arterial blood oxygen levels but the calculation or verification have not been done. The second is Skin Conductance (SC) measurement module and in to both ofthese add a temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the skin. Time constraints limit the SC module to only be presented in theory. The PPG module on the other hand have been realisedin a prototype. This prototype performs the measurement in transmissive mode on the left earlobe, which leaves the hands free and it does not affect the hearing on that ear. The prototype giveout acceptable signal quality when good contact with the measurement site is achieved. The signalinterpretation, such as performing the signal analysis to count the beats per minute, is outside thescope of this thesis and will therefore not be presented but the signals can be seen in figures.<br>Att mäta stress i realtid i verkliga situationer kan vara fördelaktigt för flera applikationer. Det som har legat som grund för denna uppsats är att kunna mäta stress under ADHD diagnostisering. Genom att kombinera de vanliga testerna med stressnivåer hos patienten hoppas man kunna utveckla nya metoder för diagnostisering. Att mäta fera parametrar samtidigt i realtid är inte något ofta utförs idag. För att komma igång har fera kroppsliga funktioner som påverkas på olika sätt av stress studerats. Alla dessa funktioner kan inte inkluderas i det system som önskas konstrueras antingen på grund av systemets karaktär eller på grund tidsbrist. Efter att undersökningen var klar beslutades det att konstruera två moduler. Den första använder en mätteknik som kallas PPG och används för att mäta hjärtfrekvens, även andningsfrekvensen estimeras och modulen är förberedd för att estimera blodsyre nivåa men signalbehandling och validering för detta är inte gjord. Den andra modulen mäter resistans i huden. I dessa moduler lades även till en temperatur sensor för att mäta hudtemperaturen. Tidsbrist har gjort att endast en av dem två modulerna kunnat realiserats. Den som realiserat är PPG modulen och modulen för hudresistans presenteras endast teoretiskt. PPG modulen genomför matningen med en transmissiv teknik på vänster öra och ger ut en acceptabel signal kvalité om sensorn får bra kontakt. Arbetet är avgränsat och inkluderar inte signalanalysen av signalen däremot visualiseras signalen i figurer.
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Bergstrand, Sara. "Tissue Blood Flow Responses to External Pressure Using LDF and PPG : Testing a System Developed for Pressure Ulcer Research." Licentiate thesis, Linköping : Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51886.
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Adnyani, Desak Putu Deni Putri. "Professional Development for Pre-service Teacher : A Case Study of Professional Development Program for Pre-service Teacher in State University in Central Indonesia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-117800.
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The present study was a case study which aimed at exploring pre-service teachers’ perceptions of PPG-SM3T program for their professional development. PPG-SM3T program is a professional development program for pre-service teacher in Indonesia. Research design of this study was quantitative design and used convenience sampling. The sample was 60 pre-service teachers who graduated from PPG-SM3T program in a state university in central Indonesia. Instrument used to collect data for the present study was questionnaire and analysis consisted of Principal Component Analysis, Reliability test, and Exploratory Data Analysis were done in order to analyse the data. From the results of analysis, it was found that generally pre-service teachers who took PPG-SM3T program in the mentioned university response positively toward the program. It was found to be very effective for most of them as a preparation to be professional teachers. Workshop and field teaching practice were two features in the program that particularly helpful to prepare them to be professional teacher. However, it was also found that more supervision is needed for pre-service teacher during the program as well as non-teaching activities. Some specific cases also need to be considered for future improvement.
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Håkansson, Dennis, and Johan Lövberg. "Development of algorithm for a mobile-based estimation of heart rate." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43561.
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To perform a physical performance test is a good way to keep track of one’s health and can be beneficial to find evidence of deviations in the body. This thesis focuses on the development of a mobile-based heart rate algorithm that can be used with the Queens College Step Test, on the behalf of Mobistudy. Mobistudy wants to include such a test in their mobile application which aims to become a tool for researchers to use to gather data. The algorithm uses the mobile device’s camera to collect data from the user’s finger and uses that data to calculate the heart rate. The algorithm was first tested with data collected during the development and the results has an average error of less than 5% and a standard deviation of less than 3%. Two participants between the age of 20-25 performed three sets each of the Queens College Step Test and the results showed that the algorithm was accurate in its estimation of the heart rate after the test.<br>Genom att utföra ett test av ens fysiska prestanda kan man utvärdera ens hälsostatus och upptäcka indikationer på avvikelser i kroppen. Syftet med detta arbete är att utveckla en mobilbaserad algoritm som kan beräkna och uppskatta ens puls när man utför the Queens College Step Test på begäran av Mobistudy. Mobistudy vill inkludera detta test i deras mobilapplikation som fokuserar på att kunna användas som ett verktyg inom forskning för att samla in data. Algoritmen använder sig av mobilens kamera för att samla in data från användarens finger och använder den insamlade data för att beräkna pulsen. Algoritmen testades först gentemot data som samlades in vid utvecklingsstadiet och resultatet visade på att genomsnittliga felet var under 5% samt att standardavvikelsen var under 3%. Två deltagare mellan åldern 20 och 25 utförde tre tester var utav the Queens College Step Test och resultatet visade att algoritmen var tillräckligt noggrann i sin uppskattning av pulsen efter ett utfört test.
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Ek, Fredrik. "Undersökning och utformning av ett generellt datainsamlingssystem i LabVIEW." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2933.
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<p>This report is the result of a diploma work made at IMT at US in Linköping. The purpose of this piece of work is to investigate the possibility to design a general program for data-acquisition using LabVIEW, suiting different hardwares and connections. Great importance has been attached to communication with serialport, using bluetooth, because different wireless PPG-instruments has been developed parallel to this project. These PPG-circuits uses this type of serialcommunication. Communication with USB, GPIB and analog connection has also been examined and analog communication has been tested practically. But any serious implementation of these types in the LabVIEW-program has not been made.The paper starts with theory where LabVIEW, bluetooth, PPG, different connections and the different PPG-sensors is described concisely. Theory is followed by a"performance-part"where the course of action and the LabVIEW- program is described.The result of the work is an application in LabVIEW for communication with different PPG-sensors, where interface, protocol and file-standard/format has been designed. The program is adapted to prolonged measurements with full duplex. Measurements can be saved into ascii- or binary format, and signals can be studied carefully in graphs.Since only one PPG-sensor is fully made, a test in measurement and acquisition has been made with that sensor only. Ragarding the other PPG-instruments, the communication has been tested in hyperterminal.</p>
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Rettberg, Julia [Verfasser], and Andrea [Akademischer Betreuer] Meyer-Lindenberg. "Evaluierung verschiedener kardiovaskulärer Parameter sowie weiterer Vitalparameter bei verschiedenen Tierarten unter anderem mittels multispektraler Photoplethysmographie (PPG) / Julia Rettberg ; Betreuer: Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199265284/34.
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Wenning, Christian [Verfasser], Annette M. [Gutachter] Schmidt, and Marc C. [Gutachter] Leimenstoll. "Reaction-Induced Phase Separation of PPG/PEO/HDI based bi-Soft Segment Polyurethanes / Christian Wenning ; Gutachter: Annette M. Schmidt, Marc C. Leimenstoll." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1151638307/34.
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-zu, Hung, and 洪子迪. "Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Electrolytes Based on PPG-PEG-PPG Diamine, Alkoxysilanes, and Lithium Perchlorate." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85032712347648602515.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學研究所<br>95<br>A novel organic-inorganic hybrid electrolyte based on the formation of ureasils through the reaction in different ratios of poly (propylene glycol)-block-poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (propylene glycol) bis (2-aminopropyl ether) (ED2000) with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (ICPTES), followed by the via the co-condensation of 3-Glycidoxypropyl -trimethoxysilane (GLYMO) in the presence of LiClO4, has been prepared.
The structure and functionality of the materials thus obtained were characterized a variety of techniques including alternating current impedance, FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and multinuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The results of DSC measurements indicate the formation of transient cross-links between Li+ ions and the ether oxygens on complexation with LiClO4, resulting in an increase in the soft segment Tg. Behavior of ionic conductivity is Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF)-type. Solid-state NMR was used to probe the structure and dynamics of organic and inorganic components in the hybrid electrolyte and 13C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning NMR results from variable contact time measurements indicated that a significant decrease in the mobility of the polymer chains as the salt content was increased. 7Li NMR characterization was performed to study ionic mobility by measuring spectral line widths, T1 relaxation times, and diffusion coefficients. The results of the lithium diffusion coefficient measurements indicated that the ionic conductivity in the present electrolytes was mainly dominated by the mobility of the lithium cations.
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Liao, Chun-Chieh, and 廖俊杰. "A Star-Branched Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Electrolyte with Remarkable Swelling Properties Based on PPG-PEG-PPG Diamine." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90619129488861197311.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>化學研究所<br>97<br>We have synthesized a new star-branched organic-inorganic hybrid electrolyte based on the use of cyanuric chloride as the central core to couple with triblock copolymers PPG-PEG-PPG diamine (ED2000), followed by cross-linking with epoxy alkoxysilanes via a sol-gel process. The star-branched hybrid material has soaked in an electrolyte solution of 1 M LiClO4 in EC/PC (1:1, w/w). The present star-branched hybrid material exhibits a large electrolyte uptake capacity that increases the ionic conductivity value up to 1.11 × 10-2 Scm-1 at 30 °C. The film has also possessed electrochemical stability up to 6.0 V versus Li/Li+. The star-branched hybrid electrolyte has a remarkable two-fold increase in cyclabilty during overcharge at 4.4 V as compared to polypropylene (PP) separator sample. PVdF-HFP is also added in hybrid electrolyte, not only to enhance the mechanical strength but also keep the conductivity at the same level.
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HUANG, TSAI-HSUN, and 黃才薰. "Preparation of NHS-Fluorescein@PEG/PPG@Silica Composite Nanoparticles." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20191476049287106457.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>紡織工程所<br>98<br>Today, combined with fluorescence-based detection of biomarker technology has been widely used in modern biochemical research, disease diagnosis, pharmaceutical, biotechnology and many other areas.Low toxicity of silica on the human body, with good biocompatibility and water solubility, therefore, they were very suitable for application in the organism. Fluorescent dyes and inorganic silica particles made from carbon-pin fluorescent light possess high signal amplification, excellent photostability and easy surface modification due to its high performance they have been favored by many scholars to report a number of research results in recent years.
In this study, we prepared ammonia modified silica nanoparticles by Stöber method and combined with NHS-fluorescein to form a novel fluorescence silica nanocomposite particles. Synthesis method is divided into two parts: (1) by "Assembling Act (imposition method)" method to NHS-fluorescein covalently bind to the surface of silicon particles and the role of steps by dialysis so that the formation of SiO2 @ NHS -Fluorescein silicon nano composite particles; (2) the use of "doping methods " will be fluorescent dyes covalently bound to silica particles embedded in the reticular formation and the addition polymers of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol ( PPG) and 4-ethoxy silane (TEOS) to form NHS-Fluorescein @ SiO2 nanocomposite particles by hydrolysis and condensation reaction .
The results indicate that, the SiO2@NHS-Fluorescein nanoparticles made from “imposition method” and through dialytic step showed a multi- microporous structure and could improve the fluorescence intensity effectively; the NHS-Fluorescein@SiO2 nanoparticles made from “doping method” and adding polymer additionally showed irregular and raspberry-like nanoparticles and could controlled the particle size easily. The fluorescence silica composite nanoparticles prepared from two methods both sufficient for detection and showing pretty good fluorescent imaging which analyzing from inverted fluorescence microscopy(NIFM).
Finally, we used fluorescent silica nanocomposite particles that conjugated with an antibody for Her2 /neu , the complex could be achieved on the surface of breast cancer cells identification of HER-2/neu receptor gene. Successful in vivo experiments was discussed for the future.
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Zhan, Zhe-Wei, and 詹哲維. "Optical Design of PPG prober." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jsm4vp.
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碩士<br>國立虎尾科技大學<br>光電與材料科技研究所<br>102<br>The study is to add a special optical lens on a photoplethsymography probe, so light source can inject light obliquely on a sensor. By this lens, the probe can consume less energy to achieve the same effect as a normal probe. We use the freeform surface method to design the lens’ radius of curvature, and use optical design software to design a total internal reflection lens and a dioptric lens. The simulation results show that the lens can collect divergent ray emitted by LED, and enhance the optical efficiency by 23%.
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HUAUG, YU-FENG, and 黃裕峯. "Thermal and Crystalline Behavior of Biodegrable PLLA-PPG、PEG copolymer/clay nanocomposites." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53824176710279097966.
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博士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>材料科學與工程系<br>103<br>This study explored the thermal behavior of PLLA copolymer nanocomposite with added organoclay (montmorillonite). The quaternary ammonium salt used to organically modify the hydrophilic montmorillonite via ion exchange led to expansion of its d-spacing. The modified clay was then evenly dispersed into the matrix of PLLA copolymer via solution intercalation method to synthesize the nanoscale polymer. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe whether the clay was uniformly dispersed in the PLLA copolymer. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to observe whether the thermal stability of the PLLA copolymer changed due to clay addition. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the crystal structure and lattice displacement of PLLA copolymer before and after the clay addition. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the changes in thermal and crystal properties of PLLA copolymer at various ratios of clay under non-isothermal crystallization and isothermal crystallization conditions. The crystal growth and crystal size of the nanocomposites with various ratios of clay was observed by polarized optical microscopy. The experimental results show that adding clay could enhance the thermal stability of PLLA copolymer and significantly change its crystal property.
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TSAI, PO-WEI, and 蔡柏緯. "Blood pressure measurement based on deep learning using ECG, PPG, and PCG parameters." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v8u5ta.
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碩士<br>中華大學<br>電機工程學系<br>106<br>With the development of science and technology, the simple family medical equipment on the market is becoming more and more diverse. People can conduct simple measurement at home so that, they can report their physical condition to the doctor to determine the possible cause when they seek medical treatment.
Sleeveless blood pressure measurement is recommended in recent years.This thesis is based on the idea of sleeveless blood pressure measurement to design an easy to carry, easy to use, low cost and high precision sphygmomanometer.By collecting ECG, PPG, and PCG signals, we can retrieve the required signal characteristics via digital filtering.Then, use the deep learning method to obtain the user’s diastolic pressure and systolic pressure.Finally, the results are transmitted to the mobile phone users via the WiFi functions of the MCU and APP.
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LIN, MING-KANG, and 林明康. "Assessment for Arteriosclerosis by PPG Signal." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/373h22.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>電機工程學系<br>107<br>With the increase in the proportion of the population with aging and atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis has become an important issue for cardiovascular diseases. In the case of coronary arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke may occur at any time and induce the danger for human life. However, there is no non-invasive instrument to evaluate the conditions of coronary angiogram effectly for now adays. If people can process simple inspections and assessments of arterial vascular sclerosis at home, it will be very helpful for older people. According to the condition illustrated above, this study proposes a physiological instrument based on PPG signal for coronary atherosclerosis. Based on the main peak and multiple pulse wave information in the PPG signal, the vascular sclerosis index were calculated to evaluate the possibility of coronary atherosclerosis and prevent myocardial infraction and stroke in advance.
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CHIU, YUNG-JUNG, and 裘詠融. "Biometric Personal Identification Based on PPG Signals." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qg2nzk.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>自動控制工程學系<br>107<br>This thesis presents an optical-sensing-based wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensing device and its associated intelligent biometric identification algorithm for biometric personal identification. First, we integrate a microcontroller, a PPG sensor, and a Bluetooth wireless transmission module into a wearable PPG sensing device that can be worn on the user's finger to measure PPG signals. Subsequently, an intelligent biometric identification algorithm composed of the procedures of signal preprocessing, biometric feature extraction, biometric feature reduction, and intelligent biometric identification is presented for biometric personal identification. The high frequency noise and baseline wander of the PPG signals are removed by the signal preprocessing, and then the Z-score normalization is used to remove the PPG signal amplitude biases generated by individuals and instrumental differences. Next, a P-wave detection method is presented to detect P-waves in PPG signal, and then physiological PPG features generated from time-, frequency-domain, and nonlinear analyses are utilized to find the biometric features. Afterward, the dimensions of the extracted biometric features can be reduced by the principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and nonparametric weighted feature extraction (NWFE) methods. In addition, we extract the inherent features from the spectrogram of the short-term Fourier transform (STFT) of the preprocessed PPG signals. Finally, biometric personal identification is performed by the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) classifiers and the convolutional neural network (CNN), respectively. The results show that the classification rate for biometric personal identification tasks is 95.80% and the equal error rate (EER) is 7.20% by using the spectrogram of the STFT of the PPG signals combined with the CNN classifier, which can successfully validated the effectiveness of the proposed wearable PPG sensing device and its associated intelligent biometric identification algorithm.
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WU, YEN-CHING, and 吳燕青. "ECG and PPG signal measurement device miniaturization." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g675q5.
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碩士<br>明志科技大學<br>電子工程系碩士班<br>106<br>As the Taiwanese population is rapidly aging, people become increasingly conscious about their personal health and home health management. Thus, the demand for home health measurement devices is increasing day by day. It is common to see physical measurement devices such as blood pressure gauge or electrocardiograph that are not convenient for portable use, which make us unable to pay more attention to assessing our physical and health condition freely at any time.
The study aimed to explore the idea of cutting the electrical circuit and reducing the size of the health measurement device thus making it into a portable one, and equipping it with other features such as non-invasiveness and security. Besides, the author expects that the miniature physical measurement device could provide a simple reference for the user on his/her physical health condition.
Keywords: Health Management, Physical Measurement, Miniature Devices
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Hsieh, Wan-Hsuan, and 謝宛軒. "A PPG-Based Personal Biometric Identification System." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jzg72w.
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Cheng, Hsiang-Jen, and 鄭翔仁. "Using PPG Imaging Method in Drowsiness Detection System." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33100390961734346334.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>電機工程學系所<br>105<br>In recent years, fatigue driving led to the occurrence of many accidents, which often caused great harms. How to warn the driver in advance to avoid accidents has become an important issue.
In this thesis, a drowsiness detection system is proposed by using PPG Imaging. It is a non-contact measurement method. When the webcam captures the human face, hemoglobin absorption of light can be changed into heartbeat signal. And then use the heart rate variability (Heart rate variability, HRV) in the frequency domain analysis. By the proposed algorithm to calculate and judge, early drowsiness detection can be achieved. When the proposed system detects the occurrence of drowsiness, it will send out the warning ring to warn the driver. It is a good help to avoid traffic accidents.
Graphical user interface (GUI) is developed under Linux Operation System (OS). It can immediately display PPG waveform and low frequency / high frequency ratio(LF/HF-ratio).
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Wu, Ming-Te, and 吳明德. "Crystallization kinetics of Biodegradable PLLA-PPG Copolymer/Clay." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21082676939390878350.
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碩士<br>萬能科技大學<br>材料科學與工程研究所在職專班<br>101<br>This study explores PLLA-PPG copolymers (PPG M ̅n:700, 1000, 2000) adding Montmorillonite (Clay) nano-crystallization behavior of composite mode. Solution method of intercalation modified naimimeng after removal of soil evenly on PLLA-PPG copolymers of polymer substrate. Through FTIR, 1H NMR identification of composite structures and guannengji, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter), POM (Polarizing Optical Microscope) observation of crystal growth patterns, XRD (Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction) observation of Clay to disperse PLLA-PPG copolymers, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) to observe the test piece surface micro-topography. Found that MMT evenly on PLLA-PPG copolymers. According to the experimental data show that after adding Montmorillonite n (growth dimensionality) grow from 3-d and 1-d to 2-d , k (overall crystallization rate) due to add montmorillonite larger (faster crystallization), its Ea requirements reduced. PPG between chain length increases closer to 2-d and Crystal speeds get faster, Its Ea(Energy of Activation) requirements smaller and Tm raised. Because PPG chain length increases after crystal growth space bigger, and make crystal easy to grow.
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Chang, Li-Kai, and 張立楷. "Studies on Motion Artifact Reduction of PPG Signals." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00071021364844456435.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>102<br>When the society steadily reaches the aging society and when the heart disease death rate is continuously increasing it is important to have everyone to pay attention on his own physiological condition to prevent the occurrence of any cardiovascular disease.
The Photoplethymography (PPG) is used in real time monitoring one’s physiological condition it has low cost and easy to carry advantages comparing with the ECG measurements; however it has the disadvantage of easy to suffering to motion artifacts. In order to accurately analyze the hidden information in the PPG data it needs to solve the effect of motion artifacts on the PPG signal.
In this thesis it first uses the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) method to separate the PPG signal and noise signal from the original PPG signal that has been affected by motion interference; it then selects the independent part of the PPG signal and from the spectrum analysis of this independent part of PPG signal to locate the positions of the fundamental frequency, the 1st harmonic and the second harmonic of the PPG signal. It then from this spectrum plot designs a bandpass filter and uses the designed bandpass filter to reduce or eliminate the possible motion interference. Four motion artifacts such as the vertical motion of the fingers, horizontal finger motion, speeding vibration and random motions are studied. The independent components after ICA process, the PPG waveforms in the time and frequency domains after the bandpass filter, and the detected heart rate information are all presented in each study case.
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Lin, Chun-Hao, and 林俊豪. "Cuffless Image Blood Pressure Monitor by Remote-PPG." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gaeaj9.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電機學院電機與控制學程<br>106<br>According to the information from Taiwan Hypertension Society, there are 6.24 million
populations have potential hypertension risk. Only one out of every 5 people measures blood
pressure every week. If we want to avoid hypertension, it is critical to have a habit of measuring
blood pressure in every day. In addition, if measuring blood pressure under relaxes condition, we
could keep white coat hypertension away. In this paper, we provide cuffless/contactless image
sphygmomanometer. By off-the-shelf web camera, we can monitor blood pressure every time,
everywhere. With image base solution, we can overcome cannot continue measuring problem by
traditional blood pressure meter. We capture pulse transit time (PTT) from camera and base the
model from physiological database with machine learning method. After experimental, the SBP
RMSE is 4.56 mmHg; the DBP RMSE is 3.97 mmHg. And the accuracy can reach grade C under
the standard British Hypertension Society (BHS) protocol.
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HUANG, JYUN-YING, and 黃俊穎. "Implementation of Wristband PPG Heart Rate Variation Monitor." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aehsyg.
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碩士<br>國立虎尾科技大學<br>光電工程系光電與材料科技碩士班<br>106<br>The PPG (Photoplethysmogram) was used to measure the heart rate variability (HRV) measurement signal. The low-power microprocessor Holtek HT66F70A captured the heartbeat interval per unit time of the PPG signal and used low power. Spending Bluetooth 4.0 sends the measurement data to the APP of the mobile phone for calculations to observe the rate of heart rate variation and changes in parasympathetic nerves. The lightweight and power consumption make it easy to carry and monitor its current physiological condition at any time.
The micro-processing chip used is the Holtek HT66F70A whose memory is 2048 Byte and contains 12 Bit A/D for the monitoring system to intercept the heart rate signal. The relevant measurement signal is set as the sampling period of 146.4 ms which is equivalent to the sampling frequency of 6.82 Hz, and the number of samples is once. Measurement period is 5 minutes (2048 times). The microprocessor performs heartbeat R-wave interval measurement and then uses the Berger's algorithm to find the heart rate equidistant waveforms. After that, the result of the calculation is the UART protocol, from the low-power Bluetooth 4.0. The calculation data is transmitted to the mobile phone for heart rate analysis and spectrum conversion. After calculation, the display items include: TP (total power), HF (high frequency power), LF (low frequency power), LF/HF (low-frequency power ratio) .。
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Huang, Chin-Wei, and 黃智偉. "CMOS Front-end Circuit Design of PPG Sensor." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35juy5.
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碩士<br>國立虎尾科技大學<br>光電與材料科技研究所<br>102<br>In this thesis, we utilize the TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS process to design the CMOS front-end circuit design for PPG sensor for driving a photodetector model. After emergent light through capillary reflect into a photodiode, the strength of capillary absorption light is converted to the current signal. When the current signal transit the transimpedance amplifier, the background light noise of 60Hz would be filtered first and converted to the voltage signal with DC and AC component. We utilize low-pass filter with corner frequency of 5.79Hz filter high-frequency noise including flicker noise and DC distortion. It only remains the analog signal of AC component. Then we utilize inverting amplifier to amplify AC component. After further processing via the CPU, then turn the digital signal sent back to the chip digital-to- analog converter that the maximum DNL and INL are 0.77LSB and 0.54LSB. It controls and read AC signal to conduct digital signal process. Also, we coordinate 1-to-2 demultiplexer to control the LED driver circuit with H-bridge architecture and maximum driving current 6.6mA for the LED light emission action and intensity. It would further adjust driving current magnitude of the red and infrared LED light LED in order to achieve the purpose of the matching level.
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Bhavirisetty, Ravi Teja. "Calculation of blood pulse transit time from PPG." Thesis, 2012. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4210/1/Ravi_Teja_-_B.Tech_-_Thesis.pdf.
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Photo Plethysmograph (PPG) is an instrument that assists in monitoring the volumetric changes in our body. It uses LEDs and their corresponding sensors as pairs in retrieving information in the form of electrical signals (low in amplitude). These signals are amplified and processed using various filters to give the desired output. The blood pulse wave in the form of a voltage signal is derived at two points, one at FINGER and the other at WRIST. The time difference between two corresponding peaks gives us the PULSE TRANSIT TIME (PTT). This PTT has various clinical applications in assessing few vital parameters in an easy and non-invasive way.
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LIAO, GUO-SHENG, and 廖國勝. "The PPG Physiological Signal for Heart Rate Variability Analysis." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38hh7t.
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碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>電子工程系碩士班<br>104<br>The photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor can be applied to measure the situation and function of human blood circulation. The PPG sensor is not only existed the characteristics of simple, convenient and low price but also easy non-invasive to measure physiological signal. The advantage of PPG signal is easy to measure from various sensing location. The physiological information of the clinical detection method is broadly implemented for such type. In this thesis, we utilize “the green LED reflective” PPG sensor to capture physiological signals operated in static and exercise modes. Therefore, we adopted the short-term measurement in five minutes. Those captured signals are divided into five segments and one minute for each segment. We calculated heart beats per minute and heart rate variability (HRV) operated in time domain analysis criteria.
The related theory of short-time Fourier transform (STFT) combined with power spectral density (PSD) is implemented for finding HRV in frequency domain analysis. Then, we derived random process theory and the autocorrelation function which are verified the PPG measurement is stationary process or not. In the future experiment, we can compare the 24 hours data with the previous results. Consequently, we apply the physical health status monitoring of long-term and short-term modes to observe subject varies of HRV and ANS after listening music concurrently.
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Tsai, Ching-che, and 蔡青哲. "The Motion Artifact Detection and Signal Reconstruction in PPG." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31749849747271382837.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>自動控制工程所<br>97<br>In modern society, people have longer life expectancies than the past due to the rising quality of life and medical technology. Nevertheless, the numbers of patients suffering from cardiovascular disease have increased due to social impact of aging and the lack of appropriate physiological monitoring equipment. It is necessary to re-design systems as it would be too costly to add functions to traditional physiological measurement equipment. The advantages of photoplethysmography (PPG) measurement include easy setup, simple use and low cost. Moreover, PPG contains many physiological parameters. However, the PPG signal can be corrupted with motion artifact resulting in the erroneous information and setting off of an alarm on physiological measurement equipment.
Hence, the aims of this study are to develop a platform that can have flexible configurability for physiological signal measurement as well as algorithms of motion artifact detection and signal reconstruction.
The main contributions and results of this study are as follows：
1. A system based on Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) for biomedical signal measurement is proposed, and the proposed system measures signal synchronized with the standard instruments. According to the measurement results, the correlation coefficient between them was as high as 0.99. Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) were �{54.8dB and �{20.2dB, respectively. Thus, the implementation of the proposed system in biomedical signal measurement is verified.
2. A novel algorithm of real-time motion artifact detection in PPG and the human-machine interface were developed.
3. An algorithm of signal reconstruction using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) was proposed, but this approach has the restriction of signal’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in practice.
4. Implementation of Singular Value Ratio (SVR) spectrum can be used in principal component analysis.
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Wang, Chia-Yu, and 王佳裕. "Design of a Flexible PPG Signal Processing Wireless Device." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96252557857571381202.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>電機工程學系所<br>103<br>With the wearable electronics market maturing, measurement and observation of the individual''s physiological signals slowly become an indispensable behavior in response to the evolution of society and demography in Taiwan and changes of electronic consumer’s habits. Existing market of electronic products, particularly for physiological signals, is quite rich, such as watches, bracelets, fingertip, mobile communication devices, rings, chest strap, clothing of physiology, etc. However, the use of these products follows the specific usage behavior and is defined by the manufacturers. Often the accuracy and stability of the products are included in the consumer’s assessment.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals can be used for the general user to provide information, such as the heart rate and saturation of pulse oxygen (SPO2). This thesis is based on the principle of infrared optical response and uses an optical sensing module miniaturization of packaging and mechanism isolation conceptual design to improve darkroom demand for optical applications. In addition, a simpler filter amplifier circuit architecture is proposed to simplify the application of electronic components. Not only the cost to complete integrated system design can be reduced, but also the overall power consumption of the system.
To design PPG signal detection circuit in this thesis, the printed circuit board design is based on a flexible substrate, i.e., Flexible Print Circuit Board (FPCB). Its main purpose is to improve the existing PPG signal detection of the wearable device. The different detection positions by different users often limit the accuracy of the calculation results. By means of a flexible mechanism, it can guide the user to find the most suitable detection position. The product cost due to various molds for different users’ finger sizes can be reduced by FPCB. The aesthetics design of the products can also be achieved easier. The physiological signal detection device is no longer in the past stereotype and becomes an aesthetics ornament.
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Tang, Jiun-Jie, and 湯俊傑. "Development of non-invasive multi-level PPG measurement system." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97397615445276088622.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>元智大學<br>電機工程學系<br>98<br>The purpose of this research is to establish a non-invasive multi-level infrared of photoplethysmograph of measurement system,carried out simultaneously for the same parts of PPG signal of penetration and reflection measurements,by harmonic energy ratio,variation and correlation to explore the differences between different levels of vascular changes, and then verify the feasibility of this system and other applications value. From the experimental results obtained,Captured at 25Hz under the penetration,reflection PPG signals and 1024Hz captured under a separate signal through PPG, the results obtained are similar to the trend, the cold stimulation is also consistent with correlated results,shows superficial blood vessels than deep blood vessels susceptible to environmental temperature changes may be affected, these results confirmed the feasibility of this system and functional. With the future of this system into other measurement conditions can be combined to do, analysis of other physiological parameters, the establishment of physiological indicators, for the detection of human microcirculation is more convenient and rapid detection method.
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Ho, Hu-Ying, and 何湖瑩. "The Analysis of Multiple Physiological Parameters in PPG Signal." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30470545089875522083.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>生醫資訊暨生醫工程碩士學位學程<br>99<br>The purpose of this study is to use photoplethysmography(PPG) to analyze a variety of physiological information. This approach is easy and simple. The respiratory signal and PPG are the signal sources. The respiratory signal is measured by BIOPAC-MP30, and the PPG is measured by a sensor circuit. The PPG circuit is developed in our lab. The two analog signals(respiratory and PPG) are acquired by using NI USB-6009. The PPG signal analysis is then processed by software develpped in LabVIEW enviranment and the following physiological information are derived from the acquired PPG signals: oxygen saturation (SpO_2 96.63 ± 1.28 %), pulse rate (73.29 ± 10.95 BPM), reflection index (RI 69.15 ± 9.53 %) stiffness index (SI 8.53 ± 0.85 m/s), and perfusion index (PI 0.14±0.05).
A comparison between the respiratory signal and PPG is conducted with an autoregressive model (AR model) yielding a 96.5 % value of agreement. To analyze the respiratory rate, six methods are used: real respiratory rate, AR model of respiratory signal (AR-RESP.), AR model of PPG (AR-PPG), Bessel bandpass filter, peak interpolation, and wavelet transform. The analysis of variance is used to detect two factors: "methods" and "subjects". The null hypothesis is rejected at ?.05 level of significance, demonstrating the interaction and impact between “methods” and subjects”.
In the six analyses of respiratory rate conducted in this study, the results of AR-RESP (0.247 Hz) and AR-PPG (0.261 Hz) are very close to the results of the real respiratory rate in Lab 4. Therefore, the AR method may be used to find the respiratory component. The results of the Bessel bandpass filter (0.265 Hz) and peak interpolation (0.249 Hz) are also close to the results of the real respiratory rate.
In conclusion, PPG can be used to detect a respiratory rate, but different methods have yielded somewhat varying results. The parameters for PPG analysis of physiological information has been used for cardiovascular assessment in the past. The findings of this present study may be useful in similar assessments.
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Chang, Yen-Rong, and 張晏榕. "Using chip-scale spectrometer for robust PPG measurement system." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3azwsn.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>105<br>Photoplethysmography (PPG) technologies have been widely used and investigated for noninvasive heart rate monitoring due to its low cost and simple setup. However, the quality of PPG signals are easily affected by many factors such as skin-tone, artifact motion, attaching pressure and skin-surface temperature. To solve these issues, multi-channel, multi-wavelength measurement have been employed into PPG technologies. The goal of this study is to develop robust multi-channel, multi-wavelength PPG measurement devices for heart rate monitoring by utilizing chip-size spectrometers. First, we utilize 3-D printers to create the cases for both LED circuits and chip-size spectrometers such that the light path from LED to skin-surface can accurately reflected to the chip-size spectrometers. Second, four pre-processing methods including derivative and mean-filter (DMF) based methods, band-pass filter (BPF) based methods, median and mean filter (MMF) based methods as well as envelope and mean-filter (EMF) based methods are designed and examined to purify the raw PPG signals. Finally, three signal combining methods including linear discriminant analysis (LDA) methods, maximum SINR combining (MSC) methods and maximum ratio combining (MRC) methods are designed for multi-channel, multi-wavelength PPG signals to improve the stability and quality of the combined PPG signal. In both simulation and experiment results, it shows that by using the BPF-MRC based method, the combined PPG signal is most stable.
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HUANG, KE-CHENG, and 黃克誠. "Design of Coronary Arteriosclerosis Instrument Based on PPG Signal." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wh5cju.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>產業研發碩士班<br>106<br>With the increase in the proportion of the population with aging and atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis has become an important issue for cardiovascular diseases. Coronary atherosclerosis is more so. In the case of coronary arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke may occur at any time and induce the danger for human life. However, there is no non-invasive instrument to evaluate the conditions of coronary angiogram in a most popular device to judge the possibility of coronary artery diseases for patients used in a medical institution. If people can process simple inspections and assessments of arterial vascular sclerosis at home, it will be very helpful for older people. According to the condition illustrated above, this study proposes a physiological instrument based on PPG signal for coronary atherosclerosis. Based on the main peak and multiple pulse wave information in the PPG signal, the vascular sclerosis index and the heart rate variability index were calculated to evaluate the possibility of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Tu, Dao-Kui, and 涂道揆. "A Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Method Based on PPG Signal." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55516480463839291190.
Full text
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Yu, Shun-Chieh, and 游舜傑. "A Smartphone-Based Living Skin Recognition Method Using Remote-PPG." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48550102283814040289.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>105<br>The poor recognition of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) with checking carotid pulse is less than 50% correct by the public. Thus, to assist public for more effective recognition of cardiac arrest and to facilitate patients receiving early resuscitation, we propose a pulse-correlation-deviation (PCD) method to differentiate the living/non-living skin tissue by analyzing the contactless pulse signal. We firstly constructed the identification method on the smartphone, which is ubiquitous and eligible to accord realistic emergency demands. The image sensor on the smartphone was utilized to capture the remote PPG (rPPG) physiological signal and a cross-correlation operation was used to enhance the characteristics of cardiac condition of a living subject. The results show that the proposed PCD method outperforms the existed method (FDR) by providing faster and higher detection rates (95% and 90% for the fixed-holding and hand-holding smartphone experiment, respectively). In the future, the proposed innovation can facilitate the bystander to recognize OHCA in short time (within 8 seconds), and to execute earlier CPR, earlier PAD, and to provide more information for emergency calls to improve the survival rate of OHCA patients.
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(6634382), Deena Alabed. "Photoplythesmogram (PPG) Signal Reliability Analysis in a Wearable Sensor-Kit." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
<p>In recent years, there has been an increase in the
popularity of wearable sensors such as electroencephalography (EEG) sensors,
electromyography (EMG) sensors, gyroscopes, accelerometers, and
photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors. This work is focused on PPG sensors, which
are used to measure heart rate in real time. They are currently used in many
commercial products such as Fitbit Watch and Muse Headband. Due to their low
cost and relative implementation simplicity, they are easy to add to
custom-built wearable devices.</p><p><br></p>
<p>We built an Arduino-based wearable wrist sensor-kit that
consists of a PPG sensor in addition to other low cost commercial biosensors to
measure biosignals such as pulse rate, skin temperature, skin conductivity, and
hand motion. The purpose of the sensor-kit is to analyze the effects of stress
on students in a classroom based on changes in their biometric signals. We
noticed some failures in the measured PPG signal, which could negatively affect
the accuracy of our analysis. We conjectured that one of the causes of failure
is movement. Therefore, in this thesis, we build automatic failure detection
methods and use these methods to study the effect of movement on the signal.</p><p><br></p>
<p>Using the sensor-kit, PPG signals were collected in two
settings. In the first setting, the participants were in a still sitting
position. These measured signals were manually labeled and used in signal
analysis and method development. In the second setting, the signals were
acquired in three different scenarios with increasing levels of activity. These
measured signals were used to investigate the effect of movement on the
reliability of the PPG sensor. </p><p><br></p>
<p>Four types of failure detection methods were developed:
Support Vector Machines (SVM), Deep Neural Networks (DNN), K-Nearest Neighbor
(K-NN), and Decision Trees. The classification accuracy is evaluated by
comparing the resulting Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, Area
Above the Curve (AAC), as well as the duration of failure and non-failure
sequences. The DNN and Decision Tree results are found to be the most promising
and seem to have the highest error detection accuracy. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>The proposed classifiers are also used to assess the
reliability of the PPG sensor in the three activity scenarios. Our findings
indicate that there is a significant presence of failures in the measured PPG
signals at rest, which increases with movement. They also show that it is hard
to obtain long sequences of pulses without failure. These findings should be
taken into account when designing wearable systems that use heart rate values
as input.</p>
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Liu, Wei-Ting, and 劉威廷. "The Implementation and Evaluation of Multiple Physiological Parameters by PPG." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70303978415149668972.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>自動控制工程所<br>97<br>When society ages and cardiovascular disease increases, physiological signal measurement becomes more important. In this study, we build a simple and multi-physiological signal measurement equipment. It can not only be utilized in clinical environment, but also be an important equipment in home-care technology.
The advantages of PPG measurement include easy setup, simple use and low cost. Moreover, PPG contains many physiological parameters such as heart rate and respiratory rate, which can be extracted from time-domain and frequency-domain analysis. In addition, the pulse transit time (PTT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), arterial stiffness index (SI) and the reflection index (RI) of pulse wave can also be obtained from the morphology of PPG signal.
From the results of this study, the agreement of PPI and RRI is higher than 95%. By bivariate AR model, we verify the respiratory information can be obtained from the spectrum of PPG signal. However, errors exist for the respiratory information by single-channel AR spectrum analysis. SI and RI are not stable by coefficient of variation analysis. Three methods of PTT and PWV have their own advantages and are all considerably stable.
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徐子昇. "PVT Properties of PPG with Mixed Solvent at Elevated Pressure." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42572299393064562347.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>化學工程系<br>88<br>Abstract
PVT data have been measured for mixtures composed of PPG-4000, 1-octanol, and acetophenone with a high-pressure densimeter in a temperature range of 298.15 K to 348.15 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa. The variations of densities and excess volumes with composition, temperature, and pressure were investigated.
The excess volumes are positive over entire composition range for 1-octanol+acetophenone,while those change from negative to positive with increasing the mole fraction of polymer cut for the two polymer solution systems.
The Tait equation correlated accurately the density data over the entire pressure range. The Redlich-Kister model correlated well the excess volumes. The isothermal compressibilities were calculated with the aid of the Tait equation. The magnitudes of the isothermal compressibilities follow the order of 1-octanol > PPG-4000 > acetophenone.
Both the FOV and the Schotte equations of state were also employed to correlate the PVT data. The values of the binary interaction parameters were determined from binary data. The equations of state with those determined binary parameters estimated the PVT properties to within acceptable accuracy for the ternary mixtures of PPG-4000+1-octanol+acetophenone.
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Lu, Yueh-Ching, and 盧岳璟. "Analysis of Sleep Stability and Cardiorespiratory Coupling Using PPG Signal." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32712255756240624158.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>應用力學研究所<br>104<br>The main purpose of this study is to use an easy method to analyze users sleep stability. Nowadays, lots of wearable devices have already used photo-plethysmography signal (PPG) to measure physiological characteristics of sleep. So we choose PPG signal to evaluate sleep stability. And we compare the Cardiorespiratory Coupling (CRC) result with cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in order to find out the correlation of sleep stability.
In our study, the PPG data recorded from Polysomnography (PSG). And our study only uses PPG signal to detect the heartbeat interval (NNI) and PPG derived respiratory signal (PDR). So we do not need to wear airflow sensor to measure the characteristics of respiration.
The CAP stages in our study are divided into 3 types (NCAP, CAP, and WREM) according to the level of sleep stability. Then we use Welch’s method to calculate the power spectral density (PSD) of NNI and PDR. When we coupling them together, we’ll get high frequency band power energy (EHF, f =0.1~0.4 Hz), Low frequency band power energy (ELF, f =0.01~0.1 Hz), and ELF/ EHF (Lo/Hi ratio). The foregoing are the characteristic we compare with CAP stages.
We have 21 subjects which were divided into 3 groups: 5 normal subjects, 6 mild and moderate subjects, and 10 severe subjects. And the results show that the normal subjects do not have an obvious characteristic to compare with CAP (ACC_(PPG,NOSA)=38.37 %). Next, we analyze the sleep apnea subjects. The total accuracy of sleep apnea subjects is not a good result (ACC_(PPG,OSA)=45.31 %). But we find the detection of stage non-cyclic alternating pattern (NCAP) have a nice performance (ACC_(PPG,NCAP,OSA)=75.15 %).
In order to use the detection of NCAP to determine sleep stability. We use NCAP time divided by total sleep time (NCAP Ratio). Finally, we find the result of NCAP Ratio shows a negative correlation with CAP Rate. So we think this method might have the potential to evaluate sleep stability.
Compared to the previous research, the method of PPG’s measurement is easier than ECG signal. So we think this PPG method might be a better choice for Home Healthcare in the future.