Journal articles: 'PPod'

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Brown, Sigal Horowitz, James B. Scott, Jeyanthi Bhaheetharan, William C. Sharpee, Lane Milde, Richard A. Wilson, and Nancy P. Keller. "Oxygenase Coordination Is Required for Morphological Transition and the Host–Fungus Interaction of Aspergillus flavus." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 7 (July 2009): 882–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-7-0882.

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Oxylipins, a class of oxygenase-derived unsaturated fatty acids, are important signal molecules in many biological systems. Recent characterization of an Aspergillus flavus lipoxygenase gene, lox, revealed its importance in maintaining a density-dependent morphology switch from sclerotia to conidia as population density increased. Here, we present evidence for the involvement of four more oxylipin-generating dioxygenases (PpoA, PpoB, PpoC, and PpoD) in A. flavus density-dependent phenomena and the effects of loss of these genes on aflatoxin production and seed colonization. Although several single mutants showed alterations in the sclerotia-to-conidia switch, the major effect was observed in a strain downregulated for all five oxygenases (invert repeat transgene [IRT] strain IRT4 = ppoA, ppoB, ppoC, ppoD, and lox). In strain IRT4, sclerotia production was increased up to 500-fold whereas conidiation was decreased down to 100-fold and the strain was unable to switch into conidial production. Aflatoxin (AF) production for all mutant strains and the wild type was greatest at low population densities and absent in high populations except for strain IRT4, which consistently produced high levels of the mycotoxin. Growth on host seed by both IRT4 and IRT2 (downregulated in ppoA, ppoB, and ppoD) was marked by decreased conidial but increased AF production. We propose that A. flavus oxygenases and the oxylipins they produce act in a highly interdependent network with some redundancy of biological function. These studies provide substantial evidence for oxylipin-based mechanisms in governing fungus–seed interactions and in regulating a coordinated quorum-sensing mechanism in A. flavus.

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Alsirafy, Samy A., Ahmad M. Hammad, Noha Y. Ibrahim, Dina E. Farag, and Omar Zaki. "Preferred Place of Death for Patients With Incurable Cancer and Their Family Caregivers in Egypt." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 36, no. 5 (November 26, 2018): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909118813990.

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Background: Little is known about the place of death of patients with cancer in Eastern Mediterranean countries including Egypt, where palliative care is underdeveloped. Identifying the preferred place of death (PPoD) is important for the development of appropriate palliative care models in these countries. Objectives: To know the PPoD of Egyptian patients with incurable cancer and their family caregivers (FCGs) and to determine the factors that may impact their preferences. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study that included 301 dyads of patients with incurable cancer and one of their FCGs. A questionnaire was designed to collect data about the characteristics of patients and FCGs as well as their preferences. Results: The majority of dyads (272/301, 90.4%) answered the PPoD question. Home was the PPoD in 93% of patients and 90.1% of FCGs ( P = .218). The congruence between patients’ and FCGs’ PPoD was 92.7% (κ = 0.526). In multivariate analysis, poorer performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 3 or 4) and full employment of FCGs associated significantly with patients’ preference to die in hospital (odds ratio [OR] = 3.015 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.004-9.054], P = .049 and OR = 4.402 [95% CI: 1.561-12.417], P = .005, respectively), while poorer performance status and nonreferral to the palliative medicine unit were associated with FCGs’ preference of hospital death (OR = 2.705 [95% CI: 1.105-6.626], P = .029 and OR = 2.537 [95% CI: 1.082-5.948], P = .032, respectively). Conclusions: The results of the current study suggest that home is the PPoD for the vast majority of Egyptian patients with incurable cancer and their FCGs. Palliative care interventions that promote home death of patients with incurable cancer are needed in Egypt.

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Skorstengaard, Marianne Hjorth, Anders Bonde Jensen, Pernille Andreassen, Trine Brogaard, Elisabeth Brendstrup, Anders Løkke, Susanne Aagaard, Henrik Wiggers, and Mette Asbjoern Neergaard. "Advance care planning and place of death, hospitalisation and actual place of death in lung, heart and cancer disease: a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): e37-e37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-001677.

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ObjectivesAdvance care planning (ACP) can be a way to meet patients’ end-of-life preferences and enhance awareness of end-of-life care. Thereby it may affect actual place of death (APOD) and decrease the rate of hospitalisations. The aim was to investigate if ACP among terminally ill patients with lung, heart and cancer diseases effects fulfilment of preferred place of death (PPOD), amount of time spent in hospital and APOD.MethodsThe study was designed as a randomised controlled trial. Patients were assessed using general and disease-specific criteria and randomised into groups: one received usual care and one received usual care plus ACP. The intervention consisted of a discussion between a healthcare professional, the patient and their relatives about preferences for end-of-life care. The discussion was documented in the hospital file.ResultsIn total, 205 patients were randomised, of which 111 died during follow-up. No significant differences in fulfilment of PPOD (35% vs 52%, p=0.221) or in amount of time spent in hospital among deceased patients (49% vs 23%, p=0.074) were found between groups. A significant difference in APOD was found favouring home death in the intervention group (17% vs 40%, p=0.013).ConclusionConcerning the primary outcome, fulfilment of PPOD, and the secondary outcome, time spent in hospital, no differences were found. A significant difference concerning APOD was found, as more patients in the intervention group died at home, compared with the usual care group.Trial registration numberNCT01944813.

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Linsky, Amy M., Kelly Stolzmann, and Mark Meterko. "The Patient Perceptions of Deprescribing (PPoD) Survey: Short-Form Development." Drugs & Aging 37, no. 12 (October 7, 2020): 909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40266-020-00802-w.

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Brodhun, Florian, Stefan Schneider, Cornelia Göbel, Ellen Hornung, and Ivo Feussner. "PpoC from Aspergillus nidulans is a fusion protein with only one active haem." Biochemical Journal 425, no. 3 (January 15, 2010): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20091096.

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In Aspergillus nidulans Ppos [psi (precocious sexual inducer)-producing oxygenases] are required for the production of so-called psi factors, compounds that control the balance between the sexual and asexual life cycle of the fungus. The genome of A. nidulans harbours three different ppo genes: ppoA, ppoB and ppoC. For all three enzymes two different haem-containing domains are predicted: a fatty acid haem peroxidase/dioxygenase domain in the N-terminal region and a P450 haem-thiolate domain in the C-terminal region. Whereas PpoA was shown to use both haem domains for its bifunctional catalytic activity (linoleic acid 8-dioxygenation and 8-hydroperoxide isomerization), we found that PpoC apparently only harbours a functional haem peroxidase/dioxygenase domain. Consequently, we observed that PpoC catalyses mainly the dioxygenation of linoleic acid (18:2Δ9Z,12Z), yielding 10-HPODE (10-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid). No isomerase activity was detected. Additionally, 10-HPODE was converted at lower rates into 10-KODE (10-keto-octadecadienoic acid) and 10-HODE (10-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid). In parallel, decomposition of 10-HPODE into 10-ODA (10-octadecynoic acid) and volatile C-8 alcohols that are, among other things, responsible for the characteristic mushroom flavour. Besides these principle differences we also found that PpoA and PpoC can convert 8-HPODE and 10-HPODE into the respective epoxy alcohols: 12,13-epoxy-8-HOME (where HOME is hydroxyoctadecenoic acid) and 12,13-epoxy-10-HOME. By using site-directed mutagenesis we demonstrated that both enzymes share a similar mechanism for the oxidation of 18:2Δ9Z,12Z; they both use a conserved tyrosine residue for catalysis and the directed oxygenation at the C-8 and C-10 is most likely controlled by conserved valine/leucine residues in the dioxygenase domain.

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Tsitsigiannis, Dimitrios I., Terri M. Kowieski, Robert Zarnowski, and Nancy P. Keller. "Three putative oxylipin biosynthetic genes integrate sexual and asexual development in Aspergillus nidulans." Microbiology 151, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27880-0.

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Oxylipins called psi factors have been shown to alter the ratio of asexual to sexual sporulation in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Analysis of the A. nidulans genome has led to the identification of three fatty acid oxygenases (PpoA, PpoB and PpoC) predicted to produce psi factors. Here, it is reported that deletion of ppoB (ΔppoB) reduced production of the oleic-acid-derived oxylipin psiBβ and increased the ratio of asexual to sexual spore development. Generation of the triple mutant ΔppoAΔppoBΔppoC resulted in a strain deficient in producing oleic- and linoleic-acid-derived 8′-hydroxy psi factor and caused increased and mis-scheduled activation of sexual development. Changes in asexual to sexual spore development were positively correlated to alterations in the expression of brlA and veA, respectively. PpoB and/or its products antagonistically mediate the expression levels of ppoA and ppoC, thus revealing regulatory feedback loops among these three genes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that ppo genes are present in both saprophytic and pathogenic Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, suggesting a conserved role for Ppo enzymes in the life cycle of fungi.

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Molina-Quintero, Luisa R., Patricia Lucas-Elío, and Antonio Sanchez-Amat. "Regulation of the Marinomonas mediterranea Antimicrobial Protein Lysine Oxidase by l-Lysine and the Sensor Histidine Kinase PpoS." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 18 (July 23, 2010): 6141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00690-10.

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ABSTRACT Some Gram-negative bacteria express a novel enzyme with lysine-ε-oxidase (LOD) activity (EC 1.4.3.20). The oxidation of l-Lys generates, among other products, hydrogen peroxide, which confers antimicrobial properties to this kind of enzyme and has been shown to be involved in cell death during biofilm development and differentiation. In addition to LOD, the melanogenic marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea, which forms part of the microbiota of the marine plant Posidonia oceanica, expresses two other oxidases of biotechnological interest, a multicopper oxidase, PpoA, with laccase activity and a tyrosinase named PpoB, which is responsible for melanin synthesis. By using both lacZ fusions with the lodAB promoter and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), this study shows that the hybrid sensor histidine kinase PpoS regulates LOD activity at the transcriptional level. Although PpoS also regulates PpoA and PpoB, in this case, the regulatory effect cannot be attributed only to a transcriptional regulation. Further studies indicate that LOD activity is induced at the posttranscriptional level by l-Lys as well as by two structurally similar compounds, l-Arg and meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), neither of which is a substrate of the enzyme. The inducing effect of these compounds is specific for LOD activity since PpoA and PpoB are not affected by them. This study offers, for the first time, insights into the mechanisms regulating the synthesis of the antimicrobial protein lysine-ε-oxidase in M. mediterranea, which could be important in the microbial colonization of the seagrass P. oceanica.

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Thomsen, Stefan, and Thomas C. G. Bosch. "Foot differentiation and genomic plasticity in Hydra: lessons from the PPOD gene family." Development Genes and Evolution 216, no. 2 (January 10, 2006): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00427-005-0032-9.

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Dagenais, Taylor R. T., DaWoon Chung, Steven S. Giles, Christina M. Hull, David Andes, and Nancy P. Keller. "Defects in Conidiophore Development and Conidium-Macrophage Interactions in a Dioxygenase Mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 7 (April 28, 2008): 3214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00009-08.

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ABSTRACT Oxygenated fatty acids, or oxylipins, play an essential role in physiological signaling and developmental processes in animals, plants, and fungi. Previous characterization of three Aspergillus fumigatus dioxygenases (PpoA, PpoB, and PpoC), similar in sequence to mammalian cyclooxygenases, showed that PpoA is responsible for the production of the oxylipins 8R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid and 5S,8R-dihydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid and that PpoC is responsible for 10R-hydroxy-8E,12Z-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid. Here, Δppo mutants were characterized to elucidate the role of fungal dioxygenases in A. fumigatus development and host interactions. The ΔppoC strain displayed distinct phenotypes compared to those of other Δppo mutants and the wild type, including altered conidium size, germination, and tolerance to oxidative stress as well as increased uptake and killing by primary alveolar macrophages. These experiments implicate oxylipins in pathogen development and suggest that ΔppoC represents a useful model for studying the A. fumigatus-host interaction.

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Siow, Kim Shyong, Arifah Rahman, Amnani Aminuddin, and Pei Yuen Ng. "Effect of Sulfur on Nitrogen-Containing Plasma Polymers in Promoting Osteogenic Differentiation of Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5001-23.

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The role of sulfur and its synergistic effects with nitrogen moieties in mediating stem cell proliferation and differentiation has become of interest to the tissue engineering community due to chemical similarities with the glycosaminoglycans found in human tissues and cells. Glycosaminoglycans are biomolecules known to influence stem cell differentiation, but the roles of sulfur with different oxidation states on nitrogen-containing polymers have not been fully understood nor investigated. In this study, we used the plasma polymerization of 1,7-octadiene (ppOD), n-heptylamine (ppHA), ppHA grafted with vinyl-sulfonate via Michael-type addition (ppHA-SO3), thiophene (ppT), and ppT with air plasma treatment (ppT-air) to produce controlled amounts of nitrogen and sulfur moieties having different oxidation states, as confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Assays of the proliferation and osteogenic activities of Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) showed the highest activities for ppHA, followed by ppHA-SO3, due to high percentages of amines/amides and the absence of SO3 moieties in ppHA. Other plasma polymers showed less proliferation and osteogenic differentiation than the positive control (glass substrate); however, WJ-MSCs grown on ppT-air with its high percentages of SO4 displayed cytoskeletons intensified with actin stress fiber, unlike the thiol-dominated ppT. Finally, the presence of methyl groups in ppOD severely limited WJ-MSCs proliferation and differentiation. Overall, these results confirm the beneficial effects of amine/amide groups on WJ-MSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, but the combination of these groups with sulfur of various oxidation states failed to further enhance such cellular activities.

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Musalim, Mohd N. H., Mohd F. Hassan, Azeze Aziz, Mohd S. A. M. Yusoff, Mohamad E. M. Fazee, and Suryani Abdullah. "Pulse Pressure Osmotic Dehydration (Ppod) Method for Salted Egg Manufacturing Using 3D-Printed Polymer Pressure Chamber." Journal of Industrial Technology 26, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21908/jit.2018.6.

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Tsitsigiannis, Dimitrios I., Terri M. Kowieski, Robert Zarnowski, and Nancy P. Keller. "Endogenous Lipogenic Regulators of Spore Balance in Aspergillus nidulans." Eukaryotic Cell 3, no. 6 (December 2004): 1398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.3.6.1398-1411.2004.

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ABSTRACT The ability of fungi to produce both meiospores and mitospores has provided adaptive advantages in survival and dispersal of these organisms. Here we provide evidence of an endogenous mechanism that balances meiospore and mitospore production in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. We have discovered a putative dioxygenase, PpoC, that functions in association with a previously characterized dioxygenase, PpoA, to integrate fatty acid derived oxylipin and spore production. In contrast to PpoA, deletion of ppoC significantly increased meiospore production and decreased mitospore development. Examination of the PpoA and PpoC mutants indicate that this ratio control is associated with two apparent feedback loops. The first loop shows ppoC and ppoA expression is dependent upon, and regulates the expression of, nsdD and brlA, genes encoding transcription factors required for meiospore or mitospore production, respectively. The second loop suggests Ppo oxylipin products antagonistically signal the generation of Ppo substrates. These data support a case for a fungal “oxylipin signature-profile” indicative of relative sexual and asexual spore differentiation.

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Tsitsigiannis, Dimitrios I., Jin-Woo Bok, David Andes, Kristian Fog Nielsen, Jens C. Frisvad, and Nancy P. Keller. "Aspergillus Cyclooxygenase-Like Enzymes Are Associated with Prostaglandin Production and Virulence." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (August 2005): 4548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.8.4548-4559.2005.

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ABSTRACT Oxylipins comprise a family of oxygenated fatty acid-derived signaling molecules that initiate critical biological activities in animals, plants, and fungi. Mammalian oxylipins, including the prostaglandins (PGs), mediate many immune and inflammation responses in animals. PG production by pathogenic microbes is theorized to play a role in pathogenesis. We have genetically characterized three Aspergillus genes, ppoA, ppoB, and ppoC, encoding fatty acid oxygenases similar in sequence to specific mammalian prostaglandin synthases, the cyclooxygenases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis showed that production of PG species is decreased in both Aspergillus nidulans and A. fumigatus ppo mutants, implicating Ppo activity in generating PGs. The A. fumigatus triple-ppo-silenced mutant was hypervirulent in the invasive pulmonary aspergillosis murine model system and showed increased tolerance to H2O2 stress relative to that of the wild type. We propose that Ppo products, PG, and/or other oxylipins may serve as activators of mammalian immune responses contributing to enhanced resistance to opportunistic fungi and as factors that modulate fungal development contributing to resistance to host defenses.

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Mendes, Rafael R., Hudson K. Takano, Fernando S. Adegas, Rubem S. Oliveira, Todd A. Gaines, and Franck E. Dayan. "Arg-128-Leu target-site mutation in PPO2 evolves in wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) with cross-resistance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides." Weed Science 68, no. 5 (June 2, 2020): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.42.

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AbstractWild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) is a troublesome broadleaf weed in grain production areas in South America. Herbicide resistance to multiple sites of action has been documented in this species, including protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors. We investigated the physiological and molecular bases for PPO-inhibitor resistance in a E. heterophylla population (RPPO) from Southern Brazil. Whole-plant dose–response experiments revealed a cross-resistance profile to three different chemical groups of PPO inhibitors. Based on dose–response parameters, RPPO was resistant to lactofen (47.7-fold), saflufenacil (8.6-fold), and pyraflufen-ethyl (3.5-fold). Twenty-four hours after lactofen treatment (120 g ha−1) POST, RPPO accumulated 27 times less protoporphyrin than the susceptible population (SPPO). In addition, RPPO generated 5 and 4.5 times less hydrogen peroxide and superoxide than SPPO, respectively. The chloroplast PPO (PPO1) sequences were identical between the two populations, whereas 35 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found for the mitochondrial PPO (PPO2). Based on protein homology modeling, the Arg-128-Leu (homologous to Arg-98-Leu in common ragweed [Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.] was the only one located near the catalytic site, also in a conserved region of PPO2. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor malathion did not reverse resistance to lactofen in RPPO, and both populations showed similar levels of PPO1 and PPO2 expression, suggesting that metabolic resistance and PPO overexpression are unlikely. This is the first report of an Arg-128-Leu mutation in PPO2 conferring cross-resistance to PPO inhibitors in E. heterophylla.

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Böttger, Angelika, Andrew C. Doxey, Michael W. Hess, Kristian Pfaller, Willi Salvenmoser, Rainer Deutzmann, Andreas Geissner, et al. "Horizontal Gene Transfer Contributed to the Evolution of Extracellular Surface Structures: The Freshwater Polyp Hydra Is Covered by a Complex Fibrous Cuticle Containing Glycosaminoglycans and Proteins of the PPOD and SWT (Sweet Tooth) Families." PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (December 27, 2012): e52278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052278.

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Tibbits, Samuel J., and Allen J. Manzano. "PPOs." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 8, no. 1 (February 1985): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004479-198502000-00010.

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Jensen, Allan D. "Cataract PPOs." Archives of Ophthalmology 108, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1990.01070060049045.

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Azzam, Clara R., Sudad K. Al-Taweel, Ranya M. Abdel-Aziz, Karim M. Rabea, Alaa I. B. Abou-Sreea, Mostafa M. Rady, and Esmat F. Ali. "Salinity Effects on Gene Expression, Morphological, and Physio-Biochemical Responses of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni In Vitro." Plants 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040820.

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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a little bush, which is cultivated on a large scale in many countries for medicinal purposes and used as a natural sweetener in food products. The present work aims to conduct a protocol for stevia propagation in vitro to produce and introduce Stevia rebaudiana plants as a new sweetener crop to Egyptian agriculture. To efficiently maximize its propagation, it is important to study the influence of stress factors on the growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana grown in vitro. Two stevia varieties were investigated (Sugar High A3 and Spanti) against salt stress. Leaves were used as the source of explants for callus initiation, regeneration, multiplication and rooting. Some stress-related traits, i.e., photosynthetic pigments, proline contents, and enzyme activity for peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were studied. Murashig and Skoog (MS) medium was supplemented with four NaCl concentrations: 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mgL−1, while a salt-free medium was used as the control. The data revealed that salinity negatively affected all studied characters: the number of surviving calli, regeneration%, shoot length, the number of multiple shoots, number of leaf plantlets−1, number of root plantlets−1, and root length. The data also revealed that Sugar High A3 is more tolerant than Spanti. The total chlorophyll content decreased gradually with increasing NaCl concentration. However, the opposite was true for proline content. Isozyme’s fractionation exhibited high levels of variability among the two varieties. Various biochemical parameters associated with salt tolerance were detected in POD. Namely, POD4, POD6, POD 9 at an Rf of 0.34, 0.57, and 0.91 in the Sugar High A3 variety under high salt concentration conditions, as well as POD 10 at an Rf of 0.98 in both varieties under high salt concentrations. In addition, the overexpression of POD 5 and POD 10 at Rf 0.52 and 0.83 was found in both varieties at high NaCl concentrations. Biochemical parameters associated with salt tolerance were detected in PPO (PPO1, PPO2 and PPO4 at an Rf of 0.38, 0.42 and 0.62 in the Sugar High A3 variety under high salt concentrations) and MDH (MDH 3 at an Rf of 0.40 in both varieties at high salt concentrations). Therefore, these could be considered as important biochemical markers associated with salt tolerance and could be applied in stevia breeding programs (marker-assisted selection). This investigation recommends stevia variety Sugar High A3 to be cultivated under salt conditions.

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Jin, Ming-Hui, Xiao-Long Zhao, Guang-Yue Li, Xiao-Zhi Che, Zhen-Gang Liu, and Chao-Bin Xue. "Molecular Characterization and Bioinformatics Analysis of a Prophenoloxidase-1 (PPO1) in Plutella xylostella." International Journal of Insect Science 8 (January 2016): IJIS.S36246. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijis.s36246.

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Phenoloxidase (PO) is an important enzyme in insect life, which is involved in important physical functions, such as defensive encapsulation and melanization of foreign organisms and wound healing. In this study, we obtained a cDNA sequence of 2838 bp with 2049 open reading frames encoding 682 amino acids. The protein sequence deduced from the cDNA has high homology with the known PPO1 sequences of other lepidopterous insects. There were three conserved regions, including the two copper-binding sites characteristic of arthropod PPOs. The whole PxPPO1 DNA was also obtained with 7202 bp when the five fragments were stitched together and the overlapping sequences were deleted. The PxPPO1 DNA consists of 11 introns and 12 exons, and the homology is 99.9% when the exons are compared with the above cDNA. Moreover, the gene expression levels were also determined by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, and real-time quantitative PCR; the results indicated that PxPPO1 transcripts in the eggs and the fourth instar larvae were more abundant, followed by the second and the third instar larvae, prepupae, and pupa.

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Wang, Yong-Feng, Guang Wang, Jiang-Lan Li, Ya-Xin Qu, Xin-Yin Liang, Xue-Dong Chen, Yang-Hu Sima, and Shi-Qing Xu. "Influence of Hyperproteinemia on Insect Innate Immune Function of the Circulatory System in Bombyx mori." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020112.

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Metabolic disorders of the circulatory system of animals (e.g., hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia) can significantly affect immune function; however, since there is currently no reliable animal model for hyperproteinemia, its effects on immunity remain unclear. In this study, we established an animal model for hyperproteinemia in an invertebrate silkworm model, with a controllable plasma protein concentration (PPC) and no primary disease effects. We evaluated the influence of hyperproteinemia on innate immunity. The results showed that high PPC enhanced hemolymph phagocytosis via inducing a rapid increase in granulocytes. Moreover, while oenocytoids increased, the plasmacytes quickly dwindled. High PPC inhibited hemolymph melanization due to decreased phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the hemolymph via inhibiting the expression of the prophenoloxidase-encoding genes, PPO1 and PPO2. High PPC upregulated the gene expression of antimicrobial peptides via differential activation of the Toll and Imd signaling pathways associated with NF-κB signaling, followed by an induction of inconsistent antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in an animal model of high PPC. Therefore, high PPC has multiple significant effects on the innate immune function of the silkworm circulatory system.

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Rice, Thomas, Jon Gabel, and Gregory de Lissovoy. "PPOs: The Employer Perspective." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 14, no. 2 (1989): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-14-2-367.

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van der Kolk, J. H. "Equine PPID or PPIH?" Equine Veterinary Education 25, no. 3 (August 23, 2012): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00444.x.

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Smith, Dean G., and Dennis P. Scanlon. "Covered Lives in PPOs." Medical Care Research and Review 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107755801773743456.

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Smith, Dean G., and Dennis P. Scanlon. "Covered Lives in PPOs." Medical Care Research and Review 58, no. 1_suppl (December 2001): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077558701058001s03.

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Many measures of health plan performance require a count of covered lives to make the results meaningful. For both organizational and economic reasons, many preferred provider organizations (PPOs) do not collect enrollment data. Enrollment can be estimated, but current techniques for estimating enrollment are quite imprecise. Imprecision introduces considerable uncertainty into measures of PPO performance. Furthermore, uncertainty may exist even when enrollment data are available and complete because of challenges that PPOs face in linking enrollment data to claims and administrative data. Efforts to increase accountability through performance reporting may require PPOs to devote additional resources for the collection and management of enrollment data. The authors describe practices in tracking enrollment in PPOs and provide data to illustrate variations at both the regional and company levels. Variations in tracking dependents and lack of information on the demographic characteristics of PPO subscribers affect a PPO’s ability to produce standardized performance measures comparable to health maintenance organization performance measures.

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Smith, Dean G., and Dennis P. Scanlon. "Covered Lives in PPOs." Medical Care Research and Review 58, no. 4_suppl (December 2001): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077558701584003.

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Many measures of health plan performance require a count of covered lives to make the results meaningful. For both organizational and economic reasons, many preferred provider organizations (PPOs) do not collect enrollment data. Enrollment can be estimated, but current techniques for estimating enrollment are quite imprecise. Imprecision introduces considerable uncertainty into measures of PPO performance. Furthermore, uncertainty may exist even when enrollment data are available and complete because of challenges that PPOs face in linking enrollment data to claims and administrative data. Efforts to increase accountability through performance reporting may require PPOs to devote additional resources for the collection and management of enrollment data. The authors describe practices in tracking enrollment in PPOs and provide data to illustrate variations at both the regional and company levels. Variations in tracking dependents and lack of information on the demographic characteristics of PPO subscribers affect a PPO’s ability to produce standardized performance measures comparable to health maintenance organization performance measures.

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Żak, Agnieszka, Natalia Siwińska, Elżbieta Chełmecka, Barbara Bażanów, Ewa Romuk, Amanda Adams, Artur Niedźwiedź, and Dominika Stygar. "Effects of Advanced Age, Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Insulin Dysregulation on Serum Antioxidant Markers in Horses." Antioxidants 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050444.

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The study aims to assess the impact of age, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and insulin dysregulation (ID) in horses on selected oxidative stress markers. The study includes 32 horses, divided into three groups: “young” adult group (aged 8–16 years old) “geriatric” group (aged 18–24 years old) and the “PPID” group (aged 15–31 years old). The PPID group was further divided into two subgroups: PPID ID+ and PPID ID− based on presence or absence of ID. We measured serum antioxidant stress markers in all horses: total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ceruloplasmin (CER), lipofuscin (LPS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiols concentrations (containing sulfhydryl group -SH) as well as enzymatic systems: total superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytoplasmic SOD (CuZnSOD), mitochondrial SOD activity (MnSOD). Total serum thiols were significantly lower in the geriatric group and in the PPID group compared to the young group. The MnSOD concentration was higher in the PPID ID+ group compared to the PPID ID−. LPS and MDA concentrations were lower in the PPID ID+ group compared to the PPID ID− group. In the selected study groups of horses, older age, the presence of PPID and ID in the case of PPID had no effect on the studied oxidative stress markers.

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Pozios, Ioannis, Hendrik Seeliger, Johannes C. Lauscher, Andrea Stroux, Benjamin Weixler, Carsten Kamphues, Katharina Beyer, Martin E. Kreis, Kai S. Lehmann, and Claudia Seifarth. "Risk factors for upper and lower type prolonged postoperative ileus following surgery for Crohn’s disease." International Journal of Colorectal Disease 36, no. 10 (June 17, 2021): 2165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-021-03969-9.

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Abstract Purpose Prolonged postoperative ileus (PPOI) is common after bowel resections, especially in Crohn’s disease (CD). The pathophysiology of PPOI is not fully understood. PPOI could affect only the upper or lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors for diverse types of PPOI, particularly to differentiate PPOI of upper and lower GI tract. Methods A retrospective analysis of 163 patients with CD undergoing ileocecal resection from 2015 to 2020 in a single center was performed. PPOI of the upper GI tract was predefined as the presence of vomiting or use of nasogastric tube longer than the third postoperative day. Lower PPOI was predefined as the absence of defecation for more than three days. Independent risk factors were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Overall incidence of PPOI was 42.7%. PPOI of the upper GI tract was observed in 30.7% and lower PPOI in 20.9% of patients. Independent risk factors for upper PPOI included older age, surgery by a resident surgeon, hand-sewn anastomosis, prolonged opioid analgesia, and reoperation, while for lower PPOI included BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2, preoperative anemia, and absence of ileostomy. Conclusion This study identified different risk factors for upper and lower PPOI after ileocecal resection in patients with CD. A differentiated upper/lower type approach should be considered in future research and clinical practice. High-risk patients for each type of PPOI should be closely monitored, and modifiable risk factors, such as preoperative anemia and opioids, should be avoided if possible.

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Rauw, Jennifer Marie, Sunil Parimi, Helen Anderson, Pamela Hinada, Bethina Abrahams, and Katie Hennessy. "Improving management of hypersensitivity reactions: A BC Cancer-Victoria quality improvement initiative." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.230.

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230 Background: Hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) are a documented, predictable side effect of multiple chemotherapy agents. Reactions negatively affect the patient experience, increase the amount of chair time, nursing and physician resources, may result in the omission of a potentially effective cancer management tool from a patient’s treatment plan and could potentially result in death. BC Cancer is a Health Care Organization with 6 cancer centres across British Columbia, Canada. Guideline(GL)s have been developed at BC Cancer to support clinicians to manage reactions acutely and reduce the risk of reactions with subsequent cycles. A recent audit identified that the GLs were not always being followed at the Victoria Centre. Our goal was to encourage physician and nursing staff to follow GLs, which we hypothesized would result in decreased rates of HSR. Methods: Our aim was to decrease HSR to < 5% of doses delivered within 1 year at BC Cancer-Victoria. We engaged stakeholders (nursing, physicians, pharmacy, clerical staff and administration). Our change ideas improved adherence to GLs by focusing on: physician attendance and documentation, written orders for rescue medication, and rate of infusion of the chemotherapy drug rechallenge. Our interventions included: two physician-education sessions, one nursing education session, daily huddles, pre-printed order development for management of the reaction (PPOA) and prophylaxis for subsequent cycles (PPOB), and a modified clinic flow. All interventions were introduced and underwent modifications through PDSA cycles. Our family of measures were: Outcome: number of reactions, percent of reactions per dose given. Process: percent of PPO use per reaction, physician attendance and notes dictated per reaction. Balancing: physician and nursing satisfaction. We analyzed the data using quality improvement run charts and control charts. Results: After the start of our initiative, our total number of reactions displayed special cause variation, and a shift in the baseline from a mean of 11.27 HSR per month to 7.526. This change was reflected in the percentage of reactions per doses given which fell from 3.1% to 1.9%. Average percentage of dictated notes per reaction increased from 55% to 64%. Physician attendance per reaction also showed special cause variation with the average increasing from 57% to 90%. PPOA and PPOB use both increased over time. Nursing and Physician satisfaction data will also be presented. Conclusions: Our successful initiative has resulted in HSR management which more closely reflects GLs, including increased physician attendance and notes, and clear consistent written orders detailed on PPO A and B. This has led to decreased HSRs at our site, resulting in decreased resource use and increased patient safety and quality. This has provincial implications as there is the potential to spread this initiative to other BC Cancer sites.

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Zhu, Jiang, and Xiu Li Wang. "Synthesis and Properties of Cellulose Diacetate Graft Poly(p-dioxanone) Copolymers via the Couple-Grafting Copolymerization." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.3.

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A new biodegradable copolymer of cellulose diacetate and poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) was prepared through a couple-grafting procedure. PPDO was functionalized with the isocyanate group, and then PPDO terminated with the isocyanate group was enabled to react with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose diacetate. The length of PPDO graft chains can be controlled easily by using the prepolymers of PPDO with different molecular weights. The resulting products were thoroughly characterized with FT-IR,1H-NMR. The mechanical properties of the copolymers were affected greatly by the length of PPDO segment.

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Habs, Maximilian, Ralf Strobl, Eva Grill, Marianne Dieterich, and Sandra Becker-Bense. "Primary or secondary chronic functional dizziness: does it make a difference? A DizzyReg study in 356 patients." Journal of Neurology 267, S1 (August 27, 2020): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10150-9.

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AbstractIn 2017, the term “persistent postural-perceptual dizziness” (PPPD) was coined by the Bárány Society, which provided explicit criteria for diagnosis of functional vertigo and dizziness disorders. PPPD can originate secondarily after an organic disorder (s-PPPD) or primarily on its own, in the absence of somatic triggers (p-PPPD). The aim of this database-driven study in 356 patients from a tertiary vertigo center was to describe typical demographic and clinical features in p-PPPD and s-PPPD patients. Patients underwent detailed vestibular testing with neurological and neuro-orthoptic examinations, video-oculography during water caloric stimulation, video head-impulse test, assessment of the subjective visual vertical, and static posturography. All patients answered standardized questionnaires (Dizziness Handicap Inventory, DHI; Vestibular Activities and Participation, VAP; and Euro-Qol-5D-3L). One hundred and ninety-five patients (55%) were categorized as p-PPPD and 162 (45%) as s-PPPD, with female gender slightly predominating (♀:♂ = 56%:44%), particularly in the s-PPPD subgroup (64%). The most common somatic triggers for s-PPPD were benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (27%), and vestibular migraine (24%). Overall, p-PPPD patients were younger than s-PPPD patients (44 vs. 48 years) and showed a bimodal age distribution with an additional early peak in young adults (about 30 years of age) beside a common peak at the age of 50–55. The most sensitive diagnostic tool was posturography, revealing a phobic sway pattern in 50% of cases. s-PPPD patients showed higher handicap and functional impairment in DHI (47 vs. 42) and VAP (9.7 vs. 8.9). There was no difference between both groups in EQ-5D-3L. In p-PPPD, anxiety (20% vs. 10%) and depressive disorders (25% vs. 9%) were more frequent. This retrospective study in a large cohort showed relevant differences between p- and s-PPPD patients in terms of demographic and clinical features, thereby underlining the need for careful syndrome subdivision for further prospective studies.

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Bergamaschi, Homero, Genei Antonio Dalmago, João Ito Bergonci, Cleusa Adriane Menegassi Bianchi Krüger, Bruna Maria Machado Heckler, and Flavia Comiran. "Intercepted solar radiation by maize crops subjected to different tillage systems and water availability levels." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 45, no. 12 (December 2010): 1331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2010001200001.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) interception efficiency and PPFD extinction coefficient for maize crop subjected to different soil tillage systems and water availability levels. Crops were subjected to no-tillage and conventional tillage systems combined with full irrigation and non-irrigation treatments. Continuous measurements of transmitted PPFD on the soil surface and incoming PPFD over the canopy were taken throughout the crop cycle. Leaf area index and soil water potential were also measured during the whole period. Considering a mean value over the maize cycle, intercepted PPFD was higher in the conventional tillage than in the no-tillage system. During the initial stages of plants, intercepted PPFD in the conventional tillage was double the PPFD interception in the no-tillage treatment. However, those differences were reduced up to the maximum leaf area index, close to tasseling stage. The lowest interception of PPFD occurred in the conventional tillage during the reproductive period, as leaf senescence progressed. Over the entire crop cycle, the interception of PPFD by the non-irrigated plants was about 20% lower than by the irrigated plants. The no-tillage system reduced the extinction coefficient for PPFD, which may have allowed a higher penetration of solar radiation into the canopy

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Jenning, Madeleine, Bianka Marklein, Jimmy Ytterberg, Roman A. Zubarev, Vijay Joshua, Dirkjan van Schaardenburg, Lotte van de Stadt, et al. "Bacterial citrullinated epitopes generated by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection—a missing link for ACPA production." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, no. 9 (June 12, 2020): 1194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216919.

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ObjectivesPorphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) is discussed to be involved in triggering self-reactive immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the autocitrullinated prokaryotic peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) from P.g. CH2007 (RACH2007-PPAD) from a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient and a synthetic citrullinated PPAD peptide (CPP) containing the main autocitrullination site as potential targets for antibody reactivity in RA and to analyse the possibility of citrullinating native human proteins by PPAD in the context of RA.MethodsRecombinant RACH2007-PPAD was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified RACH2007-PPAD and its enzymatic activity was analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, immunoblot and ELISA. Autoantibody response to different modified proteins and peptides was recorded and bioinformatically evaluated.ResultsRACH2007-PPAD was capable to citrullinate major RA autoantigens, such as fibrinogen, vimentin, hnRNP-A2/B1, histone H1 and multiple peptides, which identify a common RG/RGG consensus motif. 33% of RA patients (n=30) revealed increased reactivity for α-cit-RACH2007-PPAD before RA onset. 77% of RA patients (n=99) presented α-cit-specific signals to CPP amino acids 57–71 which were positively correlated to α-CCP2 antibody levels. Interestingly, 48% of the α-CPP-positives were rheumatoidfactor IgM/anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibodies (ACPA)-negative. Anti-CPP and α-RACH2007-PPAD antibody levels increase with age. Protein macroarrays that were citrullinated by RACH2007-PPAD and screened with RA patient sera (n=6) and controls (n=4) uncovered 16 RACH2007-PPAD citrullinated RA autoantigens and 9 autoantigens associated with lung diseases. We showed that the α-CPP response could be an important determinant in parenchymal changes in the lung at the time of RA diagnosis (n=106; p=0.018).ConclusionsRACH2007-PPAD induced internal citrullination of major RA autoantigens. Anti-RACH2007-PPAD correlates with ACPA levels and interstitial lung disease autoantigen reactivity, supporting an infection-based concept for induction of ACPAs via enzymatic mimicry.

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Wang, Yen-Zen, Tsung-Han Ko, Wen Yao Huang, Tar-Hwa Hsieh, Ko-Shan Ho, Yi-Yin Chen, and Siang-Jhih Hsieh. "Preparation of Pt-Catalyst by Poly(p-phenylenediamine) Nanocomposites Assisted by Microwave Radiation for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Polymers 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121388.

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The Pt elements are prepared via the redox reaction with microwave (MW) irradiation in the presence of poly(p-phenylenediamine) (PpPD) which is polymerized on XC72 carbon matrix (PpPD/XC72), behaving as reducing agent. The free primary amines of PpPD are actually converted (oxidized) to secondary ones (5,10-dihydrophenazine) after MW irradiation. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) micrographs reveal the prepared Pt nanoparticles are well-dispersed on the carbon matrix like commercial Pt-implanted carbon nanocomposite (Pt/C). From the residue weights of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermograms of Pt-loaded PpPD/XC72 (PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW), more Pt (18.49 wt %) nanoparticles are implanted on PpPD/XC72 composite. The Pt-implanted wt % on PpPD/XC72 matrix is just slightly lower than that of commercial Pt/C (22.30 wt %). The Pt-catalyst supports of PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW illustrate typical cyclic voltammograms (C-V) of Pt-catalyst, including significant Pt–H oxidation and Pt–O reduction peaks. The electrochemical active surface area of PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW is found to be as high as 60.1 m2 g-1. Max. number of electron transfer during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) approaches 3.83 for PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW, higher than that of commercial Pt/C (3.62). Single cell based on PpPD/XC72-Pt-MW demonstrates much higher specific max. power density to be 34.6 mW cm-2 Pt, higher than that single cell prepared with commercial Pt/C electrode (30.6 mW cm-2 Pt).

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Alawiyah, Nayla Sa’adah, and Muhammad Fachri. "Hubungan Antara Hitung Jenis Leukosit dengan Derajat Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik Berdasarkan Gejala Klinis dan Gold 2019 pada Pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik Stabil di Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Sukapura." Muhammadiyah Journal of Geriatric 1, no. 1 (April 4, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/mujg.1.1.1-11.

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Latar belakang: Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK) merupakan penyakit tidak menular yang menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan di Indonesia diperkirakan terdapat 4,8 juta orang dengan prevalensi 56%. Tujuan: tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara hitung jenis leukosit dengan derajat PPOK berdasarkan gejala klinis dan PPOK GOLD 2019 pada pasien PPOK stabil di Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Sukapura periode September 2018 – September 2019. Metode: studi ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode deskriptif analitik. Desain penelitian yang digunakan yaitu cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu teknik total sampling. Jumlah pasien PPOK stabil yang diteliti sebanyak 35 pasien. Penilaian gejala pada pasien PPOK menurut Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) 2019 dapat menggunakan kuesioner yang sudah divalidasi yaitu COPD Assesment Test/CAT dan Modified Medical Research Council/MMRC. Hasil: Hasil pemeriksaan hitung jenis leukosit terbanyak memiliki nilai eosinofil normal, nilai basofil normal, nilai neutrofil meningkat, nilai monosit normal, dan nilai limfosit normal. Kesimpulan: hasil penelitian menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan nilai leukosit pada setiap derajat PPOK, namun secara statistik tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara hitung jenis leukosit dengan derajat PPOK berdasarkan gejala klinis dan GOLD 2019 pada pasien PPOK stabil di RSIJ Sukapura.

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Rey-Sanchez, Camilo, and Juan M. Posada. "Effect of temporally heterogeneous light on photosynthetic light use efficiency, plant acclimation and growth in Abatia parviflora." Functional Plant Biology 46, no. 7 (2019): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18279.

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Individual leaves have a unique instantaneous photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at which net photosynthetic light use efficiency (ϵL, the ratio between net photosynthesis and PPFD) is maximised (PPFDϵmax). When PPFD is above or below PPFDϵmax, efficiency declines. Thus, we hypothesised that heterogeneous PPFD conditions should increase the amount of time leaves photosynthesise at a PPFD different than PPFDϵmax and result in reduced growth. To date, this prediction has not been rigorously tested. Here, we exposed seedlings of Abatia parviflora Ruiz & Pav to light regimes of equal total daily irradiance but with three different daily time courses of PPFD: constant PPFD (No_H), low heterogeneity (Low_H) and high heterogeneity (High_H). Mean ϵL, leaf daily photosynthesis and plant growth were all significantly higher in No_H and Low_H plants than in High_H plants, supporting our hypothesis. In addition, mean ϵL was positively related to final plant biomass. Unexpectedly, High_H plants had more etiolated stems and more horizontal leaves than No_H and Low_H plants, possibly due to exposure to low PPFD in the morning and afternoon. In conclusion, PPFD heterogeneity had an important effect on average ϵL, photosynthesis and growth, but also on allocation and plant morphology.

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Luo, Zijin, Zhe Chen, Jun Wei, Dongchao Wang, Han Chen, and Rui Chen. "A transparent and intumescent phosphaphenanthrene/phenylpyrazole-containing epoxy resin system and its flame retardancy." High Performance Polymers 33, no. 7 (February 15, 2021): 760–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008321992412.

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A novel intumescent flame retardant, PPMD, was designed from phosphaphenanthrene and nitrogen heterocycles through the two-step gut reactions of 1,4-phthalaldehyde and 3-methyl-1-phe-nylpyrazol-5-ylamine. After determination of its structure by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared analyses, PPMD was added to an epoxy resin (EP) to facilitate a curing process. Thus, EP/PPMD samples with excellent transparency and flame retardancy were acquired. For example, the EP sample satisfied the UL-94 V-0 standard and achieved a limiting oxygen index value of 30.5% because of the incorporation of 5 wt% PPMD. The cone calorimeter test of the EP/5% PPMD sample revealed that its total smoke production (TSP) and total heat release (THR) values of EP/5% PPMD was only 22.5% and 56.4% of the control group, respectively. Moreover, the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) value of EP/5% PPMD was reduced by 34.1%, indicating that PPMD possessed high flame-inhibition activity and smoke suppression efficiency. The flame-retardant mechanisms of PPMD were also investigated in gas phase by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and in condensed phase by XPS and IR.

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Ilyas Nampira, Chandra, Isbandiyah ., and Melany Farahdila. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA PEMAKAIAN OBAT NYAMUK BAKAR DAN FREKUENSI PENYAKIT PARU OBSTRUKSI KRONIK (PPOK)." Saintika Medika 9, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sm.v9i2.4136.

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Hubungan Antara Pemakaian Obat Nyamuk Bakar dan Frekuensi Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronik (PPOK). Latar Belakang: PPOK menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, dengan penggunaan obat nyamuk bakar sebagai faktor risiko PPOK. Tujuan: Membuktikan hubungan antara pemakaian obat nyamuk bakar dan frekuensi PPOK. Metode: Observasional analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Hasil dan Diskusi: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antarapemakaian obat nyamuk bakar dan frekuensi PPOK (chi square p-value < 0,05). Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan pemakaian obat nyamuk bakar dan frekuensiPPOK.

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Smith, Dean G., and Charles L. Betley. "Cost Management Activities of PPOs." Journal of Risk and Insurance 67, no. 2 (June 2000): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253772.

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Horii, Arata. "Diagnosis and Treatment of PPPD." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 113, no. 4 (2020): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.113.205.

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Boland, Peter. "Trends In Second-Generation PPOs." Health Affairs 6, no. 4 (January 1987): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.6.4.75.

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Curtiss, Frederic R. "Medicare PPOs and Managed Care." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 9, no. 1 (January 2003): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2003.9.1.91a.

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Mattrey, R. F., R. M. Mitten, and R. E. Shelton. "62 PPOB emulsified in Lecithin." Investigative Radiology 21, no. 9 (September 1986): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-198609000-00080.

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Isenberg, Steven F. "‘Silent PPOs’ and ‘repricing’ companies." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 84, no. 2 (February 2005): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556130508400210.

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Brennecka, Celeste R., Mark C. Preul, Timothy A. Becker, and Brent L. Vernon. "In vivo embolization of lateral wall aneurysms in canines using the liquid-to-solid gelling PPODA-QT polymer system: 6-month pilot study." Journal of Neurosurgery 119, no. 1 (July 2013): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.3.jns121865.

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Object Over the past 20 years, endovascular embolization has become the preferred method of treating cerebral aneurysms. While there are many embolic devices on the market, none is ideal. In this study the authors investigated the use of a liquid-to-solid gelling polymer system—that is, poly(propylene glycol) diacrylate and pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate) (PPODA-QT)—to embolize in vivo aneurysms over a 6-month period. Methods Experimental aneurysms were created in the carotid arteries of 9 canines. Aneurysms were embolized with the polymer only (PPODA-QT, 3 dogs), filled with PPODA-QT after placement of a “framing” platinum coil (coil + PPODA-QT, 3 dogs), or packed with platinum coils (coils only, 3 dogs). Aneurysm occlusion was angiographically monitored immediately and 6 months after embolization. After 6 months, the ostial regions of explanted aneurysms were assessed macroscopically and histologically. Results All aneurysms showed 100% angiographic occlusion at 6 months, but turbulent blood flow was observed in 1 coils-only sample. Ostial regions of explanted coils-only aneurysms showed neointimal tissue surrounding individual coils but no continuous tissue layer over the aneurysm neck. All PPODA-QT aneurysms displayed smooth ostial surfaces, but 2 of 3 coil + PPODA-QT aneurysms showed polymer (unassociated with the coil) protruding into the vessel lumen, contributing to rough ostial surfaces. Neointimal tissue was present in PPODA-QT and coil + PPODA-QT aneurysms and covered smooth ostial surfaces more completely than in coils-only aneurysms. Conclusions This study compared neointimal tissue overgrowth in the ostium of experimental aneurysms embolized with PPODA-QT, PPODA-QT plus a framing coil, or coils alone. The coils-only and coil + PPODA-QT groups showed rough and discontinuous ostial surfaces, which hindered neointimal tissue coverage. The PPODA-QT aneurysms consistently produced smooth ostial surfaces that facilitated more complete neointimal tissue coverage over aneurysm necks.

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Kong, Ming, Jianying Chao, Wei Han, Chun Ye, Chun-Hua Li, and Wei Tian. "Degradation Characteristics of Phosphorus in Phytoplankton-Derived Particulate Organic Matter and Its Effects on the Growth of Phosphorus-Deficient Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Taihu." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122155.

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To illustrate the contribution of phytoplankton-derived particulate organic matter (PPOM) to endogenous phosphorus (P) cycling and its effects on cyanobacteria blooms, PPOM characteristics, the degradation mechanism, and the growth of P-deficient Microcystis aeruginosa were studied in Lake Taihu. Results showed that PPOM is the most important P pool in the water column during cyanobacteria bloom, accounting for more than 80% of the total P (TP) in the water. During PPOM degradation, the particulate orthophosphate (Ortho-P) is the main species of P release from PPOM in the early degradation stage. The variations of polyphosphate (Poly-P) and phosphodiesters (Diester-P) contents were most significant, which were degraded completely within four days and eight days. Cell density and growth rate of M. aeruginosa using PPOM as P source were similar to those growing on Na2HPO4. The above results show that P in PPOM can be converted into available P by degradation, thus promoting the growth of M. aeruginosa. Therefore, the contribution of P release from PPOM degradation needs to be paid attention to in lake eutrophication control in the future.

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Martínková, Ludmila, Romana Příhodová, Natalia Kulik, Helena Pelantová, Barbora Křístková, Lucie Petrásková, and David Biedermann. "Biocatalyzed Reactions towards Functional Food Components 4-Alkylcatechols and Their Analogues." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10091077.

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Catechols are antioxidants and radical scavengers with a broad medical potential. 4-Methylcatechol (1b) and 4-ethylcatechol (2b) (occurring in some traditional fermented and smoked foods) activate the cell defense against oxidative stress. We examined the biocatalyzed reactions towards 4-n-alkylcatechols with different side chains length, which is a factor important for the biological activities of catechols. 4-n-Alkylcatechols with methyl through heptyl side chains (1b–7b) were obtained in one pot by (i) oxidation of phenols 1a–7a with tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus followed by (ii) reduction of ortho-quinones (intermediates) with L-ascorbic acid sodium salt. The conversions decreased with increasing side chain length. The preparative reactions were carried out with substrates 1a–5a. The isolated yields of the purified products decreased from 59% in 2b to 10% in 5b in correlation with logP of the substrates. Homology modeling indicated that the affinities of two tyrosinase isoforms (PPO3 and PPO4) to the substrates with side chains longer than C2 decreased with increasing side chain length. This was probably due to steric limitations and to missing interactions of the extended side chains in the active sites. We envisage using the model to predict further substrates of tyrosinase and testing the products, catechols, for radical-scavenging and biological activities.

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Machado, José-Luis, and Peter B. Reich. "Evaluation of several measures of canopy openness as predictors of photosynthetic photon flux density in deeply shaded conifer-dominated forest understory." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 9 (September 15, 1999): 1438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-102.

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The ability to accurately estimate light levels in shaded environments is important for understanding plant adaptations to shade. This study evaluates the effectiveness of three rapid methods of estimating the long-term integrated percentage of above-canopy photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in a deeply shaded conifer-dominated forest understory. These methods included (i) hemispherical canopy photography, (ii) hemispherical sensors (LAI-2000), and (iii) instantaneous %PPFD. Transmitted PPFD was continuously measured starting in June and ending in November using photodiodes at 60 measurement points ranging from 1 to 50% PPFD. Measurements from all methods were positively and linearly related to the mean daily %PPFD measured for two different periods of the year (foliage on and foliage off). However, the strength of the relationship and closeness to a 1:1 fit was weaker for the hemispherical photograph technique. During the foliage-on period, the hemispherical sensor (LAI-2000) explained 90% of the variation in mean daily %PPFD, while the instantaneous %PPFD and hemispherical photography explained 88 and 67%, respectively. Moreover, when examining low-light conditions only (<6 %PPFD), hemispherical photographs failed to detect differences in %PPFD, while the other two techniques were nearly as effective in low light as across the entire light gradient.

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Zhu, Pengcheng, Zhonglin Liang, Jihong Fu, Wei Chen, Zhongchuan Wang, Honghua Jiang, and Long Cui. "Procalcitonin in Abdominal Exudate to Predict Prolonged Postoperative Ileus following Colorectal Carcinoma Surgery." International Journal of Biological Markers 28, no. 2 (April 2013): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jbm.5000028.

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Background Prolonged postoperative ileus (PPOI) is a common problem after major abdominal surgery and can cause postoperative morbidity, extended hospitalization, as well as increased health care costs. Aim To investigate whether the levels of cytokines from abdominal exudate are predictive for early diagnosis of PPOI after colorectal surgery. Methods One hundred patients who had undergone elective resection for carcinoma of the sigmoid or rectum were recruited. The abdominal exudate was obtained from a drain tube after surgery to examine the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The relationship between cytokine levels on postoperative day 1, 3 and 5 and the occurrence of PPOI was analyzed. Results Eight patients developed PPOI, which was diagnosed on postoperative day 10-15. PCT levels on postoperative day 1 and 3 were not significantly different between the 8 patients who developed PPOI and the 92 patients without PPOI. In contrast, PCT levels on day 5 were significantly higher in patients who developed PPOI than in patients without PPOI. The levels of CRP and TNF-α were irregular from day 1 to 5, and were not significantly different. Conclusions Increased PCT levels in abdominal exudate may predict PPOI in the early period following colorectal surgery.

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Faizin, Afwan, and Ali Mansur. "Penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 Tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik Di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri (Studi Kasus UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta)." SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 5, no. 2 (August 8, 2018): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v5i2.9413.

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Abstract:This study aims to describe the application of Law Number 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Openness at the State Islamic Higher Education (PTKIN) with a case study of the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University in Jakarta. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta was chosen because among PTKIN throughout Indonesia, only UIN Jakarta has an Information and Documentation Management Officer (PPID). The research method used is action research by observing public bodies in the field of education namely UIN Jakarta by mapping public information services by PPID based on KMA Number 200 of 2012 concerning Information and Documentation Management Officials (PPID). Based on the research conducted it is known that PPID as the manager of public information services has not been optimal in providing public information services according to the mandate of Law Number 14/2018. The contributing factors are: First, the leaders at the level of the Bureau, Section, and Subbag many who do not know the obligations and urgency of the public body that must have a PPID to carry out public information management and services. Secondly, the incomplete list of public information that has been displayed on the UIN Jakarta website includes its supporting documents. Third, there is no infrastructure support, funds, adequate information officers so that the performance of the PPID can run simultaneously and continuously, given the PPID task is an additional task.Keywords: PPID, Public Information Disclosure, PTKIN. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik di Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (PTKIN) dengan studi kasus UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dipilih karena diantara PTKIN seluruh Indonesia, baru UIN Jakarta yang telah memiliki Pejabat Pengelola Informasi dan Dokumentasi (PPID). Metode penelitian yang digunakan action research dengan melakukan observasi badan publik bidang pendidikan yakni UIN Jakarta dengan memetakan layanan informasi publik oleh PPID berdasarkan KMA Nomor 200 tahun 2012 tentang Pejabat Pengelola Informasi dan Dokumentasi (PPID). Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa dari PPID sebagai pengelola layanan informasi publik belum optimal dalam memberikan layanan informasi publik sesuai amanat UU Nomor 14/2018. Faktor penyebabnya adalah: Pertama, para pimpinan pada level Biro, Bagian, dan Subbag banyak yang belum mengetahui kewajiban dan urgensi badan publik yang harus memiliki PPID untuk melakukan pengelolan dan pelayanan informasi publik. Kedua, belum lengkapnya Daftar Informasi Publik yang telah ditampilkan di website UIN Jakarta termasuk dokumen-dokumen pendukungnya. Ketiga, belum adanya dukungan prasarana, dana, petugas informasi yang memadai sehingga kinerja PPID dapat berjalan secara simultan dan kontinyu, mengingat tugas PPID adalah tugas tambahan.Kata Kunci: PPID, Keterbukaan informasi Publik, PTKIN.

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Parent, Sylvain, and Christian Messier. "A simple and efficient method to estimate microsite light availability under a forest canopy." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-017.

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This study presents a new, simple, and efficient method for estimating microsite light availability in the understory of a forest. The percentage of above-canopy photosynthetic photon flux density (%PPFD) transmitted above 16 microsites in the understory of a mixed conifer–broadleaf forest was measured every minute between 07:00 and 19:00 for both a completely overcast and a cloudless day. Instantaneous measures of %PPFD were also taken at different times on 3 overcast days. The instantaneous measures of %PPFD were strongly and directly related (P < 0.001) among themselves and with mean daily %PPFD values. These results demonstrate the usefulness of using an instantaneous measure of %PPFD taken under overcast sky conditions for estimating the mean daily %PPFD at any microsite under a forest canopy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PPod'

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