Academic literature on the topic 'PR 2421'

Karsinoma payudara invasif (KPI) merupakan keganasan yang berasal dari epitel saluran kelenjar susu dan menginvasi jaringan sekitarnya. Pemeriksaan patologi anatomi biasanya menyertakan derajat keganasan (DKg) dan dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) dan human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) untuk menentukan terapi dan memperkirakan prognosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan status ER, PR, HER–2 dengan DKg pada KPI. Subjek penelitian yang digunakan adalah pasien KPI yang telah diperiksa DKg, status ER, PR dan HER–2 pada tahun 2014–2015 di RSUD Abdoel Moeloek Bandar Lampung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan DKg low grade sebanyak 13 pasien (24,1%), high grade sebanyak 41 pasien (75,9%), status ER‒ sebanyak 32 pasien (50,3%), ER+ sebanyak 22 pasien (40,7%), PR‒ sebanyak 32 pasien (59,3%), PR+ sebanyak 22 (40,7%) dan HER2‒ sebanyak 33 pasien (61,1%), HER2+ sebanyak 21 pasien (38,9%). Hasil uji Chi‒Square antara ER dengan DKg nilai p=0,001, antara PR dengan DKg nilai p=0,002, antara HER2 dengan DKg nilai p=0,53. Simpulan, terdapat hubungan antara estrogen receptor dan progesterone receptor dengan derajat keganasan pada karsinoma duktal invasif.

Apesar da temática das espécies exóticas invasoras ser recente no meio científico, e praticamente desconhecida pela sociedade, a invasão biológica desencadeada por elas é a segunda maior causa de perda da biodiversidade no planeta. Quando introduzidas em novos ambientes, elas adaptam-se e ocupam agressivamente o espaço de espécies nativas, produzindo desequilíbrios muitas vezes irreversíveis. Este estudo procurou avaliar o contexto das espécies exóticas na arborização de vias públicas de Maringá. A análise baseou-se nos dados do Projeto Árvore – Censo Verde de Maringá, que cadastrou cerca de 90% das árvores encontradas na arborização. Constatou-se que, das 87 espécies registrados, apenas 24,1% são nativas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, bioma onde se insere Maringá. As demais são oriundas de outras formações vegetacionais do Brasil (20,6%) ou de outros países (55,2%). Dezesseis (18,4%) espécies exóticas registradas têm potencial de invasão, destacando-se Hovenia dulcis, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azedarach e Tecoma stans como as que possuem maior capacidade de invasão biológica, dispersando-se vigorosamente a partir das vias públicas, através de florestas ciliares e áreas degradadas. Em futuros planejamentos de manejo da arborização deverá ser prevista a substituição gradativa destas espécies por outras, preferencialmente nativas da região.

Phase envelope construction for mixtures is very important in the oil and gas industry. The most widely used model for phase envelope construction is Peng — Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) due to its simplicity. In order to construct phase envelopes of natural gas, a highly accurate Helmholtz energy equation of state GERG-2008 was proposed. In this work, the accuracy of phase envelopes calculated by a highly accurate equation of state GERG-2008, simplified GERG-2008 and traditional cubic PR-EOS was analyzed. The pressure-based algorithm is used to calculate phase envelopes. Phase envelopes of the methane—ethane mixtures were constructed and compared with reference data. The results show that phase envelopes can be constructed with GERG-2008 in high accuracy. PR-EOS has good accuracy in phase envelope construction under low pressure. The simplified GERG-2008 also works well under low pressure; however, as pressure increases, it performs worse than the simpler PR-EOS, especially in the vicinity of critical point. Besides, a modified density solver for the complicated GERG-EOS was proposed. Calculations show that the proposed density solver can provide reliable results.

e14735 Background: Hormone receptor and HER2 status have both predictive and prognostic implications in breast cancer (BC). Studies report differences of 3% to 54% for Estrogen receptor (ER), 5% to 78% for Progesterone receptor (PR), and 0% to 34% for HER2 between primary (P) and recurrent/metastatic breast cancer (RMBC). To evaluate this difference, we conducted an observational single institution study in adult patients (pts) ≥ 18 years with RMBC. Methods: After IRB approval, we conducted a retrospective chart review of pts diagnosed with RMBC between January 1st, 2010 and October 31st, 2018, with history of PBC. We recorded age at PBC diagnosis, stage, tumor type, receptor status, initial treatment, age at RMBC diagnosis, if biopsy performed, receptor status and survival. We studied the differences in ER, PR and HER2 receptors between P and RMBC. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis. Results: We found a total of 179 pts in the time interval. Median age was 54 ± 13.2 years at PBC diagnosis, 98.9% females, 1.1% males. 187 events were recorded. At PBC diagnosis, 27.4% had Stage I, 37.4% had Stage II and 31.8% had Stage III disease. Tumor type was ductal in 83.8% and lobular in 12.2%. 78.8% was ER+, 68.7% was PR+ and 14% was HER2+. 70.9% received chemotherapy, 12.8% received HER2 therapy and 67% received hormonal therapy. Age at RMBC was median of 61 ± 13.1 years. Biopsy was done in 93.3%. Time between PBC and RMBC ranged from 7 and 324 months. 31.3% had local recurrence and 68.7% had distant disease. In RMBC, 59.2% was ER+, 41.9% was PR + and 13.4% was HER2 +. 58.7% are alive and 38% deceased. With RMBC, 19.2% who were ER+ became ER-, 4.9% who were ER- became ER+, 37.5% who were PR+ became PR-, 8.6% who were PR- became PR+, 23.1% who were HER2+ became HER2-, 4.5% who were HER2 - became HER2+. In pts who became ER-/PR-, 88.5% received hormonal therapy and 61.5% received chemotherapy at the time of PBC. In pts who became HER2-, 83.3% received HER2 therapy at the time of PBC. Conclusions: In our study, we found a difference of 24.1% in ER, 46.1% in PR and 27.6% in HER2 between PBC and RMBC. It is recommended that patients with RMBC should have a biopsy to evaluate the receptor status as it would impact treatment and survival.

e11511 Background: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 15-3 are frequently elevated in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). In this study we aimed to correlate levels according to breast cancersubtypes with MBC. Methods: From January 2008 to December 2012, ninety-eight patients with MBC who were treated at Ankara University School Of Medicine, Department of Medical Onkology were included in this study.Serum levels of CEA and CA 15-3were measured and compared according to tumor estrogen receptor (ER), progesteron receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Results: In this cohort, overall ER,PR and HER2 positivity rates were 65 %,68%,and 58%, retrospectively. Positivite ER status was associated with elevated levels of CA 15-3 and cea. Of these, CA 15-3 levels elevated in 40.5% of ER positivite and 24.1 % of ER negativite patients (p=0.027). Similarly, 46.8 % of ER positivite and 18.2% of ER negativite patients had elevated levels of CEA (P=0.022). no association between PR and HER2 status and tumor markers was observed. Conclusions: The breast cancer subtypes are correlated with serum levels of tumor markers in patients with MBC. Tumor markers elevation may be associated with biological background of breast cancer subtypes. Further validation is needed to determine the role of these markers in diffrent tumor types for monitoring patients with MBC.

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ibrutinib plus fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (iFCR) as the treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/ small lymphocytic leukemia (SLL) patients, we conducted time-limited, minimal residual disease (MRD)-driven real world study in The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Methods: We enrolled patients aged 18 to 65 years old with CLL/SLL who required treatment. Oral Ibrutinib was given continuously (420 mg/day) from day 0, and patients were administered intravenously rituximab (375mg/m2 in day 0 of cycle 1; 500mg/m2 in day 0 of cycle 2-3), fludarabine (25mg/m2, days 1-3) and cyclophosphamide (250mg/m2, days 1-3), every 28-day cycles. All the patients received 3 cycles of iFCR in the first stage. Interim analysis was done according to the 2018 iwCLL criteria and MRD was detected by flow cytometry. Patients who achieved complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) with low MRD level (L-MRD, 10-4-10-2) or undetectable MRD (uMRD) level (<10-4) in peripheral blood (PB) were given 3 times of rituximab or the 4th cycle of iFCR, and then turned to ibrutinib maintenance. Patients who achieved PR with high MRD level (>10-2) in PB or bone marrow (BM), or with diameter of residual lymph node larger than 3cm were administered another 3 cycles of iFCR (6 in all) and followed by ibrutinib maintenance. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who achieved uMRD in the PB after 3 cycles of iFCR. The secondary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR), complete response rate (CR) and the number of adverse events (AE). Results: Between May 2019 and June 2020, 29 CLL/SLL patients were enrolled in this cohort with 27 CLL and 2 SLL. 26 of patients were the previously untreated and 3 of patients were relapse or treated before. The median age of patients was 53 years old. Unmutated IGHV was detected in 14 (50.0%) of 29 patients, 4 patients had del(17p) and/or TP53 mutation (13.8%), 7 patients had del(11q) (24.1%), 7 had NOTCH1 mutation (24.1%) and 7 had MYD88 mutation (24.1%). 8 patients (30.8%) were classified as low-risk group according to CLL-IPI, with 9 in intermediate-risk group (34.6%), 5 in high-risk group (19.2%) and 4 in very-high risk group (15.4%). At data cutoff (1st July, 2020), the median follow-up and treatment time was seven months (1-13 months) with 23 patients had completed at least two cycles of iFCR. At interim analysis, the ORR was 100% with 8 patients achieved CR (34.8%), 3 achieved CRi (13.0%) and 12 achieved PR (52.2%). 57.1% (12/21) achieved uMRD in both PB and BM, among which 6 of them (28.6%) achieved CR/CRi and 6 achieved PR (28.6%). All four patients with TP53 abnormalities achieved PR and two of them (50.0%) achieved uMRD in both PB and BM. One of 6 patients with del(11q) achieved CR (16.7%) and five achieved PR (83.3%), with 2 achieved uMRD in both PB and BM (33.3%). Among 13 assessable patients with unmutated IGHV, four of them achieved CR (30.8%) and nine achieved PR (69.2%), with 5 achieved uMRD in both PB and BM (38.5%). 18 patients had turned to ibrutinib maintenance with 12 of them finished 4th cycle of iFCR or 3 additional cycles of rituximab and could be assessed further. 10 of the patients achieved CR/CRi (83.3%) and 2 achieved PR (16.7%), with 8 achieved uMRD in both PB and BM (66.7%). The most common hematological toxicity events were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia and the non-hematological toxicity events were nausea and vomiting. The occurrence rate of grade 3 to 4 neutropenia and agranulocytic fever were 51.9% (15/29) and 17.2% (5/29) respectively. The most common ibrutinib-related AE were purpura, rash and diarrhea. The occurrence rate of AE induced discontinued ibrutinib more than 7 days, discontinued ibrutinib fewer than 7 days and ibrutinib decrement were 20.7%(6/29), 17.2%(5/29) and 20.7%(6/29) respectively. Conclusion: MRD-driven Ibrutinib plus FCR could achieve high response rate with uMRD in yonger fit patients with CLL/SLL, with manageable toxicity. Ibrutinib plus FCR could be one of the most promising choice as a time-limited regimen in the new drug era. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Hydrolyzed oat flour, called Oatrim, was found able to cr eate suitable food desserts when partially substituted for butter or coconut cr eam. In bakery pr oducts, a 25% Oatrim gel was substituted for butter in rice cookie, br ownie, and banana cake r ecipes. The cholester ol contents of the rice cookie, banana cake, and br ownie wer e reduced by 24.7%, 13.5%, and 24.1%, r espectively. Coconut cream was replaced with a 15% Oatrim suspension in the Thai desserts coconut custar d, coconut cream spread, and mungbean conserve. In these pr oducts, a substantial r eduction in saturated fat content was found: coconut custar d (60.6% reduction), mungbean conserve (76.4% r eduction), coconut cream spread (83.7% reduction). Although adequate textur e measurements wer e observed for most par- tially substituted products, the breaking strengths of the rice cookie and mungbean conserve wer e significantly increased over control foods. These data suggested that the use of the gel should be limited to less than 50% of the substitution. W ithin the experimental parameters examined, the baked goods and Thai desserts exhibited satisfactory sensory qualities in the 50% to 60% substitution range.

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This work is aimed to present narratives of the Guidance Counsellors of the Municipal school network in the city of S?o Jo?o de Meriti. The idea is to promote a discussion that takes into consideration the individual experiences that enable viewing of the aspects that constitute the profession and fields of work. Who are these professionals? How do they see themselves? What do they think about their background? How do they realize themselves immersed in a constantly changing society? And, how are their performances represented? The motivation to the studying and developing of this research derived from the concern that aims to socialize performances and actions developed in this area and its collaboration in the current scenario. What paths to choose? How is the Educational Advising area according to its coverage, demand and offering aspects in the researched school unit? We intend, with this dissertation, to contribute to the characterization of the Guidance Counsellor performance in the perspective of his professionals. The text is divided into a set of the analyses of the expectations and living experiences of the Guidance Counsellor; in the investigation of the critical-reflection of his performance and its contribution in the school space. The narratives derived from encounters where stories were told. A qualitative research was made with a social-historical-cultural focus under a dialogic perspective, that counts on the ?meeting? as the methodology, having as methodological-theoretical reference the well known author Mikhail Bakhtin.
Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar narrativas de Orientadores Educacionais da Rede Municipal de Ensino da Cidade de S?o Jo?o de Meriti. A ideia ? promover uma discuss?o que leve em considera??o as experi?ncias individuais que d?o visibilidade aos aspectos que constituem a profiss?o e o campo de atua??o. Quem s?o esses profissionais? Como se veem? Como pensam sua forma??o? Como se percebem imersos em uma sociedade em constante modifica??o? E, como suas pr?ticas se constituem? A motiva??o para estudo e desenvolvimento da pesquisa nasceu da preocupa??o em socializar pr?ticas e a??es desenvolvidas na ?rea em quest?o e sua colabora??o no cen?rio atual. Que caminhos trilhar? Como se encontra a Orienta??o Educacional segundo seus aspectos de abrang?ncia, demanda e oferta nas unidades escolares na rede de ensino pesquisada? Pretendemos, com essa disserta??o, contribuir para caracterizar a atua??o do Orientador Educacional na perspectiva de seus profissionais. O texto desdobra-se na an?lise das expectativas e viv?ncias do Orientador Educacional; na investiga??o sobre a reflex?o-cr?tica da pr?tica e na sua contribui??o no espa?o escolar. As narrativas decorreram de encontros onde suas hist?rias foram contadas. Foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa com enfoque s?cio-hist?rico-cultural sob a perspectiva dial?gica, que conta com o ?encontro? como metodologia, tendo como referencial te?rico-metodol?gico o autor Mikhail Bakhtin.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på hur lokala kommunikationskonsulter i Falun/Borlänge-regionen ser på opinionsbildning via professionella konsulter. De centrala begrepp som avhandlas är PR, opinionsbildning och lobbying.Den teoretiska ram som omger undersökningen består av de teoribyggen som skapats av Jürgen Habermas, James E. Grunig och Larsåke Larsson. Habermas ställer sig tveksam till den demokratiska nyttan av professionell opinionsbildning, Grunig är mer positiv och Larsson ser både för- och nackdelar med PR-verksamheten. Larssons undersökning av opinionskonsulter från 2005 refereras också.Undersökningen bygger på intervjuer med ett antal kommunikationskonsulter verksamma i Falun och Borlänge. Den lokala marknaden för opinionsbildande uppdrag diskuteras, men också huruvida politiska uppdrag förser byråerna med politisk färg. Huruvida medarbetarnas engagemang är viktigt och hur hög statusen på opinionsbildande uppdrag är ventileras, samt vilka arbetsmetoder som används. Intervjuerna behandlar också förekomsten av lobbying på lokal nivå. Till slut redogör de intervjuade för sin syn på hur opinionsbildning, PR och lobbying via konsulter påverkar demokratin.Under slutsatser diskuteras resultatet i relation till den teoretiska ramen. Att PR- och reklambranscherna alltmer växer samman och att opinionsbildning är ett vanligt inslag i många projekt är ett faktum som också skymtat fram i den teoretiska ramen. Men reklam- och PR-metoder integreras också i politiken, på gott och ont. Följaktligen växer den gråzon som finns mellan de olika typerna av kommunikation och mellan opinionsbildande och icke-opinionsbildande uppdrag. Det försvårar gränsdragning och tydlighet, men skapar nya kreativa möjligheter.Att den ökade användningen av kommunikationskonsulter kanske kan bidra till en orättvis fördel för resursstarka organisationer diskuteras. Ny teknik, t.ex. Internet, kan dock eventuellt vara den motvikt som gör det möjligt även för resurssvaga grupper att höras i det offentliga samtalet. Kommunikation som maktfaktor tas även upp utifrån termer som lobbying och medias dagordningsfunktion.Några aspekter av den outnyttjade potential som PR har ventileras också. PR som metod är en outnyttjad resurs på det lokala planet, något som kan bero både på okunskap hos de lokala kunderna och ett traditionellt arbetssätt hos byråerna. Utifrån intervjusvaren framkommer att både byråerna, deras kunder och media på landsorten skulle gynnas av ett större samarbete.Resultaten av intervjuerna stöder mycket i den teoretiska ramen, medan somligt förkastas. Som sammanfattning kan sägas att opinionsbildning via konsulter kan användas för både gott och ont. Vilket som blir resultatet handlar som oftast om etik, ansvar, öppenhet och professionalitet.ABSTRACTThe primary target for this report is to find out how communication consultants in the region of Falun and Borlänge views the practice of establishing public opinions by using professional public relations consultants. The concepts in focus are PR, the moulding of public opinion and lobbying.The theoretical framework surrounding this report is the writings by Jürgen Habermas, James E. Grunig and Larsåke Larsson. Habermas has doubts as to the democratic use of professional consultants working with public opinions, Grunig has a somewhat more positive approach and Larsson sees both advantages and disadvantages in a democratic sense with the PR industry. Larssons research concerning consultants working with the moulding of public opinions from 2005 is also reviewed. The research is carried out by interviewing some communication consultants working in the Falun /Borlänge- area. The local market for commissions concerning public opinions is discussed, but also if and how political commissions are forcing a political stamp upon the firms engaging in such commissions. The importance of personal commitment in the consultants and the level of prominence commissions concerning public opinion has in the business is discussed, but also which methods is used and preferred. The interviews also deal with the practice of lobbying in the local arena. Finally the participants state their views on how the moulding of public opinion, PR and lobbying effects the democracy. Conclusively, the result is put in relation to the theories earlier mentioned. The public relations market is merging with the advertising business, that is a fact, and establishing public opinion is a common element in a lot of projects. But methods used for advertising and PR are also integrated in the political sphere, for good and bad. That has made the distinction between different kinds of communication harder, thereby enhancing the difficulties of establishing boundaries and achieving clarity. Yet at the same time it facilitates new creative opportunities.The growing use of communication consultants may contribute to unfair advantages for organisations with large economic resources. New technical development though, such as the Internet for example, may prove to simplify communication for groups with lesser economic power. Communication as an aspect of power is being discussed in terms of lobbying and the agenda setting power of media.Some aspects of the unused potential that lies within PR are also in focus in this report. PR as a method is an unused resource in the local market, which can be due to the local clients lack of knowledge but also to the traditional work carried out by the communication firms. The findings of the interviews show that both communication firms, their clients and the local media would benefit from greater cooperation.The theoretical base in this work is mostly supported by the interviews, though a few of the findings does not agree. The moulding of public opinions by professional consultants can be used for both good and bad. What the result will be is, not surprisingly, a question of ethics, responsibility, openness and professionalism.

Resumo: A literatura apresenta evidências de que o apoio social (AS) exerce influência na prática de atividades físicas (AF). As instituições religiosas parecem funcionar como um canal para o AS. Além disso, a literatura tem demonstrado que parece haver associação entre a frequência a igrejas e maior engajamento em AF. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação entre a religiosidade, o AS e a AF de lazer de adultos residentes na cidade de Curitiba-PR. O presente trabalho é composto por três artigos, sendo um de revisão e dois originais. O artigo de revisão, que objetivou a síntese da literatura sobre a relação entre a religiosidade, o AS e a AF, foi realizado através de buscas eletrônicas nas principais bases de dados da área da saúde (Medline e Lilacs) e psicologia (PsycInfo), através da combinação dos descritores: “religião”, “religiosidade”, “religioso”, “espiritualidade”, “espiritual”, “suporte social”, “apoio social” “atividade física”, “exercício” e “exercício físico”, bem como seus correspondentes na língua inglesa. Foram selecionados artigos originais, publicados em inglês, português e espanhol, realizados com adultos (entre 18 e 65 anos) e que incluíssem ao menos um dos domínios da AF. Duzentos e dez estudos foram identificados, sendo que 39 atendiam os critérios de inclusão e oito apresentavam resultados sobre a associação entre as variáveis de estudo. Os artigos foram escritos entre 2001 e 2008 e todos foram realizados em estados dos Estados Unidos. Seis estudos foram transversais, um experimental e um de coorte. Os resultados da revisão sugerem que pessoas que frequentam com mais frequência as igrejas estão mais propensas a iniciarem e se engajarem em alguma AF e que AS obtido através das instituições religiosas parece não ser suficiente para promover AF em níveis recomendados. O artigo original 1 objetivou testar a validade e a idedignidade da versão brasileira da escala de AS para a prática de AF (EASAF) em adultos. Para tanto, a escala foi aplicada em conjunto com um questionário multidimensional face-a-face em 1.461 indivíduos e submetida à testagem da validade (fatorial e construto) e fidedignidade (consistência interna e reprodutibilidade). A análise fatorial resultou em 4 fatores com eingenvalues entre 4,29 e 1,39 que explicam 82,8% da variância total. Nos fatores 1 e 2 ficaram agrupadas as questões sobre AS recebido dos amigos para AFMV e caminhada, respectivamente. Os fatores 3 e 4 ficaram constituídos dos agrupamentos do AS recebido da família, para AFMV e caminhada, nessa ordem. A reprodutibilidade apresentou ICC entre 0,63 e 0,80 e consistência interna alfa entre 0,87 e 0,91. A validade de construto foi evidenciada pela associação ignificativa (p<0,005) entre os escores de AS com caminhada e AFMV. Concluiu-se que o instrumento testado apresenta características psicométricas adequadas para emprego em adultos brasileiros. O artigo original 2 que objetivou analisar a relação entre a religiosidade, o AS e a AF de lazer foi realizado com a participação de 1.461 moradores de regiões com diferentes níveis socioeconômicos (NSE) e condições de ambiente para a prática de AF. Vinte e cinco entrevistadoras foram treinadas e contratadas para realizar a coleta. A taxa de recusa foi de 7,9% (n=121). O controle de qualidade foi realizado em 12,5% da amostra. A entrada de dados foi realizada no software Epidata, por dois profissionais com experiência em digitação e o controle de qualidade foi realizado através da função “Validar arquivos duplicados”. As divergências encontradas foram conferidas e corrigidas. A regressão logística (p<0,05) foi utilizada para verificar a relação entre religiosidade, AS da família e amigos, idade, NSE e percepção de saúde. Os resultados emonstram que o aumento da idade está positivamente associado com o aumento das chances de caminhar e inversamente associado com as chances de realizar AFMV, mesmo quando ajustado. O AS recebido dos amigos e da família foi associado com maiores chances de cumprir as recomendações de caminhada e AFMV. A religiosidade e o apoio recebido de pessoas da igreja não foram associados com o umprimento das recomendações. Concluiu-se que o AS é um importante fator de influência para a prática de AF e que a religiosidade e o apoio recebido das pessoas da igreja não são suficientes para promover o cumprimento das recomendações de caminhada e AFMV.

Der Einfluss Internationaler Organisationen reicht angesichts der Herausforderung, für globale Probleme Lösungen zu finden, mittlerweile so weit, dass sich die Frage nach den in ihnen vorhandenen Machtbegrenzungsmechanismen stellt. Doch wie kann die Macht Internationaler Organisationen kontrolliert werden, wenn das aus dem nationalen Verfassungsrecht bekannte Gewaltenteilungsprinzip nicht auf die internationale Ebene übertragen werden kann?   Die Arbeit analysiert die dazu innerhalb der Vereinten Nationen (UNO) und der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) existierenden formalisierten Mechanismen anhand ihrer Gründungsverträge. Dabei werden drei Kategorien von Machtbegrenzungsmechanismen identifiziert: Kompetenzzuweisungen und -abgrenzungen, organinterne Mechanismen und schließlich Interaktion zwischen den Organen. Die in der Praxis bedeutsamsten Mechanismen stellen zum einen das Vetorecht im UN-Sicherheitsrat sowie der negative Konsens im Streitbeilegungsgremium der WTO dar, die zur Gruppe der organinternen Mechanismen gehören. Zum anderen besteht in der Kontrolle der Streitbeilegungs-Panel der WTO durch den Appellate Body eine wichtige Machtbegrenzung durch Interaktion.  Die Untersuchung dokumentiert das paradoxe Phänomen, dass die Mechanismen zur Begrenzung der Macht in vielen Fällen auch eine machtsteigernde Wirkung haben, indem sie die Effizienz, Akzeptanz und Legitimation der Organisation erhöhen. Die Verfasserin erklärt dies damit, dass das Augenmerk der Gründungsstaaten in der Entstehungsphase auf dem Funktionieren der Organisation als Gegengewicht zu ihren jeweiligen Mitgliedsstaaten lag. Dass Internationale Organisationen in der Zwischenzeit so stark an Einfluss gewonnen haben, dass ihre Macht nunmehr begrenzt werden sollte, ist eine neue Entwicklung, die jedoch in Zukunft deutlich an Bedeutung gewinnen wird.
In light of the challenge to find answers to global problems, the influence of international organizations nowadays goes so far that the question of existing checks and balances within these organizations arises. But how can power be controlled when the principle of separation of powers originating from national constitutional law cannot be transferred to the international stage? The purpose of this thesis is to analyze existing formalized internal mechanisms within the United Nations and the World Trade Organization on the basis of their founding treaties. The author identifies three categories of checks and balances: allowing and limiting competencies, mechanisms within the organs and finally interactions between the organs. In practice, the most important mechanisms of these organizations are on the one hand the power of veto within the UN Security Council and the negative consensus within the WTO dispute settlement body, which belong to the category of mechanisms within the organs. In addition, the control of the WTO dispute settlement panels by the Appellate Body is an important form of checks and balances through interaction. The analysis shows the paradoxical phenomenon, that checks and balances in many cases have the effect of increasing power by augmenting the efficiency, acceptance and legitimacy of the organization. The author explains this by reference to the intentions of the founding states during the developing phase to strengthen these organizations as a counterbalance to their respective member states. It is a new development that international organizations have now increased their influence so much that their power should be limited, but this will become significantly more important in the future.

This thesis examines aspects of photography and film in the selected work of Michael Ondaatje, specifically analysing their implementation and function within The Collected Works of Billy the Kid, Running In The Family, In the Skin of a Lion and The English Patient. Ondaatje's two films, Sons of Captain Poetry and The Clinton Special, as well as Anthony Minghella's film adaptation of The English Patient, are also examined. My critical approach is eclectic and driven by the demands of individual texts, focusing on some of the ways in which photography and film affect and help define the formal and thematic components of the prose works. My approach addresses photographic perspective and reader response with specific reference to the ontological nature of photographic stillness, as well as various components of filmic writing and the challenges of prose to screen transfer in cinematic adaptation. This study reveals how an exploration of the photographic and filmic aspects of the texts provides new insights into the way Ondaatje's work promotes indeterminacy of meaning and a blurring of the boundaries between genres.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This study was carried out to estimate the prececal and total nutrient?s digestibility of forages by total feces collection and mobile bag techniques and evaluate the passage kinetics in the digestive tract of horses using mobile bags. This work was conducted with three assays. The first was carried out to estimate nutrient?s digestibility of coast cross hay (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross) with the total feces collection technique. The second assay was carried out to estimate nutrient?s digestibility of lucerne hay (Medicago sativa), coast cross hay, and peanut forage (Arachis pintoi) with the mobile bag technique. The last one was carried out to evaluate the prececal nutrient?s digestibility of the same forages used at second assay with the mobile bag technique in a horse cannulated at cecum. The two first assays were simultaneously, with four horses with average weight of 300kg fed coast cross hay only. Water and mineral salt was offered ad libitum. The nylon bags has 45? of porosity and 6.5x 3.0cm of internal dimension and were fill with 663 mg of forage samples ground at 1mm. These assays had duration of 19 days, 10 days for adaptation and regulation of intake, and the last five days to introduce the bags in the stomach and, bags collections in the feces. Two insertions of bags were made at day with 25 bags, eight bags per forage and one empty bag. The feces and the bags were kept on the floor quickly after the horses crap, the bags were separate and the time noted. The assay of prececal digestibility had duration of 20 days which the first 5 days were to horse adaptation and the last 15 days were to insert and recovery the bags in the cecum. In this assay the bags were similar of those used in the first assay, but with a little washer in the border of the bags to possibility the recovery them in the cecum with a magnet. The magnet was place into the cannula near the ileocaecal junction, and at every 30 minutes beginning one hour after bag?s insertion in the stomach, the magnet was withdraw and the bags was removed until 7 hours later. Values of total digestibility with feces collection and mobile bags were similar with the possibility to use the mobile bag technique as alternative to feces collection. There wasn?t differences between digestibility of nutrients of lucerne and peanut forage with mobile bags technique (P<0.05), nevertheless those were higher than the coast cross hay. The use of mobile bag in cannulated horses allow to estimate the digestibility from different segments of the intestine, show to be a good alternative to study the digestion in horses
Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a digestibilidade parcial e total dos nutrientes de forrageiras atrav?s das t?cnicas de coleta total de fezes e sacos de n?ilon m?veis e avaliar a cin?tica de passagem de sacos de n?ilon m?veis no trato digest?rio de equinos. O experimento foi dividido em tr?s ensaios. O primeiro ensaio estimou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes do feno de coastcross (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross) atrav?s da coleta total de fezes. O segundo ensaio estimou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes do feno de alfafa (Medicago sativa), do feno de coastcross e do amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) com a t?cnica de sacos de n?ilon m?veis. O terceiro ensaio foi realizado utilizando as mesmas forrageiras do segundo ensaio, avaliando a digestibilidade pr?-cecal com a t?cnica dos sacos de n?ilon m?veis em equino fistulado no ceco. Os dois ensaios de digest?o iniciais foram realizados simultaneamente, com quatro equinos adultos com peso m?dio de 300kg alimentados com dieta exclusiva de feno de coastcross. A ?gua e o sal mineral foram fornecidos ad libitum. Foram utilizados sacos de n?ilon com porosidade de 45? com dimens?es internas de 6,5x 3cm, e preenchidos com 663mg de amostra das forrageiras mo?das a 1mm. Os dois ensaios iniciais tiveram dura??o de 19 dias, sendo 10 dias de adapta??o e regula??o do consumo da dieta, cinco dias para inser??o g?strica dos sacos, coleta total de fezes e dos sacos de n?ilon nas fezes. Para inser??o g?strica dos sacos de n?ilon, foram feitas duas sondagens ao dia, com 25 sacos, oito com amostras de cada alimento e um em branco. As fezes e os sacos foram coletados do piso das baias imediatamente ap?s a excre??o, os sacos foram separados manualmente e anotado o tempo de tr?nsito. O ensaio de digest?o pr?-cecal teve dura??o de 20 dias sendo os cinco primeiros para adapta??o do animal ao manejo e 15 dias de sondagens e recupera??o dos sacos. Neste ensaio foram utilizados sacos semelhantes ao ensaio anterior, por?m em uma das extremidades dos sacos foi afixada uma arruela met?lica para permitir que o saco fosse recuperado no ceco com aux?lio de um im?. Este im? foi posicionado pr?ximo a jun??o ?leo-cecal e, a intervalos de 30 minutos, iniciando uma hora ap?s a inser??o dos sacos no estomago e, o im? foi retirado da c?nula e os sacos aderidos foram coletados at? 7 horas ap?s a inser??o g?strica. Os valores de digestibilidade total atrav?s da coleta de fezes e dos sacos m?veis foram semelhantes confirmando a possibilidade de utiliza??o dos sacos m?veis como alternativa a coleta de fezes. N?o houve diferen?a entre os coeficientes de digestibilidade do feno de alfafa e do amendoim forrageiro com os de sacos de n?ilon m?veis (P<0,05), no entanto estes foram maiores que o do feno de coastcross. O uso da t?cnica de sacos de n?ilon m?veis em animais fistulados permitiu estimar a digestibilidade pr?-cecal e p?s-ileal em equinos, mostrando ser uma alternativa vi?vel no estudo dos processos digestivos desta esp?cie.

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This paper has the aim of analyzing how the Italian immigrants in the south of Brazil used to solve problems related to the familiar honor. For that, it will be given attention to the social relations that bound the peasants to the justice they used to when certain facts offended their families or the community. As a motto, this research starts from an emblematic episode occurred during the first days of 1900: the tragic death of Ant?nio S?rio, the priest of the ex-colony Silveira Martins, nucleus of the Italian immigration in the center of Rio Grande do Sul. The death of the priest propitiated the sprouting of some versions among the local population: political crime, where the Masonry would be the responsible for it, and revenge crime related to the familiar honor issues. To follow the trajectory of this priest, since he arrived the colonial region in 1881, as well as others immigrants, make it possible to notice the rules that guided the behavior and organized the dynamics of the society. Individual and collective experiences will help to understand the universe in which groups of peasant families and local leaderships made their choices. The explanations given by the population related to the death of the priest make sense in the social reality of the immigrants, where the adjustments used to occur through independent justice, extrajudicial agreements and cultural mechanisms aiming reestablish the balance in the rural communities
Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o modo como os imigrantes italianos no sul do Brasil resolviam quest?es relacionadas ? honra familiar. Para isso, dar-se-? aten??o ? constitui??o das redes sociais que ligavam os camponeses e ?s pr?ticas de justi?a por eles utilizadas quando certos fatos ofendiam as fam?lias e/ou a comunidade. Como mote, a pesquisa parte de um epis?dio emblem?tico ocorrido nos primeiros dias de 1900: a morte tr?gica do padre Ant?nio S?rio, p?roco da ex-Col?nia Silveira Martins, n?cleo de coloniza??o italiana no centro do Rio Grande do Sul. O falecimento do sacerdote propiciou o surgimento de algumas vers?es entre a popula??o local, gravitando entre crime pol?tico, onde a ma?onaria teria sido a respons?vel, e crime de vingan?a ligado a quest?es de honra familiar. Seguir a trajet?ria deste sacerdote, desde que chegara ? regi?o colonial em 1881, bem como a de outros imigrantes, permitir? perceber as normas e as regras que orientavam os comportamentos e organizavam a din?mica da sociedade. Experi?ncias individuais e coletivas que ajudar?o a compreender o universo no qual grupos de fam?lias camponesas e lideran?as locais fizeram suas escolhas. As explica??es fornecidas pela popula??o a respeito da morte do p?roco encontram sentido na realidade social dos imigrantes, onde os ajustamentos se davam atrav?s de pr?ticas de justi?a aut?nomas, acordos extrajudiciais, mecanismo cultural visando restabelecer o equil?brio nas comunidades rurais.

Tese (doutorado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2010
Bibliografia: f.306-334
Trata-se de pesquisa sobre as relações entre as políticas públicas adotadas pela Rede Municipal de Ensino de Curitiba no período compreendido entre 1963 e 1996 e a formação continuada de professores. Voltada à história recente, a investigação está alicerç
The purpose of this research are relationships among public politics adopted by the Municipal Teaching Network of Curitiba in the period understood between 1963 and 1996 and teachers' continuous formation. Focused on the recent history, the investigation

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The main purpose of this work is to investigate the aspects that inscribe the teacherof the course , of the Instituto de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia do Tri?ngulo Mineiro - IFTM ? Campus Uberl?ndia, in an identity as educator - the question of the nomination, of the process of identification, the social conceptions or social representations - and as this reflects in its practical as a teacher. For this, we carry through the bibliographical research to analyze the conceptions of interdisciplinarity that there are in official educational documents, internal and external to the Institution. Such identification is necessary, to understand as the interdisciplinarity concept is inserted in the pedagogical action of the school, which is its paper and the challenges for the insertion of this practical meaning in Professional and Technological Teaching. For this, we delimit as reference landmark the processed educational reforms in the decade of 90 of century XX until the present. We adopt the documentary research, for analysis of cited documents previously, having for aiming the search of possibilities for the construction of practical curricular innovators, in a perspective directed toward the social change, approaching thematic in the space delineated for the chances and the ambivalences involve that them, looking for to understand its configuration and use in the theory contemporary, as well as its association to the concept of recontextualization in the analysis of politics and curricular texts. With analysis of the questionnaire and observation, we search to design a map to determine how the conceptions about interisciplinarity have been constructed in the thought and the practical one of the involved teachers in the research, to aim its real implantation, as curricular project, adopted, of conscientious and active form for the educational agents, who make the day by day the Institution. We could verify that, still, has a long way to cover, in the direction of deepening of the theoretical references that support the interdisciplinary practic, but that the identified possibilities and obstacles can lead the building of this ideal, if this, really, grow from of a conscientious choice by the part of all the involved ones in the process.
O principal objetivo deste trabalho ? investigar os aspectos que inscrevem o professor do curso T?cnico em Agropecu?ria, do Instituto de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia do Tri?ngulo Mineiro ? IFTM ? Campus Uberl?ndia, em uma identidade como educador ? a quest?o da nomea??o, do processo de identifica??o, das concep??es ou representa??es sociais ? e como isso se reflete em sua pr?tica docente. Para isso realizamos a pesquisa bibliogr?fica para analisar as concep??es de interdisciplinaridade presentes em documentos educacionais oficiais, internos e externos ? Institui??o. Tal identifica??o faz-se necess?ria, para compreender como o conceito de interdisciplinaridade se insere na a??o pedag?gica da escola, qual ? o seu papel e os desafios para a inser??o de sua pr?tica no Ensino Profissional e Tecnol?gico. Para isso, delimitamos como marco de refer?ncia as reformas educacionais processadas na d?cada de 90 do s?culo XX at? os dias de hoje. Adotamos a pesquisa documental, para an?lise dos documentos referidos anterio rmente, tendo por direcionamento a busca de possibilidades para a constru??o de pr?ticas curriculares inovadoras, numa perspectiva vo ltada para a mudan?a social, abordando a tem?tica no espa?o delineado pelas oportunidades e ambival?ncias que as envolvem, procurando entender sua configura??o e uso na teoria contempor?nea, bem como sua associa??o ao conceito de recontextualiza??o na an?lise de pol?ticas e textos curriculares. Com an?lise do question?rio e observa??o, buscamos tra?ar um mapa para determinar como as concep??es sobre interdisciplinaridade se constroem no pensamento e na pr?tica dos docentes envolvidos na pesquisa, com vistas a sua real implanta??o, como projeto curricular, adotado, de forma consciente e participativa pelos agentes educacionais, que fazem o dia a dia a Institui??o. Pudemos verificar que, ainda, h? um longo caminho a percorrer, no sentido de aprofundamento dos referenciais te?ricos que embasam a pr?tica interdisciplinar, mas que as possibilidades e obst?culos identificados podem conduzir a concretiza??o desse ideal, se este, realmente, partir de uma escolha consciente por parte de todos os envolvidos no processo.