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Journal articles on the topic 'Praetoria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Bartus, Dávid, László Borhy, Szilvia Joháczi, and Emese Számadó. "Excavations in the legionary fortress of Brigetio in 2019." Dissertationes Archaeologicae 3, no. 8 (March 30, 2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17204/dissarch.2020.181.

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In 2019 the excavations in Brigetio focused on the area of the northern gate of the legionary fortress, as the geophysical surveys conducted in the previous year allowed the identification of both the porta praetoria and the via praetoria leading through it. These fieldworks, beside providing new information on the topography of the legionary fortress regarding the porta praetoria and the via praetoria, were also significant from a methodological point of view as they allowed the verification of the results of geophysical surveys conducted in the area earlier, thus contributing greatly to the planning and fine-tuning of future measurements.

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2

Houston, George W., Antonina Maria Cavallaro, and Gerold Walser. "Iscrizioni di Augusta Praetoria." American Journal of Philology 111, no. 1 (1990): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/295272.

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3

Łuć, Ireneusz. "Żołnierze "scholae palatinae" – „nowi pretorianie” późnego cesarstwa." Vox Patrum 66 (December 15, 2016): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3460.

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The scholae palatinae were part of a military guard unit, which was formed as a result of evolution. They developed from a formation of several hundred cavalrymen to a formation of an independent military corps, consisting at first of 3,500, and then as many as 7,000 soldiers. Even though at first scholares seemed different from milites praetoriani (i.a. in terms of ethnic origin, serving as the horsemen), they were, in fact, the successors of the elite guard unit of the Roman emperors. They held the same status and were entrusted with similar tasks during their service. The introduction of the post of tribune in the palace guard (scholae palatinae), as the supreme commander at the level of individual divisions (scholae), was, to a large extent, a continuation of the previous command structure within praetorian cohorts (cohortes praetoriae). What is more important, in the later period (6th century AD), within the scholae palatinae there also appeared infantry units, which made the scholares even more similar to the praetorians, who were serving in mixed cohorts (cohortes equitatae), consisting of both infantrymen and horse guardsmen. The scholares, similarly to the praetorians, held a privileged position within the Roman army. It was not without significance when it comes to their own careers or those who were related to them. The sign of times, which made these formations different, was the fact that among the scholae palatinae appeared many soldiers who were Christians. Finally, both scholares and milites praetoriani also gained profound influence upon the election of new emperors of the Rome. In hindsight, however, it turned out to have a disastrous effect on the scholae palatinae.

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4

Bonnet, Charles, and Renato Perinetti. "Les premiers édifices chrétiens d'Augusta Praetoria (Aoste, Italie)." Comptes-rendus des séances de l année - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 130, no. 3 (1986): 477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/crai.1986.14409.

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5

MIRTI, P., A. CASOLI, and L. APPOLONIA. "SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF ROMAN GLASS FROM AUGUSTA PRAETORIA." Archaeometry 35, no. 2 (August 1993): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1993.tb01037.x.

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6

Youngsik Cho. "The Role and Position of theCohors Praetoria of Roman Emperor." military history ll, no. 72 (August 2009): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.29212/mh.2009..72.199.

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7

MIRTI, P., V. ZELANO, R. ARUGA, E. FERRARA, and L. APPOLONIA. "ROMAN POTTERY FROM AUGUSTA PRAETORIA (AOSTA, ITALY): A PROVENANCE STUDY." Archaeometry 32, no. 2 (August 1990): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1990.tb00463.x.

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8

Mantas, Vasco Gil. "Notas sobre tropas auxiliares romanas no Oriente: lusitanos e dromedários." Boletim de Estudos Clássicos, no. 62 (December 29, 2017): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-7260_62_7.

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As forças auxiliares do exército imperial romano têm despertado o interesse dos investigadores e sobre elas existem numerosos estudos. Neste artigo procuramos ilustrar a presença de uma dessas forças, a Cohors I Augusta Praetoria Lusitanorum Equitata, bem documentada no Egipto, tratando igualmente do dispositivo romano na região, das funções destas unidades, ilustradas por trabalhos arqueológicos recentes, e da utilização de dromedários por algumas delas.

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9

Lambrini, Paola. "ACTIO DE DOLO MALO I OCHRONA UMÓW PRAWNIE NIEWIĄŻĄCYCH." Zeszyty Prawnicze 9, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2009.9.2.01.

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Actio de dolo malo and Protection of Unbinding AgreementsSummaryActio de dolo was probably introduced to the praetor’s edict around 90- 80 BC at the request of C. Aquilius, famous jurist. The thesis that it was Aquilius who as praetor in 66 BC introduced it himself seems improbable on account of him being in charge of the quaestio de ambitu. Actio de dolo was a praetorian action in personam with an intentio in factum concepta, penal, infamating and arbitrary. It could be acquired only within a year. A previous causae cognitio of a praetor was necessary, because the action was a subsidiary means used only in absence of any other legal protection. The concept of dolus within this action was perceived very broadly as any improper behaviour causing damage the repair of which was impossible to be obtained by other means. Actio de dolo was probably an institution exceeding the typical contractual system in a furthest manner in order to introduce new possibilities of damage repair.

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10

Bertarione, Stella Vittoria, and Giulio Magli. "Augustus' Power from the Stars and the Foundation of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25, no. 01 (February 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774314000717.

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11

Lagóstena Barrios, Lázaro. "Aportación al conocimiento de la sociedad de la costa de la Ulterior en época republicana y Julio-Claudia. El registro ? en los Tituli Picti de las ánforas salsarias de Castra Praetoria." Lucentum, no. 21-22 (December 15, 2003): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/lvcentvm2002-2003.21-22.15.

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El análisis de ciertos registros epigráficos conservados sobre ánforas béticas de salazones, procedentes del depósito documentado por Dressel en los fosos de los Castra Praetoria, nos permite plantear algunas reflexiones relativas a la composición y función de determinados sectores de la sociedad del litoral bético en la primera mitad del siglo I d.C. y sus precedentes republicanos. Los elementos onomásticos que se analizan tienen la particularidad de hallarse conectados a una actividad de gran importancia en las comunidades de esa época y espacio: la producción y el comercio de alimentos derivados del mar.

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12

Leveau, Philippe. "Praetoria et tabernae en Gaule : contribution à l’identification des établissements de bord de route." Gallia 73, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/gallia.449.

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13

Salonia, Paolo, Tommaso Leti Messina, Andrea Marcolongo, and Lorenzo Appolonia. "Photo Scanner 3D Survey for Monitoring Historical Monuments. the Case History of Porta Praetoria in Aosta." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 6 (December 21, 2011): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.6.39.

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Accessibility to cultural heritage is one of the most important factors in cultural heritage preservation, as it assures knowledge, monitoring, Public Administration management and a wide interest on cultural heritage sites. Nowdays 3D surveys give the geometric basis for an effective artefact reconstruction but most of the times 3D data are not completely and deeply investigated to extract other useful information on historical monuments for their conservation and safeguard. The Cultural Heritage Superintendence of Aosta decided to run a time continual project of monitoring of the Praetorian Roman Gate with the collaboration of the ITABC, CNR of Italy. The Praetorian Roman Gate in Aosta, Italy, of Augustus ages, is one of the most well-known roman monumental gates, it is a double gate with three arches each side, 12 meters high, 20 meters wide, made of pudding stone ashlars, Badoglio, travertine, marble blocks and other stone insertion due to restorations between 1600 and 1950. In years 2000 a final restoration intervention brought the gate at the present state of art, within the frame of a restoration and conservation building site with the purpose of treat the different decay pathologies and conditions. A complete 3D geometric survey campaign has been the first step for the monitoring of the gate morphologic changes and decay progress in time. The main purpose is to collect both quantitative data, related to the geometry of the gate, and the qualitative data, related to the chromatic change on the surface due to the stone decay. The geometric data with colour information permits to associate materials and stone pathologies to chemical or mechanical actions and to understand and analyse superficial decay kinetics. The colours survey will also permit to directly locate on the 3D model areas of different stratigraphic units. The project aims to build a rigorous quantitative-qualitative database so to be uploaded into a GIS. The GIS will become the monitoring main means. Considering the huge dimension of the gate and its urban location a multi-scale approach has been considered. Controlled and free images have been taken from the ground and the top of the gate so to reconstruct all the walls and the upper cover. A topographic survey has been done so to be able to control and relate all the different acquisitions. It has been chosen a Photo Scanner 3D system. It is a photogrammetry-based survey technology for point clouds acquisition and 3D models configuration, from digital images processing. This technology allows to obtain point clouds (xyz coordinates) with RGB information and geometries at different levels of complexity by processing a number of images taken with a limited set of constraints, with the use of a simple acquisition equipment and through an image matching algorithm (ZScan, by Menci Software). Due to the high walls of the arch gates, the higher part has been surveyed with a remote controlled drone (UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) with a digital camera on it, so to take pictures up to the maximum altitude and with different shooting angles ( 90 and 45 degree). This is a new technology which permits to survey inaccessible parts of a high monument with ease and accuracy, by collecting redundant pictures later bound together by an image block algorithm. This paper aims to present the survey experience architectural monuments trough the application of a trifocal quick photogrammetric system, in surveying at different scales and for different purposes.

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14

Canciani, M., E. Conigliaro, M. Del Grasso, P. Papalini, and M. Saccone. "3D SURVEY AND AUGMENTED REALITY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE. THE CASE STUDY OF AURELIAN WALL AT CASTRA PRAETORIA IN ROME." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 23, 2016): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-931-2016.

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The development of close-range photogrammetry has produced a lot of new possibility to study cultural heritage. 3D data acquired with conventional and low cost cameras can be used to document, investigate the full appearance, materials and conservation status, to help the restoration process and identify intervention priorities. At the same time, with 3D survey a lot of three-dimensional data are collected and analyzed by researchers, but there are a very few possibility of 3D output. The augmented reality is one of this possible output with a very low cost technology but a very interesting result. Using simple mobile technology (for iPad and Android Tablets) and shareware software (in the case presented “Augment”) it is possible to share and visualize a large number of 3D models with your own device. The case study presented is a part of an architecture graduate thesis, made in Rome at Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University. We have developed a photogrammetric survey to study the Aurelian Wall at Castra Praetoria in Rome. The surveys of 8000 square meters of surface have allowed to identify stratigraphy and construction phases of a complex portion of Aurelian Wall, specially about the Northern door of Castra. During this study, the data coming out of 3D survey (photogrammetric and topographic), are stored and used to create a reverse 3D model, or virtual reconstruction, of the Northern door of Castra. This virtual reconstruction shows the door in the Tiberian period, nowadays it's totally hidden by a curtain wall but, little and significative architectural details allow to know its original feature. The 3D model of the ancient walls has been mapped with the exact type of bricks and mortar, oriented and scaled according to the existing one to use augmented reality. Finally, two kind of application have been developed, one on site, were you can see superimposed the virtual reconstruction on the existing walls using the image recognition. On the other hand, to show the results also during the graduation day, the same application has been created in off-site condition using a poster.

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15

Canciani, M., E. Conigliaro, M. Del Grasso, P. Papalini, and M. Saccone. "3D SURVEY AND AUGMENTED REALITY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE. THE CASE STUDY OF AURELIAN WALL AT CASTRA PRAETORIA IN ROME." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 23, 2016): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-931-2016.

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The development of close-range photogrammetry has produced a lot of new possibility to study cultural heritage. 3D data acquired with conventional and low cost cameras can be used to document, investigate the full appearance, materials and conservation status, to help the restoration process and identify intervention priorities. At the same time, with 3D survey a lot of three-dimensional data are collected and analyzed by researchers, but there are a very few possibility of 3D output. The augmented reality is one of this possible output with a very low cost technology but a very interesting result. Using simple mobile technology (for iPad and Android Tablets) and shareware software (in the case presented “Augment”) it is possible to share and visualize a large number of 3D models with your own device. The case study presented is a part of an architecture graduate thesis, made in Rome at Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University. We have developed a photogrammetric survey to study the Aurelian Wall at Castra Praetoria in Rome. The surveys of 8000 square meters of surface have allowed to identify stratigraphy and construction phases of a complex portion of Aurelian Wall, specially about the Northern door of Castra. During this study, the data coming out of 3D survey (photogrammetric and topographic), are stored and used to create a reverse 3D model, or virtual reconstruction, of the Northern door of Castra. This virtual reconstruction shows the door in the Tiberian period, nowadays it's totally hidden by a curtain wall but, little and significative architectural details allow to know its original feature. The 3D model of the ancient walls has been mapped with the exact type of bricks and mortar, oriented and scaled according to the existing one to use augmented reality. Finally, two kind of application have been developed, one on site, were you can see superimposed the virtual reconstruction on the existing walls using the image recognition. On the other hand, to show the results also during the graduation day, the same application has been created in off-site condition using a poster.

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16

Morillo, Ángel, and Rosalía Durán Cabello. "La puerta meridional del recinto amurallado de la ciudad de León (siglos I-XIII). Análisis estratigráfico e interpretativo de una nueva evidencia constructiva." Arqueología de la Arquitectura, no. 14 (September 12, 2017): 054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/arq.arqt.2017.003.

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En el año 2000 tuvo lugar el descubrimiento de un gran muro de sillería visto, integrado en el sótano de un local comercial en el casco histórico de la ciudad de León. Sus características constructivas, así como su posición topográfica en el parcelario actual, permiten identificarlo como el frente de una de las torres de flanqueo de la puerta meridional (porta praetoria) del campamento de la legio VII gemina, edificada a finales del siglo I-comienzos del siglo II d. C. El paramento presentaba numerosas reformas y adecuaciones, que atestiguan su evolución entre el periodo romano altoimperial y los siglos XII-XIII d. C. El análisis de la estratigrafía mural, que aquí presentamos, ha permitido marcar las cronologías relativas de las diferentes fábricas y actividades constructivas que determinan la evolución diacrónica de todo el conjunto, aclarando aspectos relativos al lienzo sur de la muralla de León. Los datos obtenidos se han puesto en relación con el espacio topográfico tridimensional en que se encuentran, ilustrando sobre la evolución del paisaje urbano.

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17

Bourgeon, Oriane. "Baetican olive-oil trade under the Late Empire: new data on the production of Late Roman amphorae (Dressel 23) in the lower Genil valley." Journal of Roman Archaeology 30 (2017): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400074249.

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From the Julio-Claudian era until around the third quarter of the 3rd c. A.D., the amphorae that H. Dressel referred to as the Dressel 20 type in his table of amphorae discovered at the Castra Praetoria and, to a lesser extent, at Monte Testaccio, was used to transport olive oil from Hispania Baetica to Rome and the NW provinces of the empire. The artificial mound of Testaccio, just over 40 m high and covering an area of 2.2 ha, is a huge dump composed mainly of Dr. 20 amphorae, standing near the Emporium on the left bank of the Tiber. As has been acknowledged, its abandonment, a direct consequence of the construction of the Aurelian Walls from 271 onwards, did not signal the end of olive-oil imports from Baetica. In a similar way, the end of Dr. 20 production, in c.260-270, does not point to the end of oil-amphora production in that province and, more precisely, in the Guadalquivir basin where this form originates.

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18

Kamińska, Renata. "PRIVATE AND PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE ‘INTERDICTUM NE QUID IN LOCO PUBLICO FIAT’." Zeszyty Prawnicze 17, no. 4 (May 26, 2018): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2017.17.4.09.

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Roman law accorded a broad scope of protection for public places. Te magistrates responsible for securing it were the curule and plebeian aediles, the censors, and the praetors. Praetors conducted this duty by promulgating interdicts. Ne quid in loco publico fat, which prohibited any activity or installation in a public place which could cause damage, stands out among the other praetorian interdicts. What made it special was that it could be applied both when the potential damage concerned the public interest (utilitas publica), and/or the interest of a private individual (utilitas privata). The damage (damnum) was defned as the loss of a beneft of whatsoever kind the private individual drew from his enjoyment of the public place in question.

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19

Mirti, P., R. Aruga, L. Appolonia, A. Casoli, and M. Oddone. "On the role of major, minor and trace elements in provenancing ceramic material. A case study: Roman terra sigillata from Augusta Praetoria." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 348, no. 5-6 (1994): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00323142.

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20

De Feo, G., S. De Gisi, C. Malvano, and O. De Biase. "The greatest water reservoirs in the ancient Roman world and the “Piscina Mirabilis” in Misenum." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.106.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the greatest water reservoirs in the ancient Roman world and, in particular, the “Piscina Mirabilis” in Misenum, in Southern Italy. In our study, we considered the reservoirs with a volume in the order of thousands of cubic metres, storing flowing water, set low in the ground or actually underground, and roofed over. In general, a Roman aqueduct was not built to provide drinking water, nor to promote hygiene, but either to supply the baths or for military aims. As a matter of fact, the population of Rome at the end of the 1st century AD had an average water supply of 1,550 L/d per capita especially used for baths. This circumstance required reservoirs of huge capacity. The reservoir of the Baths of Caracalla in Rome could contain over 80,000 m3 of water. The use of columns in a Roman reservoir was introduced in the ancient Constantinopolis and the Yerebatan Saray with a maximum capacity of almost 85,000 cubic metres can be considered the biggest Roman reservoir. While for military aims, the Piscina Mirabilis in Misenum can be considered the biggest Roman resevoirs used for military aims ever known until now (provide the Classis Praetoria Misenensis) with a volumetric capacity of 12,600 m3 of water.

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21

Mellen, Gregory R. "WHEN GOOD MEN DO NOTHING: AN EMENDATION IN TACITUS, HISTORIAE 1.38.3." Classical Quarterly 68, no. 1 (May 2018): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838818000198.

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In January of the year a.d. 69, Marcus Salvius Otho, disappointed in his attempt to be named Galba's heir and successor, fomented revolt among the praetorian guard. Trading on the praetorians’ own discontent at not receiving the donative, he began to win over the soldiers’ favour. Tacitus relates that, when the attitude of the soldiers seemed ripe (haud dubiae iam in castris omnium mentes, Hist. 1.36.1), Otho himself came forth and began to implore them directly (nec deerat Otho protendens manus adorare uolgum, iacere oscula, et omnia seruiliter pro dominatione, Hist. 1.36.3); and after he accepted the oath of loyalty from the entire classicorum legio (Hist. 1.36.3), he felt ready to hold a speech encouraging the men to complete the deed by ousting Galba.

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22

Mackensen, Michael. "New fieldwork at the Severan fort of Myd(…)/Gheriat el-Garbia on the limes Tripolitanus." Libyan Studies 43 (2012): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900000054.

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AbstractThe most outstanding oasis fort of the limes Tripolitanus, Myd(---)/Gheriat el-Garbia, saw the deployment of various military units between AD 198/201 and 275/80. Archaeological research in 2009/10 focussed on the fortifications, particularly the main and rear gates, the northern angle tower and interval towers 2 and 4 as well as the curtain wall at its south corner. The towers of the porta praetoria have been reconstructed theoretically with three storeys, at an overall height of c. 12.5 m. Of the headquarters building two of the rear rooms, including the shrine, were excavated. A monumental inscription of a length of c. 9.0 m and corresponding architectural elements suggest the existence of a groma building. Completely unexpected by archaeologists as well as ancient historians and rather spectacular is a late Roman reoccupation of the military site: after a hiatus of c. 80+ years building activities were undertaken within the fort and repairs and the blocking of the main gate could be observed and probably attributed to the deployment of a unit of limitanei between AD 360/80 (at the earliest) and 430/55. The reoccupied fort might be identified with the so far unknown castra Madensia, where the milites munifices were garrisoned (Notitia Dignitatum Occ. 31, 30). Further evidence of occupation, possibly of a Libyan chieftain and his tribe, has been assigned to the second half of the fifth century, continuing thereafter until AD 540+.

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23

Arkin, William M. "The praetorian guards." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 57, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/057002025.

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Arkin, William M. "The praetorian guards." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 57, no. 2 (March 2001): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2001.11460441.

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25

Francia, Pietro, Mauro Biffi, Carmen Adduci, Luca Ottaviano, Federico Migliore, Silvana De Bonis, Antonio Dello Russo, et al. "Implantation technique and optimal subcutaneous defibrillator chest position: a PRAETORIAN score-based study." EP Europace 22, no. 12 (October 29, 2020): 1822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euaa231.

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Abstract Aims The traditional technique for subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation involves three incisions and a subcutaneous pocket. Recently, a two-incision and intermuscular (IM) technique has been adopted. The PRAETORIAN score is a chest radiograph-based tool that predicts S-ICD conversion testing. We assessed whether the S-ICD implantation technique affects optimal position of the defibrillation system according to the PRAETORIAN score. Methods and results We analysed consecutive patients undergoing S-ICD implantation. The χ2 test and regression analysis were used to determine the association between the PRAETORIAN score and implantation technique. Two hundred and thirteen patients were enrolled. The S-ICD generator was positioned in an IM pocket in 174 patients (81.7%) and the two-incision approach was adopted in 199 (93.4%). According to the PRAETORIAN score, the risk of conversion failure was classified as low in 198 patients (93.0%), intermediate in 13 (6.1%), and high in 2 (0.9%). Patients undergoing the two-incision and IM technique were more likely to have a low (<90) PRAETORIAN score than those undergoing the three-incision and subcutaneous technique (two-incision: 94.0% vs. three-incision: 78.6%; P = 0.004 and IM: 96.0% vs. subcutaneous: 79.5%; P = 0.001). Intermuscular plus two-incision technique was associated with a low-risk PRAETORIAN score (hazard ratio 3.76; 95% confidence interval 1.01–14.02; P = 0.04). Shock impedance was lower in PRAETORIAN low-risk patients than in intermediate-/high-risk categories (66 vs. 96 Ohm; P = 0.001). The PRAETORIAN score did not predict shock failure at 65 J. Conclusion In this cohort of S-ICD recipients, combining the two-incision technique and IM generator implantation yielded the lowest PRAETORIAN score values, indicating optimal defibrillation system position. Clinical trial registration http://clinicaltrials.gov/ Identifier: NCT02275637.

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Łuć, Ireneusz. "Wojskowe monety Nerona. Typy adlocvt coh i decvrsio." Vox Patrum 67 (December 16, 2018): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3404.

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The main recipients of the ADLOCVT COH and DECVRSIO sesterces were Roman soldiers. As part of the pay and occasional cash prizes, these coins were offered not only to the Praetorians or the soldiers of cohors Germanorum, but also to the legionnaires, the soldiers of the Auxilia and those who served in the fleet. Money played a vital role in the communication between the emperor and milites Romani. It was through the use of certain types of ideas and slogans that the ruler created his own image, e.g. as a trained horseman and a competent commander (vide DECVRSIO). In turn, by publicizing the fact that the emperor gave special speeches to the soldiers who participated in the military rallies (vide ADLOCVT COH) he could pursue the political goals that the current situation required, such as the restoration of the correct relations between Nero and the Praetorian soldiers after the failure of the Pisonian conspiracy. Emissions of the coins showing this type of encounter in the wider context always meant the “bond” of the emperor with the subordinates, which was certainly welcomed by them. Therefore, the use of the slogan adlocutio became a universal idea in the relations between the soldiers and the emperors of the Roman state.

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McMaster, Aven. "NOTE ON THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY DEFINITION OF IRRVMO." Classical Quarterly 68, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 714–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838818000459.

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In the second edition of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2012) an otherwise laudable attempt to be more forthright in defining obscene terms seems to have introduced an error. The word irrumo was defined in the first edition of the dictionary as ‘to practise irrumatio on’, which is correct but unilluminating, especially since irrumatio was defined as ‘the action of an irrumator’. Irrumator was then defined as ‘one who submits to fellatio’, which is technically correct, though it suggests a passivity in the action that is not found in the lines from Catullus given as an example of its usage: praesertim quibus esset irrumator | praetor, nec faceret pili cohortem (‘not least when said praetor was a fuckface | and didn't give a shit for his poor staffers’, Catull. 10.11–12). In this poem Catullus is using the word irrumator as a term of abuse, suggesting that his praetor (in Bithynia) took advantage of his staff members rather than taking care that they too should reap some rewards from the province. Although the literal meaning is secondary to a more metaphorical use here, the charge is repeated with more direct reference to its sexual usage in Catull. 28.9–10: o Memmi, bene me ac diu supinum | tota ista trabe lentus irrumasti (‘Memmius, man, you really reamed me over, | force-fed me slowly with that giant whanger!’). In both cases it is clear that Catullus is an unwilling recipient of the praetor's attentions, and the action is aggressive and demonstrates the latter's ability to dominate his victim. It would not therefore be correct to say that Memmius is ‘submitting to fellatio’ at the hands, or rather mouth, of Catullus, even metaphorically. The term fellatio, by the way, was not defined in the original OLD at all, and the verb fello had, as its second sense, only ‘transf., as a sexual perversion’. The definitions as given therefore seem deliberately obscure, as well as misleading about the roles and intent of the people involved.

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Arshad. "Understanding the Praetorian Rule of Fatah al-Sisi in Egypt." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i2.3233.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser established the praetorian regime in 1952. Nasser ruled Egypt with the ‘party-state’ system to maintain the ‘social contract’ between the state and the Egyptians. The government thrived on the patrimonial relationship and de-politicization of the population. The ‘Egyptian upheaval’ in 2011 sought the protection of individuals’ rights, equality, and freedom against the military-led praetorian regime. A short-democratic experiment led to the arrival of Islamist majority rule in Egypt under the leadership of President Mohammed Morsi. The liberal-secular oppositions and the military removed President Morsi because Islamists failed to achieve the protesters’ aspirations. Egyptians supported the military’s rule that led to the election of General Abdel Fatah al-Sisi as President of Egypt. Fatah al-Sisi shifted the dynamics of government from ‘party-state’ to ‘ruler-arbiter’ praetorian rule that centralized the authority and power under his leadership through military domination to counter the Islamists and revolutionary aspirations. The research explains the causality behind the Egyptian military's intervention in politics, structuring of the praetorian regime in Egypt; the return of military praetorianism after the removal of President Hosni Mubarak; the rise of the Sisi as ‘ruler-arbiter’ and its implications on the democratization process. The paper’s method is explanatory to study the ‘structural’ (military) and ‘agential’ (Sisi’s rule) factors to determine the causes of establishing the praetorian ‘ruler-arbiter’ type Sisi’s regime. The approach to examine the ruler-arbiter phenomenon is the ‘actor-centric’ instead of the ‘mechanistic’ to understand the praetorian rule in Egypt. The research finds that the rise of the ‘ruler-arbiter’ regime under the leadership of the Sisi, caused by the military-established praetorian authority and President Sisi's choices and decisions, led to the failure of the democratization in Egypt.

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Kłodziński, Karol. "Praetorian Prefects of Emperor Commodus." Klio - Czasopismo Poświęcone Dziejom Polski i Powszechnym 55 (November 19, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/klio.2020.036.

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Olszaniec, Szymon. "Ograniczenia władzy prefektów praetorio w późnym Cesarstwie Rzymskim." Res Historica, no. 48 (December 23, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2019.48.55-75.

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<p>W późnym Cesarstwie Rzymskim prefekci <em>praetorio </em>należeli do najpotężniejszych i najbardziej wpływowych dygnitarzy. Jednak ich wysoka pozycja była ograniczona przez samego imperatora: cesarskie konstytucje (ustawy) i politykę personalną. Innym sposobem nadzoru nad prefektami była rywalizacja pomiędzy wysokimi rangą dygnitarzami. W przypadku prefektów <em>praetorio </em>ich najpoważniejszymi rywalami byli <em>magistri officiorum</em>. W niniejszym szkicu staram się pokazać jak prefekci <em>praetorio</em> i <em>magistri officiorum </em>rywalizowali o kontrolę nad pocztą publiczną (<em>cursus publicus</em>) i w jaki sposób <em>magister officiorum </em>kontrolował <em>officium </em>praefekta <em>praetorio</em>.</p>

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Husain, Ejaz. "Pakistan: Civil-Military Relations in a Post-Colonial State." PCD Journal 4, no. 1-2 (June 8, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/pcd.25771.

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This article has attempted to explain why the military has remained a powerful political institution/force in Pakistan. Its purpose was to test a hypothesis that posited that the colonial authority structure and the 1947 partition-oriented structural dynamics provided an important structural construct in explaining politics and the military in post-colonial Pakistan. To explain and analyse the problem, the study used books, journals, newspapers and government documents for quantitative/explanatory analysis. The analysis has focused on the military in the colonial authority structure in which the former, along with the civil bureaucracy and the landed-feudal class, formed an alliance to pursue politico-economic interests in British India. The article has also explained and analysed the partition-oriented structural dynamics in terms of territory (Kashmir) and population (Indian refugees). The findings proved that these 'structural dynamics' have affected politics and the military in Pakistan. The theoretical framework in terms of 'praetorian oligarchy' has been applied to structurally explain colonial politics ad well as politics and the military in Pakistan. The study treated Pakistan as a praetorian state which structurally inherited the pre-partition 'praetorian oligarchy'. This praetorian oligarchy constructed 'Hindu India' as the enemy to pursue politico-economic interests. The military, a part of praetorian oligarchy, emerged from this as a powerful political actor due to its coercive power. It has sought political power to pursue economic objectives independently.

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Adams, Guy B., and Danny L. Balfour. "Toward Restoring Integrity in "Praetorian Times"." Public Integrity 14, no. 4 (September 19, 2012): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pin1099-9922140401.

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Rankov, Boris. "Hugh Last Fellowship: The Praetorian Cohorts." Papers of the British School at Rome 68 (November 2000): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200004025.

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Mesquita, R. D., N. T. Woods, E. S. Seabra-Junior, and A. N. A. Monteiro. "Tandem BRCT Domains: DNA's Praetorian Guard." Genes & Cancer 1, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 1140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947601910392988.

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Strechie, Mădălina. "The Praetorian Guard, Rome’s Intelligence Service." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2021-0022.

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Abstract Rome was a kingdom, then a republic, and culminated in a militaristic empire. For this, the city of Mars invented, perfected and organized efficient institutions to carry out its plans, which extended it from the Italic Peninsula throughout the world on which Rome had a say. One of the most efficient institutions, the essence of the Roman executive power, was not the Princeps, but the Praetorian Guard, a military and police institution, at the same time political, economic, but especially with the powers of a secret service, being one of the forerunners of European secret services, surpassing all that had existed until its functioning, not being matched to this day in terms of efficiency and impact in the life of a civilization. When founding the Principate, the Praetorian Guard was the one which transformed the imperial dream of Rome into a historical reality. The “wings of the Roman eagle” that spread over the world conquered by the Romans were Praetorian, if we consider that this institution was coordinated by ordo equester, the tagma of Rome’s career officers, its headquarters, but also the government of Rome, the praetorian prefect also fulfilling the function which today we would call prime minister, the second man in the hierarchy of the Roman state, of course after the princeps (the first of the citizens).Although as a military structure, the Praetorian Guard appeared with the professional Roman army, it reached its peak with the Principate, initially having a guard function for the Roman military commander, it became in time the most effective secret service of classical Antiquity. This success was due to the fact that the Romans were inspired by the Spartans (especially the Ephorian magistrates), but also by the Persians (from the administrative organization of the satrapies, the 10,000 immortals, and especially the royal postal service of Persia), the Roman creation being the most complete, therefore the etymology of the word “information” is Latin.From a military perspective, the Praetorian Guard was organized at all levels of a global society, such as Rome, covering informatively, politically, militarily, economically, but also diplomatically all Roman interests in the world controlled by Rome, being a true intelligence service. It was the first informative outpost in non-Roman territories, which had to be transformed into Roman territories, as was the case of Dacia.

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Wiewiorowski, Jacek. "The Defence of the Long Walls of Thrace (Μακρά Τείχη τῆς Θρᾴκης) under Justinian the Great (527–565 A.D.)." Studia Ceranea 2 (December 30, 2012): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.02.15.

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The paper discusses the question of the defence of the Long Walls of Thrace (Μακρά Τείχη τῆς Θρᾴκης) or the Anastasian Wall (Αναστάσειο Τείχος) under Justinian the Great (527–565 A.D.). Emperor Anastasius I (491–518 A.D.) probably put an end to the vicarius Thraciarum, the head of administration of the late Roman Diocese of Thrace, establishing two vicars instead. One of them was responsible for the defence of the Long Walls of Thrace while the other was a purely civil officer. Both vicars governed the area of the Anastasian Wall also in the first years of Justinian’s reign. This administrative framework was useful for the defence of Constantinople itself but it also gave rise to certain problems. When Justinian reformed the provincial administration and abolished all vicariates in 535 A.D., he replaced the vicars of the Anastasian Wall with praetor Iustinianus Thraciae (Nov. Iust., XXVI – a. 535). Next year, the emperor created the peculiar post of quaestor Iustinianus exercitus (Nov. Iust., XLI). The territory of the quaestura contained the provinces Moesia Secunda and Scythia Minor, located in the lower Danube region, as well as the provinces of Cyprus, Caria and the Aegean Islands. In turn, the responsibilities of the Praetor of Thrace were confined to the region of the Anastasian Wall. The new post combined the functions of military officer and head of civil administration. The nature of praetor Thraciae is discussed in the light of Nov. Iust., XXVI and compared with analogous praetors established in the provinces of Paphlagonia and Pisidia (Nov. Iust., XXIV–XXV), as well as other data. After the fall of John of Cappadocia in 541, Justinian revoked some administrative reforms, restoring the vicariate of Pontica and restoring former powers to the comes Orientis who played the same role as a vicar in the Diocese of Oriens. In the Balkans, Justinian left the post of quaestor Iustinianus exercitus intact. Meanwhile, the function of the preator Thraciae, which proved to be inefficient, as the incursions of the Slavs (ca. 550) and the Kutrigur Bulgars in 559 had shown, was possibly abolished. The repairs of the Anastasian Wall needed to be conducted after the great earthquake in 557 A.D. by Justinian himself, which indirectly demonstrates the weakness of administration under praetor Thraciae or the earlier abolishment of the post. It is likely that instead Justinian reinstated the post of the vicar of Thrace, who became a civil administrator over the part of the former Diocese of Thrace limited to the provinces of Europa, Haemimontus, Rhodopa and Thracia, a function which was probably more suited to overseeing construction undertakings conducted at the time in the Balkans.

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Peachin, Michael. "Consultation with a Magistrate in Justinian'sCode." Classical Quarterly 42, no. 2 (December 1992): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800016074.

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In his monograph on the praetorian prefect, L. L. Howe found it necessary to include an appendix concerning theCodex Justinianusas a source for this official. The problem was that while manuscripts or early editors had labelled various recipients of third-century imperial constitutions as prefects, all save two of those appellations were expunged by Krueger in his edition of theCJ. Howe considered it ‘impossible to believe’ that only two of the numerous pre-Diocletianic rescripts preserved by Justinian's compilers should have been directed to praetorian prefects; but he also realised that without further evidence or argumentation, Krueger's scepticism could not simply be ignored. The solution was to label some cases dubious; others, following Krueger, were rejected altogether. But beyond this, Howe was able to discover several instances of entirely unlabelled addressees who could be identified with otherwise known praetorian prefects, and he supposed that many similar cases might be found.

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Abedin, Mahan. "Iran's Revolutionary Guards: Ideological But Not Praetorian." Strategic Analysis 35, no. 3 (May 5, 2011): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2011.559965.

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Forchert, Arno. "Musik als Auftragskunst : Bemerkungen zum Schaffen des Michael Praetorius." Schütz-Jahrbuch 27 (July 21, 2017): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/sjb.v2005612.

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Das Bild von Michael Praetorius ist bis heute von den Forschungen Willibald Gurlitts und Friedrich Blumes geprägt: Praetorius als lutherischer Erzkantor oder als komponierender Systematiker. Doch dieses Bild bedarf der Korrektur. Praetorius war in seinen Werken weit stärker als bisher bekannt durch sein politisches Umfeld bestimmt. (Oliver Schöner) Quelle: Bibliographie des Musikschrifttums online

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Wiewiorowski, Jacek. "COMES HISPANIARUM W CZASACH CESARZA KONSTANTYNA WIELKIEGO." Zeszyty Prawnicze 6, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2006.6.1.14.

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Comes Hispaniarum in the Age of Constantine the GreatSummaryThe paper discusses the case of comites Hispaniarum, who belonged to a group of special envoys of Constantine the Great (306-337) called comites dioecesium and/or comites quiper provincias constituti sunt ox simply comites provinciarum. Those comites were first of all the emperor’s trusted collaborators, who were obliged to inform the ruler about the situation in the diocese which were not visited by him (with one exemption) and to put in order if necessary. Comites dioecesium are often mixed up or even identified by contemporary scholars with the vicars of dioceses, who had similar duties but, unlike counts, were fixed officials with more or less defined competences.The paper discusses the sources concerning the comites Hispaniarum (6 different emperor’s constitutions and two inscriptions) and the opinions of scholars concerning the vicars and the counts of the Spanish diocese. The author describes the case of agentes vices praefectus praetorio, extraordinary envoys o fpraefectus praetorio on the turn o f 3rd and 4th century A.D. often identified by modern scholars with the vicars. He stresses the difference between comites and vicarii Hispaniarum and proves that the establishment of the firm post of vicarius Hispaniarum (first mentioned in 335-336) was preceded by the period when the extraordinary envoys of Constantine - comites Hispaniarum or extraordinary substitutes of praefectus praetorio - agentes vices praefectus praetorio were sent to the diocese of Spain.

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Mennen, Inge. "Praetorian Prefects’ Power and Senatorial Status in the Third Century: Re-evaluating Historia Augusta, Vita Alexandri 21.5." Mnemosyne 65, no. 4-5 (2012): 656–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852511x547992.

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Abstract In Vita Alexandri 21.5 the author of the Historia Augusta claims that praetorian prefects were elevated to the rank of senator by Severus Alexander to make sure that no Roman senator would be judged by someone who was not a senator. Most scholars agree that the writer of the Historia Augusta makes a muddle of truth, half truth and falsehood concerning the grant of senatorial dignity to praetorian prefects. Yet they pay little attention to the statement concerning the motive of the prefects’ status upgrade. Re-interpretations based on recent discoveries suggest that information from the Historia Augusta may contain elements of truth, which makes it worthwhile to re-evaluate cases for which alternative sources are available. In this article, the case of L. Petronius Taurus Volusianus, praetorian prefect under Gallienus and consul in AD 261, is discussed against the background of changing power and status relations in the third century, showing that Historia Augusta, Vita Alexandri 21.5 may contain more truth than is usually agreed upon.

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Carlton-Ford, Steve, Katherine A. Durante, T. David Evans, and Ciera Graham. "Guns and Butter: Child Mortality and the Mediators of Militarization." Armed Forces & Society 45, no. 1 (March 11, 2018): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x18758288.

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Which types of militarization affect child mortality? Which type appears to lower it; which appears to push it higher? This article focuses on social militarization (i.e., troops as a proportion of workforce-aged population) and praetorian militarization (i.e., the military’s control or strong influence over the government), investigating their impact on child mortality using pooled time series analysis covering 142 countries from 1996 through 2008. We find that social and praetorian militarization have opposite effects even after controlling for potentially confounding influences. Access to basic public health infrastructures and education mediates between each type of militarization and child mortality.

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Gridin, S. I. "Administrative proceedings in Roman law." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 6 (September 25, 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.82.6.133-144.

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The article deals with the issues of administrative proceedings in Roman law. Its beginning was laid in the 5th century BC by the laws of ХII tables. They briefly deal with the issues of legal proceedings, which at that time was called court agreement. Free citizens gathered at the forum (city square), where the plaintiff presented claims to the defendant. In Roman law, the rule was established to make claims through claims, which the magistrate (praetor) had to support. The judges were elected by the people. Gradually, the praetors changed the formulas of claims, which contributed to the development of Roman law. Often they proceeded not from the law, but from the circumstances of the case, therefore they could instruct the judge to consider the case “in good faith.” Gradually, various forms of claims were formed, which contributed to the improvement of administrative proceedings. In Roman law, many concepts were laid that have remained in modern legal proceedings. This is the election and turnover of judges, the necessary defense, the writ of execution and the persons who monitored their execution; jurisdiction; corruption; search procedure; jurisdiction; privilege; appeal against court decisions; requirement for witnesses; consideration of cases by the police; torts; limitation of actions; and some others. This makes the study of Roman justice relevant.

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Vogelsänger, Siegfried. "Michael Praetorius - "Capellmeister von Haus aus und Director der Music" am Kurfürstlichen Hof zu Dresden (1614-1621)." Schütz-Jahrbuch 22 (August 24, 2017): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/sjb.v2000890.

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Es werden die in der Musikforschung bisher nicht hinreichend beachteten Beziehungen zwischen dem Kurfürstlichen Hof in Dresden und Michael Praetorius durch Dokumente und Beispiele belegt. Dabei werden die nicht veröffentlichten Teile der Dissertation von Willibald Gurlitt (Leipzig 1915, vom Autor 1990 entdeckt) verwendet. Die Bemühungen des Kurfürsten Johann Georgs I., Praetorius anzustellen, scheiterten am Widerstand des Wolfenbütteler Herzogs Friedrich Ulrich. Schließlich wird auf das Verhältnis Praetorius' zu Heinrich Schütz eingegangen. (Autor, Quelle: Bibliographie des Musikschrifttums online)

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Christol, Michel. "Praetor Aquis Sextis." Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise 38, no. 1 (2005): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ran.2005.1168.

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Quiviger, Pierre-Yves. "Praetor in fabula." Commentaire Numéro 106, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.106.0549.

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Woods, David. "The fate of the Magister Equitum Marcellus." Classical Quarterly 45, no. 1 (May 1995): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800041963.

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In A.D. 357 while at Antioch the sophist Libanius wrote a letter to his friend Anatolius in which he congratulated him on his appointment as praefectus praetorio Illyrid. He expressed his pleasure at the conduct of Anatolius in his new appointment, and related a story which he had heard at Antioch from Musonianus, the praefectus praetorio Orientis. On his appointment, Anatolius had promised Constantius II that he would not ignore the misconduct of any official, whether civilian or military, whatever his rank. This promise had been put into effect almost immediately when one of the military commanders who showed cowardice against the barbarians was arrested.

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Guskov, E. A. "JULIUS LUPUS: TRIBUNE OR CENTURION?" Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 2 (2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-2-45-57.

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The assassination of Emperor Gaius (Caligula) in January 41 was the prologue to events unprecedented in the history of the Principate. For two days, Rome, seized with the idea of restoring the republic, was under the control of the consuls, the Senate, and the officers of the Praetorian Guard. By the decision of Cassius Chaerea, who was the head of the conspirators, the members of the emperor's family – his widow Caesonia and their daughter – were also killed. The executor of this order was one of the Praetorian officers, Julius Lupus, whom Josephus calls a tribune, but Suetonius calls him a centurion. This article is devoted to this contradiction and its causes.

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Belotti, Michael. "Jacob Praetorius - ein Meister des instrumentalen Kontrapunkts." Schütz-Jahrbuch 18 (August 23, 2017): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/sjb.v1996834.

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Der Hamburger Organist Jacob Praetorius (1586-1651), Sohn des Hieronymus Praetorius und Schüler Jan Pieterszoon Sweelincks, genoß bei seinen Zeitgenossen hohen Ruhm als Spieler und Komponist. Wegen seiner profunden Kenntnis des Kontrapunkts wählte ihn Heinrich Schütz zum Lehrer für seinen Zögling Matthias Weckmann. Der Aufsatz versucht, anhand der überlieferten Orgelkompositionen die Stellung Praetorius' im Kontext der norddeutschen Orgelmusik zu bestimmen. Dabei werden besonders die Magnificat-Bearbeitungen, die 1964 in einer fragmentarischen Tabulaturhandschrift auf Schloß Clausholm (Dänemark) gefunden wurden, herangezogen. (Autor)

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Wilson, Pete. "Derventio, Delgovicia and Praetorio: Some Roman-Period Place-Names of Eastern Yorkshire Revisited." Britannia 48 (March 6, 2017): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x17000058.

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