Dissertations / Theses: 'Pragmatics face - concept of face'

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Lindgren, Josefin Astrid Maria. "Interaction Competence : A concept describing the competence needed for participation in face-to-face interaction." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-133663.

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Face-to-face interaction has been studied both within sociology and linguistics, as well as withinother disciplines. Often has the perspective been too narrow, something which is not compatiblewith the diverse and dynamic nature of this type of interaction. This narrow view prevents fullunderstanding of interaction. Within this theoretical paper it is suggested that face-to-faceinteraction has to be studied with a broad perspective; when studying face-to-face interaction itis necessary to acknowledge its dynamic nature and therefore it is necessary to combineknowledge from different disciplines. Within this paper, I combine theories from linguistics andsociology in order to gain a broader perspective upon interaction. What has been missing fromearlier research upon face-to-face interaction and upon the competence needed to participatein such interaction is not the knowledge of the different features of interaction but a will toconnect them all. Existing concepts for describing the competence needed in order to be ableto interact have often failed to describe the dynamic, multi-faceted nature of interaction; therehas been a tendency to try to explain everything with just one factor. Within this paper, amore covering concept of the competence needed of an interactant within face-to-faceinteraction is proposed and sketched; a concept which I name Interaction Competence. Thiscompetence is the knowledge and abilities needed of an interactant in order to be able tointeract with others. This concept, which can be a valuable analytical tool for analyzing faceto-face interaction, has Dell Hymes’ concept of Communicative Competence and ErvingGoffman’s and Ann Warfield Rawls’ concept of Interaction Order as building-blocks andconsists of four main areas of competence: Control Body, Command Language, HandleSocio-cultural Knowledge and Understand Interaction Order. Within this paper also the affectof two interactant-external factors: the context and acceptability. Both are found to be highlyrelevant for the Interaction Competence of an interactant, thus the need for acknowledging therole of sufficient and acceptable Interaction Competence is seen. Presenterades (utöver uppsatsseminariet) inom ramen för Sociologiska Institutionens IMER (Internationella Migration Etniska Relationer)-seminarium

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Lucero, Frank N. "THE USAF SINGLE-FACE-TO-THE CUSTOMER (SFTC) CONCEPT." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608566.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California In the early 1990's, the United States Air Force (USAF)/Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) Test and Evaluation (T&E) Mission Element Board approved the Single-Face-to-the-Customer (SFTC) concept to become more customer oriented and to provide more up-front planning by establishing single points of contact organized by mission areas rather than by test centers. The areas evolved to airframe-propulsion-avionics (A-P-A), armament/munitions, command-control-communications-computers-intelligence (C4I), electronic warfare (EW), and space. Use of the SFTC concept is required in formal USAF directives and details of the specific coverage for each mission area will be contained in mission area manuals. The primary mission of the SFTC Offices is to provide consulting services during initial T&E planning for new programs and major modification/product improvement programs and during T&E investment planning. Also, support is provided for T&E process advocacy, information repository services, and training on the SFTC concept. This paper discusses the USAF SFTC concept of operations and its status.

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Fernandes, Ricardo Nuno. "A percepção dos alunos face ao seu envolvimento face a comportamentos de bullying, e o seu autoconceito e auto-estima." Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2338.

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Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário, na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional É uma preocupação constante os problemas da violência nas escolas, sendo difundidas pelos mais diversos meios de comunicação. O fenómeno do bullying e sua complexidade é cada vez mais relevante nas investigações e prática educativa pelos problemas que acarreta aos alunos a nível académico e social. A investigação tem vindo a dar enfâse à relação deste fenómeno com o autoconceito e autoestima, segundo os quais determinantes para a prevenção/intervenção do fenómeno. Este estudo teve uma amostra de 99 participantes do 6°, 7º e 8º ano de escolaridade de duas escolas do distrito de Lisboa, que responderam a dois questionários: Questionário de Exclusão Social e Violência Escolar e Escala do Autoconceito para Adolescentes. Deste modo, tivemos por objectivo verificar a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas dos vários domínios do autoconceito e da autoestima global relativamente aos diferentes intervenientes de bullying. Concluímos diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas dimensões de aceitação social (entre agressores M= 3.45 e vítimas M = 2,76) amizades íntimas (entre não envolvidos M = 3,31 e vítimas M = 2,59) e atração romântica (entre agressores M = 3,00 e vítima M = 2,15). ------ ABSTRACT ------- Violence in schools is constant issue of concern and is becoming a social media phenomenon. Research on bullying and its complexity is crucial due to the social and academic problems associated and the students affected by it. Research on this issue gives emphasis on self-concept and self-esteem, both of these are considered key to prevention/intervention regarding bullying. The present study was carried with a sample of 99 participants from the 6th, 7th and 8th grade; all participants are from the Lisbon District and have answered to two polls: Poll on Social Exclusion and Violence in School and the Pool on Self-Concept for Teens. I intend to verify if there signifícant statistical differences regarding the diffcrent areas of self-concept, and global selfe-esteem regarding those affected by bullying. I conclude that there are signifícant statistical differences regarding social acceptance (between aggressors M = 3,45 and victims M = 2,67), intimate friendship (between non-participants M = 3,31 and victims M = 2,59) and romantic attraction (between aggressors M = 3,00 and victims M = 2,15).

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Millard, Byron Scott. "An Examination of George Orwell's Newspeak through Politeness Theory." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1367.

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This thesis aims to analyze the formation of politeness in the use of Orwell's artificial language, Newspeak. Multiple theories of politeness will be utilized for the examination but with primary focuses on Brown and Levinson's (1987) original theory and Watts' (2003) views on politic behavior. Orwell's (1949) original novel will be used for the grammatical and lexical basis of the language as well as the source for the language's sociolinguistic aspects. It will be shown that politeness is present within the society and its language, even though it is mechanically altered due to the structure of Newspeak. The largest changes are through the realization of face in INGSOC where a hybrid of Western and Eastern social principles are present.

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LAMBEY, CHRISTINE. "Le comportement du consommateur face au prix : le concept du prix elargi." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF10200.

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Cette these s'inscrit dans un courant de recherche dont l'objectif est d'expliquer le comportement du consommateur face au prix. La synthese de la litterature sur le prix permet de degager les apports des travaux anterieurs et de presenter la notion elargie du prix. Deux approches du prix elargi sont considerees : le prix elargi monetaire et le sacrifice percu. La premiere approche etudie la composition du prix d'un produit complexe selon les consommateurs. Le prix percu comprend un ensemble de prix peripheriques associes a l'achat d'un bien comme les frais de transport, d'installation. La deuxieme approche s'interesse aux couts non monetaires que les clients percoivent lors de l'achat du produit, comme les couts temporels, les couts psychologiques et le risque percu. Une fois le cadre d'analyse presente, la deuxieme partie de ce travail a consiste a realiser une etude empirique dans le domaine de l'automobile afin de verifier la pertinence du prix elargi. Les acheteurs de voitures neuves ont ete contactes par telephone puis un questionnaire leur a ete envoye. Les resultats obtenus permettent de conclure a l'apport theorique du prix elargi. La majorite des acheteurs percoivent un prix elargi, c'est-a-dire prennent en compte plusieurs elements monetaires. Les consommateurs sont classes en cinq groupes selon leur approche du prix. L'etude montre ensuite que pour l'ensemble des consommateurs, le sacrifice percu est multidimensionnel. D'autre part, les acheteurs n'accordent pas la meme importance aux differents couts d'achat. Une typologie en cinq groupes est identifiee et permet de mettre en evidence des processus d'achat differents selon le sacrifice percu. L'interet pour des constructeurs d'automobiles se situe au niveau de la communication du prix et de l'elaboration d'un mix selon les couts percus. En conclusion, les limites et les perspectives de cette recherche sont envisagees afin de mieux delimiter ce concept This thesis fits in with a research stream of which the objective is to explain the buyers' judgments of price. The synthesis of the pricing literature allows us to draw the contributions of previous works and to present the broadened notion of price. Two approaches of the widened price concept are considered: the monetary widened price and the perceived sacrifice. The first approach studies the price composition of a complex product according to consumers. The perceived price includes a set of monetary components, which are associated with the purchase of the product like transportation costs and installation charges. The second approach deals with the nonmonetary costs perceived at the time of the purchase such as time, psychological costs and perceived risk. In the second part, an empirical study in the automobile domain is analysed in order to verify the relevance of the broadened price. New car purchasers were initially contacted by telephone and then sent a questionnaire. Results have supported the hypothesis of the widened price. Most buyers perceive a widened monetary price, that is, they take into account several monetary components. Five types of buyers have been distinguished with regard to price perception. The study shows then that the perceived sacrifice is multidimensional. Moreover, consumers don't attach the same importance to the purchase costs. A typology of five groups has been identified and shows that purchase behaviors are different according to the perceived sacrifice. The interest for car manufacturers involves the communication of price and the elaboration of mix according to the perceived costs. In conclusion, the limits and the perspectives of this research are presented to better define this concept

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Petricca, Marco <1984&gt. "Face recognition on embedded devices: a proof of concept for residential application." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16226.

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Face recognition is a well-known technique with a wide range of existing real world applications. Residential systems, like video intercom or security alarm, are instead nearly unfamiliar terrain to such methods with few commercial solutions available today in the market. A leading company in the sector has called for a research, with the purpose of assessing the feasibility of equipping their embedded video intercom systems with a feature for automatic identification and authorization of the calling subject. In this paper a combination of face detection and recognition methods on such system has been studied and evaluated, leading to a proof of concept in order to verify the feasibility assumptions, and support the claimant company decision process on investing for prototype development and final product extensions and adjustments. Early promising results suggest that the proposed system could prove usable, complying with constraints such as providing a reasonable recognition rate and execution time, running on embedded hardware and being user-friendly.

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Hoseini, Saba. "Experimental simulation of gear hobbing through a face milling concept in CNC-machine." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-126804.

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Amaouche, Ahmid. "Le concept d'inhibition comportementale face a l'inconnu chez l'enfant : donnees actuelles et perspectives." Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL2M250.

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Aka, Koffi Sabine. "Les romanciers ivoiriens face à l'Histoire. 1990 - 2009. Textes et contexte." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA062.

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Le roman postcolonial relève de l’interprétation de l’Histoire inhérente à l’écrivain d’origine africaine. En l’absence de sens acceptable pour les intéressés, la fiction interroge et met en exergue les aspects occultés de l’Histoire. L’étude s’attache à mettre en évidence des grilles de lecture autres qu’occidentales permettant de comprendre l’Histoire immédiate, thématique de plus en plus marquée chez les romanciers contemporains de Côte d’Ivoire. L’on se propose d’analyser la façon dont les romanciers ivoiriens des années quatre-vingt-dix à nos jours problématisent le thème de l’Histoire, comment ils l’intègrent à la trame narrative et pourquoi. La gestion d’une Histoire européo-centrée est un exercice délicat mais essentiel pour sortir de l’impasse. Les écrivains cherchent à doter leur peuple d’une Histoire à l’africaine ; Histoire compliquée par le colonialisme. L’étude vise à montrer comment cette évolution correspond à une urgence pour les auteurs : ceux-ci tentent en effet, à travers l’écriture romanesque, de trouver des réponses à la fragilisation des structures étatiques et de conjurer le spectre de la guerre civile amorcée par l’instrumentalisation du concept de l’Ivoirité. L’analyse porte sur les représentations mentales et culturelles, et l’on interrogera les catégories littéraires de façon à rendre compte de la façon dont elles induisent une vision de l’Histoire The postcolonial novel is linked to the interpretation of History inherent to the african native writer. Without any acceptable understanding for the people concerned, fiction examines and brings out various occulted aspects of History. This study' s purpose is to underline some ways to interpret History other than from a western point of view, allowing the understanding of present History, a theme more and more present with contemporary Ivorian novelists. We propose to analyze the way Ivorian novelists, from the 90's until today, are treating History and how and why they integrate it into their fiction. The management of a european-centered History is a touchy but essential exercise to break the deadlock. Writers are willing to give their people an african History, complicated by colonialism. The study's goal is to show how this development is an urgency for the authors: in fact they try, through fiction, to find answers to the weakening of state structures and to ward off the specter of civil war initiated by the manipulation of the concept of "Ivoirité". The analysis focuses on the mental and cultural representations and we will go through the various literary categories, in order to summarize the way they induce a vision of History

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Poullain, Alban. "Contribution au concept d’ambivalence des consommateurs face aux controverses liées aux publicités sexuelles taboues." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED061.

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Malgré les controverses qu’elles provoquent, les praticiens continuent encore aujourd’hui à utiliser des publicités sexuelles taboues. La présente thèse propose d’approfondir la compréhension des réponses des consommateurs en relation à ces publicités, dans un environnement postmoderne où les identités s’ancrent dans des changements socio-culturels et socio-politiques importants. Cette recherche met en évidence le concept d’ambivalence qui se manifeste chez les audiences postmodernes, et la manière dont celui-ci influence la réception et l’interprétation des publicités suscitées. À cette fin, le travail de thèse mobilise une littérature pluridisciplinaire, s’inspirant à la fois de l’ethnologie, de la psychologie, de la sociologie et du marketing. Via un focus sur les controverses provoquées par les publicités sexuelles taboues, le terrain de recherche mobilise simultanément une netnographie et la mise en place d’entretiens phénoménologiques via photo-élicitation qui vont tous deux chercher à élargir la conceptualisation actuelle de l’ambivalence, afin d’en faire un prisme de compréhension pertinent des réponses des audiences contemporaines aux stimuli publicitaires sexuels. Parallèlement est évoquée l’idée selon laquelle ces publicités ouvrent des espaces liminaux d’où vont pouvoir être renégociés les tabous et normes éthiques associées dans la société In spite of the public controversies they might lead to, advertisers still use to this day sexual taboo components in their persuasion campaigns. The following thesis means to deepen the understanding of consumers’ responses to these ads, in a postmodern environment where identities are deeply entrenched in important sociocultural and sociopolitical changes. This research highlights the intrinsically postmodern concept of ambivalence, and aims at discovering how the latter influences the consumer’s reception and interpretation of said ads. To this end, this thesis work mobilizes various theories, ranging from ethnology and psychology to sociology and marketing. Via a focus on the controversies provoked by taboo ads, the fieldwork simultaneously used a netnography and phenomenological interviews with photo-elicitation assistance ; both aiming at widening the existing definition of ambivalence, hoping to reuse this very concept as an effective tool to study postmodern audiences’ responses to sexual components in advertising. Moreover, we develop the idea that ads open liminal spaces where taboos and the ethical norms attached to it can be negotiated

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Laforest, Marie-Noelle. "Les États insulaires face aux changements climatiques : la nécessité de revoir le concept d'État." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10666.

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Résumé: Les récentes études scientifiques sur le climat tendent à démontrer que la hausse du niveau de la mer menace l'existence de petits États insulaires, notamment dans le Pacifique et les Caraïbes. La possibilité que le territoire d'un État soit inondé ou rendu inhabitable est une situation sans précédent qui pose de nouvelles questions au regard du droit international. En effet, le droit international envisage la disparition d'une entité étatique uniquement par annexion, fusion ou succession d'État. Le droit n'envisage donc pas la disparition pure et simple d'une entité étatique. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous avons adopté une démarche exploratoire visant à découvrir s'il était possible qu'un État disparaisse juridiquement pour des raisons climatiques et quelles seraient les conséquences qui en découleraient, notamment sur le lien de nationalité des ressortissants. Nous analyserons les différents scénarios envisagés par la littérature pour permettre à l'État de maintenir une existence en dépit de la disparition de son territoire. Nous constaterons qu'il est fort probable que l'État ne réponde plus aux critères énoncés par le droit international et perde de ce fait son statut et ses prérogatives étatiques, mais qu'il pourrait demeurer sujet de droit international en vertu de la présomption de continuité et par le biais de la reconnaissance internationale. Ceci nécessite de revoir le concept d'État en droit positif.||Abstract:Recent scientific studies on climate change show that sea level rise threatens the existence of small island states, especially in the Pacific and Caribbean. The disappearance of a state territory or its inhabitability is an unprecedented situation that raises new questions in international law. Indeed, international law does not foresee the disappearance of a state without it being replaced by annexion, fusion or succession of another state. In this master thesis we tried to find out if it is possible for a state to disappear legally for climatic reasons and what would be the consequences of such disappearance, notably on the nationality of its citizens. We will analyse the different scenarios proposed by the literature to maintain statehood despite the disappearance of territory. We will see that it is possible that even in case of loss of statehood and its prerogatives, such entities could remain subject of international law through the presumption of continuity and the continued recognition of other states. This would mean that the concept of state as it exists today would have to be reviewed.

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Henning, Susanne. "La construcción de la imagen social en dos pares adyacentes: Opinión-acuerdo/desacuerdo y ofrecimiento-aceptación/rechazo : Un estudio de la conversación familiar sueca y española." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119490.

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The main purpose of this study is to conduct a contrastive analysis on a corpus of Swedish and Spanish family conversations with respect to two adjacency pairs: opinion-agreement/disagreement (OADs) and offer-acceptance/rejection (OARs). On one hand, from a structural perspective, based on the methodology of Conversation Analysis, one of the objectives is to observe how (dis)preferred turns of the OADs and OARs are managed by the interlocutors. On the other hand, from a functional perspective, based on the methodology of Sociocultural Pragmatics, the intention is to study how face is constructed and how politeness is managed by the family members when expressing OADs and OARs. The structural analysis of OADs and OARs shows that the majority of agreements and acceptances follow the rules for preferred turns proposed by orthodox conversation analysts, i.e. they appear directly after the first part of the adjacency pair (opinion or offer), and they are brief and unambiguous. However, the structural analysis also reveals that 70% (Swedish corpus) and 72% (Spanish corpus) of the disagreements as well as 64% (Swedish corpus) and 70% (Spanish corpus) of the rejections have a tendency to not follow the proposed rules for dispreferred turns, i.e. they are not delayed or accompanied by hesitations, justifications, etc. and nor are they evaluated as dispreferred by the participants. This indicates that social perspective, especially face, has to be considered when deciding what is considered (dis)preferred. The functional analysis of the OADs indicates that the majority of the disagreements in both Swedish (68%) and Spanish (79%) corpus are not mitigated, but rather are expressed in a fairly direct manner. Swedes tend to avoid disagreements, and therefore we expected to find a major difference between the two groups. One explanation could be that family members enjoy close relationships, and therefore the Swedes feel free to express their disagreements. As for the impact on the family members face, in both groups, it is both autonomy face and affiliation face that are influenced when OADs are expressed. As for agreement, for example, it is usually autonomy face that is affected. We interpret this as a way for the participants to show that both speakers and listeners have valuable opinions that deserve to be both voiced and commented on. This reveals the more discursive (rather than ritual) nature of OADs. In addition, the functional study of OARs shows that acceptances and rejections in both corpora are expressed using both ritual and attenuating politeness according to the norms required by the situation. Concerning the impact on face, autonomy face has different requirements in the two cultures: in the Swedish conversations, it is important to offer food without insisting several times, and in the Spanish corpus, it is important to offer food more than one or two times, and there is also a tendency to refuse the offer several times before accepting it. Therefore, according to one’s situational role, one has to know how to both give and receive offers, which points to the more ritual nature of OARs. Finally, we want to emphasize that by adding a social perspective to the structural one, we can interpret the meaning of the conversations in a way that provides a broader understanding of what is being said as participants express OADs and OARs.

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Austen, Elizabeth. "'Yelling in the face of life' : addressing the concept of risk and risky decision making in adolescence." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6076/.

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By its very nature, the 'Risk Society' has compelled individuals to consider its implications in a self-preserving manner. Although it is acknowledged that such individual concerns are now generated around the world, further discussion should highlight the notion that certain groups of people may feel and perceive these societal forces in different ways. This thesis will initially address the self-definition and identity of young people as risk takers with specific reference to the gender divide. Furthermore, an investigation into the context of risk behaviour during adolescence in relation to the Risk Society is essential, highlighting the positive consequences of this era of insecurities. Finally, the theoretical foundations behind why and how young people make decisions about risk will be analysed. The central theme running through this discussion is the perception of, and the involvement in the use of cannabis. Conclusions will suggest a critical evaluation of initiatives of intervention, which attempt to de-bias decision making, in light of the risk debate. Empirical data, taken from a small-scale school sample, will support where appropriate.

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Davis, Therese Verdun. "Becoming unrecognisable : a study of the face, death and recognition in late twentieth century media culture /." View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030429.171809/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2000. "A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy". Bibliography : leaves 188-199.

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Quimbert, Ch. "La personne face à sa préhistoire : l'asomasie ou le concept de soma à l'épreuve de l'autisme et des psychoses infantiles." Rennes 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN20007.

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Il s'agit dans cette thèse d'étudier la capacité qu'a le concept de soma, élaboré par J. Gagnepain dans le cadre de la théorie de la médiation, à rendre compte de la clinique de l'autisme, des psychoses infantiles, de certaines déficiences mentales. Pour ce faire sont étudiés : - tout d'abord comment les grands courants théoriques de ces dernières décennies (psychanalyse anglo-saxonne, psychanalyse lacanienne, théories cognitives, théories biochimiques) se positionnent épistémologiquement face a la clinique concernée. - comment la théorie de la médiation, a partir d'une analyse du langage chez l'autiste, puis de l'ensemble de la sémiologie du syndrome décrit par l. Kanner, conçoit spécifiquement l'autisme comme une pathologie du mode de communication caractéristique de l'enfance permise par la fonction somatique. - la complexité de la fonction somatique dont le dysfonctionnement concerne, en de nombreux cas, les psychoses infantiles. Ceci m'amènera à positionner différemment au sein de cette même fonction la clinique de l'autisme des psychoses infantiles et à m'interroger sur le mode d'influence de l'environnement ainsi rendu possible. - comment le trouble ne coïncide pas avec l'individu qui le porte mais raisonne dans l'enfant inaugurant le premier moment de la dialectique de la personne constitutive du social. La responsabilité des parents - et non la culpabilité - se trouve obligatoirement interrogée, tout comme celle des professionnels concernes, dans une déontologie dont je tente d'indiquer les fondements et les conséquences sur la prise en charge des pathologies concernées This thesis is a study of how the concept of "soma", defined by J. Gagnepain within the framework of the mediation theory, can explain the cases of autism, the infantile psychosis and some types of mental deficiencies. To do so, I have studied : - first, how the main theory of recent years (English psychoanalysis, Lacan psychoanalysis, cognitive theory, biochemical theory) rank epistemologically regarding autism. - how the mediation theory, from an analysis of language, than from the whole semiology of the syndrome described by l. Kanner, specifically views autism as a pathology of communication, characteristic of childhood resulting from the soma. - the complexity of the soma whose dysfunction results, in many cases, in infantile psychosis. This has led me to place, within this same function, autism separately from childhood psychosis and thus, to question the possible influence of the environment. - How the pathological condition does not coincide with the affected person, but in a chid, it is located in the first step of the social dialectical process. The responsability of parents, not culpability, is always questioned, as much as that of professionals involved, in a deontology of which I try to show its foundations and consequences on the management of pathologies concerned

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Cassou, Fabrice. "Les réseaux de points de vente face au défi de l'uniformité du concept : le cas du commerce coopératif et associé." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G025/document.

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Les réseaux de commerce coopératif et associé sont des groupes de détaillants, propriétaires de leur(s) point(s) de vente, qui mettent en commun leurs moyens (achat, marketing, communication, financement, logistique, etc.) et développent des politiques communes. L'objectif de cette recherche est de démontrer comment des réseaux de commerce coopératif et associé, avec le double statut de leurs membres, c’est-à-dire clients et copropriétaires des structures centrales, peuvent générer des synergies aussi efficaces que celles des réseaux mixtes (coexistence de succursales et de franchises dans le même réseau) afin de faire face au défi de l'uniformité du concept, nécessaire à la survie et au développement de tout réseau de points de vente. Le maintien de l'uniformité consiste à respecter les éléments clefs du concept. Une étude de quatre cas a été menée. Les résultats de la recherche qualitative mettent en évidence l'existence de différents processus qui émergent de manière centralisée (contrats, incitations et persuasion), décentralisée (confiance, implication organisationnelle et contrôle informel) et mixte (solidarité, mimétisme et enculturation). Tous ces processus ont été opérationnalisés et testés empiriquement avec un échantillon de 245 commerçants coopérateurs ou associés, issus de 53 réseaux différents, représentant tous les secteurs d'activité définis par la FCA (Fédération du Commerce coopératif et Associé). L'analyse s’est fondée sur une modélisation par équations structurelles de type PLS. Un modèle de management du défi de l'uniformité du concept des réseaux de commerce coopératif et associé est proposé. Ce sujet est crucial pour cette forme de réseaux. Le respect de l'uniformité du concept peut contribuer à renforcer l'image de marque en servant d’identifiant et de garantie pour les consommateurs et les candidats susceptibles de devenir coopérateurs, de garder un concept distinctif des concurrents, de réaliser des économies d'échelle et d’éviter les comportements opportunistes qui peuvent nuire à la performance globale du réseau Retail cooperatives and independent associated retail networks are groups of retailers, owners of retail and service stores that pool their means (in terms of purchasing, marketing, communication, funding, logistics, etc.) and develop common policies. The objective of this research is to demonstrate how retail cooperatives and independent associated networks, whose cooperators with their double status, as both customers and co-owners of the cooperative, can generate synergies as efficiently as in plural form networks (coexistence of company and franchise units in the same network) in order to face the challenge of network uniformity and thus both grow and survive as does every other kind of network. In this research, we will focus on network uniformity. Maintaining uniformity means respecting the core components of the network concept. A four-case study has been conducted and the findings of our qualitative research highlight the existence of different processes which emerge from a centralized top- down approach (Contracts, Incentives and Persuasion), a decentralized bottom-up, or horizontal approach (Trust, Organizational commitment and Informal control) and from a mixed approach (Solidarity, Mimesis and Enculturation). All of these processes were operationalized and tested empirically with a sample of 245 cooperators or independent associated retailers from 53 different networks, representing all the sectors of activity defined by the FCA (French Federation of Retail Cooperatives and Retail Independent Associations). The analysis was based on PLS structural equation modeling. This research suggests a model of management to face the challenge of concept uniformity at the heart of retail cooperatives and independent associated networks. This subject is of great interest to all retail cooperative networks. Maintaining uniformity can help to reinforce a network’s image as an indicator and guarantee for consumers and cooperative candidates. It will differentiate them from their competitors, contribute to improving better purchasing conditions and thus achieving important cost reductions, as well as avoiding opportunistic behaviors that can harm a network’s performance

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Koutlaki, Sofia. "The Persian system of politeness and the Persian folk concept of face, with some reference to EFL teaching to Iranian native speakers." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339017.

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Ekelund, Christopher. "Being polite : An experimental study of request strategies in Swedish EFL classes." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för didaktik och lärares praktik (DLP), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-81188.

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In a world which continuously becomes more globalised, the need to adapt one's language depending on context becomes increasingly important. This is acknowledged in the Swedish syllabus for the upper-secondary school, which emphasises communicative competence and the need to adapt to situation and hearer. This study uses a foundation based on politeness theory, where the act of requesting is considered a threat to the notion of face. The concept of face that is being used is based on the work of Brown and Levinson (1987) and the idea is that everyone has a positive- and negative face where the former is the need for one’s self-image to be respected and the latter is the freedom to act without imposition from others. By role-playing different scenarios, the participants of the study, all students of the English 7 course, were asked to perform requests which varied in imposition and which targeted hearers of different statuses. The results were analysed using a qualitative approach, which leads to the conclusion that half of the six participants adapted their language appropriately to the communicative situation. Those three had managed to show an increase in face-saving acts where the imposition was greater, or the hearer was of a higher status. That only half of the participants managed to do this shows a lack of success in teaching the students the necessary pragmatic skills encoded in the syllabus and more focused studies in this area are recommended to address this issue. Due to the small number of participants, further studies are needed to fully confirm the results presented in this study.

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Andrade, Adriana Marcelle de Andrade. "A cortesia em grupos de estudo: as diferentes estratégias utilizadas por brasileiros e chilenos no contexto acadêmico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-09082016-094058/.

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Esta pesquisa se fundamenta na pragmática sociocultural, com o propósito de descrever, dentro do próprio sistema sociocultural a que pertencem os falantes do estudo, a produção e a interpretação das mensagens transmitidas (Bravo, 2010). Pretende-se ir, por um lado, para além da análise da transcrição de um corpus específico (Charaudeau, 2012) e, por outro, abrir novos horizontes para os estudos interdisciplinares, contrastivos e holísticos, cujo objeto seja o uso da linguagem. Assim, como objetivo, esta pesquisa procura descrever e contrastar estratégias pragmáticas, com foco na manifestação da cortesia, em português e em espanhol, em comunidades de fala de São Paulo e Santiago do Chile, indagando quais recursos os interlocutores, universitários em grupos de estudos, utilizam no trabalho de imagem em atos assertivos e exortativos. Para isso, apresentamos uma proposta metodológica que visa a delinear aspectos das construções discursivas, a revelar a complexidade dos fenômenos da interação oral e a variedade de componentes envolvidos em uma situação comunicativa. Nesse sentido, definimos quatro etapas: o enfoque interdisciplinar, a análise do corpus oral, os testes de hábitos sociais (Hernandez Flores, 2002; Contreras, 2004 e Bernal, 2007) e o contraste cross-cultural. O corpus é composto por vinte e cinco horas de gravações em vídeo de reuniões em grupo de estudantes universitários, no Chile e no Brasil, e quarenta testes de hábitos sociais de cada comunidade de fala também. Em uma análise sincrônica, identificamos no contexto brasileiro, a tendência de o indivíduo projetar a imagem de cordialidade, cooperação e semelhança na gestão da autoimagem. Entre os interlocutores chilenos, a imagem de ordem e a de hierarquia foram as que se evidenciaram. Na gestão interrelacional, destacamos contrastes, além de semelhanças, entre algumas estratégias pragmáticas: o fenômeno da atenuação assertiva, nas intervenções brasileiras, em maior número se associa a posturas afiliativas, na gestão da alo- e autoimagem; no material de análise chileno, a atenuação, muitas vezes é construída como uma estratégia autocêntrica; em ambas as comunidades de fala encontramos mecanismos de autorrepetição e intensificação, vinculados à força argumentativa e fenômenos de heterorrepetição que promovem o contato social; no entanto, no contexto chileno, a heterorrepetição ocorre na expressão do desacordo com mais frequência do que no contexto brasileiro; realizados de maneira direta, encontramos atos exortativos, como a petição, em interações brasileiras e chilenas, mas nas primeiras, geralmente, ocorrem atos de justificação, a expressão da diminuição do custo para os ouvintes e, em maior grau, mecanismos de atenuação. Os resultados, que encontraram eco em estudos de outras ciências do comportamento humano, na análise do corpus e nas respostas dos informantes dos testes hábitos sociais, podem sinalizar a projeção de experiências específicas de um corpus a um estilo de cortesia que se estenda a outras situações de comunicação sem prescindir da enorme diversidade do uso da linguagem (Bravo, 2004). This research is based upon sociocultural pragmatics and aims at describing within the very sociocultural system to which the speakers participating in this study belong how transmitted messages are produced and interpreted (Bravo, 2010). On the one hand, this research aims at going beyond analyzing the transcription from a certain corpus (Charaudeau, 2012); on the other, opening up new horizons for interdisciplinary, contrastive and holistic studies on the use of language. Thus, this research aims at describing and contrasting pragmatic strategies focused on how politeness is shown both in Portuguese and Spanish within speaking communities from São Paulo, Brazil, and Santiago, Chile while investigating which features are used by interlocutors (undergraduates in study groups) in their face-work during assertive and persuasive acts. In order to do so, our proposed methodology is aimed at outlining the core of discursive constructions, unveiling the complexity of verbal interaction phenomena and the variety of components involved in a communication situation. To that end, four stages have been defined: interdisciplinary focus, speech corpus analysis, social behavior tests (Hernandez Flores, 2002; Contreras, 2004 and Bernal, 2007) and cross-cultural contrast. The corpus consists of about five hours of videotaped undergraduate study group meetings in Chile and Brazil and 40 social behavior tests from each speaking community. In a synchronous analysis, we found that Brazilian individuals tend to convey an image of kindness, cooperation and similarity in managing their self-image. An image of order and hierarchy stood out among Chilean interlocutors. As to inter-relationship management, contrasts and similarities were noted between a few pragmatic strategies: in Brazilian interventions, the assertive attenuation is mostly connected with affiliative postures in allo-image and self-image management; in the Chilean material, attenuation is often constructed as an self-centric strategy. Self-repetition and intensification mechanisms (linked to argument strength) and hetero-repetition fostering social contact were found in both speaking communities. Nevertheless, hetero-repetition occurs more often when expressing disagreement in Chilean context than in the Brazilian context; it is performed directly and with exhortative acts (such as petition) in Brazilian and Chilean interactions, but the former usually present justification acts, expression of effort reduction for listeners and in a higher degree attenuation mechanisms. The results which were supported by studies from other behavioral sciences, corpus analysis and answers from informants of social behavior tests can indicate the projection of experiences that are specific to a corpus to a politeness style comprising other communication situations without forgoing the immense diversity of the use of language (Bravo, 2004).

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Boudoudou, Nacima. "Comment imposer un concept nouveau, dans l'hypertension artérielle, un marché dit saturé, face à l'inertie et à la résistance au changement des prescripteurs ?" Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P185.

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Paias, Ana Margarida Bernardo. "Impacto dos perfis atitudinais, autoconceito e envolvimento parental no rendimento a matemática - um estudo com alunos do 6º ano de escolaridade." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29685.

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O rendimento a matemática tem sido apontado por diversos estudos como sendo multivariado, para além das associadas ao aluno de natureza cognitiva, afetiva e atitudinais, temos vindo a assistir ao incremento de estudos que apontam variáveis associadas ao envolvimento parental. Neste estudo apontamos como meta a caracterização rendimento a matemática de alunos do 6º ano de escolaridade, em função dos perfis atitudinais, do autoconceito e do envolvimento parental. A amostra é composta por 159 alunos, do 6º ano do ensino básico português, aos quais foram aplicados o Questionário de Atitudes Face à Escola, o Questionário de Atitudes Face à Matemática, o Questionário de Variáveis Contextuais- Apoio à Família, a Prova de Autoconceito (PHCSCS-2, Veiga, 2006) e o Questionário das Atitudes dos Pais Face à Escola QAPFE) (Neto, Candeias & Pomar, 2010) De um modo geral, os resultados demonstraram que a nota a matemática continua a ter uma participação explicativa forte nas variáveis cognitivas e académicas, e em menor proporção de variáveis emocionais e atitudinais. No entanto, consideramos necessário mais estudos neste sentido, mas de forma longitudinal de forma a verificar se existe alguma alteração destes resultados ao longo do percurso escolar; The impact of attitudinal profiles, self-concept and parental involvement towards the efficiency at mathematics - a study with students from year 6 Abstract: Performance in mathematics has been pointed out by several studies as being multivariate, in addition to those associated with the cognitive, affective and attitudinal nature of the student, we have seen an increase in studies that point out variables associated with parental involvement. In this study, our aim is to characterize the performance of year 6 students in Mathematics, according to their attitudinal profiles, self-concept and parental involvement. The sample is composed by 159 year 6 students from the portuguese basic education, to whom was applied the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards school, the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Mathematics, the Contextual Variables questionnaire – Family support, the Self-Concept test (PHCSCS-2, Veiga, 2006) and Questionnaire of Parent´s Attitudes towards School (QAPFE) (Neto, Candeias & Pomar, 2010). In general, the results prove that the students mathematics score continues to strongly participate in the cognitive and academic variables and in a lower proportion when it come to the emotional and attitudinal variables. However, we consider that it is necessary to perform more studies in this sense, but in a longitudinal manner in order to check if there are any alterations of these results throughout the academic path.

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Pettersson, Camilla. "El cumplido en el español de la variante peruana y en sueco. : Un estudio comparativo." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-99161.

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El objetivo del presente estudio es comparar diferencias y similitudes entre dos culturas distintas, enconcreto la peruana y la sueca, con respecto a los cumplidos y en relación a la cortesía. Partimos de lapremisa generalizada de que los cumplidos pueden diferenciarse interculturalmente y planteamos lahipótesis, basada en esta premisa y en nuestra propia percepción como hablante de sueco y de español,de que hay una diferencia intercultural entre los peruanos y suecos en cuanto a la realización delcumplido. En concreto, pensamos que los dos grupos bajo estudio se diferencian, en primer lugar, encuanto a quién es el destinatario del cumplido, y en segundo lugar en cuanto a la persona, cosa ocomportamiento que son objeto de cumplido. Se ha elaborado una encuesta para cada grupo nacional(10 en cada uno) en su idioma materno con situaciones en donde hay alta probabilidad de queaparezcan cumplidos. Las situaciones descritas en la encuesta las elegimos porque pensamos que sonfáciles de reconocer como parte de la vida diaria para la mayoría de las personas y porque nos puedandar respuestas apropiadas para responder a las preguntas de investigación. Las encuestas se handistribuido en su mayoría de forma personal, aunque en algunos casos han sido distribuidas por mediode internet. Los resultados nos revelan que el grupo de peruanos prefiere no usar tanto el cumplidocomo el grupo de suecos cuando la distancia social es más alta, como entre empleado y jefe, yprefieren en su lugar, como una forma de marcar distancia, realizar felicitaciones. Por otro lado, elgrupo de suecos prefieren hacer cumplidos de modo más impersonal, con una preferencia por referirsea los objetos (bonito carro) en lugar de introducir su persona en el enunciado (me gusta el carro). Deesta forma, en cuanto a la primera hipótesis, observamos que los dos grupos hacen en general uso delcumplido a la mayoría de los destinatarios en todas las situaciones de la encuesta, y por lo tanto no seaprecia una variación significativa. En cambio, con respecto a la segunda hipótesis, sí observamos unavariación cultural en cuanto a la forma de enfocar el cumplido. The aim of the present study is to compare differences and similarities between two different cultures,namely the Peruvian and the Swedish, in terms of compliments in relation to politeness. The studyparts from the generalized premise that compliments can differ interculturally. The hypothesis, basedon that premise and also in the perception of the author of this study, as a Swedish and Spanishspeaking person, is that there is an intercultural difference among Peruvians and Swedes regarding thedelivery of compliments. Specifically we believe that both groups under study differ in two ways. Atfirst they differ regarding whom is the addressee of the compliment and then they differ regarding theperson, thing or behavior that is object of the compliment. A questionnaire was elaborated for bothgroups (10 in each group) in their respective modern tongue with situations where there is a highprobability that compliments may occur. The situations in the survey were chosen because they werebelieved to be easily recognized in the everyday life of most people. They were also believed toprovide us with the answers that were needed in this study to be able to answer the research questions.The survey was foremost distributed personally and in some cases they were distributed through theinternet. The results reveal that the Peruvian group prefers to do fewer compliments than the Swedishgroup when the social distance is bigger, like between employee and chief. They prefer to enouncemore congratulations than the Swedish group as a distance marker. On the other hand the Swedesprefer to compliment in a more impersonal manner because of their preference to refer to the object(nice car) rather than to introduce their person in the enunciation (I like the car). What regards the firsthypothesis it is observed that both groups compliment the majority of the addressees in every situationof the survey, and therefore there´s no significant variation to be observed. On the other hand, thesecond hypotheses can confirm a cultural variation regarding the way to direct the compliment

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Salomonsson, Johanna. "Verbale Interaktion mit missverstehen : Eine empirische Untersuchung zu deutschsprachigen Diskussionsforen." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för baltiska språk, finska och tyska, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55684.

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This study examines the functions of phrases with the word missverstehen in any inflected form in German discussion groups. The corpus consists of about 600 different messages with a phrase containing the verb missverstehen from all kinds of discussion groups speaking the German language. The hypothesis is that those phrases do not always refer to a factual misunderstanding in the communication. There is no such thing as total understanding in communication, since people cannot fully know how other people are thinking. Instead understanding is a social construct. Misunderstanding occurs when a group member cannot interpret a message so that it correlates with what the sender has meant. This understanding contains both the discussed theme as well as the relation between the group members. Relevance occurs when interpretable information is communicated through contextualization cues. Some cues carry information about the discussed theme, others communicate face work. A misunderstanding is caused by missing contextualization cues, i. e. the message is irrelevant. The study shows how the communicators can construct a disagreement as a misunderstanding, which it in turn has an impact on face work. The phrase is then being used together with added contextualization cues in order to construct a common understanding. Thereby the communicators can influence the interaction. This is done in a sequence in the discussion group. Hence the script theory (Schank/Abelson 1977) aims to describe the phenomenon of how a phrase with the word missverstehen can be used for different purposes. One script is defined for each purpose. The difference between the scripts is being maintained by the contextualization cue that carries the information about how the relations between group members are interacted.

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Vanbaelinghem, Marjorie. "La peinture de Frank Auerbach, Francis Bacon et Lucian Freud face au concept d'École de Londres, 1976-2000 : de la tradition à la contemporanéité, de la figure au corps." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT5022.

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À partir de la fin des années soixante-dix, Frank Auerbach, Francis Bacon et Lucian Freud ont été exposés, aux côtés d'autres peintres britanniques, sous l'étiquette d'"École de Londres", un groupement artistique qui dissimule un phénomène critique et culturel. Leur peinture est définie comme "figuration", c'est-à-dire considérée comme la représentation de la condition humaine, l'héritage de la tradition artistique européenne et le versant éthique de l'art. Cette appréhension décontextualise et "fossilise" les peintres et leur travail dans un passé idéalisé, alors qu'elle-même résulte des tensions du monde de l'art des années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt. Par une remise en contexte et une appréhension alternative des oeuvres - notamment non figurative et phénoménologique -, Auerbach, Bacon et Freud apparaissent comme des artistes contemporains et leur travail, non comme une figuration, mais une peinture du corps Auerbach, Bacon and Freud have long been judged by their association with a so-called "School of London". That concept, however, corresponds to no artistic reality, but rather to a critical and cultural phenomenon. I contend that it leads to a misguided apprehension of their paintings. The School of London is based upon a conception of figuration as traditionnal, meaningful and humanistic, and a focalisation on the figures in the paintings. Such an interpretation decontextualizes the art of Auerbach, Bacon and Freud, by considering it as an illustration of postwar angst or as an heritage of the European "Grand Manner". On the contrary, the School of London embodies a specific response to contemporary cultural tensions. By analysing its relationship to the context of the late seventies and the eighties, I show its raison d'être, and move on to an alternative apprehension of the painters' work as being contemporary and not concerned so much with figuration as with the body

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Saada-Gendron, Julie. "La souveraineté face à la scène internationale. Usages du concept de guerre dans l'élaboration de la loi naturelle et de la souveraineté chez Hobbes et quelques-uns de ses prédécesseurs." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSF0012.

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Si le principe de souveraineté a opéré comme un principe d'individualisation des peuples historiques (M. Foucault), il semblait nécessaire de montrer les apports du droit interétatique pour comprendre la formation et la fondation des souverainetés étatiques. Il ne s'agit pas simplement de saisir l'institution et le fonctionnement des Etats en extériorité mais aussi d'affirmer la validité d'un droit qui n'est pas réduit à sa condition (le pouvoir de coercition qui constitue selon M. Weber l'essence du droit); de penser l'espace du droit par delà l'appartenance territoriale (contre le nomos de la terre de C. Schmitt); enfin, de penser le droit non comme le masque des rapports de pouvoir mais comme leur révélateur, et comme l'instrument de leur transformation. La première partie retrace l'élaboration des catégories du droit de la guerre et de la souveraineté d'Augustin à Hobbes (Thomas d'Aquin, Vitoria, Bodin Grotius). Elle montre comment se mettent en place trois éléments du droit des gens moderne : 1) un espace juridique international occupé par des personnes morales (Etats); 2) une homogénéisation de cet espace- l'espace mondial coi͏̈ncidant avec l'espace normatif (dans le droit de la guerre, définition d'un unique régime de l'ennemi); 3) l'affirmation de l'égalité des belligérants, qui implique une substitution de la guerre publique formelle ou régulière à la guerre juste, et tend à concevoir la guerre comme une relation d'ensemble, comme état de guerre ayant des effets de droit spécifiques, ou comme une relation d'Etat à Etat (Rousseau). La seconde partie examine, à partir de la transformation faite par Grotius de la guerre en objection sceptique, et la réévaluation de l'idée d'une crise sceptique au fondement du droit naturel moderne (R. Popkin, R. Tuck, C. Larrère), l'élaboration de la loi naturelle et de la souveraineté chez Hobbes, ainsi que les transformations du concept d'intérêt dans la problématique de la stabilité sociale If the principle of sovereignty has acted as a principle of individuation of historical peoples (M. Foucault), it seems necessary to clarify the constitution of interstate Law, in order to understand the formation and the foundation of state sovereignties. It is not just a matter of understanding the institution and functionning of the States from an exterior point of view, but also to assert the validity of a Law which cannot be reduced to its condition (the coercive power which is, according to M. Weber, the essence of Law); to think the spatial dimension of Law beyond territorial adherence (against C. Schmitt's nomos of the Earth); and finally, to think Law as the mask of power relations but as their revelator and as the instrument of their transformation. The first part retraces the elaboration of the Law of war and of Sovereignty from Augustine to Hobbes (Thomas Aquinus, Vitoria, Bodin, Grotius). It shows how three elements of the modern Law of peoples have arisen: 1) a juridical international space, occupied by moral persons (the States); 2) a homogeneisation of that space- world space coinciding with normative space (in the Law of war, the definition of a single status for the "enemy"; 3) the assertion of the equality of belligerents, which implies a substitution of a formal, regular, public war to "just war",and tends to concieve war as a global relation, as a state of war having specific juridical effects, or as a relation betwenn States (Rousseau). Starting with the transformation by Grotius of war as a sceptical objection, and with the reevaluation of the idea of a septical crisis being at the foundation of modern natural Law (R. Popkin, R. Tuck, C. Larrère), the second part examines the elaboration of natural Law and Sovereignty in Hobbes, as well as the transformations of the concept of Interest in the problematics of social stability

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Chartier, Julien. "Analyse des stratégies intéractionnelles et des positionnements réciproques menant à la réussite de la discussion en français." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030135/document.

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Quels sont les constituants d’une participation réussie à une discussion en langue française ? Après avoir enregistré des discussions de groupe autour de sujets polémiques entre apprenants de niveau avancé en français, en Australie, un panel de francophones de leur âge a évalué vingt extraits de ces discussions en termes de réussite des échanges, et en prêtant attention à certains aspects intersectionnels de leurs comportements tels que l’entraide, la domination et leur contribution à l’avancée du débat, ces critères ayant été dégagés d'une analyse comparative des définitions de la réussite et de l'échec d'une discussion, telles que données par ces participants. Ces évaluations ont ensuite été analysées pour déterminer lesquels de ces aspects corrélaient le plus avec la réussite globale de l’échange. En situant ce projet dans une perspective pragmatique interculturelle et interactionniste, nous avons effectué une analyse multidimensionnelle des échanges jugés les plus réussis et les moins réussis afin d’identifier les stratégies intéractionnelles contribuant au succès ou à l’échec des échanges en français. Nous nous sommes notamment intéressé aux phénomènes et comportements présents dans les extraits jugés les plus réussis et absents des extraits les moins réussis, avons analysé les pistes audio des enregistrements pour accéder à une représentation visuelle de leur atmosphère sonore, avons analysé les comportements non-verbaux des participants,et avons effectué une micro-analyse de la transcription de ces mêmes extraits. Les résultats de ce projet offriront une meilleure compréhension de l'ancrage culturel des stratégies interactionnelles contribuant à la réussite ou à l'échec d'une discussion et serviront de base potentielle à l’enseignement de compétences interactionnelles en français langue seconde What constitutes successful participation in discussion in French? The project combines qualitative and quantitative methods to determine what behaviours constitute successful participation in French debate among learners of French. After group discussions on polemical topics among advanced learners of the language were recorded in Australia, a group of French age-peers judged the exchanges on their relative success and on aspects of interactional behaviour including the extent to which participants advanced debate, dominated and/or supported each other. These aspects were identified prior to the evaluation through a comparative analysis of definitions of a successful and a failed discussion as provided by the participants. The Francophone assessments of the recordings were then analysed to determine which of these aspects correlated with the overall success of the exchange. Building on these results, and drawing on the principles of cross-cultural pragmatics, a multidimensional interactionist analysis of the most and least successful exchanges was undertaken to identify interactional strategies contributing to the success or failure of the exchanges. This involved focussing on the various phenomena and behaviour observable in the discussions judged most successful but absent in the least successful discussions, analysing the waveform representations of the audio-recordings to determine the sound atmosphere, analysing non-verbal behaviour, and undertaking a detailed micro-analysis of the transcription of these exchanges. Results showed that advancing debate through advancing and challenging opinions was most likely to lead to the Francophones judging the discussions as successful. The most successful discussions showed participants adopting a wide range of interchangeable interactional positions in which all could successively take the lead in discussion, and consistently questioning and elaborating opinions, thus placing a clear emphasis on the co-construction of ideas. Least successful discussions as seen by the Francophones showed greater concern for facework strategies and followed a stable pattern of opinions being offered in turn but not negotiated, leading to agreement rather than debate. The sound and visual atmosphere of the discussion was also directly connected to the success of the discussion: the non-verbal behaviour analysis showed that participants in successful discussions displayed an increased use of hand gestures and maintained visual contact between the participants while the waveform analysis underlined situations of brouhaha as a recurring component of the most successful discussions. The project departs from previous studies by focusing on discussion in French as a multilayered cultural practice and therefore undertaking a multidimensional analysis to ascertain the elements that correlate with its success or failure. The findings of the project will provide a better understanding of the cultural specificity of different interactional styles, and of the cultural anchoring of interactional strategies contributing to the success or failure of a discussion. It will serve as a potential basis for teaching interactional skills and pragmatic competence in French as a second language

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Barry, Thierno Souleymane. "La protection des droits de l’enfant face au travail : la nécessité d’un changement de perspective par l’extension du concept de travail décent et l’application de l’approche basée sur les droits de la personne." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6003.

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La présente thèse cherche à démontrer que, face aux limites de l’approche abolitionniste dans l’appréhension du travail de l’enfant, approche véhiculée principalement par l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), il est possible d’explorer d’autres voies en vue de la protection des droits de l’enfant travailleur, au nombre desquelles figure l’application d’une approche basée sur les droits de l’enfant et du travail décent adapté à l’enfant. Cette démonstration repose principalement sur deux points. Dans un premier temps, il s’est agi de démontrer que l’approche abolitionniste, fondée essentiellement sur une définition négative du travail de l’enfant et sur le seul critère de l’âge, présente des limites parmi lesquelles le confinement de l’enfant travailleur dans l’illégalité et le risque d’abus d’une part et, d’autre part, la non implication de ce dernier dans la mise en œuvre de ses droits notamment par le biais de la participation comme le stipule l’article 12 de la Convention relative aux droits de l’enfant. Dans un second temps, la combinaison de l’approche basée sur les droits de la personne et du concept de travail décent s’est avéré une avenue prometteuse en ce sens que cette approche, proche de la théorie de droits de l’enfant, est susceptible de permettre une participation efficience de l’enfant travailleur dans la mise en œuvre de ses droits tant substantifs que procéduraux grâce à un travail reconnu et adapté à sa condition. L’ensemble de ces éléments de démonstration est basé sur l’analyse de diverses sources, dont les instruments internationaux portant sur le phénomène de travail de l’enfant et sur les droits de l’enfant, la doctrine pertinente, les pratiques et politiques des institutions internationales, les commentaires généraux des organes de mise en œuvre des droits de la personne en général et des droits de l’enfant en particulier, etc. En conclusion, il est possible d’affirmer qu’une approche basée sur les droits de l’enfant, supportée par un travail décent adapté au travail de l’enfant, est à même de contribuer efficacement à la protection de l’enfant travailleur.

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Barry, Thierno Souleymane. "La protection des droits de l'enfant face au travail : la nécessité d'un changement de perspective par l'extension du concept de travail décent et l'application de l'approche basée sur les droits de la personne." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25728.

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La présente thèse cherche à démontrer que, face aux limites de l’approche abolitionniste dans l’appréhension du travail de l’enfant, approche véhiculée principalement par l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), il est possible d’explorer d’autres voies en vue de la protection des droits de l’enfant travailleur, au nombre desquelles figure l’application d’une approche basée sur les droits de l’enfant et du travail décent adapté à l’enfant. Cette démonstration repose principalement sur deux points. Dans un premier temps, il s’est agi de démontrer que l’approche abolitionniste, fondée essentiellement sur une définition négative du travail de l’enfant et sur le seul critère de l’âge, présente des limites parmi lesquelles le confinement de l’enfant travailleur dans l’illégalité et le risque d’abus d’une part et, d’autre part, la non implication de ce dernier dans la mise en œuvre de ses droits notamment par le biais de la participation comme le stipule l’article 12 de la Convention relative aux droits de l’enfant. Dans un second temps, la combinaison de l’approche basée sur les droits de la personne et du concept de travail décent s’est avéré une avenue prometteuse en ce sens que cette approche, proche de la théorie de droits de l’enfant, est susceptible de permettre une participation efficience de l’enfant travailleur dans la mise en œuvre de ses droits tant substantifs que procéduraux grâce à un travail reconnu et adapté à sa condition. L’ensemble de ces éléments de démonstration est basé sur l’analyse de diverses sources, dont les instruments internationaux portant sur le phénomène de travail de l’enfant et sur les droits de l’enfant, la doctrine pertinente, les pratiques et politiques des institutions internationales, les commentaires généraux des organes de mise en œuvre des droits de la personne en général et des droits de l’enfant en particulier, etc. En conclusion, il est possible d’affirmer qu’une approche basée sur les droits de l’enfant, supportée par un travail décent adapté au travail de l’enfant, est à même de contribuer efficacement à la protection de l’enfant travailleur.

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Vagnon, Eric. "Solutions innovantes pour le packaging de convertisseurs statiques polyphasés." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0029.

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L’électronique de puissance d’aujourd’hui s’inscrit dans un contexte environnemental où l’économie d’énergie est au centre des préoccupations. La traduction technologique d’une telle problématique sera, pour l’électronicien, la recherche de structures de conversion optimisant à la fois le rendement, la fiabilité et la qualité de l’énergie absorbée ou produite. Cet effort d’optimisation énergétique ne saurait être satisfaisant sans une recherche d’adaptation matérielle aux applications industrielles ou domestiques visées (avion tout électrique, éclairage…). C’est dans ce contexte que se situe ce travail de thèse, visant à chercher des solutions innovantes en terme de package de convertisseurs statiques satisfaisant les exigences de ces nouveaux secteurs d’exploitation, dans lesquels la miniaturisation, la fiabilité ou encore l’immunité aux perturbations CEM sont déterminants Today, power electronics has evolved in an environmental context where energy conservation is a central issue. For electronic engineers, the technological translation of this dilemma is the research of conversion structures optimizing the performance, reliability and absorbed or produced energy quality. This effort to optimize energy cannot be satisfactory without adaptive research material for indus trial and domestic applications (electric aircraft, lighting. . . ). Ln this context, this work seeks innovative packaging solutions for static converters that meet the requirements of these new constraints where miniaturization, reliability or EMC immunity to disturbances are crucial

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Vagnon, Eric. "Solutions innovantes pour le packaging de convertisseurs statiques polyphasés." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00494431.

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L'électronique de puissance d'aujourd'hui s'inscrit dans un contexte environnemental où l'économie d'énergie est au centre des préoccupations. La traduction technologique d'une telle problématique sera, pour l'électronicien, la recherche de structures de conversion optimisant à la fois le rendement, la fiabilité et la qualité de l'énergie absorbée ou produite. Cet effort d'optimisation énergétique ne saurait être satisfaisant sans une recherche d'adaptation matérielle aux applications industrielles ou domestiques visées (avion tout électrique, éclairage...). C'est dans ce contexte que se situe ce travail de thèse, visant à chercher des solutions innovantes en terme de package de convertisseurs statiques satisfaisant les exigences de ces nouveaux secteurs d'exploitation, dans lesquels la miniaturisation, la fiabilité ou encore l'immunité aux perturbations CEM sont déterminants.

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Kardimis, Théofanis. "La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : étude juridictionnelle comparée (France-Grèce)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3004.

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La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights

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Milà-Garcia, Alba. "L'acord i el desacord en català en tres gèneres discursius: anàlisi sociopragmàtica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401860.

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Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu principal estudiar l’expressió de l’acord i el desacord en català en tres gèneres discursius diferents: converses col·loquials, reunions i tutories universitàries. Per dur a terme aquest estudi, s’ha compilat un corpus oral ad hoc que s’ha explotat amb una metodologia que combina elements propis de la pragmàtica, la lingüística de corpus i l’anàlisi de la conversa. L’anàlisi del corpus parteix de l’aplicació d’una taxonomia que conté cinc nivells diferents (situació comunicativa, informació sociolingüística, pragmàtica, interacció i estructura), l’aplicació de la qual ofereix uns resultats quantitatius que proporcionen una visió global de l’acord i el desacord i de les diferències que apareixen a causa de la incidència de diferents factors de la situació comunicativa en què tenen lloc. L’anàlisi quantitativa es complementa amb una anàlisi qualitativa en què s’aprofundeix en la realització d’aquests actes i s’estudia la gestió de la imatge que fan els parlants de català en la interacció en els tres gèneres discursius a partir de l’observació de fragments concrets. The main aim of this PhD dissertation is to study agreement and disagreement in Catalan in three different discourse genres: colloquial conversations, meetings and professors’ office hours. To this end, a spoken corpus was compiled ad hoc, which has been exploited combining the methodology of pragmatics, corpus linguistics and conversation analysis. The analysis results from the design of a complex taxonomy which contains five different layers (situational, sociolinguistic, pragmatic, interactional and structural), the application of which provides a global vision on agreement and disagreement and on the differences that are caused by the different factors that come into play in each specific communicative situation. The quantitative analysis is complemented by a qualitative analysis that delves into the realization of these acts and studies the management of face in interaction carried out by Catalan speakers in these three genres through the observation of specific extracts from the corpus.

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Heinzlef, Charlotte. "Modélisation d'indicateurs de résilience urbaine face au risque d'inondation : co-construction d'un système spatial à la décision pour contribuer à l'opérationnalisation du concept de résilience Assessing and mapping urban resilience to floods with respect to cascading effects through critical infrastructure networks » Operationalizing urban resilience to floods in embanked territories – Application in Avignon, Provence Alpes Côte d’azur region A spatial decision support system for enhancing resilience to floods. Bridging resilience modelling and geovisualization techniques Operating urban resilience strategies to face climate change and associated risks: some advances from theory to application in Canada and France." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG1197.

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Dans un contexte de dérèglement climatique, d’augmentation des inondations en milieu urbain,d’augmentation des incertitudes, les gestionnaires urbains sont obligés d’innover pour concevoir des stratégies de gestion des risques adéquates. Parmi ces stratégies, rendre les villes résilientes est devenu un impératif. Le concept de résilience est un concept pluridisciplinaire qui définit la capacité d’un système à absorber une perturbation et à récupérer ses fonctions par la suite. Cette notion renvoie à une innovation technique, urbaine, sociale, architecturale, économique et politique et enjoint à une remise en question des stratégies traditionnelles de gestion du risque. Cette injonction à l’innovation s’adapte parfaitement à la complexité urbaine, économique, politique, sociale, écologique du monde contemporain. De ce fait, le concept de résilience s’intègre aux enjeux d’étalement urbain et aux risques associés. Pourtant, malgré cette adéquation théorique et conceptuelle, la résilience demeure complexe à intégrer dans les pratiques des urbanistes et acteurs territoriaux. Sa multitude de définitions et d’approches a favorisé son abstraction et son manque d’opérationnalisation. Face à ce constat, cette recherche se propose de répondre à ces lacunes opérationnelles en construisant un système spatial d’aide à la décision afin de clarifier et favoriser l’intégration du concept dans les pratiques urbaines. L’idée défendue est que la résilience urbaine incarne les aptitudes et capacités d’une ville et de sa population à mettre en place avant, pendant et après un événement perturbateur de façon à en limiter les impacts négatifs. Ce positionnement scientifique permet donc d’analyser la résilience urbaine sur un long pas de temps, mettant en avant des capacités proactives que le système urbain doit développer de façon à (ré) agir face à l’inondation. Ce travail s’est appuyé sur un partenariat socio-économique avec la Ville d’Avignon et son Service SIG (Système d’Information Géographique). L’approche a permis de construire trois indicateurs de mesure afin d’aborder la résilience urbaine, technique et social. Ces indicateurs ont permis d’acquérir des informations sur les variables définissant des potentiels de résilience qui favoriseraient l’émergence d’une réponse adéquate face à une inondation urbaine. L’utilisation de techniques de géovisualisation a permis de favoriser la visualisation des traitements et des résultats afin d’expliciter la démarche auprès des gestionnaires urbains. Parallèlement, des ateliers de concertation ont été montés afin de présenter et discuter des résultats obtenus grâce aux indicateurs avec les responsables et gestionnaires des infrastructures critiques.La co-construction de ces indicateurs, afin de construire une analyse et une connaissance autour de la résilience urbaine, suivis de la mise en place d’ateliers avec les acteurs du territoire, afin de favoriser le processus décisionnel territorial, a permis de développer une culture de résilience. Ce système spatial d’aide à la décision a donc permis la mutualisation des connaissances théoriques et pratiques autour des questions de risques urbains et de résilience afin de parvenir à un consensus nécessaire pour la prise de décision et l’opérationnalisation de la résilience In a context of climate change, increased urban flooding and increased uncertainty, urbanmanagers are forced to innovate to design appropriate risk management strategies. Among thesestrategies, making cities resilient has become an imperative. The concept of resilience is amultidisciplinary concept that defines the ability of a system to absorb a disturbance and then recoverits functions. This concept refers to technical, urban, social, architectural, architectural, economic andpolitical innovation and calls into question traditional risk management systems. This injunction toinnovation is perfectly adapted to the urban, economic, political, social and ecological complexity ofthe contemporary world. As a result, the concept of resilience is integrated with urban sprawl issues andassociated risks. However, despite this theoretical and conceptual adequacy, resilience remains complexto integrate into the practices of urban planners and territorial actors. Its multitude of definitions andapproaches have contributed to its abstraction and lack of operationalization.In response to this observation, this research aims to address these operational gaps by buildinga spatial decision support system to clarify and promote the integration of the concept into urbanpractices. The idea behind this approach is that urban resilience embodies the abilities and capacities ofa city and its population to develop before, during and after a disruptive event in order to limit itsnegative impacts. This scientific positioning therefore makes it possible to analyze urban resilience as acontinuum, highlighting proactive capacities that the urban system must develop in order to (re)act inthe face of flooding. This work was based on a socio-economic partnership with the City of Avignonand its GIS Service (Geographic Information System). The approach made it possible to build threemeasurement indicators to address the urban, technical and social resilience of the Avignon area. Theseindicators have made it possible to acquire information on the variables defining potential resilience thatwould foster the emergence of an adequate response to a natural disaster and more precisely to an urbanflood. The use of geovisualization techniques has made it possible to visualize treatments and results inorder to explain the approach to urban managers. At the same time, consultation workshops were heldto present and discuss the results obtained through the indicators with critical infrastructure managersand managers.The co-construction of these indicators, in order to build an analysis and knowledge aroundurban resilience, followed by the implementation of workshops with stakeholders in the territory, inorder to promote the territorial decision-making process, has made it possible to develop a culture ofresilience. This spatial decision support system has therefore made it possible to pool theoretical andpractical knowledge on urban risk and resilience issues in order to reach the consensus necessary fordecision-making and the operationalization of resilience

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Chamois, Camille. "En perspective : le perspectivisme au prisme des sciences humaines contemporaines." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100104.

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Le but de cette thèse est d’évaluer la pertinence de la notion de perspectivisme, notamment telle qu’elle est mobilisée dans le contexte anthropologique contemporain. Pour ce faire, nous confrontons cette notion, d’une part, à l’histoire philosophique de son élaboration et, d’autre part, aux enjeux psychologiques et sociologiques qu’elle implique. Nous nous focalisons alors sur deux aspects particuliers : la théorie de la perception et la théorie des rapports à autrui. La première partie présente et discute l’hypothèse d’une « socialisation de la perception ». Nous montrons que ce problème innerve de façon profonde les sciences sociales au XXe siècle mais qu’il a généralement été abordé à partir du cadre transcendantal kantien. Nous soulignons alors les limites de cette approche, notamment à partir d’une confrontation avec la psychologie de l’apprentissage perceptif ; et proposons une réélaboration de la notion de perspective, entendue comme prise sur le sensible. La seconde partie présente et discute l’hypothèse d’une « socialisation de l’attribution de point de vue à autrui ». Nous tentons alors de clarifier cette notion à partir des travaux contemporains en théorie de l’esprit, d’une part, et des recherches en ethnopsychologie, d’autre part. L’enjeu général est alors de faire de la notion de perspectivisme un concept opérant dans le champ psychosocial This dissertation aims to assess the pertinence of the notion of perspectivism, particularly as it is applied in the context of contemporary anthropology. To this end, we examine this notion, on the one hand, considering its elaboration in the history of philosophy, and on the other hand, in view of the psychological and sociological stakes it entails. We will focus on two specific aspects of perspectivism: the theory of perception, and the theory of the relationship with the Other. The first part of the dissertation presents and discusses the possibility of the “socialization of perception.” We demonstrate that this question profoundly informs twentieth century social sciences, even though it has usually been addressed through a Kantian transcendental framework. We highlight the limitations of this approach, specifically by comparing it to the psychology of perceptive learning; we henceforth propose reworking the notion of perspective, understood in terms of its hold over the sensible. The second part presents and discusses the possibility of a “socialization of the attribution of a point of view to the Other.” We thereby attempt to explicate this notion based on contemporary studies of the theory of mind on the one hand, and research in ethno-psychology on the other hand. The overarching objective of this project is thus to make the notion of perspectivism an operative concept in the psychosocial field

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Duong, Minh Vuong. "Vliv konfuciánství na obchod v Asii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75184.

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World's largest business center is now located in East Asia, which is also the place of Confucian origin..Asian cultures influenced by Confucianism are known for their "inner strength" and stability. Trade in these countries flourishes as nowhere else in the world. The way of life and perception of social values, according to Confucian values significantly affected the business culture of these countries. This thesis describes the attitude and behavior in business and economic activities of Confucian citizens. How Confucianism contributed to the present form of business conduction, practices, culture and etiquette in China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan.

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Yu, Yueh-Ping. "Semantische Analyse kulturspezifischer Ausdrücke im Chinesischen." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät II, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17047.

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Kulturspezifische Ausdrücke spielen bei der verbalen Kommunikation eine wichtige Rolle, dies gilt umso mehr für die interkulturelle Kommunikation. Missverständnisse können durch Fehlselektion eines situativ ungeeigneten Ausdrucks ausgelöst werden, effiziente und störungsfrei verläuft eine Kommunikation hingegen erst bei einem tieferen Verständnis dieser kulturtragenden Ausdrücke. Kulturspezifische Ausdrücke werden in der interkulturellen Kommunikation als sogenannte Hotwords bezeichnet. Ihre Bedeutungen lassen sich schwer in eine andere Sprache übertragen und ebenfalls schwer im Unterricht erlernen, da jede Kultur einem eigenen Konzept folgt. Zur Erhöhung der Sprachsicherheit und des tieferen Sprachverständnisses muss daher im Unterricht eine intensive Beschäftigung mit den abstrahierten semantischen Merkmalen dieser Hotwords erfolgen, da im Sprachverarbeitungsprozess die situationsgemäße Identifizierung präferiert über die semantischen Merkmale kulturspezifischer Ausdrücke erfolgt. Erst dann kann im mentalen Lexikon beim Sprachverstehen und bei der Sprachproduktion eine der Situation angemessene Identifizierung dieser Indikatoren erfolgen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die semantischen Merkmale der höflichkeits- und ge-sichtsbezogenen Ausdrücke im Chinesischen im chinesisch-kulturellen Kontext erarbeitet und ihre in den Chinesisch-Deutschen Wörterbüchern vorhandenen Übersetzungen ins Deutsche diskutiert. Culture-specific expressions play an important role in verbal communication; this applies even more to the intercultural communication. Misunderstandings can be triggered by the faulty selection of a situational appropriate expression; on the other hand, efficient and trouble-free communication can be achieved by a deeper understanding of these cultural expressions. Culture-specific expressions are the so-called Hotwords in intercultural communication. Their meanings are difficult to transfer into another language and also difficult to learn in the classroom, because each culture follows its own concept. Therefore to increase language skills and understanding an intense preoccupation with the abstract semantic features Hotwords must be done in the classroom, because in the speech processing the situation proper identification prefers to be done through the semantic features of culture-specific expressions. Only then these proper indicators of situation can be identified in the mental lexicon during language comprehension and language production successfully. In this paper, the semantic features of politeness and face-related Words in Chinese in the Sino-cultural context are developed and their translations into German in the existing Chinese-German dictionaries are discussed.

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Lundberg, Christoffer. "CoFramer : Ett diskussionsformat för djupa diskussioner på publika forum med låg Information Overload inspirerat av Philosophy for Children." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76277.

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Syftet med studien är att presentera ett designkoncept för publika diskussioner på nätet med målet att uppnå djupare diskussioner och minska mängden information overload. Arbetet använder metoden Concept Driven Interaction Design (CDID) som går ut på att skapa ett designkoncept utifrån flera olika teorier som appliceras genom interaktionsdesign. Ett designkoncept innehåller tre delar: ett namn, ett syfte och huvudprinciper. CDID innehåller sju steg som arbetet är utformat efter: 1. Concept Generation – Summeras i en tabell som jämför diskussioner i forum (med flera antagande) och diskussioner med hjälp av metoden Philosophy for Children (P4C), samt annan teori. 2. Concept Exploration – Åtta olika designaspekter identifieras utifrån jämförelsetabellen. 3. Internal Concept Critique – Designaspekterna jämförs med två snarlika diskussionsformat. 4. Design of Artifacts – Designkoncept version 1 skapas. 5. External Design Critique – Intervjuer utförs för att undersöka intervjupersonerna generella erfarenheter av online diskussioner, testar antagandena från jämförelsetabellen och ge direkt feedback på första versionen av designkonceptet. 6. Concept Revisited – Ändringar görs baserat på intervjumaterial och direkt feedback. 7. Concept Contextualization – Designkonceptet kopplas tillbaka till litteraturen. Studien resulterar i ett designkoncept kallat CoFramer och stödjer dessa huvudprinciper som ställs i kontrast till material som identifierats genom intervjuerna: Tabell 1: CoFramers huvudprinciper och faktorer från intervjuer om diskussioner på forum. CoFramers huvudprinciper | Från intervjuer om diskussioner på forum Strukturerad början och slut | Diskussion utan tydligt slut Begränsat antal deltagare | Stor mängd deltagare Minimum antal deltagare | Många inaktiva åskådare Explicita deltagare | Lite information om deltagare Gemensamma förutsättningar | Otydlighet kring deltagares förutsättningar Begränsad informationstäthet per inlägg | Långa inlägg och/eller snabba inlägg Den röda tråden och parallella trådar | Oftast parallella trådar Aktiv samtalsledare | Outredda missförstånd Studien indikerar på att CoFramer bör resultera i mer strukturerade diskussioner och som utsätter användaren för en lägre mängd information overload och mindre grounding cost jämfört med vad som vanligtvis uppstår i publika diskussioner online. The focus of this essay is to develop a design concept for online public discussions with deep discussions and low information overload. The method used is Concept Driven Interaction Design (CDID) which involves constructing a design concept by applying a variety of theories in tangible interaction design. A design concept has three basic parts: a name, high-level goals and outlines generic principles. CDID includes seven steps which is used in this work: 1. Concept Generation – Formatted into a table that compare forum discussion (with several hypothesis) compared to discussions with the method Philosophy for Children (P4C) and other theories. 2. Concept Exploration – Eight distinct design aspects are identified from the comparison table. 3. Internal Concept Critique – The design aspects are compared to three similar discussion formats. 4. Design of Artifacts – Design concept version 1 is created. 5. External Design Critique – Interviews are conducted to explore their general experience of online discussions, investigate the hypothesis from the comparison table and to seek direct feedback on the first draft of the design concept. 6. Concept Revisited – Changes are made to the design concept based on the interview material and the direct feedback. 7. Concept Contextualization – The design concept is related to the original literature. The result of the study is a design concept named CoFramer. CoFramer’s generic principles are summarized and contrasted against factors identified from the interview material in this table: Tabell 2: CoFramer’s generic principles and interviews about online discussions. CoFramer’s generic principles | From interview material on forum discussion Organized start and ending | Discussions without clear ending Limited number of participants | Large number of participants Minimum number of participants | Large number of inactive spectators Explicit participants | Low information about participants Common conditions | Vagueness in participants conditions Limited information density per post | Long posts and/or fast posts The red thread and parallel threads | Often parallel threads Active facilitator | Unresolved misunderstandings The study indicates that CoFramer would create more structured discussions with a lower amount of information overload and less grounding cost compared what normally arise in public online discussions.

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Khan, Muhammad Sikandar Lal. "Presence through actions : theories, concepts, and implementations." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138280.

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During face-to-face meetings, humans use multimodal information, including verbal information, visual information, body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal gestures. In contrast, during computer-mediated-communication (CMC), humans rely either on mono-modal information such as text-only, voice-only, or video-only or on bi-modal information by using audiovisual modalities such as video teleconferencing. Psychologically, the difference between the two lies in the level of the subjective experience of presence, where people perceive a reduced feeling of presence in the case of CMC. Despite the current advancements in CMC, it is still far from face-to-face communication, especially in terms of the experience of presence. This thesis aims to introduce new concepts, theories, and technologies for presence design where the core is actions for creating presence. Thus, the contribution of the thesis can be divided into a technical contribution and a knowledge contribution. Technically, this thesis details novel technologies for improving presence experience during mediated communication (video teleconferencing). The proposed technologies include action robots (including a telepresence mechatronic robot (TEBoT) and a face robot), embodied control techniques (head orientation modeling and virtual reality headset based collaboration), and face reconstruction/retrieval algorithms. The introduced technologies enable action possibilities and embodied interactions that improve the presence experience between the distantly located participants. The novel setups were put into real experimental scenarios, and the well-known social, spatial, and gaze related problems were analyzed. The developed technologies and the results of the experiments led to the knowledge contribution of this thesis. In terms of knowledge contribution, this thesis presents a more general theoretical conceptual framework for mediated communication technologies. This conceptual framework can guide telepresence researchers toward the development of appropriate technologies for mediated communication applications. Furthermore, this thesis also presents a novel strong concept – presence through actions - that brings in philosophical understandings for developing presence- related technologies. The strong concept - presence through actions is an intermediate-level knowledge that proposes a new way of creating and developing future 'presence artifacts'. Presence- through actions is an action-oriented phenomenological approach to presence that differs from traditional immersive presence approaches that are based (implicitly) on rationalist, internalist views.

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Yousefi, Marziyeh. "Investigating the effect of corrective feedback on second language pragmatics: face-to-face vs. technology-mediated communication." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/12045.

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Pragmatics “focuses on how people perform, interpret, and respond to language functions in a social context” (Taguchi, 2012, p.1), and therefore its development is key to the development of language competence. Pragmatics entails both linguistic knowledge to perform language functions (pragmalinguistics) and knowledge about the appropriateness of linguistic forms in a given social context (sociopragmatics) (Thomas, 1983). The acquisition of this skill has been shown to be one of the most difficult and latest acquired aspects of L2 learning (Bardovi-Harlig & Vellenga, 2012), and in this context, corrective feedback (information about the accuracy of learners’output), has been considered to be essential to the mastery of this knowledge. This study attempted to answer whether corrective feedback on L2 request and refusal forms provided through Face-to-Face (FF) or through Technology-Mediated (TM) modes can lead to an improvement in the learners’ performance in comprehension and production. Forty-four ELL students in three parallel intact classes were chosen to participate in the study. A Role-play test was used to collect production data and a multiple-choice discourse completion test was used to gather comprehension data. A mixed-model Analysis of Variance was conducted to examine the main and interaction effects of the treatment (corrective feedback), delivery mode (FF and TM), speech act type (request and refusal), and time (pre-test, post-test, and delayed post-test). The results demonstrated that CF led to improved performance in L2 pragmatics. Significant effects for corrective feedback were clear for both pragmatic comprehension and production, and there was no difference between comprehension and production improvement. Furthermore, the results showed that both FF and TM corrective feedback were effective modalities for improving pragmatic production while only TM delivery was effective in comprehending the target speech acts. The findings of the present study also suggest that CF effects were durable both in production and comprehension. The possibility of the effects of type of speech acts in influencing CF effects was generally rejected as CF improved comprehending and producing both speech acts significantly. In summary, the findings of the study generally support the application of CF and technology to the acquisition of second language pragmatic ability. Graduate

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Videira, Joana Raquel Faia. "Ansiedade face aos testes." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/7437.

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Dissertação de Mestrado presentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia da Educação. O stress e a ansiedade são uma constante no dia-a-dia da população em geral. Na vida académica isto não é diferente pois os alunos são expostos a diversas situações causadores desse stress e dessa ansiedade, como por exemplo a pressão que sentem por parte dos professores ou até dos pais para alcançarem bons resultados, as constantes avaliações a que são sujeitos ao longo de todo o percurso académico, o receio que os próprios sentem em falhar, as expectativas sentidas por estes em relação à sua vida académica, entre outras. Tudo isto poderá influenciar tanto o desempenho académico dos alunos como o sucesso escolar dos mesmos. . Existem factores que poderão mostrar diferenças nos níveis de ansiedade como por exemplo o facto de o aluno já ter reprovado de ano anteriormente, o género, o autoconceito e o nível de escolaridade em que se encontram. Posto isto, este trabalho apresenta como objectivo conhecer e compreender a ansiedade face aos testes nos estudantes de duas turmas que frequentam o 8º, 9º, 10º e 11º anos lectivos do agrupamento de escolas da Brandoa, Amadora. Este trabalho, pretende também compreender o comportamento da variável ansiedade face aos testes em relação ao autoconceito, ao género, ao ciclo escolar e ao proveito escolar dos alunos. A recolha dos dados foi de forma quantitativa através de dois questionários, o QAT – “Questionário da Ansiedade Face aos Testes” de Rosário e Soares (2004) e a “Escala de Autoconceito e Auto-Estima” de Peixoto e Almeida (1999). Os resultados não foram de encontro à literatura, não tendo sido verificadas diferenças significativas na ansiedade sentida face aos testes em relação ao género, autoconceito, ciclo escolar e proveito académico. Assim, os resultados não foram de encontro às hipóteses propostas neste estudo. No entanto, isto poderá ser explicado, como mais à frente se poderá consultar. Stress and anxiety are a constant in the everyday life of the general population. In academic life this is no different because students are exposed to various situations that cause this stress and anxiety, such as the pressure they feel from teachers or even parents to achieve good results, the constant assessments to which they are subjected all along the academic path, their own fear of failing, their expectations of their academic life, among others. All of this can influence both students’ academic achievement and student achievement. There are factors that may show differences in anxiety levels such as the fact that the students has already failed a grade before, the gender, self-concept and level of education they are in. That said, this paper aims to know and understand the anxiety about the test in students from two classes that attend the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th grade of the Brandoa, Amadora school cluster. This paper also aims to understand the behavior of the anxiety variable in relation to the testes in relation to self-concept, gender, school cycle and students’ school performance. Data collection was quantitative through two questionnaires, the QAT – “Anxiety Questionnaire on Tests” by Rosário and Soares (2004) and the “Self-Concept and Self- Esteem Scale” by Peixoto and Almeida (1999). The results were not in the literature, and there were no significant differences in the anxiety felt regarding the tests in relation to gender, self-concept, school cycle and academic achievement. Thus, the results did not match the hypotheses proposed in this study. However, this can be explained as you will see later. Keywords:

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Chien-Hsing, Chou, and 周建興. "Cluster Analysis and Face Detection Using the Concept of Symmetry." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33830783492964109289.

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碩士 淡江大學 電機工程學系 87 Cluster analysis is a tool for exploring the underlying structure of the data set to be analyzed and is being applied in a variety of engineering and scientific fields such as computer vision, biology, psychology, medicine and marketing. The aim of cluster analysis is to partition a data set into several clusters such that the degree of similarity is high among members of the same cluster and low between members belonging to different clusters. However, clusters can be of arbitrary shapes and sizes in a multidimensional pattern space. For the time being, clustering algorithms that can deal with all situations are not yet available. Each clustering criterion imposes a certain structure on the data, and if the data happen to conform to the requirements of a particular criterion, the true clusters are recovered. Unfortunately, there is no general guideline for choosing one criterion over the other since we usually do not have prior knowledge about the geometric characteristics of the data. In this thesis, we propose a modified version of the K-means algorithm and a modified version of the competitive learning to cluster data. The proposed algorithms adopt a new distance measure based on the idea of "symmetry". We intend to trade-off flexibility in clustering data with computational complexity. By employing the new measure, the algorithms are capable of grouping a given data set into a number of clusters of different geometrical structures. Several data sets are tested to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms. In addition, the second goal of this thesis is to use the concept of symmetry to detect human faces in a complex background. First, the symmetry of human faces is used to quickly locate all the candidate of human faces with all possible sizes and locations. Then two associate memories are used to decide whether or not a human face exits at the locations. Some experimental results are given and simulation results are very encouraging.

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Lin, Yaling, and 林雅苓. "Influence of Adolescent Perception of School Factors on Forming of Concept of Face." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92540958685456687545.

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碩士 大葉大學 教育專業發展研究所 100 The purpose of this research is to discuss the influence of adolescent perception of school factors, including the friendly classroom atmosphere, the authoritative teachers’ leadership, the negative follows’ interaction, and the outstanding performance, on forming of concept of face. First, this research defines the concept of face, and understands the functions of face and the adolescents’ psychological phenomenon about face by discussing the related bibliographies. Also, this research analyzes the relation between face and school education. This research mainly uses the questionnaire survey. The research method is self-made “measurement of environmental feelings,” including five parts- “personal information,” “the friendly classroom atmosphere,” “the authoritative teachers’ leadership,” “the negative follows’ interaction,” and “the outstanding performance.” To investigate junior high school students’ background information and the degrees of feelings of face under the four hypotheses – “the friendly classroom atmosphere,” “the authoritative teachers’ leadership,” “the negative follows’ interaction,” and “the outstanding performance,” 558 questionnaires are sent out. 540 questionnaires are valid and the valid rate is 97%. This research uses descriptive statistics, mix design two-way (univariate) ANOVA, t-test, and one way analysis of varianceto know the face differences by testing the adolescents’ background variable under the consciousness of four hypothetic school circumstances. According to the analysis of the valid questionnaires, the conclusions are as follows, 1.The influences of the friendly classroom atmosphere on the adolescent perception of face are the most; the influences of the authoritative teachers’ leadership are the least. 2.The influences of the situation when adolescents have face on the adolescent perception of face are higher than the influence of the situation when adolescents lose face. 3.The influences of the outstanding performance on boy junior high school students are higher than girl junior high school students. 4.The influences of the authoritative teachers’ leadership and the negative follows’ interaction on girl junior high school students are higher than boy junior high school students.

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Matos, David Emanuel Ruivo. "Prototype and proof of concept for a display system in retail stores." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/2338.

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Selling devices on retail stores comes with the big challenge of grabbing the customer’s attention. Nowadays people have a lot of offers at their disposal and new marketing techniques must emerge to differentiate the products. When it comes to smartphones and tablets, those devices can make the difference by themselves, if we use their computing power and capabilities to create something unique and interactive. With that in mind, three prototypes were developed during an internship: a face recognition based Customer Detection, a face tracking solution with an Avatar and interactive cross-app Guides. All three revealed to have potential to be differentiating solutions in a retail store, not only raising the chance of a customer taking notice of the device but also of interacting with them to learn more about their features. The results were meant to be only proof of concepts and therefore were not tested in the real world.

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Martins, Maria Da Conceição. "Atitudes dos jovens alunos face a si próprios e ao ambiente." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/45276.

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A participação das pessoas nos processos de preservação do ambiente é um dos maiores desafios das sociedades e os jovens têm aí um notório papel. O estudo das atitudes face ao ambiente tem-se tornado muito atual e importante para a educação, com os estudos empíricos sobre os fatores pessoais e sociais que condicionam tais atitudes a relevar a necessidade de aprofundamento das pesquisas. Entender o que os jovens pensam de si próprios poderá contribuir para a melhoria do ensino da própria educação ambiental. Neste enquadramento, esta pesquisa visou encontrar respostas para o seguinte Problema de investigação: Como se caracterizam as atitudes dos jovens alunos face a si próprios (autoconceito) e face ao ambiente, como se relacionam entre si estas variáveis e quais os seus fatores? Pretendeu-se, assim, conhecer como se relacionam as atitudes face ao ambiente, como processo psicológico de valorização de um objeto social, com as atitudes face a si próprio, como processo psicológico de valorização das suas próprias ações, e como aquelas se diferenciam em função de variáveis de natureza pessoal e escolar. A metodologia seguiu uma abordagem quantitativa, com análises correlacionais e diferenciais. A amostra foi constituída por 1281 jovens estudantes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 12 e 18 anos, dos 7.º, 9.º e 11.º anos de escolaridade, repartidos pelo interior do país e pelo litoral. Como instrumentos, utilizaram-se as escalas Autoconcepto Forma 5 (AF5), Environmental Attitude Inventory (EAI-24) e Escala de Atitudes dos Jovens Face ao Ambiente (EAJFA), após estudo e confirmação das suas qualidades psicométricas. Quanto ao procedimento havido, foram tidos em conta os cuidados éticos e os instrumentos foram administrados em contexto de sala de aula, nos Agrupamentos de Escolas das zonas geográficas referidas. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar as atitudes e encontrar relações significativas entre as atitudes face a si próprio e as atitudes face ao ambiente, bem como detetar diferenciações nas atitudes em função das variáveis sociodemográficas consideradas (idade, sexo, zona geográfica e rendimento escolar), com resultados em geral favoráveis aos sujeitos mais novos, do sexo feminino, do litoral e com superior rendimento escolar. Os resultados foram discutidos e interpretados à luz da literatura revista. A tese termina com sugestão de futuros estudos e, ainda, com implicações para a educação pessoal e ambiental dos jovens. The participation of people in the processes of preserving the environment is one of the biggest challenges of societies and young people have a notorious role. The study of attitudes towards the environment has become very current and important for education, with empirical studies on the personal and social factors that condition such attitudes to highlight the need for further research. Understanding what young people think of themselves can contribute to the improvement of environmental education. In this context, this research aimed at finding answers to the following research problem: How to characterize the attitudes of young students towards themselves (self-concept) and the environment, how are these variables related to each other and what are their factors? Thus, it was intended to know how attitudes towards the environment, as a psychological process of valuing a social object, are related to attitudes towards oneself, as a psychological process of valuing one's own actions, and how they differ according to personal and school variables. The methodology followed a quantitative approach, with correlational and differential analyses. The sample consisted of 1281 young students, male and female, aged between 12 and 18 years, from the 7th, 9th and 11th grade, distributed between the interior and the coast. The instruments used were the Autoconcept Form 5 (AF5), Environmental Attitude Inventory (EAI-24) and Escala de Atitudes dos Jovens Face ao Ambiente (EAJFA) scales, after studying and confirming their psychometric qualities. Regarding the procedure, ethical care was taken into account and the instruments were administered in the classroom context, in the Schools of the referred geographical areas. The results allowed characterizing the attitudes and finding significant relationships between the attitudes towards oneself and the attitudes towards the environment, as well as detecting differences in attitudes according to the sociodemographic variables considered (age, gender, geographical area and school performance), with generally favourable results for the young, female, coastal, and with higher school performance. Results were discussed and interpreted based on the revised literature. The thesis ends with the suggestion of future studies and also with implications for the personal and environmental education of young people.

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Barbar, Micheline. "Le concept de "santé publique" devant l'OMC face au "droit à la santé" de l'OMS : le cas des médicaments génériques." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2091/1/M9204.pdf.

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Ce mémoire vise à présenter deux techniques opposées avec d'une part l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) ayant pour mandat la promotion du droit à la santé et d'autre part l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) qui préconise le principe de la libéralisation des échanges. Ceci est dans le but de clarifier successivement la notion de santé à l'OMS, les acquis de la Déclaration d'Alma-Ata sur les soins de santé primaires et le concept de «santé publique» utilisée à l'OMC dans le cas spécifique du débat sur les médicaments génériques. L'étude se concentre sur la question de compatibilité ou d'opposabilité entre ce dernier concept et les principes de L'OMS. De là découle la tentative de donner une définition précise du concept de «santé publique». L'OMC affirme du «bout des lèvres» la protection de la santé publique et les tensions entre les États est frappante lorsqu'il s'agit d'illustrer le débat dans leur relation entre les droits de l'homme et le commerce international: plus spécifiquement dans l'interprétation juridique de la santé (Constitution de l'OMS, Déclaration d'Alma-Ata) versus les accords politiques (Déclaration sur l'Accord sur les ADPIC et la santé publique, la Décision d'août 2003). Les États membres ont certes des obligations au sein de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce mais sont de même tenus à respecter leur engagement en faveur des droits de l'homme. L'Organisme des règlements des différends n'est pas le garant d'une telle coordination. Face à deux organisations, des interrogations de droit international dépassant le «cas des médicaments» se posent lorsqu'il s'agit d'exposer la controverse doctrinale sur l'indépendance du système de l'OMC par rapport au corpus juridique international et sur celle relative plus généralement à l'unification ou à l'éclatement du droit international. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : ADPIC, Conseil des ADPIC, Droit à la santé (Right to Health), Déclaration de Doha sur la santé publique, Déclaration d'Alma-Ata, Fragmentation of international law, Lex specialis, Organisation mondiale du commerce (WTO), Organisation mondiale de la santé (WHO), Soins de santé primaires (Primary Health Care), Santé publique (Public Health).

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Suen, Ming-shan, and 孫明山. "The study of the junior high school students in the face of the probability problem from Intuitive concept and misconceptions." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95115276283846527473.

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碩士 國立中正大學 教育研究所 96 Abstract The study focused on the junior high school of the second-year & third-grade students in the face of the problem ... the basic concept of probability problems. Geometric problem of the incident. Ratio similar to the problem. Majority rule issues, such as four chances to take the concept of the problem-solving strategies and Solving Problems arising in the course of misconceptions.In September and October 2007 for the Yunlin County, a remote junior high school students in 167 second-year & third-grade students and Measurement, Measurement after some representation for the wrong type or related concepts An error of students to conduct individual interviews with students of the case to answer. Study focused on the following: 1. Probability of students in the basic concept. Geometric incident. Approximate ratio. Majority rule issues such as the concept of understanding and problem-solving process taken by the strategy. 2. Probability of students face problems, taken by the individual problem-solving strategies. Implicit way behind when the intuitive ideas and concepts. 3. Chosen representative of the interviews of students the wrong solution to the myth behind the original concept is very likely chance intuitive misconceptions. The results are as follows: 1. Whether the second-year & third-grade students of the probability of individual students answer all the correct answers or probability, the correct answers were as high or low rate [geometric incident] [basic concepts] [approximate ratio] [majority rule]. 2.The students in the visual judgement vulnerable to [amount] [descriptive hrase] [inequality] impact on problem solving and be misled. 3. Probability of students on the concept of the city [Street near] rather than [absolute] is a [concept] rather than [the number of easily misunderstood, can not understand numerous chances after the operation, only slowly found it near A fixed value. 4. Probability of students problem-solving or intuitive judgement vulnerable because of personal reasons or affected by the media, and often with mathematical point of view contrary, the probability of a concept easily. Intuitive rather than conscious myth. Keyword: Basic concepts of probability. Intuitive concept of probability. Probability of misconceptions

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Daoust, Marc-Kevin. "Les sciences sociales devraient-elles être neutres? : le rôle des chercheurs(ses) face à la normativité du discours éthique et politique, de Weber à Putnam." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10638.

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L'objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre la neutralité axiologique non pas comme une exigence épistémologique, mais plutôt comme un idéal éducationnel. Max Weber propose une science basée sur la description factuelle, de laquelle on exclut la formulation de jugements de valeur. Pour l'auteur, il est préférable de séparer les jugements descriptifs des jugements évaluatifs dans le but de préserver l'autonomie intellectuelle des étudiants. Comme il serait contraire au principe d'autonomie de laisser le professeur influencer et convaincre ses étudiants, de façon partisane, d'adhérer à certaines thèses normatives, Weber propose un mécanisme pour éviter que le professeur n'influence ses étudiants de manière illégitime. Les critiques contemporaines de la neutralité axiologique, en particulier celles de Sen et Putnam, voient dans le critère de neutralité un rejet de l'entrelacement logique des faits et des valeurs. Ils critiquent la supposée subjectivité des valeurs et, ce faisant, défendent une conception enrichie de la science où les valeurs éthiques sont présentes. Weber n'a jamais défendu qu'il était impossible de mener une analyse à la fois descriptive et normative. Seulement, on doit s'interroger sur les lieux où s'exprime la normativité, et s'assurer que toutes les conditions sont présentes pour qu'une discussion normative tende réellement à l'objectivité. The objective of this Master’s thesis is to understand axiological neutrality, not as an epistemological requirement, but rather as an educational ideal. Max Weber proposes a science based on factual description, in which making value judgements is excluded. For the author, it is preferable to distinguish between descriptive and evaluative judgements so as to preserve the intellectual autonomy of students. As it would be contrary to the principle of autonomy to allow the professor to influence and convince students, in a biased manner, as well as to adhere to certain normative themes, Weber proposes a mechanism to prevent a professor from influencing students in an inappropriate way. Contemporary criticism of axiological neutrality, specifically by Sen and Putnam, sees the criteria of neutrality as a rejection of the interlacing logic of facts and values. They criticize the so-called subjectivity of values and, by doing this, defend an enriched view of science where ethical values are present. Weber has never defended the idea that it was impossible to do an analysis that is both descriptive and normative. However, one must ask where normative aspects are expressed, and make sure that all conditions are present so that a normative discussion truly results in objectivity.

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Abril, Maria João de. "Auto-conceito e auto-estima em alunos do 7º e 8º ano de escolaridade e suas percepções face clima de sala de aula a matemática, emoções vivenciadas na aula de matemática e indisciplina." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/3893.

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Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário A pertinência deste estudo é demonstrada através dos contextos educativos como intercessores do desenvolvimento do indivíduo, não só ao nível do desempenho escolar e aquisição de conteúdos académicos, como também ao nível emocional, construção do “self”, valores cívicos e morais. Assim, o referido estudo centra-se em percepções de alunos do 7º e 8º ano de escolaridade acerca da indisciplina, do clima de sala de aula e emoções experienciadas na disciplina de matemática, auto-conceito e auto-estima e a importância atribuída às dimensões do auto-conceito, com o intuito de avaliar se existem diferenças entre os alunos que se consideram nada indisciplinados (NI) e muito indisciplinados (MI) e, por último, analisar se existem associações entre as diversas variáveis em estudo. Da amostra faziam parte 131 participantes de uma escola pública da região de Lisboa. Os Instrumentos utilizados foram a “Escala de Auto-conceito e Auto-estima para Adolescentes” de Peixoto e Almeida (1999), “Escala de Clima de Sala de Aula a Matemática” de Mata, Monteiro e Peixoto (2010), “Questionário de Emoções em Situações de Desempenho” de Pekrun e Goetz (2005) adaptado para alunos portugueses do 7º e 8º ano de escolaridade e questionário para auto-avaliação de indisciplina. Os principais resultados sugerem a existência de relações entre o clima de sala de aula e os estados emocionais dos alunos, que a auto percepção dos alunos acerca do clima de sala de aula não difere entre grupos NI e MI, e as emoções são equivalentes nos grupos NI e MI à excepção do orgulho e do desânimo. ABSTRACT: The pertinence of this study have been demonstrated in educational settings as intercessors of the individuals development not only at academic performance and academic content level, as well at emotional level, self's construction, and moral and civic values. Thus the study focuses on 7th and 8th grade students' perceptions regarding indiscipline behavior, classroom's environment, experienced emotions in class math, self-concept and self-esteem and the importance attached to the self-concept dimensions in order to access differences between students who consider themselves as nothing undisciplined (NI) and those who consider themselves as very undisciplined (MI) and finally consider whether there are associations between the different variables under study. The sample was composed by 131 participants of a public school in the Lisbon area. The instruments used to assess students' perceptions were: “Adolescents’ Self-concept and Self-esteem Scale” (Peixoto & Almeida, 1999), “Math’s Environment Classroom Scale” (Mata, Monteiro & Peixoto, 2010), “Emotions Achievement Questionnaire” (Pekrun & Goetz, 2005), translated and adapted for 7th and 8th Portuguese students and “Indiscipline Self Assessment Questionnaire”. The main results suggest the presence of links between that classroom's environment and students‟ emotional states, students' self-perception of math's classroom environment did not differ between NI and MI groups and emotions are equivalent in NI and MI groups other than pride and discouragement. , , .

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Lee, Kathy Wing Yee. "Pathways to Collaboration: A case Study of Local and Foreign Teacher Relationships in a South-eastern Chinese university." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18102.

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This qualitative case study explored the nature of the relationships between Local (English) Teachers (LTs) and Foreign (English) Teachers (FTs) who worked at the same English institute of a foreign studies university in south-eastern China. Employing the community of practice framework, this research drew insights from a questionnaire, interviews, and observations. The findings revealed that the teachers seldom interacted and, furthermore, were influenced by broader social structures that were not considered in the framework. Accordingly, the theory was extended to include other perspectives, such as native and non-native English speaking teacher issues and the Chinese concept of face, in order to determine the underlying reasons that inhibited their interaction. Notwithstanding these challenges, three cases of FT-LT collaboration were discovered, and the factors that enhanced their collaboration were analysed. The LT and FT participants provided suggestions to each other and the administrators on how collaboration could be improved in their institute.

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Kubayi, Sikheto Joe. "Address forms in Xitsonga : a socio-pragmatic perspective." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13372.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the nature of socio-cultural rules underlying address behaviour in face-to-face interactions in Xitsonga. In the study, a socio-pragmatic approach is used. This approach is a combination of sociolinguistics and pragmatics. Data are collected using semi-structured interviews from 29 participants in Hlanganani region. Hlanganani is a Xitsonga speech community located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The participants were selected in terms of five variables, namely their age, gender, marital status, educational status and occupation. Five theories are tested in this study, namely Brown and Gilman’s (1968) theory of power and solidarity, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory, the theory of accommodation, the theory of universal grammar and the Gricean theory of conversation. The study finds that Hlanganani is an age-set society in that the age of a person is the primary determiner of address choice. The male gene also receives superior status in address behaviour in Xitsonga. It is also found that women are given the same lower status as children. It is observed that women’s statuses reflect their graduation in terms of marriage and the production of children. It is recommended that more studies of a similar kind should be undertaken based on either different speech communities or on a comparative basis of particularly African languages. Such studies will go a long way in describing similarities and differences in both the linguistic and the social structures of different cultures. African Languages D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pragmatics face - concept of face'

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