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Rathmayr, Renate. "Intercultural aspects of new Russian politeness." Department für Fremdsprachliche Wirtschaftskommunikation, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1060/1/document.pdf.
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This paper is dedicated to surveying the present situation and the spread of the new Russian politeness phenomenon (NRP), and its evaluation and assessment by Russian native speakers in respect to the inter-cultural aspects of new Russian politeness. In terms of pragmatic change, the question is whether NRP is a short-lived linguistic fad or whether it is a thorough change in Russian pragmatic behaviour we are dealing with. The following paper is intended to show some empirical results of this survey of observations and responses relating to the spread and acceptance of politeness phenomena. Furthermore, the focus is on emotional evaluation, rational interpretation, and the spread of these phenomena into non-commercial communication domains. The informants' assessments prove remarkably heterogeneous and offer a variety of reactions, ranging from rejection and pejorative evaluation as communicative ballast to enthusiastic acceptance. The rational evaluations can be subsumed under westernisation and commercialisation of discourse - two aspects of globalisation which is seen as the implementation of forms of the free market economy. On the other hand, we also find a semantic interpretation as an expression of individualisation of discourse. It can finally be observed that while some respondents even diagnosed a decrease in politeness since its climax in the late 1990s, a possible mixture of genuinely Russian politeness (characterised by warmth, openness, spontaneity, taking an interest in others, etc.; positive politeness, Brown & Levinson 1987) with Western non-intrusive politeness (negative politeness, Brown & Levinson 1987) was also predicted, which I regard as the most optimistic future scenario. (author´s abstract)Series: WU Online Papers in International Business Communication / Series One: Intercultural Communication and Language Learning
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Jakučionytė, Viktorija. "Politeness strategies across cultures: comparison / contrast of Lithuanian and American cultures." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130801_140947-89962.
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The purpose of this paper was to discover the politeness schemes in two languages – American English and Lithuanian – and then compare the means of expressing politeness strategies in the two mentioned languages. The method used in the paper is a survey, evaluated by both qualitative and quantitative methods. The research illustrated that the two mentioned cultures do indeed use the speech acts of gratitude and apology. It also showed that American Female and American Male groups tend to choose more polite reactions, while Lithuanian Female and Lithuanian Male groups tend to use less polite reactions more often. Americans (both genders) do not imply the feeling of gratitude or apology, they say it directly. The Lithuanians (both genders) expressed gratitude or apology in everyday situations not as often and not as directly. In other words, the Lithuanian culture tends to use positive politeness; and vice versa, the American culture tends to use negative politeness. Besides that, the research revealed that gender plays a significant role in the answers of the survey respondents. The Female Americans and Female Lithuanians seem to be more polite than their male counterparts. It was also revealed that the respondents of American nationality express gratitude or apology in a more polite way and use more speech acts of gratitude or apology in both private and public spheres than the group of Lithuanian respondents.
I believe, that my research is very important and relevant as it... [to full text]Šio mokslinio darbo tikslas yra atskleisti mandagumo schemas dviejose kalbose – amerikiečių ir lietuvių – o veliau palyginti mandagumo raiškos priemones abiejose paminėtose kalbose. Tyrimo klausimas šiame darbe yra: Kas yra mandagu ir nemandagu amerikiečių ir lietuvių kultūrose ir kas yra laikoma mandagiu ir nemandagiu amerikiečių ir lietuvių kultūrose, kai tai būna pateikta kasdienėse situacijose (išreiškiant dėkingumą ir atsiprašymą)? Šiame moksliniame darbe aš pirmiausia gilinausi į teorinius aspektus, kurie susiję su mandagumo strategijomis pragmatikoje, vėliau tyrinėjau mandagumo raiškos priemones lietuvių ir amerikiečių kalbose, ir galiausiai lyginau mandagumo strategijų panašumus ir skirtumus, pagal tai, kaip jie yra išreikšti abiejose paminėtose kalbose. Tyrimo metodas, naudotas šiame darbe, yra kokybinė ir kiekybinė analizė. Tyrime dalyvavo 154 dalyviai: 75 amerikiečiai (50 moterų ir 25 vyrai) bei 79 lietuviai (48 moterys ir 31 vyras). Visi jie savanoriškai atsakė į klausimus. Tyrimas buvo pravestas internetinio tyrimų puslapio Survey Monkey pagalba (www.surveymonkey.com), kuris yra vienas populiariausių tyrimo atlikimo būdų pasaulyje. Jis suteikia galimybę tyrėjui ne tik gauti informaciją apklausos būdu iš respondentų iš viso pasaulio, bet ir apskaičiuoja rezultatus. Atliktas tyrimas parodė, kad dvi minėtosios kultūros tikrai naudoja dėkingumo bei atsiprašymo kalbos aktus. Jis taip pat atskleidė, kad Amerikiečių Moterų ir Amerikiečių Vyrų grupės yra linkę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Marti, Leyla Mesude. "(In)directness and politeness in Turkish requests : with special reference to Turkish-German bilingual returnees." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322130.
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Millard, Byron Scott. "An Examination of George Orwell's Newspeak through Politeness Theory." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1367.
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This thesis aims to analyze the formation of politeness in the use of Orwell's artificial language, Newspeak. Multiple theories of politeness will be utilized for the examination but with primary focuses on Brown and Levinson's (1987) original theory and Watts' (2003) views on politic behavior. Orwell's (1949) original novel will be used for the grammatical and lexical basis of the language as well as the source for the language's sociolinguistic aspects. It will be shown that politeness is present within the society and its language, even though it is mechanically altered due to the structure of Newspeak. The largest changes are through the realization of face in INGSOC where a hybrid of Western and Eastern social principles are present.
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Austin, J. P. M. "The dark side of politeness: a pragmatic analysis of non-cooperative communication." Thesis, University of Canterbury. English, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1041.
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I examine the Brown and Levinson (1978) model of politeness. On the assumption that a model of face attention must involve impolite as well as polite interactive behaviour, I construct an analogous model to deal with what I term Face Attack Acts. I show that an extension of a politeness model in this way reveals serious flaws in some hypotheses central to Brown and Levinson's work. I apply the principles of Relevance Theory (Sperber and Wilson 1986)to the extended model, and show how the theory can offer an explanatory account of face attention, on a continuum from polite to impolite. Relevance Theory makes predictions about the interpretation of utterances in context, which explain how the face-oriented aspect of interaction is recovered by hearers. I show that Relevance Theory provides a motivated way of linking utterances with facts about power asymmetries and group-membership which are seen to be recoverable by the interpretive process. I apply the resulting face-attention model of utterance interpretation to examples of the use of language to encode power and communicate assumptions about social behaviour and status. In terms of previous accounts of utterance interpretation, particularly Grice's Cooperative Principle and maxims, the account of face attention which incorporates Relevance Theory has greater explanatory power. In practical terms, this application of Relevance Theory is shown to be illuminating in raising the assumptions underlying non-cooperative communication to a conscious level, at which their validity can be sustained.
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Kuchuk, Alexandra. "Politeness in Intercultural Communication: Some Insights into the Pragmatics of English as an International Language." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/238633.
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Taking a social constructionist perspective, this dissertation explores politeness-as-practice (Eelen, 2001) of L2 English speakers in intercultural communication encounters. The study is situated within the English as an International Language (EIL) paradigm which suggests that pragmatic norms in interaction between EIL speakers are dynamic and flexible, and therefore, instead of measuring EIL speakers' success in interaction against a "native-speaker" norm, the research should focus on how speakers themselves define and (co-)construct pragmatic norms and successful interaction (e.g., House, 2003a; McKay, 2009). The view of politeness taken in this study is based on postmodern approaches to politeness, which submit that politeness is dynamic and that the politeness meanings of particular strategies, utterances, and linguistic forms are assigned to them by participants within an interaction. Data were collected through background questionnaires, written questionnaires in the form of critical incidents, and semi-structured informal interviews. The data were analyzed qualitatively, relying primarily on discourse analysis complemented by the theories of "third place", facework, and politeness. The results of this study offer insights into the nature of pragmatic competence in EIL, the processes of the development of such competence, and challenges that L2 English speakers face in this process. Specifically, this study investigates how L2 speakers of English conceptualize politeness, the hybrid and dynamic nature of their pragmatic competence in general and politeness-in-practice in particular, and the interrelationship between politeness and other factors that determine the speakers' pragmatic choices in situations that have potential for misunderstanding, conflict, and face loss. This dissertation contributes to the theory and research in the fields of Second Language Acquisition (SLA), EIL, Intercultural Communication, Interlanguage Pragmatics and Politeness by providing insights into the pragmatic competence and politeness of L2 English speakers. This work deepens the body of scholarship in these fields in that it provides the speakers' own perspectives on the processes of their pragmatic competence development and their concepts of politeness. It is also hoped that insights provided by this study will benefit English language teachers who aim to develop intercultural communicative competence in their classrooms.
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Brown, Howard Paul. "The pragmatics of direct address in the Iliad a study in linguistic politeness /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1061412264.
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Jaeger, Sara. "Linguistic Politeness in Children’s Movies. : A quantitative corpus study of politeness expressions in The Movie Corpus." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91422.
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This study aims to analyze explicit politeness markers such as please and thank you in children’s movies using The Movie Corpus. Differences in use over time as well as between children’s movies and other genres of film are investigated, by extracting a variety of frequencies from the corpus for further analysis. The results show that politeness markers are, and have tended to be, more common in children’s movies than in other genres of film. However, the results also suggest that politeness markers are decreasing in frequency in both children’s movies and in other genres of film, but that the decreases are not consistent throughout all the decades analyzed. The study suggests that we seem to be moving towards a less polite society, or one where implicit politeness markers are preferred over explicit ones. In conclusion, it is suggested that further studies are needed to determine which results of this study that are exclusive to children’s movies rather than suggesting trends in film overall.
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Kuo, Li-feng. "CHILDREN'S USE OF REQUESTS IN CHINESE (L1) AND ENGLISH (L2): A CASE STUDY IN TAIWAN." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193739.
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Much research on requests has been carried out among L1 Chinese adults, L1 Chinese children, L1 children, L2 adults, and L2 children, but no studies to date have simultaneously examined Chinese children's requests in Chinese (L1) and English (L2). The aim of this study is to investigate how Taiwanese elementary school children vary requests according to situation, language, age, and hearer variables, and the level of consistency between the child interview results and the validation results. Semi-structured individual interviews with child participants were used as the major method for data collection. Naturalistic school and home observations, interviews with parents and teachers of the children, audio and video recordings, and field notes were also included to validate and triangulate the child interview data, which were coded and analyzed using a modified version of the CCSARP coding scheme and an excellent level of intercoder reliability was reached.Results indicate that overall: (1) requests made under rights-protecting situations seem to be more direct and reasonableness-based than those made under favor-asking situations, (2) Chinese requests appear to be more direct and elaborate than English requests, (3) older children are more likely than younger children to frame direct, brief, and tactful requests, (4) child hearers are more likely than adult hearers to receive direct requests, and (5) for an individual child, the child interview and validation findings appear to be compatible, except that consistency is low regarding requests given to classmates. The results lend strong support to the claim that language use can be highly context-specific as can the request performance of children. This study may bring new insights into understanding the complexity of Chinese children's requests, thus sensitizing educators and parents to the significance of pragmatic competence in Chinese children's earlier development of language, whether Chinese or English, and helping them provide instructions that better suit children's pragmatic development and ability.
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Gibson, Kimberly Dawn. "Lines by Someone Else: the Pragmatics of Apprompted Poems." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804948/.
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Over the last sixty years, overtly intertextual poems with titles such as “Poem Beginning with a Line by John Ashbery” and “Poem Ending with a Line by George W. Bush” have been appearing at an increasing rate in magazines and collections. These poems wed themselves to other texts and authors in distinct ways, inviting readers to engage with poems which are, themselves, in conversation with lines from elsewhere. These poems, which I refer to as “apprompted” poems, explicitly challenge readers to investigate the intertextual conversation, and in doing so, they adopt inherent risks. My thesis will chart the various effects these poems can have for readers and the consequences they may hold for the texts from which they borrow. Literary critics such as Harold Bloom and J. H. Miller have described the act of borrowing as competitive and parasitic—“agon” is Bloom’s term for what he sees as the oedipal anxiety of poets and poets’ texts to their antecedents, but an investigation of this emerging genre in terms of linguistic pragmatics shows that apprompted poems are performing a wider range of acts in relation to their predecessors. Unlike Bloom’s theory, which interprets the impulse of poetic creation through psychoanalysis, I employ linguistic terms from Brown and Levinson’s linguistic Politeness theory to analyze apprompted poems as conversational speech events. Politeness theory provides a useful analysis of these poems by documenting the weight of threats to the positive and negative “faces” of the participants in each poetic conversation. I have documented these “face-threatening-acts” and used them to divide apprompted poems into five major speech events: satire, revision, promotion, pastiche, and ecclesiastic. Ultimately, this paper serves at the intersection of literary criticism and linguistics, as I suggest a theoretical approach to the interpretation and criticism of apprompted poems by way of linguistic pragmatics.
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Kanekatsu, Nozomi. "Pragmatic performance of English immersion students in Japan : politeness in second language requests." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97823.
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This study investigates L2 pragmatic performance of EFL learners in an English immersion program in Japan. More specifically, the study examines whether the leamers are able to express appropriate politeness when making a request in English. Participants were 28 Japanese-Ll English immersion students and 4 native speakers of English at high school level (Grades 10, 11 and 12). Data collection was completed using role-play tasks, entailing the use of polite requests to a person of higher status, to elicit speech samples from participant dyads. Classroom observations, interviews, and a written questionnaire, involving 10 teachers and 42 students, were also conducted in order to better understand the L2 oral production data.Cette étude s'intéresse à la performance pragmatique en langue seconde (L2) d'étudiants en anglais langue étrangère (ALE) dans un programme d'immersion anglaise au Japon. Plus spécifiquement, l'étude examine si les étudiants sont capables d'exprimer la politesse appropriée en faisant une demande en anglais. Les participants étaient 28 étudiants japonais de l'immersion anglais et quatre étudiants de langue maternelle anglaise de niveau lycée (niveaux 10, 11 et 12). La collecte de données a été accomplie en utilisant des jeux de rôle, qui nécessitaient l'utilisation de demandes polies à une personne d'un statut plus élevé, pour obtenir des échantillons de discours des dyades de participants. Des observations en salle de classe, des entrevues, et un questionnaire écrit, faisant participer dix professeurs et 42 étudiants, ont également été menés afin de mieux comprendre les données de production orales de L2.
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Jasim, Mohammed. "Refusals of requests and offers in Iraqi Arabic and British English." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/refusals-of-requests-and-offers-in-iraqi-arabic-and-british-english(21b02b43-6eda-445c-9b5e-95581bc5c1e4).html.
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This study investigates refusals of requests and offers utilised by speakers of Iraqi Arabic and British English, as well as by Iraqi learners of English. It aims to identify the strategies of refusal employed by these three groups of speakers, as well as any differences between them. 60 subjects participated in this study. 20 Iraqi Arabic Speakers (IAs), 20 Iraqi Learners of English (ILEs), and 20 British English Speakers (BEs). The elicitation method adopted for the data collection consisted of a discourse completion test (DCT) and a series of open-ended role plays. In both cases, the scenarios employed varied systematically along the following parameters: social status, social distance, rank of imposition and gender. The data obtained by both methods were categorised into a number of strategies. An attempt was made to provide a comprehensive description of the nature of refusal strategies used by the subjects. The strategies identified were categorised following the Beebe et al (1990) scheme of refusals. In addition, they were classified according to the (im)politeness superstrategies posited by Brown and Levinson (1987) and Culpeper (1996). The results indicate that the choice of refusal strategies reflects characteristics of Iraqi versus British English culture. These results are as follows: 1. Although both groups of subjects displayed sensitivity to the social factors referred to above, the relative influence of each factor differed from one group to another. Thus, Iraqi Arabic Speakers (IAs) and Iraqi Learners of English (ILEs) varied their refusal strategies mainly according to status and distance, while British English Speakers (BEs) did so mainly according to status and gender. Besides, the responses of the three groups were influenced by the degree of imposition.2. The application of refusals employed by the three groups differed according to the eliciting method, namely, the DCT and the Role-Play. Consequently, various refusal strategies collected via the Role Play did not appear in the data collected by the DCT and vice versa. 3. Certain strategies employed by Iraqi speakers of Arabic were nonexistent in the data of British English speakers and vice versa. 4. The study of the interlanguage of Iraqi learners of English as a foreign language also confirmed the hypothesis that there is evidence for pragmatic transfer in the order, the frequency and the content of semantic formulae used.
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Saberi, Kourosh. "Routine Politeness Formulae in Persian: A Socio-Lexical Analysis of Greetings, Leave-taking, Apologizing, Thanking and Requesting." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7887.
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Speakers of Persian, like speakers of other languages, utilise Routine Politeness Formulae (RPF) to negotiate central interpersonal interactions. RPF in Persian have not received any systematic description as to their forms, their functions, their typical conditions of use and their discourse structure rules. Bridging this gap, for the first time, RPF from five frequently-used speech acts – namely, greeting, leave-taking, apologizing, thanking and requesting – are documented in this thesis.
Data were derived from Persian soap operas and from role-plays with native speakers, and were entered into a database for further analysis. The analysis is qualitative and the data are conceived of as phraseological units to be represented as dictionary entries.
The study of the aforementioned speech acts and their related array of RPF reveals the dynamics of interpersonal polite behaviour among Persians, reflecting the following socio-cultural values prevalent in Iranian society: (i) its group-oriented nature, (ii) a tendency towards positive (solidarity) politeness, (iii) sensitivity to remaining in people’s debt, (iv) sensitivity to giving trouble to others, (v) a high premium on reciprocity in interpersonal communications, (vi) the importance of seniority in terms of age and social status, and (vii) differentiation between members of the ‘inner circle’ and the ‘outer circle’. This thesis also reveals the dominance of the strategy of self-lowering and other-elevating. Almost all RPF in Persian allow for the use of this pervasive strategy, which is also manifested by two further sub-strategies: (i) a propensity to exaggerate favours received from others, and (ii) giving precedence to others over oneself. Finally, it is suggested that Islamic teachings have significantly influenced the formation and use of certain RPF.
The dictionary resulting from this work can serve as a resource for researchers in sociolinguistics and pragmatics, and for the teaching of Persian to non-Persian speakers.
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Quraishi, Sona. "The acquisition of politeness strategies by Afghan learners of English as a foreign language." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2347.
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Lin, Huey Hannah. "Contextualizing linguistic politeness in Chinese a socio-pragmatic approach with examples from persuasive sales talk in Taiwan Mandarin /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1109961198.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 192 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-192). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Kawamura, Akihiko. "How a compromise can be reached between theoretical pragmatics and practical lexicography, and, An empirical study towards the better treatment of pragmatics in EFL lexicography: comparing the appreciation of pragmatic failures in Japanese learners of English and English native speakers, and, Pragmatics and lexicography, with particular reference to politeness and Japanese learners of English." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4795/.
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The topic of my three-part thesis is pragmatic information in EFL dictionaries. The thesis started with literature review and theoretical explorations of pragmatic information for EFL dictionaries (Module 1). Based on the findings from this first Module, I approached pragmatics focusing on lexical items and their pragmatic behaviours in context, seeking to collect empirical data for describing pragmatics in EFL and lexicographical contexts (Module 2). However, it is important to raise the question of whether pragmatics and lexicography can ever be made compatible at all, since they have different goals, approaches and methods in dealing with different types of meaning. Their units of descriptions are also different; while dictionaries are in principle concerned with words and phrases, pragmatics deals with utterances and discourses. More importantly, dictionaries are basically concerned with decontextualised meanings, and are expected to set out relatively fixed meanings, perhaps prescriptively, in the form of a dictionary definition or explanation. In contrast, descriptive pragmatics treats meaning in context. In this third module, I will be working towards my conclusion that they are indeed compatible, with particular emphasis on politeness.
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Nascimento, Jaqueline dos Santos. "Relações de sexo/gênero e polidez linguística na fala de universitários de Lagarto/SE." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5725.
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Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SEUnder the pragmatic studies, all face to face verbal interaction is intrinsically threatening because the speakers, when in contact with each other, cause an unbalance of the faces, so the use of strategies is needed to protect them. Thus, in a broad sense, all verbal activity is considered as a context of 'politeness' and, broadly speaking, this is understood as the use of strategies to prevent, mitigate or remedy any threats to the face of either speaker or interlocutor, in order to support the balance of interpersonal relationships. Alongside this perspective, the aim of this study is to investigate the status of linguistic politeness in speech of university students in Lagarto city, in sociolinguistic interviews, correlating them with the relations of symmetrical gender (man/man, woman/woman) and asymmetric (woman/man, man/woman). More specifically, it seeks to ascertain the 'gender and linguistic politeness' interface from the identification of strategies of 'politeness' used by university students in Lagarto city. It starts with the assumption that men and women have a different behavior regarding the use of politeness strategies and that the type of gender relations (symmetric and asymmetric) influences the use of those strategies for men and women. To realize such a proposal, this study is guided by the theoretical basis of Brown’s and Levisnson’s politeness model (2011 [1987]) and the reformulation of that model made by Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006). It’s also guided by works such as Lakoff (1973), Fishman (1978), Zimmermann and West (1983), Tannen (1990), Eckert and McConnell-Ginette (1992) ones as well as some others, which discuss the relationship between gender and language and propose some possible approaches to understand that relationship. The corpus used in this study consists, in part, from the sample The Speech of University Students in Lagarto/SE, the community of practice University Students of Lagarto, the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS). From the analysis performed, it’s identified as politeness strategies: i) substitute procedures: indirect formulations of the speech act; modal, temporal and personal index; personal pronouns and rhetorical procedures: litotes and euphemism; ii) Additional procedures: minimizers and rhetorical. Overall, the results point to greater use of politeness strategies by men, especially when maintaining an asymmetrical relationship of sex/gender with the interlocutor (man-woman). On the other hand, women use more politeness strategies in symmetrical relations (woman-woman).
No âmbito dos estudos pragmáticos, toda interação verbal face a face é intrinsecamente ameaçadora, pois os falantes, ao entrarem em contato uns com os outros, ocasionam um desequilíbrio das faces, sendo necessário o uso de estratégias para protegê-las. Assim, em sentido amplo, toda atividade verbal é considerada como contexto de ‘polidez’ e, grosso modo, esta é entendida como a utilização de estratégias para impedir, atenuar ou reparar eventuais ameaças à face do locutor ou do interlocutor, com vistas à manutenção do equilíbrio das relações interpessoais. A par dessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar o estatuto da polidez linguística na fala de universitários lagartenses, em entrevistas sociolinguísticas, correlacionando-a às relações de gênero simétrica (homem/homem, mulher/mulher) e assimétrica (mulher/homem, homem/mulher). Mais especificamente, busca-se averiguar a interface ‘gênero e polidez linguística’ a partir da identificação de estratégias de ‘polidez’ utilizadas por universitários lagartenses. Parte-se da hipótese de que homens e mulheres apresentam um comportamento diferenciado quanto ao uso das estratégias de polidez e de que o tipo de relação de gênero (simétrica e assimétrica) influencia na utilização dessas estratégias por homens e mulheres. Para dar conta de tal proposta, recorre-se ao aporte teórico do modelo de polidez de Brown e Levisnson (2011 [1987]) e às reformulações desse modelo feitas por Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2006). Dá-se vez, também, a trabalhos como os de Lakoff (1973), Fishman (1978), Zimmermann e West (1983), Tannen (1990), Eckert e McConnel-Ginet (1992) e outros, que discutem a relação entre gênero e linguagem e propõem algumas abordagens possíveis para a compreensão dessa relação. O corpus utilizado neste estudo consiste em parte da amostra A Fala de Universitários de Lagarto/SE, da comunidade de prática Universitários Lagartenses, da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS). A partir da análise realizada, identificamos como estratégias de polidez: i) procedimentos substitutivos: formulações indiretas do ato de fala; desatualizadores modais, temporais e pessoais; pronomes pessoais e procedimentos retóricos: lítotes e eufemismo; ii) procedimentos subsidiários: os minimizadores e os retóricos. De modo geral, os resultados apontam para uma maior utilização de estratégias de polidez por homem, principalmente quando mantêm uma relação assimétrica de sexo/gênero com o interlocutor (homem-mulher). Já as mulheres utilizam mais estratégias de polidez em relações simétricas (mulher-mulher).
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Aldén, Joakim. "Hedging Rule Discussions : A study on hedging and emoticons in an online board game discussion forum." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30536.
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In everyday language, people tend to speak in a non-committing fashion when making claims, either to save their own face or to save another person’s face. In linguistics, this is called hedging, with common words and expressions such as probably, assume and I don’t know often revealing that a hedging speech act has been performed. In computer-mediated communication, Skovholt et al. (2014) discovered that emoticons, rather than signaling the sender’s emotions, were used to hedge. This study aims to further investigate the matter by looking at how users on a board game forum hedge when speaking about board games’ complexity with the research question “do more complex games involve more hedge usage on the board game forum Boardgamegeek?” as the point of departure. Data was taken from forum posts tagged with rules. The results showed that complexity barely increases the likelihood of hedging, with a slight edge given to simpler games.
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Silva, Cibelle Correia da. "Crítica e (des)cortesia: um estudo contrastivo em corpus de cinema - Buenos Aires e São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-28062018-102808/.
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Esta pesquisa se fundamenta, principalmente, na pragmática sociocultural. Nessa perspectiva, a interpretação da cortesia e da descortesia deve ser realizada a partir de relações entre o linguístico e o sociocultural. Em consonância com essa perspectiva, esta tese objetiva verificar, de modo contrastivo, em corpus do espanhol argentino e do português brasileiro, como está formulado linguisticamente o ato de fala da crítica, quais as possibilidades de respostas a esse ato e quais os efeitos de (des)cortesia presentes nos intercâmbios analisados. Por fim, visa comparar, de modo breve, algumas análises com as percepções dos juízes (informantes) obtidas a partir do método de consulta (BRAVO, 2009). Nosso corpus argentino é formado por 15 cenas do filme FRANCIA (2009) e nosso corpus brasileiro é formado por 14 cenas do filme LINHA DE PASSE (2008). Nesses corpora, selecionamos o ato de fala da crítica em cenas ocorridas em dois âmbitos: o privado e o público. Nossa proposta metodológica é composta, basicamente, por quatro etapas. A primeira e a segunda consistem em analisar linguisticamente em cada corpus o ato de fala da crítica e suas reações a partir do cotexto e do contexto explicitados durante a análise, e a partir dessas trocas interpretar o efeito de (des)cortesia. A terceira etapa consiste em comparar nossa interpretação com a percepção de juízes (informantes) de cada língua, a partir de resultados do método de consulta. A última etapa consiste em tecer comparações entre o âmbito privado e público de cada idioma, para por fim, comentar diferenças e semelhanças entre os dois idiomas. Os resultados da comparação entre os âmbitos em cada idioma demonstram que não há diferenças significativas entre os âmbitos. Quanto aos tipos de críticas, percebemos que, mais do que a influência dos âmbitos, fatores como o grau de compromisso afetivo, a simetria ou assimetria na relação entre os interlocutores, o grau de problematicidade temática da interação, ou seja, da conflituosidade da interação e questões culturais são determinantes nas escolhas linguísticas dos falantes fictícios ao criticar. Acerca das reações, tanto no âmbito privado como no público, predominam as Defesas, dada a natureza ameaçadora do ato de fala da crítica. No que se refere à FRANCIA EA em comparação com LINHA DE PASSE PB, os resultados da análise linguística e sociocultural sinalizam que não há muitas diferenças no modo como argentinos e brasileiros formulam linguisticamente a crítica, mas há diferenças importantes no modo como ambas as nacionalidades reagem a esse ato de fala, diferenças essas, de modo geral, relacionadas às premissas culturais de cada comunidade de fala.This research is mainly based upon sociocultural pragmatics. In this perspective, the interpretation of politeness and impoliteness has to be done from the relations between linguistic and socialcultural contexts. According to this view, this thesis aims at showing, in a contrastive way, in an Argentinian Spanish corpus and in a Brazilian Portuguese corpus, how speech acts about criticism are linguistically formulated, what the possible responses to these acts are and what (im)politeness effects are present in the analysed exchanges. At last, it focuses on briefly comparing some analyses with judges (informants) perceptions gotten by the consulting method (BRAVO, 2009). Our Argentinian corpus is composed by 15 scenes of the film FRANCIA (2009) and our Brazilian corpus consists of 14 scenes of the film LINHA DE PASSE. In these corpora we have selected speech acts about criticism in scenes that happened in two situations: privately and publicly. Our methodological proposal is basically composed by four phases. The first and the second ones consist of linguistically analysing in each corpus the speech acts about criticism and their reactions established in the co-text and set in the context during the analysis, and interpreting the effect of (im)politeness in these turn exchanges. The third phase consists of comparing our interpretation with judges (informants) perceptions in each language, considering the results from the consulting methods. The last phase consists of making comparisons between the private and the public contexts in each language in order to, at last, comment on differences and similarities between the two languages. The results in the comparison between the contexts in each language show that there are not significant differences in the contexts. As far as the types of criticism are concerned, we see that, more than the influence of the contexts, elements like the degree of affective commitment, the symmetry or asymmetry in the relation among speakers, the degree of theme problems in the interaction, that is, the conflicts in the interaction and the cultural issues are crucial in the linguistic choices the fictional speakers make when criticizing. About reactions, both in the private and in the public contexts, Defenses predominate, due to the threatening nature of the speech act of criticism. Particularly for FRANCIA EA (argentinian spanish) in comparison with LINHA DE PASSE PB (brasilian portuguese), the results of the linguistic and sociocultural analyses show that there are not many differences in the way Argentinians and Brazilians express criticism linguistically, but there are important differences in the way these peoples respond to this type of speech act, which, in general, are concerned with cultural premises specific to each speaking community.
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Berton, França Helena Amandio. "Discordância e desaprovação em sala de aula: um estudo sobre a (não)utilização de estratégias atenuadoras em contexto bilíngue ítalo-brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8148/tde-28062018-104826/.
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Nossa pesquisa visa a compreender como as relações pessoais se constroem por meio da linguagem. Para isso, consideramos o contexto social, cultural e interacional que, combinados de diferentes maneiras, moldam os pensamentos, as falas e as atitudes de cada indivíduo. Intentamos por meio da análise de interações autênticas explorar e evidenciar aspectos pragmáticos presentes no português brasileiro e no italiano que constituem e influenciam o fazer discursivo dos falantes em sala de aula. A partir da análise dos atos de fala discordância e desaprovação realizados por falantes bilíngues de italiano e português brasileiro em contexto escolar de uma escola bilíngue ítalo-brasileira no Brasil, a pesquisa evidencia (i) os componentes pragmáticos das duas línguas relacionados à cortesia verbal e, mais especificamente, ao uso de estratégias atenuadoras; (ii) se e em que medida foram realizadas estratégias atenuadoras na produção desses atos de fala por crianças bilíngues, em contexto ítalo-brasileiro, durante a interação em sala de aula e quais são os efeitos da sua (não) utilização; (iii) em que medida existem analogias e diferenças na utilização de procedimentos atenuadores em italiano e português. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de videogravações das aulas, de uma entrevista preliminar com as professoras e de um questionário para os alunos. A partir da análise dos dados, verificamos que as discordâncias em língua portuguesa apresentavam um número maior de procedimentos atenuadores em relação àquelas em língua italiana. Notamos que a utilização de procedimentos atenuadores nos atos de discordância em português objetivava a prevenção de conflitos interacionais e nas relações pessoais, logo, a atenuação relacionava-se à cortesia verbal em sala de aula. Nas discordâncias em língua italiana, verificamos que o uso de procedimentos atenuadores objetivava, além da prevenção, a reparação da ameaça à imagem do interlocutor e, algumas vezes, exercia a função de auto proteger o falante. Desse modo, a atenuação nem sempre estava relacionada à cortesia verbal. Além disso, nos atos de discordância em língua italiana observamos uma menor utilização de procedimentos atenuadores em relação as discordâncias produzidas em língua portuguesa. A ausência de atenuadores pode estar relacionada a uma tendência da língua italiana em realizar as discordâncias de forma imediata e direta, em sala de aula. A análise dos dados de desaprovação revelou um equilíbrio entre presença e ausência de estratégias atenuadoras nos atos realizados em ambas as línguas. A presença de táticas atenuadoras está relacionada à cortesia verbal, em que o ato intrinsecamente ameaçador da face (intrinsic Face-Threatening Act - intrinsic FTA) da desaprovação era suavizado, tentando evitar conflito na relação. Observou-se assim que, quando a desaprovação era feita de forma atenuada podia ser interpretada com um pedido e, quando era expressa sem o uso de atenuadores, aproximava-se de uma ordem.Our research aims to understand how personal relationships are constructed through language. Therefore, we consider the social, cultural and interactional context that, combined in different ways, shapes the thoughts, speeches and attitudes of each individual. We have tried to explore and present some pragmatic aspects in the Brazilian Portuguese language and in the Italian language that constitute and influence the discursive making of the speakers in the classroom. Based on the analysis of disagreement and disapproval speech acts performed by bilingual speakers of Italian and Brazilian Portuguese in a school context of an Italian-Brazilian bilingual school in Brazil, the research has shown (i) the pragmatic components of Italian and Brazilian Portuguese related to verbal politeness and, more specifically, the usage of attenuating strategies in speech acts of disagreement and disapproval in the classroom; (ii) If and to which extent there was the use of attenuating strategies in the production of these speech acts by bilingual children, Italian-Portuguese Brazilians, during their interaction in the classroom and which are the effects of their (non) use; (iii) To which extent it was possible to identify analogies and differences in the use of attenuating procedures in Italian and Brazilian language. Data collection was done through video recordings of classes, a preliminary interview with the teachers and a questionnaire for the students. From the analysis of the data, we verified that the disagreements in the Portuguese language have presented more attenuation procedures related to the disagreements in the Italian language. We have observed that the use of attenuating procedures in the acts of disagreements in Brazilian Portuguese aimed at the prevention of interactional conflicts in personal relations, so the attenuation was related to verbal politeness in the classroom. In the disagreements in the Italian language, we have noted that the use of attenuating procedures had not only the intention of prevention, but also to repair the threat to the image of the interlocutor and sometimes exercised the function of self-protecting the speaker. Thus, attenuation was not always related to verbal politeness. In addition, in acts of disagreement in Italian language, we have observed a greater absence of attenuating procedures in relation to the disagreements produced in Brazilian Portuguese. The absence of mitigators may be related to a possible tendency of the Italian language in making disagreements immediately and directly in the classroom. The analysis of the disapproval data has revealed a balance between the presence and the absence of attenuating strategies in the acts performed in both languages. The presence of attenuating tactics was related to verbal courtesy, in which the intrinsic FTA (intrinsic Face-Threatening Act) of disapproval was softened, trying to avoid conflict in the relationship. Thus, it was observed that when the disapproval was attenuated it could have been interpreted as a request, while, when it was expressed without the use of attenuators, it was approaching an order.
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Ekelund, Christopher. "Being polite : An experimental study of request strategies in Swedish EFL classes." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för didaktik och lärares praktik (DLP), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-81188.
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In a world which continuously becomes more globalised, the need to adapt one's language depending on context becomes increasingly important. This is acknowledged in the Swedish syllabus for the upper-secondary school, which emphasises communicative competence and the need to adapt to situation and hearer. This study uses a foundation based on politeness theory, where the act of requesting is considered a threat to the notion of face. The concept of face that is being used is based on the work of Brown and Levinson (1987) and the idea is that everyone has a positive- and negative face where the former is the need for one’s self-image to be respected and the latter is the freedom to act without imposition from others. By role-playing different scenarios, the participants of the study, all students of the English 7 course, were asked to perform requests which varied in imposition and which targeted hearers of different statuses. The results were analysed using a qualitative approach, which leads to the conclusion that half of the six participants adapted their language appropriately to the communicative situation. Those three had managed to show an increase in face-saving acts where the imposition was greater, or the hearer was of a higher status. That only half of the participants managed to do this shows a lack of success in teaching the students the necessary pragmatic skills encoded in the syllabus and more focused studies in this area are recommended to address this issue. Due to the small number of participants, further studies are needed to fully confirm the results presented in this study.
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Andrade, Adriana Marcelle de Andrade. "A cortesia em grupos de estudo: as diferentes estratégias utilizadas por brasileiros e chilenos no contexto acadêmico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-09082016-094058/.
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Esta pesquisa se fundamenta na pragmática sociocultural, com o propósito de descrever, dentro do próprio sistema sociocultural a que pertencem os falantes do estudo, a produção e a interpretação das mensagens transmitidas (Bravo, 2010). Pretende-se ir, por um lado, para além da análise da transcrição de um corpus específico (Charaudeau, 2012) e, por outro, abrir novos horizontes para os estudos interdisciplinares, contrastivos e holísticos, cujo objeto seja o uso da linguagem. Assim, como objetivo, esta pesquisa procura descrever e contrastar estratégias pragmáticas, com foco na manifestação da cortesia, em português e em espanhol, em comunidades de fala de São Paulo e Santiago do Chile, indagando quais recursos os interlocutores, universitários em grupos de estudos, utilizam no trabalho de imagem em atos assertivos e exortativos. Para isso, apresentamos uma proposta metodológica que visa a delinear aspectos das construções discursivas, a revelar a complexidade dos fenômenos da interação oral e a variedade de componentes envolvidos em uma situação comunicativa. Nesse sentido, definimos quatro etapas: o enfoque interdisciplinar, a análise do corpus oral, os testes de hábitos sociais (Hernandez Flores, 2002; Contreras, 2004 e Bernal, 2007) e o contraste cross-cultural. O corpus é composto por vinte e cinco horas de gravações em vídeo de reuniões em grupo de estudantes universitários, no Chile e no Brasil, e quarenta testes de hábitos sociais de cada comunidade de fala também. Em uma análise sincrônica, identificamos no contexto brasileiro, a tendência de o indivíduo projetar a imagem de cordialidade, cooperação e semelhança na gestão da autoimagem. Entre os interlocutores chilenos, a imagem de ordem e a de hierarquia foram as que se evidenciaram. Na gestão interrelacional, destacamos contrastes, além de semelhanças, entre algumas estratégias pragmáticas: o fenômeno da atenuação assertiva, nas intervenções brasileiras, em maior número se associa a posturas afiliativas, na gestão da alo- e autoimagem; no material de análise chileno, a atenuação, muitas vezes é construída como uma estratégia autocêntrica; em ambas as comunidades de fala encontramos mecanismos de autorrepetição e intensificação, vinculados à força argumentativa e fenômenos de heterorrepetição que promovem o contato social; no entanto, no contexto chileno, a heterorrepetição ocorre na expressão do desacordo com mais frequência do que no contexto brasileiro; realizados de maneira direta, encontramos atos exortativos, como a petição, em interações brasileiras e chilenas, mas nas primeiras, geralmente, ocorrem atos de justificação, a expressão da diminuição do custo para os ouvintes e, em maior grau, mecanismos de atenuação. Os resultados, que encontraram eco em estudos de outras ciências do comportamento humano, na análise do corpus e nas respostas dos informantes dos testes hábitos sociais, podem sinalizar a projeção de experiências específicas de um corpus a um estilo de cortesia que se estenda a outras situações de comunicação sem prescindir da enorme diversidade do uso da linguagem (Bravo, 2004).This research is based upon sociocultural pragmatics and aims at describing within the very sociocultural system to which the speakers participating in this study belong how transmitted messages are produced and interpreted (Bravo, 2010). On the one hand, this research aims at going beyond analyzing the transcription from a certain corpus (Charaudeau, 2012); on the other, opening up new horizons for interdisciplinary, contrastive and holistic studies on the use of language. Thus, this research aims at describing and contrasting pragmatic strategies focused on how politeness is shown both in Portuguese and Spanish within speaking communities from São Paulo, Brazil, and Santiago, Chile while investigating which features are used by interlocutors (undergraduates in study groups) in their face-work during assertive and persuasive acts. In order to do so, our proposed methodology is aimed at outlining the core of discursive constructions, unveiling the complexity of verbal interaction phenomena and the variety of components involved in a communication situation. To that end, four stages have been defined: interdisciplinary focus, speech corpus analysis, social behavior tests (Hernandez Flores, 2002; Contreras, 2004 and Bernal, 2007) and cross-cultural contrast. The corpus consists of about five hours of videotaped undergraduate study group meetings in Chile and Brazil and 40 social behavior tests from each speaking community. In a synchronous analysis, we found that Brazilian individuals tend to convey an image of kindness, cooperation and similarity in managing their self-image. An image of order and hierarchy stood out among Chilean interlocutors. As to inter-relationship management, contrasts and similarities were noted between a few pragmatic strategies: in Brazilian interventions, the assertive attenuation is mostly connected with affiliative postures in allo-image and self-image management; in the Chilean material, attenuation is often constructed as an self-centric strategy. Self-repetition and intensification mechanisms (linked to argument strength) and hetero-repetition fostering social contact were found in both speaking communities. Nevertheless, hetero-repetition occurs more often when expressing disagreement in Chilean context than in the Brazilian context; it is performed directly and with exhortative acts (such as petition) in Brazilian and Chilean interactions, but the former usually present justification acts, expression of effort reduction for listeners and in a higher degree attenuation mechanisms. The results which were supported by studies from other behavioral sciences, corpus analysis and answers from informants of social behavior tests can indicate the projection of experiences that are specific to a corpus to a politeness style comprising other communication situations without forgoing the immense diversity of the use of language (Bravo, 2004).
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Karlström, Andreas. "What’s up with Swedish Students’ Responses to Question-Based Greetings? : A Study of How Second Language Learners of English Master the Formulaic Greetings “How are you?” and “What’s up?”." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-31548.
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The extent to which Swedish learners of English master the formulaic language of greetings and their responses has not been well researched over the years. This study aims to fill the gap by examining how 66 Swedish senior high school students respond to two question-based English greetings: the formal “How are you?” and the informal “What’s up?”. To enable a comparison with greeting responses produced in the native language, another 28 students were greeted in Swedish, with the corresponding phrases “Hur står det till?” and “Läget?”. In addition, 217 students were asked via a questionnaire about their opinions on the most appropriate greeting responses, as well as what greeting phrase they would prefer to use if they were the ones who greeted first. The results indicate that Swedish students have no problem with understanding the formulaic nature of greetings; thus, the high frequency of “pragmatic failure” which has been seen among Polish students greeted with “How are you?” was not found in this study. However, the Swedish students responded somewhat differently than what has been observed in earlier research on native English-speakers, and the answers often came after a moment of hesitation. Swedish students failed to produce responses to the English greetings (especially to “What’s up?”) in an automatic, native-like way. Moreover, the students claimed in their answers to the questionnaire that an appropriate response to “How are you?” and “What’s up?” should include a “thanks” or a “thank you”, but this politeness marker was absent in almost all the cases in the field study.
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Furner, Emily Kay. "Cultural Differences in Russian and English Magazine Advertising: A Pragmatic Approach." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6730.
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Many American companies looking to increase sales and achieve growth targets consider expanding the reach of their product lines to other countries. However, expansion on a global scale often requires much trial and error as English-speaking companies try to market their goods to a foreign audience. In order to ease this process, localization experts are often hired to "localize" or change advertisements in order to make them more culturally relevant to consumers. Because the field of localization is relatively new, there is little research done on the degree and extent to which advertisements are localized. The purpose of this study is to explore the cultural differences in advertising between Russia and the United States of America. Two different samples of print magazine advertisements were taken from beauty magazines published in Russia and America to determine how much, if any, localization is occurring in Russian media. In order to compare the different advertising strategies of Russia and the United States, 235 non-localized Russian advertisements and 128 localized advertisements were coded for several different pragmatic features that Simpson (2001) included in his "reason" and "tickle" advertising framework. The results were then analyzed through content analysis and Chi-square statistics to find what pragmatic features are characteristic of localized and non-localized Russian ads. The study found that non-localized Russian advertising places more emphasis on reason-based persuasion strategies—most notably celebrity endorsement and extensive listing of reasons to buy a particular product. Localized Russian advertising, in contrast, uses more tickle-based persuasion tactics such as metaphor and implicature. 80% of localized Russian advertisements had little to no change in their advertising text from the English version of the advertisements, which means that the rate of localization in Russian advertising is currently low. Low rates of localization and differing persuasive techniques among the two samples signify the need for better cultural awareness in international marketing campaigns.
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Deutschmann, Mats. "Apologising in British English." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Modern Languages, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-43.
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The thesis explores the form, function and sociolinguistic distribution of explicit apologies in the spoken part of the British National Corpus. The sub-corpus used for the study comprises a spoken text mass of about five million words and represents dialogue produced by more than 1700 speakers, acting in a number of different conversational settings. More than 3000 examples of apologising are included in the analysis.
Primarily, the form and function of the apologies are examined in relation to the type of offence leading up to the speech act. Aspects such as the sincerity of the apologies and the use of additional remedial strategies other than explicit apologising are also considered. Variations in the distributions of the different types of apologies found are subsequently investigated for the two independent variables speaker social identity (gender, social class and age) and conversational setting (genre, formality and group size). The effect of the speaker-addressee relationship on the apology rate and the types of apologies produced is also examined.
In this study, the prototypical apology, a speech act used to remedy a real or perceived offence, is only one of a number of uses of the apology form in the corpus. Other common functions of the form include discourse-managing devices such as request cues for repetition and markers of hesitation, as well as disarming devices uttered before expressing disagreement and controversial opinions.
Among the speaker social variables investigated, age and social class are particularly important in affecting apologetic behaviour. Young and middle-class speakers favour the use of the apology form. No substantial gender differences in apologising are apparent in the corpus. I have also been able to show that large conversational groups result in frequent use of the form. Finally, analysis of the effects of the speaker-addressee relationship on the use of the speech act shows that, contrary to expectations based on Brown & Levinson’s theory of politeness, it is the powerful who tend to apologise to the powerless rather than vice versa.
The study implies that formulaic politeness is an important linguistic marker of social class and that its use often involves control of the addressee.
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Pettersson, Camilla. "El cumplido en el español de la variante peruana y en sueco. : Un estudio comparativo." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-99161.
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El objetivo del presente estudio es comparar diferencias y similitudes entre dos culturas distintas, enconcreto la peruana y la sueca, con respecto a los cumplidos y en relación a la cortesía. Partimos de lapremisa generalizada de que los cumplidos pueden diferenciarse interculturalmente y planteamos lahipótesis, basada en esta premisa y en nuestra propia percepción como hablante de sueco y de español,de que hay una diferencia intercultural entre los peruanos y suecos en cuanto a la realización delcumplido. En concreto, pensamos que los dos grupos bajo estudio se diferencian, en primer lugar, encuanto a quién es el destinatario del cumplido, y en segundo lugar en cuanto a la persona, cosa ocomportamiento que son objeto de cumplido. Se ha elaborado una encuesta para cada grupo nacional(10 en cada uno) en su idioma materno con situaciones en donde hay alta probabilidad de queaparezcan cumplidos. Las situaciones descritas en la encuesta las elegimos porque pensamos que sonfáciles de reconocer como parte de la vida diaria para la mayoría de las personas y porque nos puedandar respuestas apropiadas para responder a las preguntas de investigación. Las encuestas se handistribuido en su mayoría de forma personal, aunque en algunos casos han sido distribuidas por mediode internet. Los resultados nos revelan que el grupo de peruanos prefiere no usar tanto el cumplidocomo el grupo de suecos cuando la distancia social es más alta, como entre empleado y jefe, yprefieren en su lugar, como una forma de marcar distancia, realizar felicitaciones. Por otro lado, elgrupo de suecos prefieren hacer cumplidos de modo más impersonal, con una preferencia por referirsea los objetos (bonito carro) en lugar de introducir su persona en el enunciado (me gusta el carro). Deesta forma, en cuanto a la primera hipótesis, observamos que los dos grupos hacen en general uso delcumplido a la mayoría de los destinatarios en todas las situaciones de la encuesta, y por lo tanto no seaprecia una variación significativa. En cambio, con respecto a la segunda hipótesis, sí observamos unavariación cultural en cuanto a la forma de enfocar el cumplido.The aim of the present study is to compare differences and similarities between two different cultures,namely the Peruvian and the Swedish, in terms of compliments in relation to politeness. The studyparts from the generalized premise that compliments can differ interculturally. The hypothesis, basedon that premise and also in the perception of the author of this study, as a Swedish and Spanishspeaking person, is that there is an intercultural difference among Peruvians and Swedes regarding thedelivery of compliments. Specifically we believe that both groups under study differ in two ways. Atfirst they differ regarding whom is the addressee of the compliment and then they differ regarding theperson, thing or behavior that is object of the compliment. A questionnaire was elaborated for bothgroups (10 in each group) in their respective modern tongue with situations where there is a highprobability that compliments may occur. The situations in the survey were chosen because they werebelieved to be easily recognized in the everyday life of most people. They were also believed toprovide us with the answers that were needed in this study to be able to answer the research questions.The survey was foremost distributed personally and in some cases they were distributed through theinternet. The results reveal that the Peruvian group prefers to do fewer compliments than the Swedishgroup when the social distance is bigger, like between employee and chief. They prefer to enouncemore congratulations than the Swedish group as a distance marker. On the other hand the Swedesprefer to compliment in a more impersonal manner because of their preference to refer to the object(nice car) rather than to introduce their person in the enunciation (I like the car). What regards the firsthypothesis it is observed that both groups compliment the majority of the addressees in every situationof the survey, and therefore there´s no significant variation to be observed. On the other hand, thesecond hypotheses can confirm a cultural variation regarding the way to direct the compliment
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Lewis, Myles. ""You're Not Like Other" Hate Speech." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1377781968.
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Gutierrez, Laffargue Patricia. "Le temps d'adresse dans les interactions verbales en classe d'espagnol, langue étrangère (niveau supérieur) : enseignement et pratiques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100167/document.
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A partir du constat fait auprès des étudiants d’espagnol langue étrangère qui ont beaucoup de difficultés à maîtriser l’utilisation des termes d’adresse, ce travail tente d’en élucider les raisons et propose des réflexions pour parvenir à régler le problème. Les termes d’adresse en tant que déictiques personnels et sociaux sont les marqueurs de la relation interpersonnelle que tout locuteur construit avec son interlocuteur. En espagnol, le système de l’adresse est complexe de par ses variations diatopiques ainsi que par les spécificités de son système, notamment du pronom usted, qui tout en désignant un allocutaire a une morphologie de troisième personne. De plus, il faut tenir compte de la situation de communication, qui est variable selon les cultures et les sociétés. A partir d’un corpus de données provoquées composé d’interactions orales d’étudiants français universitaires, nous faisons une analyse interactionnelle et pragmalinguistique qui permet de dégager les difficultés majeures que pose l’apprentissage et la maîtrise en contexte des termes d’adresse, pronoms de deuxième personne et formes nominales. Il est démontré que les erreurs présentes dans les discours des étudiants ne sont pas uniquement d’origine linguistique, mais sont aussi induites par un manque d’adéquation à la situation de communication. Ainsi, les termes d’adresse sont l’un des éléments dont l’utilisation ne dépend pas uniquement du niveau d’interlangue mais aussi de la compétence socioculturelle des locuteursFrom the observation made with the spanish foreign language students have great difficulty in mastering the use of terms of address, this work tries to elucidate the reasons which offers reflections to the problem. Terms of address as a personal and social deictic are markers of the interpersonal relationship that all speakers built with his interlocutor. In spanish, the address system is complex variations diatopiques as well as the specific features of its system, including the pronoun usted, which designated an allocutaire has a morphology of third person. Furthermore, it must take into account the situation of communication, which is variable depending on the cultures and societies. From a corpus of data consisting of oral interactions of french university students, we make an interactional and pragmalinguistic analysis which allows to identify the major difficulties posed by learning and mastery in context of the terms of address, second-person pronouns and nominal forms. It is shown that these errors in the speech of the students are not only of linguistic origin, but are also induced by a lack of fitness for the communication situation. Thus, the address terms are one of the elements whose use depends not only on the level of interlanguage, but also of socio-cultural competence of the speakers
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Salomonsson, Johanna. "Verbale Interaktion mit missverstehen : Eine empirische Untersuchung zu deutschsprachigen Diskussionsforen." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för baltiska språk, finska och tyska, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55684.
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This study examines the functions of phrases with the word missverstehen in any inflected form in German discussion groups. The corpus consists of about 600 different messages with a phrase containing the verb missverstehen from all kinds of discussion groups speaking the German language. The hypothesis is that those phrases do not always refer to a factual misunderstanding in the communication. There is no such thing as total understanding in communication, since people cannot fully know how other people are thinking. Instead understanding is a social construct. Misunderstanding occurs when a group member cannot interpret a message so that it correlates with what the sender has meant. This understanding contains both the discussed theme as well as the relation between the group members. Relevance occurs when interpretable information is communicated through contextualization cues. Some cues carry information about the discussed theme, others communicate face work. A misunderstanding is caused by missing contextualization cues, i. e. the message is irrelevant. The study shows how the communicators can construct a disagreement as a misunderstanding, which it in turn has an impact on face work. The phrase is then being used together with added contextualization cues in order to construct a common understanding. Thereby the communicators can influence the interaction. This is done in a sequence in the discussion group. Hence the script theory (Schank/Abelson 1977) aims to describe the phenomenon of how a phrase with the word missverstehen can be used for different purposes. One script is defined for each purpose. The difference between the scripts is being maintained by the contextualization cue that carries the information about how the relations between group members are interacted.
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Srisuruk, Patana. "Politeness and pragmatic competence in Thai speakers of English." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1189.
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This study examines the language use and specifically the level of politeness of Thai speakers of English when confronted with face threatening acts related to their daily life and workplace: requests, complaints and disagreements. Data were collected by role play and discourse completion test from people employed in hotels and travel agencies, and from Rajabhat university students. Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory was used as a framework to analyse and interpret the data. The overall results showed that negative politeness is the most common strategy for all groups, followed by bald on record and positive politeness. Their participants’ choice of politeness strategies in part reflected their occupational identities. For the hotel workers, negative politeness is the chosen strategy in most scenarios, and the focus is on showing deference to and maintaining distance from their interlocutors. For the other groups, although negative politeness is still the most common strategy, positive politeness and bald on record are found quite often. Use of both negative and positive politeness suggests that respondents attach importance to avoiding confrontation and showing solidarity as well as to direct expression. Through analysis of the use of negative and positive politeness for different scenarios and status levels, I determine that these participants possess pragmatic competence in the context of the “small culture” of the workplace. It is also clear that sociological variables (e.g. power, social distance) influence the use of language and the level of politeness on the speaker side.
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Henning, Susanne. "La construcción de la imagen social en dos pares adyacentes: Opinión-acuerdo/desacuerdo y ofrecimiento-aceptación/rechazo : Un estudio de la conversación familiar sueca y española." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119490.
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The main purpose of this study is to conduct a contrastive analysis on a corpus of Swedish and Spanish family conversations with respect to two adjacency pairs: opinion-agreement/disagreement (OADs) and offer-acceptance/rejection (OARs). On one hand, from a structural perspective, based on the methodology of Conversation Analysis, one of the objectives is to observe how (dis)preferred turns of the OADs and OARs are managed by the interlocutors. On the other hand, from a functional perspective, based on the methodology of Sociocultural Pragmatics, the intention is to study how face is constructed and how politeness is managed by the family members when expressing OADs and OARs. The structural analysis of OADs and OARs shows that the majority of agreements and acceptances follow the rules for preferred turns proposed by orthodox conversation analysts, i.e. they appear directly after the first part of the adjacency pair (opinion or offer), and they are brief and unambiguous. However, the structural analysis also reveals that 70% (Swedish corpus) and 72% (Spanish corpus) of the disagreements as well as 64% (Swedish corpus) and 70% (Spanish corpus) of the rejections have a tendency to not follow the proposed rules for dispreferred turns, i.e. they are not delayed or accompanied by hesitations, justifications, etc. and nor are they evaluated as dispreferred by the participants. This indicates that social perspective, especially face, has to be considered when deciding what is considered (dis)preferred. The functional analysis of the OADs indicates that the majority of the disagreements in both Swedish (68%) and Spanish (79%) corpus are not mitigated, but rather are expressed in a fairly direct manner. Swedes tend to avoid disagreements, and therefore we expected to find a major difference between the two groups. One explanation could be that family members enjoy close relationships, and therefore the Swedes feel free to express their disagreements. As for the impact on the family members face, in both groups, it is both autonomy face and affiliation face that are influenced when OADs are expressed. As for agreement, for example, it is usually autonomy face that is affected. We interpret this as a way for the participants to show that both speakers and listeners have valuable opinions that deserve to be both voiced and commented on. This reveals the more discursive (rather than ritual) nature of OADs. In addition, the functional study of OARs shows that acceptances and rejections in both corpora are expressed using both ritual and attenuating politeness according to the norms required by the situation. Concerning the impact on face, autonomy face has different requirements in the two cultures: in the Swedish conversations, it is important to offer food without insisting several times, and in the Spanish corpus, it is important to offer food more than one or two times, and there is also a tendency to refuse the offer several times before accepting it. Therefore, according to one’s situational role, one has to know how to both give and receive offers, which points to the more ritual nature of OARs. Finally, we want to emphasize that by adding a social perspective to the structural one, we can interpret the meaning of the conversations in a way that provides a broader understanding of what is being said as participants express OADs and OARs.
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Kallia, Alexandra. "Politeness and implicature expanding the cooperative principle." Hamburg Kovač, 2005. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3148-2.htm.
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Olga, Panic-Kavgic. "Jezički ispoljena učtivost pri slaganju ineslaganju sa sagovornikom: uporedna analizaengleskih, srpskih i prevedenih filmskih dijaloga." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2014. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=87866&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Ova disertacija se bavi analizom jezičkiispoljene učtivosti na primerima filmskihdijaloga kojima se ispoljava slaganje ineslaganje sa sagovornikom na engleskom isrpskom jeziku, kao i u titlovanim prevodima nasrpskom. Osnovni ciljevi istraživanja jesu da seklasifikuju, opišu i primerima potkrepestrategije slaganja i neslaganja sa sagovornikom,da se sumiraju i uporede dobijeni rezultati u dvajezika, te da se utvrde promene prilikomtitlovanog prevođenja odabranih dijalogâ saengleskog jezika na srpski. Pretpostavke u vezisa uklapanjem dobijenih rezultatâ uodgovarajuće kulturne matrice i osiromašenjeminterakcijske komponente sadržaja titlovanogprevoda istražene su u svetlu relevantnihteorijskih razmatranja, putem kvalitativneanalize odabranog jezičkog materijala.This thesis deals with verbally expressedpoliteness in film dialogues of agreement anddisagreement with the interlocutor in Englishand Serbian, as well as in subtitled translationsinto Serbian. The most important goals of theresearch are to classify, describe and exemplifythe strategies of agreement and disagreement inselected US and Serbian films, to summarizeand compare the results of the analysis in thetwo languages and to determine the changes inthe interactional component of meaning in thesubtitling mode of translation from English intoSerbian. The hypotheses concerning theanalysed cases of agreeing and disagreeing inthe light of prevalent politeness patterns in USand Serbian culture, as well as the presumedundertranslation of the interactional componentof meaning in the Serbian subtitles are testedconsidering the relevant theoretical frameworks,by means of applying the method of qualitativeanalysis
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Gagne, Christophe. "Les interactions verbales en France et en Grande-Bretagne : étude comparative de quatre petits commerces français et britanniques." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20051/document.
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Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective comparative et interculturelle. Sa mise en œuvre repose sur l’idée que c’est en observant ce qui se passe dans les interactions du quotidien que l’on peut mieux comprendre le rapport que les cultures entretiennent, et mettre au jour ce que les comportements observés dans chacune des cultures étudiées ont de spécifique. En s’appuyant sur l’analyse minutieuse et détaillée d’enregistrements effectués dans quatre sites commerciaux français et britanniques, l’étude tente de comprendre le comportement langagier des participants en le mettant en relation avec divers éléments du contexte (éléments relevant du micro-contexte : matériel discursif contigu aux énoncés étudiés ; du contexte situationnel : agencement du site, nombre de participants, finalité de l’interaction ; du macro-contexte : place occupée par les interactions de commerce dans les cultures en question, par les sites, valeurs culturelles d’arrière-plan). La finalité de cette étude (qui aborde les rituels d’entrée et de sortie d’interaction ; les remerciements ; la réalisation d’actes de langage directifs : questions, requêtes, offres ; les séquences conversationnelles) est d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension des profils communicatifs relatifs aux cultures française et britanniqueThis thesis, which is of a contrastive and intercultural nature, is informed by the idea that it is by observing the behaviour of interactants in everyday interactions that the relationship between cultures can best be approached, and the specificity of the forms of behaviour encountered explored. Through the careful and detailed analysis of recordings taken in four different shops (French and British), the study aims to understand the linguistic behaviour of the participants by linking it to various contextual elements (micro-contextual elements: discursive material that surrounds the utterances analysed; situational elements: site layout, number of participants, interaction’s finality; macro-contextual ones: status of service encounters and of the types of shops selected, cultural values that underpin explored behaviour). The purpose of the study (which analyses opening and closing rituals; thanking; the way directive speech acts such as questions, offers and requests are performed; conversational sequences) is to provide a better understanding of the communicative styles that can be associated with French and British cultures
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Mudau, Mmbulaheni Lawrence. "Euphemism in Tshivenda : a socio-pragmatic analysis." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1988.
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Thesis (Ph. D. (Tshivenda)) --University of Limpopo, 2016This study examined Tshivenḓa euphemisms from a socio-pragmatic perspective within a framework of Politeness and Indirectness Communicative theories. According to Brown and Levinson (1987), Politeness Theory describes politeness as showing concern for people’s ‘face’ needs where ‘face’ means one’s public self-image. In terms of the Indirectness Communicative Theory, euphemism is a face saving mechanism which emphasizes mutual cooperation in a conversation. Euphemisms are described as substitutions of agreeable or inoffensive expressions for ones that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. They are words with meanings or sounds that are thought, somehow, to be nicer, cleaner or more elevated and they are used as substitutes for words deemed unpleasant, crude or ugly in sound or sense. The study adopted a descriptive and exploratory design within a qualitative research approach, based on the view that qualitative research aims at explaining complex phenomena by means of verbal description rather than testing hypotheses with numerical values. Furthermore, primary data were elicited from 25 participants of different ages, genders, educational levels, social status and occupations who are native speakers of the Tshivenḓa language by means of semi-structured interviews. Since this study involved working with humans, all ethical aspects were ensured. The study, which investigated the use of Tshivenḓa euphemisms, was conducted in seven social domains in Venḓa in the Vhembe District: local courts, churches, homes, hospitals, girls in seclusion, schools and electronic media. The study’s findings show evidence of the use of Tshivenḓa euphemisms in these various domains. However, the court domain seems not to use many euphemisms due to the fact that clear communication is required there; for two parties in a case to understand what is being said during the proceedings the use of roundabout indirect language is avoided – the courts believe in calling ‘a spade, a spade.’ Through the careful analysis of euphemisms, the study’s findings revealed that euphemisms have both positive and negative effects on language, including Tshivenḓa. Some of the positive effects of euphemisms revealed by this study include the ability to avoid directly naming what is deemed unpleasant; they make the language sound more v literary; and they allow people to discuss touchy or taboo subjects with ease. However, the findings also suggested that euphemisms may be disrespectful; they could hinder clear communication; they are deceptive; and they may lead to miscommunication and general confusion. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that the use of euphemisms in Tshivenḓa language should be reinforced in all social domains in order to enhance politeness; preserve the public self-image of the participants in communicative exchanges; and facilitate harmonious interpersonal relationships. It is also recommended that further study be undertaken to identify other factors that may affect the use of euphemisms in Tshivenḓa from other perspectives. Key concepts: Politeness; Euphemisms; Treadmill; Taboo; Face work
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Fukushima, Saeko. "A comparative study of pragmatic strategies : requests and responses to off-record requests in British English and Japanese." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286001.
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Perides, André Luiz Lopes. "Estudo comparativo das traduções sobre as expressões de tratamento da língua japonesa sob a ótica da teoria dos polissistemas nos mangás Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho e Chobits." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8157/tde-03122018-123321/.
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As histórias em quadrinhos japonesas, conhecidas como mangás, vêm se popularizando muito fora do Japão nas últimas décadas. Partindo de uma abordagem que, nos estudos da tradução, considera a relevância de também se estudar os contextos e fatores externos ao texto, analisamos em nossa pesquisa a tradução para expressões de tratamento japonesas presentes nos mangás Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho e Chobits, publicados no Brasil no início dos anos 2000, quando o mercado de histórias quadrinhos japonesas ainda estava se estabelecendo no país, e que, uma década depois, foram reeditados pela mesma editora, mas com a tradução revisada. Questionamos se a experiência acumulada com a prática regular envolvendo a publicação de mangás, a consolidação de uma cultura do mangá no Brasil e consequente formação de um público leitor mais acostumado com características e especificidades do gênero trazem reflexos que são perceptíveis na tradução, veríficáveis por meio das estratégias de tradução empregadas.Japanese comics, known as manga, have become very popular outside Japan in the last few decades. Based on an approach that in the translation studies considers the relevance of also studying the contexts and factors external to the text, we analyzed in our research the translation for japanese treatment expressions present in Love Hina, Yu Yu Hakusho and Chobits, manga published in Brazil in the early 2000s, when the japanese comic book market was still settling in the country; a decade later these manga were reprinted by the same publisher, but with a revised translation. We question whether the regular practice involving the publication of manga, the consolidation of a manga culture in Brazil and the consequent formation of a readership more accustomed to characteristics and specificities of the genre brings reflexes that are perceptible in translations, verifiable by means of translation strategies employed.
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Khamam, Ruba Riad. "A semantic/pragmatic exploration of requests : politeness orientation in British English and Syrian Arabic." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.713510.
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This study is concerned with probing the realization patterns of requests in Syrian Arabic and British English to examine whether they follow a similar trend across a variety of social situations. Hence, the analysis focuses on the different patterns of requestive strategies and modification types speakers of the two languages use. It additionally tests the extent to which the social variables of power, familiarity and imposition can affect the choice of strategies and modification in the context of these two languages. Data were collected by means of a mixed-methods approach of discourse completion test/task and interviews. A total of 2400 requests were elicited from 100 Syrian students and 100 British students. To gain qualitative insights, 20 follow-up interviews were conducted with a subset of these students. The methodological 40 framework was based on a combination of Blum-Kulka et al.'s (1989) model for said requests and Marti (2006) for unsaid requests. Results have shown that both Syrian and British speakers favour conventionally indirect strategies, thus confirming the findings of the Cross-Cultural Speech Acts Realization Project (Blum-Kulka et al. 1989) that the conventionally indirect strategy is the most frequently used strategy across cultures. However, the British and the Syrian cultures display differences in the way they encode linguistic politeness. Syrians were significantly more direct than the British, whereas the British were significantly more conventionally indirect than their Syrian peers. It has been argued that these differences stem from the different socio-cultural norms that control the social interaction in these languages as well as the different politeness orientation of the two cultures. This project aims to contribute to existing research in the field of politeness and cross-cultural linguistics. It provides insights into politeness in the unresearched Syrian culture
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Milà-Garcia, Alba. "L'acord i el desacord en català en tres gèneres discursius: anàlisi sociopragmàtica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401860.
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Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu principal estudiar l’expressió de l’acord i el desacord en català en tres gèneres discursius diferents: converses col·loquials, reunions i tutories universitàries. Per dur a terme aquest estudi, s’ha compilat un corpus oral ad hoc que s’ha explotat amb una metodologia que combina elements propis de la pragmàtica, la lingüística de corpus i l’anàlisi de la conversa. L’anàlisi del corpus parteix de l’aplicació d’una taxonomia que conté cinc nivells diferents (situació comunicativa, informació sociolingüística, pragmàtica, interacció i estructura), l’aplicació de la qual ofereix uns resultats quantitatius que proporcionen una visió global de l’acord i el desacord i de les diferències que apareixen a causa de la incidència de diferents factors de la situació comunicativa en què tenen lloc. L’anàlisi quantitativa es complementa amb una anàlisi qualitativa en què s’aprofundeix en la realització d’aquests actes i s’estudia la gestió de la imatge que fan els parlants de català en la interacció en els tres gèneres discursius a partir de l’observació de fragments concrets.The main aim of this PhD dissertation is to study agreement and disagreement in Catalan in three different discourse genres: colloquial conversations, meetings and professors’ office hours. To this end, a spoken corpus was compiled ad hoc, which has been exploited combining the methodology of pragmatics, corpus linguistics and conversation analysis. The analysis results from the design of a complex taxonomy which contains five different layers (situational, sociolinguistic, pragmatic, interactional and structural), the application of which provides a global vision on agreement and disagreement and on the differences that are caused by the different factors that come into play in each specific communicative situation. The quantitative analysis is complemented by a qualitative analysis that delves into the realization of these acts and studies the management of face in interaction carried out by Catalan speakers in these three genres through the observation of specific extracts from the corpus.
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Matsukawa, Chisa. "Politeness in British English and Japanese : a contrastive study of invitation sequences from a pragmatic-discursive approach." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715735.
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Moallemi, Shima. "Expatriation en France et développement de compétences pragmatiques (et) interculturelles. D’une enquête auprès d’Iraniens expatriés à l’expérimentation d’une démarche didactique dans des instituts de FLE à Téhéran." Thesis, Paris 3, 2019. http://bibnum.univ-paris3.fr/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=323345.
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Se situant au croisement de la pragmatique interculturelle et de la didactique du français langue étrangère (FLE), cette thèse vise à comprendre les enjeux du développement de compétences pragmatiques et interculturelles aussi bien lors d’une expérience d’expatriation (en France ou en Iran) que dans le cadre de l’apprentissage du FLE dans des instituts privés en Iran. Dans un premier temps, des entretiens compréhensifs ont été menés avec des expatriés iraniens habitant en France et des expatriés français habitant en Iran, afin d’identifier les éventuelles difficultés qu’ils rencontrent dans la communication interculturelle et de comprendre leur expérience de socialisation dans une langue étrangère. L’analyse a mis en évidence l’importance des enjeux identitaires dans l’appropriation des normes de politesse en Lx. Trois types de réactions ont pu être identifiés chez les expatriés français et iraniens, à savoir l’adoption de la culture de l’autre, la résistance face à celle-ci, et une sensation d’insécurité interculturelle. Dans une perspective de recherche-action, les résultats obtenus lors de cette enquête ont été utilisés pour l’élaboration d’une séquence didactique destinée à être exploitée auprès des apprenants iraniens de FLE à Téhéran. L’analyse des dynamiques interculturelles qui ont émergé lors de l’exploitation de cette séquence a pu apporter des éclaircissements concernant le rapport à l’altérité chez les apprenants iraniens. Ce rapport se manifeste par un discours positif sur l’autre et négatif sur soi : en d’autres termes, les apprenants prennent leur distance face à la pratique de la politesse en persan (le ta’ârof) et recherchent un idéal chez l’autreLocated at the crossroads of intercultural pragmatics and French as a foreign language (FFL) teaching, this dissertation aims to understand the challenges of developing pragmatic and intercultural skills both during an expatriation experience (in France or in Iran) and in the context of learning French as a foreign language in private institutes in Iran.As a first step, comprehensive interviews were conducted with Iranian expatriates living in France and French expatriates living in Iran in order to identify possible difficulties they encounter in intercultural communication and to understand their experience of socialization in a foreign language. The analysis highlighted the importance of identity issues in the appropriation of politeness norms in Lx. Three types of reactions could be identified among French and Iranian expatriates, namely the adoption of other’s culture, resistance to it and a feeling of intercultural insecurity. In an action-research perspective, the results obtained during this survey were used to develop a didactic sequence to be used with Iranian learners of FFL in Tehran. The analysis of the intercultural dynamics that emerged during the exploitation of this sequence was able to shed light on the relationship to otherness among Iranian learners. This relationship is manifested in a positive discourse about the other and a negative discourse about oneself, in other words, learners distance themselves from the practice of politeness in Persian (ta’ârof) and seek an ideal in the other
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Morkus, Nader. "The realization of the speech act of refusal in Egyptian Arabic by American learners of Arabic as a foreign language." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003209.
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Minari, Patricia Gimenez dos Santos. "Elementos de cortesia e atenuação no português rio-pretense e no espanhol malaguenho - um estudo comparativo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-18032013-120639/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise dos elementos de cortesia e atenuação no Português falado na região de São José do Rio Preto e no Espanhol falado na região de Málaga. Os corpora analisados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semidirigidas e fazem parte do Projeto ALIP Amostra Linguística do Interior Paulista, o brasileiro, e PRESEEA - Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y América, o espanhol. Analisamos um total de 24 entrevistas, sendo 12 de nível médio e 12 de superior, seis em cada idioma, divididas igualmente entre falantes do sexo feminino e do sexo masculino. Os falantes de nível médio tinham idades entre 25 e 45 anos, enquanto que a faixa etária entre os de nível superior era entre 50 e 70 anos. Partindo da teoria pragmática dos Atos de Fala e de estudos mais recentes sobre cortesia e atenuação de teóricos como Leech (2007), Bravo (2001, 2004, 2005), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2004, 2005, 2006), entre outros, analisamos tanto a fala dos entrevistadores quanto a dos informantes. A partir da fala dos entrevistadores, pudemos observar como as perguntas, as solicitações de informações eram elaboradas em ambos os idiomas. Tal análise possibilitou a verificação de como o entrevistador se posicionava e quais eram as estratégias utilizadas verbos no imperativo, enunciados diretos, uso de atos de preparação ou verbos que visavam a proteger a face do informante. Já a análise da fala dos informantes objetivou a averiguação do uso de outras estratégias, cuja intenção era a defesa pessoal ou de terceiros, protegendo sua própria face ou a do entrevistador. Entre essas estratégias citamos a desfocalização do eu, a proteção à própria face ou à do outro, o uso de elementos atenuadores no momento de expressar opiniões, entre outras. Ao longo de nossa análise investigamos também o posicionamento de cada entrevista no eixo de solidariedade ou poder de acordo com a teoria de Brown e Gilman (1960). Para isso, foi necessário o estudo das formas de tratamento empregadas, bem como o uso ou não de formas nominais. Os resultados obtidos, dentro dos corpora estudados, mostram que a Língua Espanhola é uma língua de mais aproximação com o interlocutor, enquanto que a Língua Portuguesa denota maior distância. Observou-se ainda que determinados elementos como o uso de um tratamento mais formal no caso da Língua Portuguesa se caracteriza mais como uma estratégia conversacional do que uma distância social.The present paper aims at the analysis of the politeness and attenuation elements in both the Portuguese spoken in São José do Rio Preto region and in the Spanish spoken in Malaga region. The studied corpora were obtained by means of partially guided interviews and are part of the ALIP Project (São Paulo\'s Countryside Linguistic Sampling), the Brazilian one, and the PRESEEA ( Project for the Sociolinguistic Study of the Spanish Spoken in Spain and America), the Spanish one. A total of 24 interviews were analysed, being 12 of those on an average level and the other 12 on a superior one, six in each language, equally divided into male and female speakers. The average level speakers range aged from 25 to 45 whereas the superior level ranged from 50 to 70. Considering the pragmatic theory of Speech Acts and other more recent studies on politeness and attenuation by theorists such as Leech (2007), Bravo (2001, 2004, 2005), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2004, 2005, 2006), among others, both interviewers\' and interviewees\' speeches were analysed. From the interviewers\' speeches it was possible to observe how the questions, the information required, were built up in both languages. Such an analysis made possible verifying how the interviewer was positioned as well as which strategies were used: verbs in imperative, direct enunciations, preparation acts usage or verbs aiming at protecting the informer\'s face. Yet the informers\' speech analysis aimed at the inquiry of other strategies usage being the intention of such the personal or third parties\' defense, proctecting oneself\'s face or the interviewer\'s one. Among these strategies we mention defocusing the self, protecting oneself\'s own face or the other\'s one, attenuating elements usage when expressing opinions, among others. Throughout our analysis we investigated also the positioning of each interview coming to the axis solidarity or power according to Brown and Gilman\'s theory (1960). For such, it was made necessary the study of the treatment forms applied as well as the use or not of noun forms. The achieved results in the studied corpora showed that the Spanish language proves to be a language of more approximation coming to the interlocutor whereas the Portuguese language denotes more distance. It could also be noticed that certain elements such as the use of a more formal treatment coming to the Portuguese language are characterized more as a conversational strategy than as a social distance element.
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Rekašienė, Edita. "Dėstytojų vertinimai svetainėje dėstytojai.lt." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140602_093917-24232.
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Pasirodžius lingvistinio mandagumo teorijai, pasaulyje tokio pobūdžio tyrimai tapo labai populiarūs, tačiau lingvistinė pragmatika tebėra naujas reiškinys lietuvių kalbotyroje, visai mažai dėmesio skiriama pragmatiniams elektroninio diskurso tyrimams, ypač retai lingvistiniu aspektu tiriami interneto komentarai. Tačiau juos tirti verta dėl šio žanro populiarumo ir dėl to, kad jie parodo kasdien vartojamą kalbą bei veikia kalbinius mūsų visuomenės įpročius. Analizuoti interneto komentarus nuspręsta ir dėl jiems būdingo anonimiškumo, kadangi buvo siekiama patikrinti, ar asmens įvaizdžio apsaugos teorija veikia ir tada, kai adresantas slepiasi po pseudonimu.
Šiame darbe pristatomas interneto svetainėje dėstytojai.lt esančiuose studentų komentaruose dėstytojams skirtų vertinimų tyrimas. Vertinimai analizuoti leksiniu-gramatiniu, lingvistinio mandagumo ir funkciniu aspektais. Buvo tiriama, kokie žodžiai ir jų junginiai dažniausiai vartojami vertinant dėstytoją, kaip teigiami-neigiami vertinimai sąveikauja tekste, kaip nuo jų sąveikos priklauso bendras komentaro turinio teigiamumas-neigiamumas. Taip pat buvo tiriama, kaip studentų komentaruose veikia lingvistinio mandagumo teorija: kokias strategijas naudoja studentai, pateikdami neigiamus vertinimus (kurie iš esmės yra asmens įvaizdžiui grėsmingi šnekos aktai), kokiais būdais jie yra švelninami. Išanalizuotas ir funkcinis neigiamų vertinimų aspektas – nustatyti šnekos aktai, kuriais realizuojami neigiami vertinimai, ištirta jų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]When linguistic politeness theory has emerged, it became very popular all over the world, but it’s still a new phenomenon in Lithuanian linguistics. Little attention from pragmatic point of view is paid to the electronic discourse, especially to the interactive internet commentaries. However, they are worth analyzing because of the popularity of their genre and because they reflect the everyday language, also they are affecting the speech habits of our society. It was also decided to analyze interactive commentaries because of their anonymity factor, as it was expected to verify if the politeness theory works when the addressers are hiding behind their pseudonyms. Therefore, this study aims to represent the analysis of the assessments of lecturers in the interactive student commentaries on the website dėstytojai.lt. The analysis includes research of what words and phrases are commonly used for the assessment of lecturers, and research of how do positive and negative assessments interact in texts – how the negativity-positivity of the overall content of the commentary depends on their interaction. It has also been analyzed how the linguistic theory of politeness manifests itself in these commentaries: what strategies are used for the negative assessments (that are considered as face threatening speech acts), what criticism mitigating devices are used in them. It has been analyzed what the speech acts are used to actualize negative assessments in researched commentaries and how... [to full text]
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De, Matos Lundström Anna. "Los aspectos pragmáticos en manuales suecos de español como lengua extranjera : Su contribución al desarrollo de la competencia pragmática en el bachillerato." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-106045.
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El objetivo de esta monografía es tratar de determinar en qué medida y de qué manera cuatro manuales didácticos suecos de español como lengua extranjera (ELE), usados en la enseñanza en el nivel de bachillerato, tratan aspectos pragmáticos. Además, evaluaremos el potencial y la relevancia de la información metapragmática y las actividades relacionadas a los aspectos pragmáticos para el proceso de adquisición de una competencia tanto metapragmática como pragmática. En este estudio se parte de la noción de la competencia pragmática como una destreza orientada a saber crear y comprender significados en la interacción de manera eficaz (Thomas, 1995), que supone, más que los conocimientos lingüísticos en una interacción intercultural, los conocimientos extralingüísticos (cf. Bravo, 2005). La hipótesis de partida de este trabajo postula que los manuales no explican a fondo por qué cierto lenguaje se utiliza en ciertos contextos y que el contenido pragmático sería poco variado y difícil de asimilar y que los ejercicios no estarían diseñados principalmente para desarrollar la competencia pragmática. Hasta cierta medida se puede decir que los resultados de esta investigación confirman la hipótesis: los manuales podrían efectivamente ser más exhaustivos en cuanto a los temas que abarcan, asimismo podrían variar y explicar más a fondo aquellos temas. No obstante, parece haber un esfuerzo de incorporar actividades comunicativas e información extralingüística, sin embargo, hace falta una conceptualización y progresión en cuanto a cómo tratar estos temas como el propósito principal. Ni siquiera se ofrecen en las guías del profesor modelos didácticos o información adicional, y por lo general, no se combina la información metapragmática en los manuales con actividades complementarias que pretenden desarrollar las destrezas comunicativas.The purpose of this paper is to try to determine to what extent and in what way four Swedish textbooks on Spanish as a foreign language (SFL) treat pragmatic aspects, as well as to evaluate the potential and relevance of the metapragmatic information and activities related to pragmatic aspects provided by the textbooks, for the development of pragmatic awareness and competence in Spanish. This study parts from the notion of pragmatic competence as a skill of knowing how to create and understand meanings in interaction effectively (Thomas, 1995), which in intercultural interaction probably requires extra-linguistic knowledge more than language skills (cf. Bravo, 2005). The hypothesis postulated at the beginning of the study was that the manuals would not fully explain why certain language is being used in certain contexts, that the pragmatic content would be scarcely varied and rather difficult to assimilate and that the exercises would not be designed primarily to develop a pragmatic competence. To some extent it can be said that the hypothesis is confirmed: the manuals could have been more comprehensive in terms of the topics covered, they could also have varied and explained those issues further. Despite the fact that there seems to be an effort to incorporate extra-linguistic information and communicative activities, the results indicate that there is a lack of emphasis on or progression on how to treat these issues. For example, there are no didactic models or suggestions in the teacher’s guide, nor is additional information provided elsewhere; usually the metapragmatic information is not combined with any activities, and the activities that aim to develop communicative skills are not combined with further metapragmatic information.
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Hübscher, Iris. "Preschoolers' pragmatic development: how prosody and gesture lend a helping hand." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/593503.
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While previous research on language development has highlighted the facilitating role of gesture (mainly deictic gesture) in children’s early access to meaning, little is known about the possible facilitating role of prosody and also of co-speech gestures in children’s pragmatic development in the preschool years. Previous work on developmental pragmatics has focused on the acquisition of morphosyntactic and lexical forms, and there is a need to adopt a more integrative multimodal perspective. The overarching aim of this thesis is to experimentally investigate, through a set of cross-sectional studies with preschool children (3- to 5-year-olds), whether prosodic and gestural cues serve as pragmatic precursors in the development of two key pragmatic phenomena, namely knowledge state (i.e., commitment to the status of information) and politeness (e.g., broadly speaking, adjusting one’s language).
The first study uses a forced-choice paradigm to investigate preschool children’s understanding of another speaker’s knowledge state, presented in audio only, video only and audio-visual formats. Results show that overall children perform significantly better in detecting a speaker’s uncertainty when they have gestural cues present, and, importantly, the younger children were significantly better in detecting a speaker’s uncertainty when listening to a speaker’s intonation contour as compared to uncertainty expressed through a lexical epistemic adverb. The second study analyzes children’s (and adults’) multimodal expression of their knowledge state through an object guessing game by evaluating their production of prosodic, gestural and lexical cues and additionally assessing their self-assessment of their knowledge state. Results show that while preschool children are not yet able to self-report on their knowledge state, in the younger group, children encode their knowledge state through prosodic and gestural means only. And only in the older age group do children start to use a few lexical markers to signal their uncertainty. The third study uses a forced-choice paradigm to assess children’s understanding of a speaker’s politeness presented in audio only, video only and audio-visual formats. Results show that 3-year-old children detect a speaker’s polite stance significantly more through facial cues and intonation, highlighting children’s early ability to extract meaning from intonation when lexical cues are kept the same. Finally, the fourth study explores children’s multimodal production of politeness in semi-spontaneous requests in different sociopragmatic situations. Results show that regardless of the age group, children marked politeness through fine-grained gestural and prosodic means when producing requests to an adult with high social distance as compared to a classmate with low social distance, and this also depends on the cost of the request.
Altogether the results of these studies demonstrate that children’s early pragmatic comprehension and expressive abilities rely strongly on prosodic and gestural marking, developing well before children master lexical and morphosyntactic markers. More specifically, the four studies presented in this thesis bring forth evidence that both prosody and co-speech gestures play a precursor role in children’s pragmatic development of knowledge state and politeness. Ultimately, the thesis highlights the importance of approaching the study of children’s pragmatic development from a multimodal perspective.Tot i que les investigacions prèvies sobre el desenvolupament del llenguatge han destacat el paper facilitador del gest (principalment, del gest díctic o d’assenyalament) en l'accés primerenc dels nens al significat del llenguatge, se sap poc sobre els beneficis de la prosòdia i dels gestos de la parla en el desenvolupament pragmàtic dels nens en els anys preescolars. La recerca que s’ha fet sobre el desenvolupament de la pragmàtica s'ha centrat en l'adquisició de formes morfosintàctiques i lèxiques, però és important adoptar una perspectiva multimodal més integradora. L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi consisteix a investigar experimentalment, a través de quatre estudis transversals amb nens d’edat preescolar (de 3 a 5 anys d'edat), si els senyals prosòdics i gestuals actuen com a precursors pragmàtics en el desenvolupament de dos fenòmens pragmàtics, concretament el posicionament epistèmic (i.e., el grau de certesa del parlant sobre la informació expressada) i la cortesia. El primer estudi utilitza un paradigma d'elecció forçada per investigar la comprensió dels nens en edat preescolar sobre el posicionament epistèmic d'un altre parlant, presentat en tres condicions (només en àudio, només en vídeo i en format audiovisual). Els resultats mostren que els nens detecten millor la incertesa d'un parlant quan estan exposats a indicis gestuals. Crucialment, els nens de tres anys detecten millor la la incertesa d'un parlant quan la incertesa s'expressa a través de la prosòdia que quan s'expressa a través d’adverbis epistèmics. El segon estudi analitza l'expressió multimodal de l’estat epistèmic dels nens (i dels adults) a través d’un joc d’endevinar objectes. L'anàlisi dels senyals prosòdics, gestuals i lèxics mostren que, mentre els nens d’edat preescolar encara no poden valorar el seu posicionament epistèmic en canvi sí que codifiquen el seu grau de certesa a través de senyals prosòdics i gestuals. Només en el grup d'edat més gran els nens comencen a utilitzar alguns marcadors lèxics. El tercer estudi utilitza un paradigma d'elecció forçada per avaluar la comprensió dels nens sobre la cortesia d'un parlant, presentada també en tres condicions (només en àudio, només en vídeo i en format audiovisual). Els resultats mostren que els nens de 3 anys poden detectar una actitud educada a través de senyals facials i entonatius quan es mantenen constants les marques lèxiques. Els resultats mostren la capacitat inicial dels nens per extreure el significat de l'entonació, de forma paral·lela al que passa amb la gestualitat. Finalment, el quart estudi explora l'expressió multimodal de la cortesia en peticions emprades en diferents situacions sociopragmàtiques. Els resultats mostren que, independentment del grup d'edat, els nens marquen la cortesia a través de senyals gestuals i prosòdics detallats quan es fan peticions a un adult amb més distància social, en comparació amb un company amb qui presenten una distància social menor. L'ús d'aquestes marques també depèn del cost de la petició. En resum, els resultats dels quatre estudis de la tesi demostren que les habilitats primerenques de comprensió i d’expressió pragmàtica es basen en el marcatge prosòdic i gestual. i que aquestes es desenvolupen molt abans que els nens controlin els marcadors lèxics i morfosintàctics. Així, els quatre estudis presentats en aquesta tesi posen de manifest que tant la prosòdia com els gestos de la parla actuen com a precursors en el desenvolupament pragmàtic dels llenguatge. En definitiva, la tesi posa de relleu la importància d’aproximar-se a l'estudi del desenvolupament pragmàtic infantil des d'una perspectiva multimodal.
A pesar de que las investigaciones previas sobre el desarrollo del lenguaje hayan destacado el papel facilitador del gesto (principalmente, del gesto deíctico o de señalamiento) en el acceso temprano de los niños al significado del lenguaje, poco se sabe aún sobre los beneficios de la prosodia y de los gestos del habla en el desarrollo pragmático de los niños en etapa preescolar. Hasta ahora, las investigaciones sobre el desarrollo de la pragmática se han centrado en la adquisición de formas morfosintácticas y léxicas, haciéndose necesario adoptar una perspectiva multimodal más integradora. El objetivo general de esta tesis consiste en investigar experimentalmente —a través de cuatro estudios transversales con niños de edad preescolar (de 3 a 5 años de edad)— si las señales prosódicas y gestuales actúan como precursores en el desarrollo de dos fenómenos pragmáticos, concretamente del posicionamiento epistémico (i.e., del grado de certeza del hablante sobre la información expresada) y de la cortesía. El primer estudio utiliza un paradigma de elección forzada para investigar cómo los niños en edad preescolar comprenden el posicionamiento epistémico de otro hablante, presentado los estímulos en tres condiciones (solo en audio, solo en vídeo y en formato audiovisual). Los resultados muestran que los niños detectan mejor la incertidumbre de un hablante cuando están expuestos a indicios gestuales. Crucialmente, los resultados también muestran que los niños de tres años detectan mejor la incertidumbre de un hablante cuando esta viene expresada a través de la prosodia que cuando lo hace a través de adverbios epistémicos. El segundo estudio analiza la expresión multimodal del estado epistémico de los niños (y de los adultos) a través de un juego de adivinar objetos. El análisis de las señales prosódicas, gestuales y léxicas muestra que, aunque los niños en edad preescolar todavía no pueden valorar su posicionamiento epistémico, los del grupo de menor edad ya son capaces de codificar su grado de certeza a través de señales prosódicas y gestuales, mientras que solo los niños del grupo de mayor edad empiezan a utilizar algunos marcadores léxicos. El tercer estudio utiliza también un paradigma de elección forzada para evaluar la comprensión de los niños sobre la cortesía de un hablante, presentado también los estímulos en tres condiciones (solo en audio, solo en vídeo y en formato audiovisual). Los resultados muestran que los niños de 3 años son capaces de detectar una actitud cortés significativamente mejor a través de señales faciales y entonativas, destacando además la capacidad temprana de los niños para extraer el significado de la entonación cuando las marcas léxicas se mantienen constantes. Finalmente, el cuarto estudio investiga la expresión multimodal de la cortesía en peticiones realizadas en diferentes situaciones socio-pragmáticas. Los resultados muestran, por un lado, que, independientemente del grupo de edad, los niños marcan la cortesía a través de señales gestuales y prosódicas diferenciadas en función de si las peticiones van dirigidas hacia un adulto con el que mantienen una mayor distancia social, o bien hacia un compañero con quien la distancia social es menor. Además, los resultados también muestran que el uso de estas marcas también depende del coste de la petición. En resumen, los resultados de los cuatro estudios de esta tesis demuestran que las habilidades tempranas de la comprensión y expresión de significados pragmáticos se basan en el marcaje prosódico y gestual, y que, además, estas habilidades se desarrollan mucho antes de que los niños dominen los marcadores léxicos y morfosintácticos. De este modo, los cuatro estudios presentados en esta tesis ponen de manifiesto que tanto la prosodia como los gestos del habla actúan como precursores en el desarrollo pragmático del lenguaje, subrayando así la necesidad de aproximarse al estudio del desarrollo pragmático infantil desde una perspectiva multimodal.
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Li, Yi. "The dynamics of power and politeness in cross-cultural supervision management : a pragmatic study of British and Chinese discourse strategies in an academic context." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313454.
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Connors, Marianne Dorothy. "The pragmatic particles 'enfin' and 'écoute' in French film and TV dialogue." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27764.
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This thesis investigates the use of the pragmatic particles (PPs) 'enfin' and 'écoute' in French film dialogue, and their translations in British English subtitles. Using a corpus of nine films and eight episodes drawn from two television series – all released in the UK between 2005 and 2015, and equating to approximately twenty-two hours – the study identifies tokens across a much wider range of contexts than has previously been possible using traditional corpora. The main contribution is an analysis of PP functions. The results for 'enfin' show a different functional distribution of the particle to other corpora, with corrective 'enfin' occurring significantly less frequently. The relatively large number of tokens of performative and emotional (or affective) 'enfin' allows for an elaboration of these two categories, and a tendency is observed for 'enfin' to appear as an apparent disagreement mitigator in discussions between peers. With regard to 'écoute', it is argued that écoute1 functions as a face-threat mitigator in unequal relationships and écoute2 as an FTA, although the particle is multifunctional and some tokens exhibit characteristics of both categories. Attention is given to combinations of 'enfin' and 'écoute' with other particles: while there is a clear tendency for disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' to co-occur with 'mais', and for the precision and restrictive subcategories of the corrective to co-occur with 'je veux dire', other previously documented combinations ('enfin bon' and 'ben écoute') are not frequently occurring in the present corpus. The thesis also makes a significant contribution to the field of Audiovisual Translation (AVT). The English subtitles show high rates of omission for both particles consistent with previous research, with disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' particularly vulnerable to omission. However, the analysis reveals a surprising pattern regarding 'écoute': a clear division of labour between ‘look’ (used to translate more confrontational tokens) and ‘listen’ (more conciliatory and socially distant). The study includes an experimental analysis of the subtitles relative to their character limits, demonstrating a potential new approach for researchers wishing to investigate the impact of various subtitling constraints.
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Andrade, Adriana Marcelle de. "Cortesia e marcadores discursivos: contrastes entre discursos orais chilenos e espanhóis e as percepções de brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-16112010-155733/.
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Este estudo evidencia o modo como se organizam as estratégias de cortesia que se manifestam na ocorrência dos marcadores discursivos pues, ya e claro em intervenções orais de adolescentes de duas capitais, Madri e Santiago do Chile, presentes no Corpus de Lenguaje Adolescente (COLA). Considerando a diversidade sociocultural (Bravo, 2004) e que os marcadores discursivos sinalizam a direção em que se deve buscar a relevância dos enunciados (Escandell-Vidal, 1998), esta pesquisa também analisa se adolescentes brasileiros, estudantes de língua espanhola, da região de São Paulo, constroem uma interpretação adequada quanto à presença ou ausência da cortesia, ao entrar em contato com as conversações do material de análise. Como resultado, foram descritos os contrastes entre as amostras das variedades - a santiaguina e a madrilena - de língua espanhola quanto ao uso das partículas pues, ya e claro. Observou-se que essas diferenças se relacionam ao contexto de enunciação e ao processamento discursivo, semântico e pragmático desses marcadores, comprovando que a cortesia apresenta particularidades e possui um valor relativo de acordo com a interação verbal, os traços culturais e o tipo de relação social entre os interlocutores. Através da escuta de alguns diálogos extraídos do corpus e guiados por um questionário, a maioria dos estudantes brasileiros construiu interpretações equivocadas das formações discursivas. Verificou-se que estas construções de sentido concerniram ao desconhecimento da forma ou do uso dos marcadores, que impediu que estes orientassem o processo de interpretação, e à desconsideração das diferenças interculturais e dos modelos de cortesia em diferentes interações verbais.This study shows how strategies of politeness occurring when discourse markers are used in oral interventions of teenagers from the two capital cities of Madrid and Santiago de Chile contained in the Corpus de Lenguaje Adolescente (COLA) are organized. Considering the socio-cultural diversity (Bravo, 2004) and discourse markers indicate in which direction we should look for the relevance of utterances (Escandell-Vidal, 1998), this research also analyzes if Brazilian teenagers, students of Spanish language in São Paulo region, have a proper interpretation regarding the presence or the absence of politeness when they are exposed to the conversations of the material analyzed. As a result, the differences between samples of Spanish language varieties from Santiago and from Madrid regarding the use of the particles pues, ya and claro were described. Such differences were seen to be related to the context of enunciation and the discursive, semantic, and pragmatic processing of the markers, which confirms that the politeness shows particularities and has a relative value according to the verbal interaction, cultural traits, and the type of social relationship between interlocutors. By hearing some of the dialogs extracted from the corpus and guided by a questionnaire, most Brazilian students had wrong interpretations of discursive formations. Such constructions of meaning were seen to be related to the lack of knowledge of the markers form or usage, which prevented the markers to guide the interpretation process, and the disregard of intercultural differences and models of politeness in various verbal interactions.
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Frisk, Irina. "A Linguistic Analysis of Peer-review Critique in Four Modes of Computer-mediated Communication." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-26741.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The present work is a quantitative and qualitative analysis of pragmatic strategies for delivering critique, and types of politeness, used by undergraduate L2 students of English at different stages of peer-review discussion. The material examined consists of four corpora of authentic conversations between students, the main purpose of which was to give feedback on each other’s contributions during an English A-level course, at Mid-Sweden University. The conversations explored were carried out electronically, and represent four different online environments, or modes of computer-mediated communication (CMC). The material from the two asynchronous modes of CMC is comprised of L2 students’ written discussion board messages and spoken posts recorded using online software. The two synchronous environments under investigation are text-based and voice-based chat. Taking Brown and Levinson’s (1987) framework of politeness as a point of departure, the present study uses a combination of corpus and conversation analytical methods. The basic unit of analysis has been defined as the shortest message of peer-review critique that constitutes a thematic unit: these have been examined in terms of their content and politeness features associated with them, and analyzed in terms of the pragmatic strategy and type of politeness adopted. The types of pragmatic strategies or message organization patterns at different stages, i.e. initial versus subsequent feedback, of the peer-review discussion have also been analyzed. The results of the study show that the pragmatic strategies aimed at praise and agreement prevail in the corpus data produced by predominantly native speakers of Swedish. Even though the pragmatic strategies used for disagreement and negative evaluation are rich in propositional content, their occurrences and distribution vary across the four modes of CMC examined. These results seem to have wider implications in the context of online L2 learning activities, providing insights about the language of peer-review critique in a Swedish academic setting. Keywords: computer-mediated communication (CMC), Conversation Analysis (CA), conversation management, discussion boards, feedback category, mode of CMC, peer-review discussion, politeness theory, pragmatic strategy, speech act of critique, text-based chat, type of politeness, voice-based chat, VoiceThread