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Journal articles on the topic 'Prairie vegetation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Swab, Rebecca M., Nicola Lorenz, Nathan R. Lee, Steven W. Culman, and Richard P. Dick. "From the Ground Up: Prairies on Reclaimed Mine Land—Impacts on Soil and Vegetation." Land 9, no. 11 (2020): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110455.

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After strip mining, soils typically suffer from compaction, low nutrient availability, loss of soil organic carbon, and a compromised soil microbial community. Prairie restorations can improve ecosystem services on former agricultural lands, but prairie restorations on mine lands are relatively under-studied. This study investigated the impact of prairie restoration on mine lands, focusing on the plant community and soil properties. In southeast Ohio, 305 ha within a ~2000 ha area of former mine land was converted to native prairie through herbicide and planting between 1999–2016. Soil and veg

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2

Wagle, Pradeep, Prasanna H. Gowda, Brian K. Northup, Patrick J. Starks, and James P. S. Neel. "Response of Tallgrass Prairie to Management in the U.S. Southern Great Plains: Site Descriptions, Management Practices, and Eddy Covariance Instrumentation for a Long-Term Experiment." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (2019): 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11171988.

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Understanding the consequences of different management practices on vegetation phenology, forage production and quality, plant and microbial species composition, greenhouse gas emissions, and water budgets in tallgrass prairie systems is vital to identify best management practices. As part of the Southern Plains Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (SP-LTAR) grassland study, a long-term integrated Grassland-LivestOck Burning Experiment (iGLOBE) has been established with a cluster of six eddy covariance (EC) systems on differently managed (i.e., different burning and grazing regimes) native tallgra

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3

Ebinger, John E., Loy R. Phillippe, William C. Handel, et al. "Vascular Plant Communities of the Green River Lowlands in Northwestern Illinois." Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 39, no. 1-6 (2009): 39–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v39.96.

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A few high-quality prairies still exist in the sand deposits of the Green River Lowlands. The most extensive remnants are in the Green River State Wildlife Area, Lee County, Illinois. Three upland prairie communities were surveyed; a dry sand prairie dominated by Schizachyrium scoparium, Ambrosia psilostachya, and Amorpha canescens; a dry-mesic sand prairie dominated by Sorghastrum nutans, Schizachyrium scoparium, Antennaria plantaginifolia, and Liatris aspera; and a mesic sand prairie where Sorghastrum nutans and Andropogon gerardii were the dominant grasses, and Parthenium integrifolium, Fra

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4

Faber-Langendoen, D., and P. F. Maycock. "Composition and soil–environment analysis of prairies on Walpole Island, southwestern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 11 (1987): 2410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-328.

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Extensive prairie communities on Walpole Island Indian Reserve in Lake St. Clair, southwestern Ontario, were sampled for vegetation and soil profile characteristics. Two hundred and fifty-two species were found in the 20 stands. Dominant grasses included Calamagrostis canadensis, Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum virgatum, Poa pratensis, and Spartina pectinata. Dominant forbs were Pycnanthemum virginianum, Liatris spicata, Fragaria virginiana, Lysimachia quadriflora, and Viola papilionacea. Stands were ordered along a recognized moisture–substrate gradient divided into four segm

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5

Ebinger, John E., Loy R. Phillippe, Randy W. Nÿboer, et al. "Vegetation and Flora of the Sand Deposits of the Mississippi River Valley in Northwestern Illinois." Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 37, no. 1-6 (2006): 191–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v37.122.

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This study was undertaken to determine vascular plant species composition, vegetation structure, and floristic quality of the major plant communities in the windblown sand deposits of northwestern Illinois during the growing seasons of 2002 through 2005. The major plant communities of the Ayers Sand Prairie Nature Preserve in Carroll County, Big River State Forest in Henderson County, Lost Mound Unit of the Upper Mississippi River Wildlife and Fish Refuge in Carroll and Jo Daviess counties, and the Thomson-Fulton Sand Prairie Nature Preserve located in Whiteside County were examined and the im

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6

Winter, Stephen L., Jack F. Cully, and Jeffrey S. Pontius. "Vegetation of Prairie Dog Colonies and Non-Colonized Shortgrass Prairie." Journal of Range Management 55, no. 5 (2002): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003230.

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7

Looman, J. "The vegetation of the Canadian Prairie Provinces IV. The woody vegetation, Part 2 Wetland shrubbery." Phytocoenologia 14, no. 4 (1986): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/14/1986/439.

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8

Looman, J. "The vegetation of the Canadian Prairie Provinces. IV. The woody vegetation, Part 4. Coniferous forests." Phytocoenologia 15, no. 3 (1987): 289–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/15/1987/289.

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9

Burchill, C. A., and N. C. Kenkel. "Vegetation–environment relationships of an inland boreal salt pan." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (1991): 722–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-098.

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Vegetation composition and community structure of boreal inland salt pans near the shore of Dawson Bay, Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, were examined. Eight vegetation associations and eight species groups were described from the site. Most of the vegetation associations were dominated by a single graminoid or graminoid-like species. Species composition in the most saline areas was similar to that of prairie salt pans to the south, whereas the vegetation of less saline areas showed affinities to both prairie and boreal forest. Examination of vegetation–environment relationships indicated that soi

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10

Thompson, Jimmie D., Deborah Q. Lewis, and *William R. Norris. "The Role of an Urban Tallgrass Prairie Remnant in Conservation: A Case Study in Central Iowa (USA)." Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 121, no. 1-4 (2014): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17833/0896-8381-121.1.27.

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Although more than 85% of Iowa (USA) was covered by tallgrass prairie at the time of settlement by Europeans in the early 19th century, less than 0.1% remains. The Richard W. Pohl State Preserve at Ames (IA) High School, surrounded on three sides by structures, roads, and other development, protects 4 ha of tallgrass prairie. The preserve, commonly referred to as Ames High Prairie (AHP), was grazed but never plowed under private ownership until its acquisition by the Ames School District in 1959. Although considered for development as a parking lot or football field in the 1960s, the residents

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11

Bennett, Barry, and Jane Bock. "Changes in Vegetation Associated with the Removal of Prairie Dogs." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 13 (January 1, 1989): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1989.2817.

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From 1938 to 1982 the total acreage of Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) towns in Wind Cave National Park increased from 290 to 750 ha. In 1982 a management plan was introduced that reduced the area covered by prairie dog towns to 290 acres. The objective of this study is to monitor vegetation changes that occur following the removal of prairie dogs. These data will prove useful in developing management plans for the removed prairie dog towns and also provide useful data on the vegetation and seed bank composition on the Wind Cave National Park grasslands.

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12

Flores Palacios, Alejandro, Juan E. Martínez Gómez, and Robert L. Curry. "La vegetación de Isla Socorro, Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, México." Botanical Sciences 84 (May 20, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2288.

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Based on physiognomic criteria and a cluster analysis based on 90 plots (14 in prairie and grassland, 35 in shrubs, 38 in forest and 3 in secondary vegetation) we classified the vegetation of Socorro Island. In addition to coastal halophytes, we found evidence supporting eight primary vegetation types: <em>Conocarpus </em> shrubby vegetation, grassland, prairie, <em>Croton masonii </em> shrubby vegetation, <em>Pteridium-Dodonaea </em> shrub, tropical dry forest, tropical rain forest and lower montane cloud forest. Prairie and grassland associations are clear

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13

Xu, Dandan, Jeff K. Harder, Weixin Xu, and Xulin Guo. "Evaluating the Impact of Grazing Cessation and Reintroduction in Mixed Prairie Using Raster Time Series Analysis of Landsat Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (2021): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173397.

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Great efforts have been made to manage and restore native prairies to protect native species, enrich biodiversity, protect ecological resilience, and maintain ecosystem services. Much of this has been focused on preventing degradation from overgrazing and crop conversion. Understanding the consequences of management polices is important to identify best practices. Previous research has compared restoration outcomes from variable intensity grazing, prescribed fire, and grazing removal. However, few studies have explored the optimal durations of management practices and variation in restoration

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14

Looman, J. "The vegetation of the Canadian Prairie Provinces. IV. The woody vegetation. Part 3. Deciduous woods and forests." Phytocoenologia 15, no. 1 (1987): 51–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/15/1987/51.

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15

Johnson, W. Carter, Terry L. Sharik, Richard A. Mayes, and Eric P. Smith. "Nature and cause of zonation discreteness around glacial prairie marshes." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 8 (1987): 1622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-222.

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Species boundary clustering in zoned vegetation was examined along six wetland–upland coenoclines from four prairie marshes in eastern South Dakota that differed in size, permanence, water quality (salinity), topography, and exposure to waves. Vegetation structure and composition were measured from small, contiguous quadrats running through concentric vegetation zones. Rates of vegetation change along coenoclines were estimated using direct gradient analysis, detrended correspondence analysis, and a statistical technique that detects clustering of species' borders. All wetlands exhibited visua

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16

Dietzel, Ranae, Matt Liebman, and Sotirios Archontoulis. "A deeper look at the relationship between root carbon pools and the vertical distribution of the soil carbon pool." SOIL 3, no. 3 (2017): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-3-139-2017.

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Abstract. Plant root material makes a substantial contribution to the soil organic carbon (C) pool, but this contribution is disproportionate below 20 cm where 30 % of root mass and 50 % of soil organic C is found. Root carbon inputs changed drastically when native perennial plant systems were shifted to cultivated annual plant systems. We used the reconstruction of a native prairie and a continuous maize field to examine both the relationship between root carbon and soil carbon and the fundamental rooting system differences between the vegetation under which the soils developed versus the veg

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17

Sutton, Richard K., John A. Harrington, Lee Skabelund, Peter MacDonagh, Reid R. Coffman, and Gord Koch. "PRAIRIE-BASED GREEN ROOFS: LITERATURE, TEMPLATES, AND ANALOGS." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 1 (2012): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.1.143.

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Native prairie species have been both promoted and questioned in their ability to serve as vegetative covers for green roofs. The green roof environment with its exposure to intense sun and wind and limited moisture restricts the capacity for a large diversity of species. The result has been, in many cases, a standard, low-diversity mix of Sedum species often focused on ornament and minimizes the potential for wider environmental benefits. We reviewed the ecological literature on prairie and grassland communities with specific reference to habitat templates from stressed environmental conditio

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18

Looman, J. "The vegetation of the Canadian Prairie Provinces III. Aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, Part 3 Aquatic plant communities." Phytocoenologia 14, no. 1 (1986): 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/14/1986/19.

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19

Walker, A. E., and B. E. Goodison. "Discrimination of a wet snow cover using passive microwave satellite data." Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026030550001301x.

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Snow-cover monitoring using passive microwave remote sensing methods has been shown to be seriously limited under melt conditions when the snowpack becomes wet. A wet snow indicator has been developed using DMSP SSM/I 37 GHz dual-polarization data for the open prairie region of western Canada. The indicator is used to identify areas of wet snow and discriminate them from areas of snow-free land. Validation and testing efforts have illustrated that the addition of the indicator to the current SSM/I snow water equivalent algorithm provides a more accurate representation of spatial snow coverage

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20

Walker, A. E., and B. E. Goodison. "Discrimination of a wet snow cover using passive microwave satellite data." Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s026030550001301x.

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Snow-cover monitoring using passive microwave remote sensing methods has been shown to be seriously limited under melt conditions when the snowpack becomes wet. A wet snow indicator has been developed using DMSP SSM/I 37 GHz dual-polarization data for the open prairie region of western Canada. The indicator is used to identify areas of wet snow and discriminate them from areas of snow-free land. Validation and testing efforts have illustrated that the addition of the indicator to the current SSM/I snow water equivalent algorithm provides a more accurate representation of spatial snow coverage

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21

Grant, T. A., E. M. Madden, R. K. Murphy, K. A. Smith, and M. P. Nenneman. "Monitoring Native Prairie Vegetation: The Belt Transect Method." Ecological Restoration 22, no. 2 (2004): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.22.2.106.

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22

Galatowitsch, Susan M., and Arnold G. van der Valk. "The Vegetation of Restored and Natural Prairie Wetlands." Ecological Applications 6, no. 1 (1996): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269557.

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23

Gibson, David J. "Effects of Animal Disturbance on Tallgrass Prairie Vegetation." American Midland Naturalist 121, no. 1 (1989): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2425665.

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24

Knops, Johannes M. H. "Fire does not alter vegetation in infertile prairie." Oecologia 150, no. 3 (2006): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0535-8.

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25

Almquist-Jacobson, Heather, James E. Almendinger, and Sarah Hobbie. "Influence of Terrestrial Vegetation on Sediment-Forming Processes in Kettle Lakes of West-Central Minnesota." Quaternary Research 38, no. 1 (1992): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90033-f.

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AbstractThe composition, magnetic characteristics, and pollen content of sediments from two small kettle lakes near the prairie-forest border in west-central Minnesota were used to infer changes in terrestrial vegetation, shoreline erosion, eolian inputs, carbonate deposition, and aquatic productivity. Several important changes in sediment stratigraphy coincide closely with changes in the terrestrial pollen assemblage. Accumulation rates of organic, inorganic, and carbonate sediment fractions as well as the concentration of magnetic particulates increased abruptly as prairie replaced pine fore

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26

Plumb, Glenn. "Carrying Capacity of Age-Specific Habitat Zones within Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Colonies: A Baseline Preceding Black-Footed Ferret Reintroduction." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 16 (January 1, 1992): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1992.3067.

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Plant-animal interactions vary strongly between habitat zones characterized by the duration of colonization (age-specific) within a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) town (Cincotta et al. 1984). These interactions largely determine vegetation composition, diet composition and quality, and population demographics of habitat zones. The ecology of the black-tailed prairie dog in Badlands National Park (BNP) has been described by Cincotta et al. (1984) and Sharps and Uresk (1990). Yet, there is still uncertainty about the plant-animal relationships which underpin prairie dog carrying

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27

Grisham, Blake A., Alixandra J. Godar, Clint W. Boal, and David A. Haukos. "Interactive effects between nest microclimate and nest vegetation structure confirm microclimate thresholds for Lesser Prairie-Chicken nest survival." Condor 118, no. 4 (2016): 728–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/condor-16-38.1.

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Abstract The range of Lesser Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) spans 4 unique ecoregions along 2 distinct environmental gradients. The Sand Shinnery Oak Prairie ecoregion of the Southern High Plains of New Mexico and Texas is environmentally isolated, warmer, and more arid than the Short-Grass, Sand Sagebrush, and Mixed-Grass Prairie ecoregions in Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and the northeast panhandle of Texas. Weather is known to influence Lesser Prairie-Chicken nest survival in the Sand Shinnery Oak Prairie ecoregion; regional variation may also influence nest microclimate and,

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28

Colwell, Mark A., and Lewis W. Oring. "Nest-site characteristics of prairie shorebirds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 2 (1990): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-044.

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Nest-site characteristics of eight shorebird species were studied during the period 1982–1984 at Last Mountain Lake National Wildlife Area in south central Saskatchewan. Plant species composition at nests varied significantly among species and was correlated with distance to bare ground and aquatic habitat. Flora at Wilson's phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) nests was correlated with clutch initiation date, reflecting a seasonal shift in nesting habitat. Species differed significantly in cover types at nests. For American avocet (Recurvirostra americana), killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), and Wil

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29

Evans, Edward W. "Grasshopper (Insecta: Orthoptera: Acrididae) assemblages of tallgrass prairie: influences of fire frequency, topography, and vegetation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 7 (1988): 1495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-219.

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Grasshopper assemblages were sampled by sweep net in native tallgrass prairie at Konza Prairie, Kansas, in 1982 – 1986 to assess the influences of fire, topography, and vegetation on local species composition. Species composition at 38 sites was analysed by ordination (detrended correspondence analysis). Frequency of fire and topographic location were reflected along the first two principal axes, respectively. Grass-feeding grasshoppers were more numerous than forb- and mixed-feeding grasshoppers throughout the prairie, but forb and mixed feeders became relatively more frequent as fire frequen

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30

White, A. J., R. G. Poulin, B. Wissel, J. L. Doucette, and C. M. Somers. "Agricultural land use alters trophic status and population density of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on the North American Great Plains." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 7 (2012): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-055.

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Habitat conversion is among the most important causes of environmental change worldwide, yet relatively little is known about its potential influence on trophic interactions. We investigated the effects of agricultural land use on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values, trophic status, population density, and body condition of deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)) in a grassland ecosystem. Muscle δ15N (cropland = 7.6‰ ± 1.3‰; hay fields = 7.9‰ ± 1.3‰; native prairie = 7.2‰ ± 2.1‰) from deer mice did not vary with land use despite baseline soil and vegetation δ15N differences. E

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31

Grant-Hoffman, Madeline N., and James K. Detling. "Vegetation on Gunnison's Prairie Dog Colonies in Southwestern Colorado." Rangeland Ecology & Management 59, no. 1 (2006): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2006)59[073:vogpdc]2.0.co;2.

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32

Piper, Jon K. "Vegetation Recovers Slowly on a Deeply Disturbed Sand Prairie." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 120, no. 3-4 (2017): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1660/062.120.0408.

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33

Collins, Scott L. "Fire Frequency and Community Heterogeneity in Tallgrass Prairie Vegetation." Ecology 73, no. 6 (1992): 2001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941450.

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34

Aronson, Myla F. J., and Susan Galatowitsch. "Long-term vegetation development of restored prairie pothole wetlands." Wetlands 28, no. 4 (2008): 883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/08-142.1.

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35

Gillen, Robert L., John A. Eckroat, and F. Ted McCollum. "Vegetation Response to Stocking Rate in Southern Mixedgrass Prairie." Journal of Range Management 53, no. 5 (2000): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003646.

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36

Towne, E. G. "Prairie vegetation and soil nutrient responses to ungulate carcasses." Oecologia 122, no. 2 (2000): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00008851.

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37

Hall, Stephen A., and Salvatore Valastro. "Grassland Vegetation in the Southern Great Plains during the Last Glacial Maximum." Quaternary Research 44, no. 2 (1995): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1068.

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AbstractNew pollen records from White Lake in the Southern High Plains and from Friesenhahn Cave on the southeastern Edwards Plateau of Texas indicate that the glacial-age vegetation of the southern Great Plains was a grassland. The High Plains was a treeless Artemisia grassland and the Edwards Plateau, at the south edge of the Great Plains, was a grassland with pinyon pines and deciduous trees in canyons and riparian habitats. The glacial-age grasslands differ from modern shortgrass and tallgrass prairies and may have no modern analog. The dominance of prairie vegetation during the last glaci

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38

Umbanhowar Jr., Charles E. "Early patterns of revegetation of artificial earthen mounds in a northern mixed prairie." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 1 (1992): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-020.

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Patches of bare soil are thought to be important to the diversity and structure of North American grasslands. In 1987, 45 7.5-dm diameter artificial earthen mounds were built in low-, mid-, and high-prairie types to experimentally study the effects of mound location on patterns of mound revegetation. Stem densities and species abundance data were recorded every other week during the summers of 1987 and 1988. Few stems were recorded in 1987, and stem density more than quadrupled in 1988, but less than 1 % of all stems were seedlings. Grass stem densities were significantly higher on low-prairie

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39

Kim, Daniel H., Felipe Chavez-Ramirez, and R. Douglas Slack. "Effects of artificial perches and interspecific interactions on patch use by wintering raptors." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 12 (2003): 2038–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-197.

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We used an experimental approach to investigate the effects of woody vegetation and interspecific interactions on patch use by three wintering raptor species in the coastal prairie in south Texas. We manipulated perch type and density by the addition of artificial perches to patches of coastal prairie grasslands, varying perch height in the first year and canopy density in the second year. American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) used areas with artificial perches more often than they used natural woody vegetation and areas without woody perches. Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus) patch use did not

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40

Ohrtman, Michelle K., Sharon A. Clay, David E. Clay, Eric M. Mousel, and Alexander J. Smart. "Preventing Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) Seedling Establishment in the Northern Prairie Pothole Region." Invasive Plant Science and Management 4, no. 4 (2011): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-11-00012.1.

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AbstractControlled burns and grazing are being tested to manage invasive grasses in the Prairie Pothole region of the Northern Great Plains. These practices, however, may inadvertently promote saltcedar infestations from seed by opening the vegetative canopy. Saltcedar seedling establishment was investigated in greenhouse experiments using intact soil cores from one summit and three footslope sites in eastern South Dakota. Establishment tests were conducted in soil cores collected from treatment and control plots immediately after spring fire treatment (postburn) and in cores that contained pe

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41

Sea, Debra S., and Cathy Whitlock. "Postglacial Vegetation and Climate of the Cascade Range, Central Oregon." Quaternary Research 43, no. 3 (1995): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1043.

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AbstractPollen data from two sites provide information on the postglacial vegetation and climate history of the Cascade Range. Indian Prairie in the western Cascade Range was colonized by subalpine forests of Pinus, Picea, and Tsuga and open meadows prior to ca. 12,400 14C yr B.P. The treeline lay 500 to 1000 m below its modern elevation and conditions were cooler than at present. From ca. 12,400 to ca. 9950 14C yr B.P. Abies became important and the forest resembled that presently found at middle elevations in the western Cascade Range. The pollen record implies a rise in treeline and warmer

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42

Fuller, L. G., and D. W. Anderson. "Changes in soil properties following forest invasion of Black soils of the Aspen Parkland." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, no. 4 (1993): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-059.

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The objective of this study was to document the effect of forest invasion on Black soils of the Aspen Parkland in Saskatchewan. A prairie-forest transition zone less than 100-m wide was studied in an upland landscape (LM) with a strong eluvial regime and a lowland landscape (WQ) where strong leaching was restricted to depressional areas. A direct count of grass opal along each transect provided evidence that forest vegetation had invaded prairie as similar amounts of grass opal occurred under forest and prairie. Soil morphology and horizon development could be related to microrelief and to sit

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43

Hoagland, Bruce W., and Scott L. Collins. "Heterogeneity in shortgrass prairie vegetation: the role of playa lakes." Journal of Vegetation Science 8, no. 2 (1997): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3237357.

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44

Matlack, Raymond S., Donald W. Kaufman, and Glennis A. Kaufman. "Influence of Woody Vegetation on Small Mammals in Tallgrass Prairie." American Midland Naturalist 160, no. 1 (2008): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[7:iowvos]2.0.co;2.

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45

Towne, E. Gene, David C. Hartnett, and Robert C. Cochran. "VEGETATION TRENDS IN TALLGRASS PRAIRIE FROM BISON AND CATTLE GRAZING." Ecological Applications 15, no. 5 (2005): 1550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-1958.

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Barrett, Linda R. "Podzolization under forest and stump prairie vegetation in northern Michigan." Geoderma 78, no. 1-2 (1997): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(97)00008-6.

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Kleb, Heather R., and Scott D. Wilson. "Vegetation Effects on Soil Resource Heterogeneity in Prairie And Forest." American Naturalist 150, no. 3 (1997): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/286066.

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Hickman, Karen R., and Justin D. Derner. "Blackland Tallgrass Prairie Vegetation Dynamics Following Cessation of Herbicide Application." Rangeland Ecology & Management 60, no. 2 (2007): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/05-097r4.1.

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Winter, Stephen L., Brady W. Allred, Karen R. Hickman, and Samuel D. Fuhlendorf. "Tallgrass prairie vegetation response to spring fires and bison grazing." Southwestern Naturalist 60, no. 1 (2015): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1894/fmo-19.1.

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Dormaar, Johan F., Barry W. Adams, and Walter D. Willms. "Impacts of Rotational Grazing on Mixed Prairie Soils and Vegetation." Journal of Range Management 50, no. 6 (1997): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003461.

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