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1
B, Avhad Sunil, and Hiware Chandrashekhar J. "Studies on Population Dynamics of Pratylenchus sp. (Filipjev, 1936) about Soil Abiotic Factor in the Mulberry Field at Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-Feb (February 6, 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-feb.3933.
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In the present study, the monthly population fluctuation of Pratylenchus sp. (Filipjev, 1936) is ascertain about soil temperature, moisture, pH in mulberry (Morus alba L.) field with economic importance within the sericulture. The studies target is to grasp the influence and impact of those soil abiotic factors on the population of those plant-parasitic nematodes and Correlation coefficients (r) between mean population Pratylenchus spand different soil abiotic factors in Aurangabad Mulberry garden.
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Timper, P., and B. B. Brodie. "First Report of Pratylenchus neglectus in New York." Plant Disease 81, no. 2 (February 1997): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.2.228c.
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Soil samples were collected from a field in Wyoming County near Portageville, NY, on 29 October 1992 and 23 November 1993. The field was planted with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from September 1991 to August 1992, and with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Superior from May 1993 to September 1993. Thirty-nine and 45 samples were collected along three transects in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Two species of Pratylenchus were identified, P. neglectus (Rensch) Filipjev & Sch. Stek. (identification confirmed by A. M. Golden) and P. penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Sch. Stek. Their combined population densities were 134 ± 18 (mean ± SE per 100 cm3 soil) in 1992 and 195 ± 12 in 1993. P. neglectus was found in all samples, whereas P. penetrans was found in 33 and 78% of the samples in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Where both species occurred together, the density of P. neglectus was 7 to 8 times that of P. penetrans. In both years, spores of a nematode-pathogenic bacterium (probably a Pasteuria sp.) were found attached to the cuticle of P. penetrans (68% with spores in 1993) but were rarely attached to P. neglectus (less than 1% with spores). Although both Pratylenchus spp. are widespread in North America, this is the first report of P. neglectus in New York. Its dominance in the field was unexpected because P. penetrans and P. crenatus Loof are typically the dominant Pratylenchus spp. in potato production regions of northeastern North America (1). The presence of the bacterium, which appeared to be host-specific for P. penetrans, may help explain the dominance of P. neglectus. Reference: (1) R. N. Huettel et al. Am. Potato J. 68:345, 1991.
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Handoo, Zafar A., Guiping Yan, Mihail R. Kantor, Danqiong Huang, Intiaz A. Chowdhury, Addison Plaisance, Gary R. Bauchan, and Joseph D. Mowery. "Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Pratylenchus dakotaensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae), a New Root-Lesion Nematode Species on Soybean in North Dakota, USA." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010168.
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Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) of the genus Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1936, are among the most important nematode pests on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), along with soybean cyst and root-knot nematodes. In May 2015 and 2016, a total of six soil samples were collected from a soybean field in Walcott, Richland County, ND and submitted to the Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory (MNGDBL), USDA, ARS, MD for analysis. Later, in 2019, additional nematodes recovered from a greenhouse culture on soybean originally from the same field were submitted for further analysis. Males, females, and juveniles of Pratylenchus sp. were recovered from soil and root samples and were examined morphologically and molecularly. DNA from single nematodes were extracted, and the nucleotides feature of three genomic regions targeting on the D2–D3 region of 28S rDNA and ITS rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene were characterized. Phylogeny trees were constructed to ascertain the relationships with other Pratylenchus spp., and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed to provide a rapid and reliable differentiation from other common Pratylenchus spp. Molecular features indicated that it is a new, unnamed Pratylenchus sp. that is different from morphologically closely related Pratylenchus spp., including P. convallariae, P. pratensis, P. fallax, and P. flakkensis. In conclusion, both morphological and molecular observations indicate that the North Dakota isolate on soybean represents a new root-lesion nematode species which is named and described herein as Pratylenchus dakotaensis n. sp.
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Christie, B. R., and J. L. Townshend. "Selection for resistance to the root-lesion nematode in alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-074.
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A study was conducted to evaluate response of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to selection for resistance to the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Sch.-Stek.) under growth-room facilities. Six hundred plants of the cultivar Vernal were inoculated with root-lesion nematodes. Counts were made 13–14 wk later of the number of nematodes g−1 root. Selections were made for relatively low counts (resistant) and high counts (susceptible). Selections were self-pollinated, and the S1 progeny of nine plants (five resistant and four susceptible) were evaluated. The S1 progenies from both types of selections had similar counts. The S2 progenies of resistant S1 parents, however, had lower counts than those of susceptible parents. The F1 crosses generally reacted as expected on the basis of the S2 parents. Results of this study suggest that progress can be made in breeding for resistance to the root-lesion nematode in alfalfa.Key words: Nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, alfalfa, selection
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Sigariova, D. D., and V. G. Karpliyk. "Parasitic Nematodes in Flowering and Ornamental Plants: Effect of Parasites on the Plants and Response of the Plants to the Presence of Nematodes." Vestnik Zoologii 49, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2015-0049.
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We studied the composition of the parasitic nematodes in the flowering and ornamental plants cultivated at the greenhouse facilities in the city of Kyiv. We found 9 species from the genera Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887, Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936, Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1934, Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936, Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913, Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945, Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922, and Heterodera Schmidt, 1871. We also discovered the nature of the external manifestations of the nematodes’ effect on the plants and the plants’ response to the infection. Special attention was paid to the loss of the ornamental properties. In order to rank the loss of the ornamental properties of the plants under nematode infection, the scale (ranking system) was suggested. It includes 5 grades applicable to the exterior appearance of the plants, where “5” stands for “excellent”; “4” stands for “good” “3” stands for “satisfactory”; “2” stands for “unsatisfactory”; and “1” stands for “bad”. Th e joint parasitic activity of two nematode species (D. dipsaciі and R. robustus in asparagus, and D. dipsaciі and M. incognita in begonia) caused the highest level of infection progress observed (4 points), and this resulted in worsening of the exterior appearance of plants and in decrease of their ornamentality/ornamental properties down to “bad” (1 point). Th e parasitic activity of P. penetrans in coleus coincided with a high degree of the infection progress (3 to 3.5 points) while the ornamental properties of the plants corresponded to the gradations identified as “unsatisfactory” (2 points) and “bad” (1 point).
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Pinkerton, Jack, and Chad E. Finn. "Responses of Strawberry Species and Cultivars to the Root-lesion and Northern Root-knot Nematodes." HortScience 40, no. 1 (February 2005): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.1.33.
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The relative susceptibility of 44 genotypes of wild Fragaria L. and commercial cultivars of strawberry Fragaria ×ananassa Duch. to Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Shuurmans Stekhoven was evaluated in the greenhouse. Eleven genotypes were highly resistant to populations of M. hapla from Washington State and Oregon, with Rf values (initial nematode density/final population density) less than 0.5. However, root growth of most genotypes, including resistant genotypes, was reduced by M. hapla. Thirteen genotypes were ranked more resistant to P. penetrans than F. ×ananassa `Totem', a susceptible cultivar. Root growth of most genotypes was not affected by P. penetrans under these experimental conditions. We conclude that commercial cultivars and wild Fragaria genotypes can provide a readily exploitable source of resistance to M. hapla. Conversely, sources of resistance to P. penetrans were uncommon in the germplasm evaluated. The F. ×ananassa cultivars, which already have commercially important characteristics, appear to be a better source of resistance for both nematode species than the wild, unimproved germplasm.
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Costante, Joseph F., Wesley R. Autio, and Lorraine P. Berkett. "INFLUENCE OF SOIL FUMIGANTS AND A NEMATICIDE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF `MCINTOSH' APPLE TREES ON VARIOUS ROOTSTOCKS." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 479f—479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.479f.
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`Rogers Red McIntosh' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on MM. 111, MM. 106, M.7a, or M.26 were planted in 1984 on an old orchard site, diagnosed with an apple replant disease (ARD) problem. Soil treatments included Telone c-17, Vorlex, Nemacur 3, or not treated. After six years, tree performance problems usually associated with severe ARD did not develop. Lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans-Stekhoven] populations feeding within or on the surface of roots were not affected by nematicide treatments nor rootstocks, even though slightly damaging levels were found in 1986. At the end of the sixth growing season, trunk cross-sectional areas were similar for trees in treated and in untreated soils. Trees on MM. 111 and MM. 106 were the largest, and those on M.26 were the smallest. Cumulative yield was not influenced by soil treatments, but trees on MM. 111 produced the greatest cumulative yields, whereas trees on M.26 were the most yield efficient.
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Particka, Chrislyn Ann, and James F. Hancock. "Breeding for Increased Tolerance to Black Root Rot in Strawberry." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1698.
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Black root rot (BRR) is a widespread disease of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) that causes the death of feeder roots and the degradation of structural roots resulting in an overall decrease in productivity. Black root rot is primarily caused by Rhizoctonia fragariae Husain and W.E. McKeen, Pythium Pringsh., and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven. A previous study identified varying levels of tolerance to BRR in strawberry cultivars with some having high levels of tolerance. In this study, progeny populations were created to determine the amount of genetic variability for BRR tolerance. Genotypes with high, intermediate, and low tolerance to BRR were crossed in a diallel mating scheme, progeny were planted in Vapam (metam sodium)-fumigated and nonfumigated soil, and were analyzed for yield parameters. The results showed significant differences for both treatment and family, but not for the interaction between treatment and family. Pathogen analysis indicated presence of fungal pathogens and nematodes in both fumigated and nonfumigated soil.
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Vrain, Thierry, Robyn DeYoung, John Hall, and Stan Freyman. "Cover Crops Resistant to Root-lesion Nematodes in Raspberry." HortScience 31, no. 7 (December 1996): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1195.
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Cover crops used in red raspberry plantings (Rubus idaeus L.) are often good hosts of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans Filipjev & Sch. Stekoven), a major soilborne pathogen of raspberry. The effects of two susceptible cover crops, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), planted in between rows, on nematode density and growth of raspberry plants were compared to those of three cover crops resistant to the nematode: redtop (Agrostis alba L.), creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and `Saia' oat (Avena sativa L.). Nematode multiplication in raspberry roots and in cover crop roots was assessed over 4 years. Growth and vigor of plants were estimated at the end of the experiment by counting primocanes and determining height and biomass. Nematode multiplication was suppressed in roots of `Saia' oat, fescue, and redtop compared to barley or white clover. Nematode density in roots and rhizosphere soil of raspberry was not affected by the choice of cover crops. Nematode suppression in the three resistant cover crops did not translate into increased vigor of raspberry plants.
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Particka, Chrislyn A., and James F. Hancock. "Field Evaluation of Strawberry Genotypes for Tolerance to Black Root Rot on Fumigated and Nonfumigated Soil." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 5 (September 2005): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.5.688.
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Black root rot (BRR) is a widespread disease of strawberry (Fragari×ananassa Duchnesne) that causes the death of feeder roots and the degradation of structural roots. The major causal organisms of BRR include Rhizoctonia fragariae Husain and W.E. McKeen, Pythium Pringsh., and Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven. The current method of control for black root rot is methyl-bromide fumigation; however, methyl bromide is scheduled to be phased out in 2005, and its effects are short-lived in matted-row systems. The objectives of the study were to measure levels of tolerance to BRR in 20 strawberry genotypes and to determine which pathogens were present in the soil. The genotypes were planted in four blocks each of methyl-bromide fumigated and nonfumigated soil, and were evaluated for crown number, number of flowers per crown, yield, and average berry weight over 2 years. The results showed that all three pathogens were present in the field, and that there was a significant genotype × fumigation interaction for yield and crown number in both years. The cultivars Bounty, Cabot, and Cavendish, all released from the breeding program in Nova Scotia, displayed tolerance to the pathogens that cause BRR.
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Lewers, K. S., W. W. Turechek, S. C. Hokanson, J. L. Maas, J. F. Hancock, S. Serçe, and B. J. Smith. "Evaluation of Elite Native Strawberry Germplasm for Resistance to Anthracnose Crown Rot Disease Caused by Colletotrichum Species." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 6 (November 2007): 842–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.6.842.
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Anthracnose crown rot of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) has been a major disease problem in the strawberry producing regions of the southeastern United States since the early 1970s. Chemical controls are often inadequate, but use of resistant cultivars is seen as a credible option for managing this disease. Only a small portion of Fragaria L. germplasm has been screened for resistance to anthracnose crown rot. A core subset of the Fragaria collection maintained at the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Clonal Repository in Corvallis, OR, has been constructed to contain an elite group of native F. virginiana Mill. and F. chiloensis (L.) Mill. This collection, referred to as the “core collection,” has been characterized for many horticultural traits, including reactions to several common foliar diseases, resistance to black root rot (causal organisms unknown), and resistance to northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) and root-lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Shuurmans Stekhoven]. Our objective was to evaluate the core collection for resistance to a selection of isolates of three Colletotrichum Corda species known to cause strawberry anthracnose, Colletotrichum fragariae A.N. Brooks, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. [teleomorph Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk], and Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds (teleomorph Glomerella acutata J.C. Guerber & J.C. Correll). No Fragaria subspecies or geomorph was more resistant than any other; rather, individual genotypes within these groups were identified as sources from which resistance can be obtained. Collecting germplasm in areas of intense disease pressure may not be as beneficial as one might assume, at least where anthracnose crown rot disease is concerned.
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Ingham, R. E., P. B. Hamm, E. Riga, and K. J. Merrifield. "First Report of Stunting and Root Rot of Potato Associated with Pratylenchus penetrans in the Columbia Basin of Washington." Plant Disease 89, no. 2 (February 2005): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0207b.
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The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans (de Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936, is a common pathogen of potato in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and frequently interacts with Verticillium dahliae to aggravate early dying disease (4). West of the Rocky Mountains, P. penetrans is associated with numerous crops including mint, tree, and small fruits but is rarely recovered from potato fields. Pratylenchus neglectus is a common plant-parasitic nematode on potato in the west, but causes little loss in yield and does not usually interact with V. dahliae (1). Management of P. neglectus is generally unnecessary; although a population of P. neglectus from Ontario, Canada appears to be more pathogenic and does interact with V. dahliae (1). During May 2003 (6 weeks after planting), large areas of stunted plants were observed in field inspections and in aerial photographs of two fields (50.6 ha) of cv. Ranger Russet in Benton County, Washington. Lower roots and stolons had numerous, dark lesions that are typical of P. penetrans damage and were severely stunted, while long, white roots had formed abnormally near the soil surface. In early May 2003, lesion nematodes (65 nematodes per 250 g of dry soil and 810 nematodes per g of fresh root weight) recovered from these potato fields were identified as P. penetrans on the basis of morphological characters (2,3). The crop responded to oxamyl (four applications at 1.1 kg of a.i. per ha between early May and mid-July), but the grower estimated that yields were 1.62 tons/ha (4 tons/acre) less than in comparable unaffected fields. To our knoweldge, this is the first report of severe damage to potato from P. penetrans in the Colombia Basin potato-production area. Soil fumigation with Telone II (1,3-dichloropropene) is commonly used in the Columbia Basin to control root-knot (Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. hapla) and stubby-root (Paratrichodorus allius) nematodes, and metam sodium is used to control V. dahliae. However, since the only nematode recovered from preplant samples was assumed to be P. neglectus, and because cv. Ranger Russet is relatively tolerant to V. dahliae, no fumigant was used in these fields. An increase in mint production in this area may be responsible for introducing P. penetrans into previously uninfested fields since mint is propagated vegetatively and lesion nematodes are commonly associated with mint and could be easily spread in planting material and adhering soil. Identification of P. penetrans in stunted corn from two nearby fields during 2004 suggests that this nematode may be a new and emerging problem in this area. The Columbia Basin is one of the largest potato-producing regions in the United States, and widespread introduction of P. penetrans could add substantial cost to potato production in this area. References: (1) K. Mukerji. No. 458 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1975. (2) H. Scheck and S. Koike. Plant Dis. 83:877, 1999.
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Yan, Guiping, Richard W. Smiley, Patricia A. Okubara, and Andrea M. Skantar. "Species-Specific PCR Assays for Differentiating Heterodera filipjevi and H. avenae." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (December 2013): 1611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-13-0064-re.
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Heterodera avenae and H. filipjevi are economically important cyst nematodes that restrict production of cereal crops in the Pacific Northwest United States and elsewhere in the world. Identification of these two species is critical for recommending and implementing effective management practices. Primers were designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of H. avenae and H. filipjevi ribosomal DNA. The primers were highly specific when examined on target isolates but did not amplify DNA from nontarget Heterodera, Globodera, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and other nematode species tested. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplification conditions were established, and H. avenae and H. filipjevi were clearly distinguished by PCR fragments of 242 and 170 bp, respectively. Robust PCR amplification was achieved with DNA extracted from a single egg or second-stage juvenile (J2) using a laboratory-made worm lysis buffer, and DNA from 0.5 egg or J2 using a commercial kit. The PCR assays were successfully employed for differentiation of H. filipjevi and H. avenae populations collected from eight locations in three Pacific Northwest states. This is the first report of a species-specific ITS PCR assay to detect and identify H. filipjevi. The assays for both species will enhance diagnosis of cereal cyst nematode species in infested fields.
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Cui, Jiang-Kuan, Wen-Kun Huang, Huan Peng, Yan Lv, Ling-An Kong, Hui-Xia Li, Shu-Jie Luo, Yan Wang, and De-Liang Peng. "Efficacy Evaluation of Seed-Coating Compounds Against Cereal Cyst Nematodes and Root Lesion Nematodes on Wheat." Plant Disease 101, no. 3 (March 2017): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-16-0862-re.
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Cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae and H. filipjevi) and root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) have been found to infect cereals in 16 provinces of China. To develop a nematicide that effectively controls nematodes, two novel chemical products, methylene bis thiocyanate (MBT) and MBT + thiamethoxam (MTT); four common pesticides, fipronil + chlorpyrifos (FIC), emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, and Bacillus thuringiensis; and one fungicide, iprodione, were tested as seed coatings for the control of cereal cysts and root lesion nematodes from 2013 to 2015. Wheat seeds were treated with these seven seed coatings before sowing, and changes in the numbers of Heterodera spp. and Pratylenchus spp. were recorded during three different growth stages. Wheat yields were also compared after harvest. All treatments reduced the numbers of Pratylenchus in wheat and of cysts and eggs of Heterodera in the soil compared with the untreated control. Among the treatments, application of MTT or FIC was more effective than that of the other treatments for nematode control, and the other treatments had similar effects. The results of this study have demonstrated that MTT and FIC applied as seed treatments effectively reduce the number of cysts, inhibit the reproduction of Heterodera and Pratylenchus, and enhance wheat yields. MTT and FIC are thus suitable for controlling nematodes on wheat under natural field conditions.
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Moussa, Ashaimaa Y., Christopher Lambert, Theresia E. B. Stradal, Samad Ashrafi, Wolfgang Maier, Marc Stadler, and Soleiman E. Helaly. "New Peptaibiotics and a Cyclodepsipeptide from Ijuhya vitellina: Isolation, Identification, Cytotoxic and Nematicidal Activities." Antibiotics 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9030132.
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Fungal associations with nematodes have attracted scientific attention because of the need to develop new biocontrol agents. In this context, Ijuhya vitellina, an antagonistic fungus previously isolated from the plant parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, was selected to carry out an in-depth metabolomic study for its active metabolites. Herein, three new nonapeptide peptaibols with leucinostatin based sequences were isolated and identified by 1, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS-MS. The absolute configuration was assigned based on Marfay’s analysis and Mosher ester formation. The new leucinostatins manifested moderate nematicidal effect against the plant pathogenic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans with LD90 values ranging from 5 to 7 µg/mL. Furthermore, a cyclodepsipeptide, named arthrichitin D, with five amino acid residues attached to a 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylhexadeca-4,6-dienoic fatty acid chain was discovered and showed weak nematicidal effect against Caenorhabditis elegans. Chaetoglobosin B and its 19-O-acetyl derivative were also obtained as minor metabolites, and the activity of chaetoglobosin B on the actin cytoskeleton of mammalian cells was assessed.
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Yavuzaslanoglu, Elif, Halil I. Elekcioglu, Julie M. Nicol, Ozcan Yorgancilar, David Hodson, A. Faik Yildirim, Aysel Yorgancilar, and Necmettin Bolat. "Distribution, frequency and occurrence of cereal nematodes on the Central Anatolian Plateau in Turkey and their relationship with soil physicochemical properties." Nematology 14, no. 7 (2012): 839–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854112x631926.
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The distribution of important plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes in the cereal production areas of the Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) of Turkey was investigated with systematic surveys. Two important plant-parasitic nematode groups were found widely distributed; cereal-cyst nematodes (78.3%) and root-lesion nematodes (42.6%). Cereal cyst nematodes (CCN) were identified as Heterodera filipjevi in 18 provinces. Heterodera latipons was found in only one province. Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus were the most widely distributed species of root-lesion nematodes. Other frequently recorded plant-parasitic nematodes belonged to the genera Geocenamus (52.4%), Pratylenchoides (35.6%), Helicotylenchus (29.7%) and Paratylenchus (19.2%). Konya on the southern CAP had a significantly high incidence of P. neglectus as well as free-living nematodes. The incidence of CCN was greatest in areas of sandy soils on the CAP, with densities of up to 95 cysts (100 g soil)−1. Population densities of Geocenamus, Pratylenchus and Pratylenchoides were high in some locations. Soil physicochemical properties were investigated for their relationship to nematode distribution. There was a slight positive correlation of P. thornei and clay content; conversely, there was a significant negative correlation of P. neglectus with clay and a positive correlation with sand. Electrical conductivity (EC) was positively correlated with P. neglectus. Nematodes in the genera Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Trophurus and Tylenchorhynchus were only recorded at low population densities in the sampled area. By contrast, nematodes in the genera Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Ditylenchus, Dorylaimus, Tylenchus and bacterivorous genera had relatively high populations. Total free-living nematodes were positively correlated with EC and zinc (Zn) concentration. The Zn content of soil was generally at a level deficient for plant growth.
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Meinecke, Annabell, Andreas Hermann, and Andreas Westphal. "Using a selective fast turn-around bioassay for population density determination of Heterodera schachtii." Nematology 15, no. 7 (2013): 809–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002720.
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In Central Europe, Heterodera schachtii is kept below threshold levels by cover-cropping with resistant crucifers and crop rotation with non-hosts. Determining population densities of H. schachtii in soil is critical when implementing resistant and tolerant sugar beet cultivars in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Soil extraction of the cysts followed by egg counts or extraction of the second-stage juveniles (J2) facilitated by the chemical stimulant acetox can be unsatisfactory in mixed field populations of cyst nematodes. In contrast to H. schachtii, nematodes typically present in sugar beet soils, e.g., Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, H. avenae, H. filipjevi, Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita and Pratylenchus penetrans, rarely penetrated radish roots. In this bioassay, equivalents of 50 g of soil dry weight were adjusted to 10-20% moisture, seeded with Raphanus sativus cv. Saxa 3, and incubated at a day-night (16:8 h) cycle of 28/23°C for 4 days before J2 in radish roots were enumerated. In different soil types, penetration by H. schachtii reflected the inoculation levels. When inoculated with mixes of H. schachtii with H. avenae or H. filipjevi, counts of H. schachtii were similar to those in soils with H. schachtii only. When comparing three methods in three soils spiked with H. schachtii cysts, the bioassay and the extraction method were lightly impacted by the soil texture but results of the acetox method varied with texture. When implemented for field samples from Franconia, the radish bioassay and the acetox method provided results related to cyst and egg extraction data. The radish bioassay provided a quick and easy method for quantifying H. schachtii in the presence of other nematode species in a wide range of soil types. Including this assay in IPM programmes may serve as an alternative to standard methods and will improve the decision making in sustainable production systems.
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Smiley, R. W., G. P. Yan, and Z. A. Handoo. "First Record of the Cyst Nematode Heterodera filipjevi on Wheat in Oregon." Plant Disease 92, no. 7 (July 2008): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1136b.
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Plant and soil samples from an irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) field near Imbler (Union County), OR were evaluated for root diseases during April 2007. The field exhibited patches with as much as 90% plant mortality. Previous crops were winter wheat (2004), chickpea (Cicer arietinum, 2005), and spring wheat (cv. Jefferson, 2006). Stubble was baled and removed, and the field was cultivated before replanting to winter wheat cv. Chukar in October. Patches of stunted seedlings (three- to five-leaf stage) appeared in March 2007. Stunted seedlings exhibited chlorotic or necrotic lower leaves, healthy younger leaves, few or no tillers, rotting of lower culms and crowns, and light brown roots with little or no branching. Signs and symptoms of fungal pathogens (Pythium spp., Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia solani AG-8, and Typhula incarnata) were present on affected plants. Most small grain fields in Union County are infested with Heterodera avenae (4) but none of the roots, on either healthy or stunted plants, exhibited the bushy branching pattern typical of sites where H. avenae females penetrate and encyst. Extraction of motile nematodes (Whitehead tray method) from soil revealed high populations of Pratylenchus neglectus (6,560/kg of soil), Tylenchorhynchus spp. (2,369/kg of soil), and a species initially thought to be H. avenae (3,098 juveniles/kg of soil). Cysts were also extracted. During PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism identification (1) of H. avenae collected in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, four restriction enzymes applied to amplified DNA of cysts from the Imbler field consistently revealed a pattern identical to that of a H. filipjevi DNA standard and distinct from patterns of H. avenae, H. schachtii, and H. latipons. DNA standards were obtained from R. Rivoal, INRA, Rennes, France. Morphological evidence confirmed that the specimens were H. filipjevi, a member of the ‘H. avenae Group’ of cereal cyst nematodes (2,3). Measurements of second-stage juveniles (n = 15) included length of body (range = 530 to 570 μm, mean = 549, st. dev. = 13.0), stylet (22.5 to 24.5, 23.2, 0.6) with anchor-shaped basal knobs, tail (52.5 to 62.5, 57.4, 2.7), and hyaline tail terminal (30 to 38, 33.5, 2.6). The lateral field had four lines of which the inner two were more distinct. Shapes of the tail, tail terminus, and stylet knobs were also consistent with H. filipjevi. Cysts (n = 10) were lemon shaped and light brown. The cyst wall had a zigzag pattern. The vulval cone was bifenestrate with horseshoe-shaped semifenestra. The cysts were characterized by body length including neck (range = 718 to 940 μm, mean = 809.7, st. dev. = 61.8), body width (395 to 619, 504, 71.2), L/W ratio = (1.1 to 2.2, 1.4, 0.3), neck length (75 to 140, 103.2, 22.1) and width (50 to 95, 71.4, 10.9), fenestra length (50 to 65 μm, 56.5, 6.6) and width (27 to 40, 29.0, 3.8), heavy underbridge (60 to 80, 69, 8.5), vulval slit (7.5 to 8.5, 7.8, 0.4), and many bullae. As described for H. filipjevi, cysts hatched much more readily and at lower temperatures than populations of H. avenae. Detection of H. filipjevi in Oregon represents a new record for the occurrence of this species in the United States and for North America. The pathotype and resistance genes for incorporation into wheat, barley, and oat are being identified. References: (1) S. Bekal et al. Genome 40:479, 1997. (2) Z. A. Handoo. J. Nematol. 34:250, 2002. (3) R. Holgado et al. J. Nematol. Morphol. Syst. 7:77, 2004. (4) R. W. Smiley et al. J. Nematol. 37:297, 2005.
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Thompson, J. P. "Resistance to root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus) in synthetic hexaploid wheats and their durum and Aegilops tauschii parents." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 5 (2008): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07222.
Full textAbstract:
Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen and P. neglectus (Rensch) Filipijev and Schuurmans Stekhoven) cause substantial yield loss to wheat crops in the northern grain region of Australia. Resistance to P. thornei for use in wheat breeding programs was sought among synthetic hexaploid wheats (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) produced through hybridisations of Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn (2n = 4x = 28, AABB) with Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2n = 2x = 14, DD). Resistance was determined for the synthetic hexaploid wheats and their durum and Ae. tauschii parents from the numbers of nematodes in the roots of plants grown for 16 weeks in pots of pasteurised soil inoculated with P. thornei. Fifty-nine (32%) of 186 accessions of synthetic hexaploid wheats had lower numbers of nematodes than Gatcher Selection 50a (GS50a), a partially resistant bread wheat. Greater frequencies of partial resistance were present in the durum parents (72% of 39 lines having lower nematode numbers than GS50a) and in the Ae. tauschii parents (55% of 53 lines). The 59 synthetic hexaploids were re-tested in a second experiment along with their parents. In a third experiment, 11 resistant synthetic hexaploid wheats and their F1 hybrids with Janz, a susceptible bread wheat, were tested and the F1s were found to give nematode counts intermediate between the respective two parents. Synthetic hexaploid wheats with higher levels of resistance resulted from hybridisations where both the durum and Ae. tauschii parents were partially resistant, rather than where only one parent was partially resistant. These results suggest that resistance to P. thornei in synthetic hexaploid wheats is polygenic, with resistances located both in the D genome from Ae. tauschii and in the A and/or B genomes from durum. Five synthetic hexaploid wheats were selected for further study on the basis of (1) a high level of resistance to P. thornei of the synthetic hexaploid wheats and of both their durum and Ae. tauschii parents, (2) being representative of both Australian and CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre) durums, and (3) being representative of the morphological subspecies and varieties of Ae. tauschii. These 5 synthetic hexaploid wheats were also shown to be resistant to P. neglectus, whereas GS50a and 2 P. thornei-resistant derivatives were quite susceptible. Results of P. thornei resistance of F1s and F2s from a half diallel of these 5 synthetic hexaploid wheats, GS50a, and Janz from another study indicate polygenic additive resistance and better general combining ability for the synthetic hexaploid wheats than for GS50a. Published molecular marker studies on a doubled haploid population between the synthetic hexaploid wheat with best general combining ability (CPI133872) and Janz have shown quantitative trait loci for resistance located in all 3 genomes. Synthetic hexaploid wheats offer a convenient way of introgressing new resistances to P. thornei and P. neglectus from both durum and Ae. tauschii into commercial bread wheats.
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"Pratylenchus coffeae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500816.
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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev & Scn. Stekh. Nematoda: Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae Hosts: Banana (Musa) and other tropical and subtropical crops. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Canary Islands, ASIA, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Republic of Georgia, India, Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, Iran, Japan, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, North Korea, Korea Republic, Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AFRICA, Cameroon, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Arkansas, California, Florida, Hawaii, South Carolina, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu.
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"Pratylenchus brachyurus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500887.
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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stek. Nematoda: Pratylenchidae Hosts: Poiyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Bulgaria, ASIA, Afghanistan, Brunei Darussalam, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, AFRICA, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Ontario, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Bolivia, Brazil, Acre, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito, Santo, Goias, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa, Catarina, Sao Paulo, Colombia, French, Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Tonga.
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"Pratylenchus penetrans. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500888.
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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stek. Nematoda: Pratylenchidae Hosts: Polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Central Russia Russian Far East, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Azerbaijan, China, Fujian, Jiangxi, Jilin, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, India, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Republic, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, AFRICA, Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Parana, Sao Paulo, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand.
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Gafur, Abdul. "Short Communication: Updated tabular key and improved browser-based interactive key to species of Pratylenchus Filipjev (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 21, no. 8 (July 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210845.
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Abstract. Gafur A. 2020. Short Communication: Updated tabular key and improved browser-based interactive key to species of Pratylenchus Filipjev (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Biodiversitas 21: 3780-3785. Pratylenchus is the genus of plant-parasitic nematodes that attack many crop plants and cause significant economic losses worldwide. Attempts have been made to control the parasitic nematodes. However, incorrect identification of species has hindered biological studies on the nematodes and has led to improper and inefficient control measures. To facilitate identification of Pratylenchus species, a prototype of a cross-platform, browser-based computer-assisted identification key for species of Pratylenchus has been developed, based on the pre-existing tabular key. This paper described updates and improvements that have been made to enhance the performance of the prototype key. Updates on the tabular key, which the browser-based key was based on, were made primarily to incorporate all-new species that have been subsequently published and new data from further reports of existing species. Illustrations of characters and character states were added to the key to help users decide which character states best correspond to their specimens. Drawings of each species were also given to provide general ideas on how the species look like. The user interface has been revised in which species name(s) relevant to selected character state(s) was listed, instead of highlighted from a lengthy full list.
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"Occurrence of pin nematode (Paratylenchus bukowinensis Micoletzky, 1922) and lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936) in celery crops (Apium graveolens L.)." Progress in Plant Protection, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2016-059.
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BEHMAND, Tohid, Ece Börteçine KASAPOĞLU ULUDAMAR, and Ibrahim ELEKCİOĞLU. "Vertical distribution of Root Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei (Sher et Allen) Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)) and Stem and Bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) on chickpea growing areas in Turkey." Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, June 11, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.887744.
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Wang, Ke, Yankun Liu, PengHui Hao, Yanhui Xia, Bingjian SUN, Hong-Lian Li, and YU Li. "Occurrence of Pratylenchus coffeae Causing Root Rot of Soybean in Shandong Province of China." Plant Disease, October 2, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-20-1740-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a very important commercial crop in China (Li et al. 2019). Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann, 1898) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941, is one of the most important root-lesion nematodes that invade the roots of many crops. In August 2018, five root and soil samples were collected in a soybean field, near Xipan village in Linshu county of Linyi City, Shandong Province, China (Fig. S1), to investigate the occurrence of root-lesion nematodes. The collected plants (cv. Lindou No.10) were growing poorly and the roots showed distinct brown lesions (Fig. S2). Pratylenchus spp. were extracted using the modified Baermann funnel method for 2 days (Hooper et al. 2005). On average, 395 root-lesion nematodes per kg of soil and 36 root-lesion nematodes per gram of fresh roots were extracted. The extracted root-lesion nematodes were disinfected with 0.3% streptomycin sulfate and cultured on carrot disks for propagation at 25°C. The species identification was based on morphological and molecular criteria. Key morphological features were determined for females and males. Measurements of females (n = 16) included body length = 561.0 μm ± 37.6 (standard deviation) (520.5 to 654.0 μm), tail length = 30.0 μm ± 1.9 (27.0 to 33.5 μm), stylet = 16.0 μm ± 0.6 (15.0 to 17.5 μm), a = 28.2 ± 2.3 (23.7 to 31.5), b = 6.4 ± 0.5 (5.7 to 7.3), c = 18.7 ± 1.8 (15.7 to 23.8), and V = 80.8% ± 2.1 (76.5 to 83.8%). Measurements of males (n = 16): body length = 511.0 μm ± 28.1 (range= 475.5 to 566.0 μm), tail length = 26.0 μm ± 1.3 (23.5 to 28.5 μm), stylet = 15.0 μm ± 0.5 (14.5 to 16.0 μm), spicule length = 17.0 μm ± 0.9 (16.0 to 18.5 μm), a = 30.8 ± 1.5 (28.0 to 33.2), b = 6.1 ±0.4 (5.6 to 6.9), and c = 19.8 ± 1.3 (18.1 to 22.2) (Fig. S3). All the morphological features of this population matched the description of P. coffeae (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007). DNA was extracted from an individual female as described previously (Wang et al. 2011). The rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the D2/D3 region of the 28S rRNA gene were amplified by primers 18S/26S (Vrain et al. 1992) and D2A/D3B (De Ley et al. 1999), respectively. The PCR products were purified and sequenced. The obtained sequences of the ITS region (1,253 bp) and the D2/D3 region of 28S rRNA (781 bp) were deposited in GenBank. The ITS sequences of the root-lesion nematode obtained in this study (GenBank Accession no. MT879294) exhibited 99% identity with several P. coffeae sequences available in the GenBank (e.g., KR106219, MT586756, KY424205, and MN749379), and the obtained D2/D3 region sequence (MT879295) exhibited 100% identity with several P. coffeae sequences (e.g., MT586754, MN750755, MK829009, and MH730447). Both morphological and molecular data confirmed the presence of P. coffeae. To confirm reproduction on soybean, the obtained root-lesion nematode population was used in a greenhouse (25°C) assay to fulfill modified Koch’s postulates. About 20 days after sowing, eight pots, each with one soybean plant (Lindou No.10) were inoculated with 1000 P. coffeae. The inoculated plants were kept in 1.5 L pots containing 1.2 L sterilized soil. Eight pots of uninoculated soybeans were used as the control. Ten weeks later, the inoculated roots were washed and brown lesions were observed. The number of nematodes/pot was approximately 7360 in soil and 796 in roots, and the reproduction factor was 8.16. Root-lesion nematodes and symptoms were not observed in control groups. P. coffeae has only been reported on soybean in Zhejiang (Wei et al. 2013) and Henan Province (Li et al. 2019) of China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. coffeae infecting soybean in Shandong Province, China. Since the root-lesion nematode can cause considerable damage to soybean, care should be taken to prevent the spread of P. coffeae to other regions in China.
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Lazarova, Stela, Aleksandar Mladenov, Lyudmila Lozanova, and Vlada Peneva. "Nematode diversity in four crop types (pea, apple, lavender and rose) in southern Bulgaria." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 2 (September 11, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/aca.2.e46481.
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Nematodes represent one of the largest phyla in the animal kingdom and are a key component of the soil microfauna (organisms with body width <0.2 mm). Being a widespread and diverse group, they display a wide range of adaptations and lifestyle traits. Their functional role in soil food-webs is mostly related to their feeding type. The majority of terrestrial nematodes feed on plant roots, bacteria and fungi, while a small group of plant associated species spend part or their whole life cycle in roots. Some plant-feeding species are known as important pests that can parasitize various crops causing adverse effects on yield and production quality. Their effective management requires accurate detection and identification. In the frame of the National Research Program "Healthy Foods for a Strong Bio-Economy and Quality of Life", selected groups of soil nematodes are used as bioindicators for assessing soil and plant health, and ecosystem services in several agricultural ecosystems. Nematode communities from four crop types (pea, apple, lavender and rose) in southern Bulgaria managed by conventional and organic farming were sampled and investigated. Here we present some preliminary results on pea, lavender and rose associated nematode diversity. Multiple core samples from 18 sampling plots were collected in June 2019. Nematodes were isolated from 200 g of soil by decanting and sieving method, fixed, dehydrated and mounted on permanent slides. Overall, over 60 genera belonging to five trophic groups were identified. Approximately half of the nematode genera found are obligatory plant- and plant/fungus feeders. Parasitic nematodes were represented by 12 genera, some of which include important pests known to cause severe damages on crops e.g. Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1889, Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1934, Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 and Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913.
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Mustafa, İmren, Göksel Özer, Timothy Paulitz, Alexei Morgounov, and Abdelfattah A. Dababat. "Plant-parasitic nematode associated with wheat in central, eastern, and south-eastern Kazakhstan." Plant Disease, March 23, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-20-2424-sr.
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Kazakhstan is one of the biggest wheat producers, however, its wheat production is far below the average international wheat production standard due to biotic and abiotic stressors. Plant-parasitic nematodes are devastating for cereal production systems worldwide. A comprehensive survey was conducted in 2019 to identify plant-parasitic nematodes associated with wheat in different locations of central, eastern, and south-eastern Kazakhstan. The results revealed 33 root-lesion and 27 cyst nematode populations from the 77 localities sampled. These two genera occurred in separate or in mixed populations. The root-lesion populations were identified as Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei while all cyst nematodes were identified as Heterodera filipjevi. The identification of nematodes was firstly performed based on morphological and morphometric features and confirmed by BLAST and phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer and the D2-D3 expansion located in the 28S gene of ribosomal DNA for CCN and RLN populations, respectively. Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei populations from Kazakhstan showed a high similarity with the American, European, and Asian populations. Heterodera filipjevi populations formed a well-supported cluster with the corresponding populations from different countries and showed a slightly intraspecific polymorphism. Kazakhstan populations of H. filipjevi may have multiple introductions in Kazakhstan due to the divergence among them. The results of this study are of great importance for breeding programs and will enable awareness to extension advisors to develop measures to control these nematodes in cereal cropping areas in Kazakhstan.