Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prawo i technologia'

Management of prawn trawling fisheries is a difficult task due to the competing interests of strongly motivated stakeholders and interest groups. This occurs because prawn trawling operations are technically complex, require large capital investments and exhibit high running costs while owners have limited property rights over the resources that they harvest. Prawn stocks are public resources and are managed with a view to provide maximum benefit to the broad community. Additionally their exploitation also involves the incidental capture of significant numbers of other animals of no commercial value (bycatch) and causes impacts on seabed morphologies, which are involved in many diverse ecosystem processes. At the policy level an intention to manage trawl fisheries in a comprehensive way is backed by a mandated approach that is designed to capture all of the above issues and interests. That approach is termed Ecological Sustainable Development (ESD). The work in this thesis is designed to produce a prediction tool for prawn trawling performance that is based on modelling the physical nature of prawn trawling activities. It is proposed that the resulting tool is essential for working to manage the multi-dimensional aspects of prawn trawling fisheries. Three discrete objectives for the thesis are; to expand and improve an existing Prawn Trawling Performance Model (PTPM) so that it is more accurate and relevant to a broader range of questions, to evaluate the capacity of the PTPM to predict the performance characteristics of real prawn trawling operations in terms of both engineering and catching performance and to investigate the problem space surrounding prawn trawl fisheries to identify and develop applications for the model. A rudimentary PTPM (Sterling 2000b) is expanded through the analysis of further empirical data collected for model and full-scale trawl gear.
ght area of improvement to the PTPM were considered and in all cases significant changes were made. The accuracy of the new form of the model is here tested by comparing performance predictions with measurements of trawling performance for a variety of industrial trawl systems operated in the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery and also through comparing predicted trawling performance with prawn catches returned for trawlers operating in the Northern Prawn Fishery over the years 1970 to 2000. In the first case, errors in predicting swept area rate, considered an important performance parameter, were less than 5%. Fine scale issues were explored using the available sea mal data and a number of areas of concern within the model are highlighted. These relate to accurately quantifying the forces involved in the interaction of the trawl gear with the seabed and accurately accounting for the interaction between components within trawl systems. In the second case, the results suggest that between 50% and 60% of the variation in the seasonal catching performance of trawlers in the NPF is explained by predictions of swept area rate derived by the PTPM from the available data for that fishery. A comprehensive survey of applications for the PTPM is conducted in context with approaching the management of prawn trawling fisheries using the principles of ESD as defined by the National Strategy for ESD (1992). The Northern Prawn Fishery is used as a case study to explore in finer detail applications for the PTPM. Issues arising from the implementation of some of the applications are discussed.

Orientador: Wagner dos Santos Oliveira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: O presente trabalho é um estudo de previsão tecnológica para bombas de calor e sua sinergia com energias renováveis. A previsão da evolução das tecnologias é uma atividade relevante para indústria e governos. Existem diversas metodologias à disposição para realizar este tipo de estudo. O domínio dessas metodologias pode trazer ganhos à sociedade ou ser uma condição necessária para a perenidade de empresas. A segurança energética é um tema relevante que induz a procura por alternativas às energias não renováveis. O estudo buscou avaliar a tendência e o potencial de sinergia das energias renováveis nos equipamentos de condicionamento de ar para uso residencial num futuro probabilístico de 20 a 30 anos, analisando o potencial de entrada no mercado de tecnologias movidas a calor de fontes renováveis nas residências, assim como buscou avaliar possíveis mudanças nas configurações desses equipamentos. O trabalho consultou especialistas do mundo todo, identificando-os por clima. Os sistemas foram avaliados por partes, considerando as tecnologias movidas a calor em conjunto com o ciclo de compressão de vapor, assim como a importância do desempenho técnico e financeiro. A divisão dos sistemas por partes buscou realçar eventuais mudanças estruturais necessárias à introdução de uma nova tecnologia, enquanto a avaliação simultânea dos ciclos e dos desempenhos técnico e econômico teve como objetivo identificar os pesos relativos desses parâmetros. A segregação dos especialistas por clima buscou identificar a importância relativa do clima perante os demais fatores na adoção de uma determinada tecnologia. A metodologia Delphi foi utilizada para este estudo de previsão tecnológica, no qual foram aplicadas as seguintes condições de contorno: mercado residencial e ambiente sem mudanças significativas no sistema regulatório existente. A maioria dos especialistas identificou o ciclo de compressão de vapor com dissipação de calor diretamente para o ar como a tecnologia dominante no mercado residencial para o futuro de 20 a 30 anos. O ciclo de absorção apareceu como o segundo maior resultado para o futuro avaliado. Os resultados por clima não trouxeram diferenças significativas, o que pode indicar que a utilização de tecnologias globais ou as condições econômicas, políticas, sociais e tecnológicas do país possuem uma relevância maior que o seu clima. A comparação de tecnologias é realizada principalmente pelo fator econômico, pelos custos de investimento e operação, tudo somado a uma avaliação de desempenho ampla, como o fator de desempenho sazonal. A energia solar térmica para aquecimento de água aparece como um provável padrão para as novas construções. No aspecto de aplicação da tecnologia, observou-se que o uso de perguntas no formato matriz aumenta a complexidade do questionário para o participante e também a análise dos resultados. O uso de perguntas abertas e lista não fechada é um instrumento eficaz para receber as contribuições dos especialistas. O estudo foi encerrado na segunda rodada, pela estabilidade obtida nos resultados, assim como não foi observada divergência entre os especialistas que participaram das duas rodadas com os que participaram apenas da segunda
Abstract: The present work is a technological forecasting study for heat pumps and the possible synergy with renewable energy. The prediction of the technological development is a relevant activity for industry and governments. There are several methodologies available to perform this type of study. Mastery of these methodologies can bring gains to society or be a necessary condition for the survival of companies. Energy security is an important issue which induces the search for alternatives to non-renewable energy. The study sought to evaluate the trend and synergy potential of renewable energy in air conditioning equipment for residential use in a 20-30 year future assessing the potential market of renewable heat driven technologies in households, as well as changes in equipment design. Experts around the world were consulted and identified by climate. The systems were evaluated by parts, considering the heat driven technologies along with vapor compression cycle, as well as the importance of the technical and financial performance. The block approach aimed to highlight any structural changes necessary for the introduction of a new technology, while simultaneous evaluation of cycles and technical and economic performances was intended to identify the relative weights of these parameters. Segregation by climate experts sought to identify the relative importance of climate compared to other factors in the adoption of a particular technology. The Delphi methodology was used for this forecast. The boundary conditions were: residential market without significant changes in the existing regulatory system. Most experts identified the vapor compression cycle with heat rejection directly into the air as the dominant technology in the residential market for the 20-30 year future. The absorption cycle appeared as the second- largest measured results for this future. Results by weather brought no significant differences, which may indicate technologies will be applied worldwide and country specific economic political, social and technological environment stage may have a greater relevance than its climate. The comparison of technologies is carried out mainly by economic performance, investment costs and operation, and broad performance evaluation, such as seasonal performance factor. Solar water heating appears as a likely standard for new constructions. In the methodological side, the use of questions in matrix format increases the complexity to participants and also to the analysis. The use of open questions and lists are an effective instrument to receive contributions from experts. The study was terminated in the second round, as stability in the results was observed as well as no difference among experts who participated in both rounds with those who participated only in the second round
Mestrado
Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais
Mestre em Engenharia Química

O queijo Prato tem grande expressão comercial no Brasil, trata-se de um queijo bem padronizado tecnologicamente e o melhor caracterizado comercialmente. A aceitabilidade do consumidor está relacionada com características físico-químicas e sensoriais do produto, as quais são influenciadas pela presença de culturas lácticas. O trabalho teve por objetivo acompanhar a evolução de ácidos graxos durante a maturação do queijo Prato e sua influência na textura. A produção do Queijo Prato foi feita em escala laboratorial com ou sem adição de cultura láctica nas proporções de 0,75% e 1,5%. Os queijos foram envasados e mantidos sob refrigeração. Determinou-se parâmetros físico-químicos no primeiro dia e após, quatro, sete, quatorze, vinte e vinte e cinco dias de fabricação. Estes, foram comparados com dados analíticos e sensoriais de queijos comerciais. Observou -se que o uso de culturas em proporção adequada parece ser essencial para a fabricação de Queijo Prato com atributos organolépticos de qualidade. A proporção de culturas afetou o tempo de coagulação, o rendimento, e a umidade da massa do queijo, entretanto, não afetou a composição de ácidos graxos da gordura do queijo Prato. A textura foi afetada, principalmente, pelo teor de umidade, pela proteólise e pela acidez do queijo.
Prato cheese has a great commercial expression in Brazil, being well standardized technologically, and the best commercially characterized. Consumers acceptability is related with physico-chemical and sensorial characteristics of the product that are influenced by the presence of lactic cultures. The aim of this work was to follow fatty acids evolution during ripening and their influence in texture. Prato cheese was manufactured in laboratory scale, with and without addition of lactic cultures (0.75% and 1.5%). The cheese samples were stored under refrigeration. Physical-chemical analysis were carried out at the first day, and at 4, 7, 14, 20 and 25 days after manufacturing. The obtained data was compared with Prato cheese purchased in local market. It was concluded that the use of cultures in adequate proportions is essential for manufacture of Prato cheese with good organoleptic attributes. The cultures proportions affected coagulation time, yield, acidity, texture development, and fatty acids composition of the cheeses.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A crescente preocupação dos consumidores em realizar uma alimentação mais saudável tem-se traduzido numa cada vez maior procura de géneros alimentícios mais saudáveis, com adição de substâncias com efeitos benéficos e/ou diminuição de ingredientes e aditivos prejudiciais para a saúde. Devido ao seu consumo excessivo e consequências cardiovasculares associadas, o sódio é um dos aditivos mais visados nesta perspectiva. Este projecto tinha por objectivo a formulação de um fiambre com teor reduzido de sódio e a avaliação das repercussões dessa redução quer ao nível sensorial quer em termos de resultados obtidos em análise microbiológica e físico-química. A redução do teor de sódio foi alcançada através da sua substituição parcial por cloreto de potássio, o substituto de sal mais utilizado na indústria de produtos cárneos. Para avaliar as consequências organolépticas da adição de cloreto de potássio os testes fabricados foram submetidos a análise sensorial por um painel de 20 provadores. A avaliação dos efeitos que esta substituição teve ao nível da estabilidade microbiológica do produto foi efectuada através de análises microbiológicas e físico-químicas, e respectivo tratamento estatístico dos dados obtidos. Segundo os resultados obtidos no decorrer do estudo foi possível verificar que a substituição parcial de cloreto de sódio por cloreto de potássio no fabrico de fiambre, apesar de apresentar algumas limitações tecnológicas e alterações organolépticas, que acabaram por ser consideradas imperceptíveis pelo grupo de provadores, não interfere com a estabilidade microbiológica do produto durante o período de validade comercial.
ABSTRACT - Consumer’s growing concern in a healthier diet has increase the search for healthier food products, with the addition of substances that benefit human health or reduction of certain prejudicial ingredients or additives. Sodium is one of the main ingredients targeted in this perspective, due to the cardiovascular consequences associated with its highly intake. This project had the objective of producing a low sodium cooked ham, evaluating the consequences of this reduction with a sensorial test, microbiological and physicochemical analysis. Due to its important functions in the manufacturing of meat products, the reduction of sodium content could result in organoleptic, technological and shelf-life consequences. Potassium chloride is one of the most frequently used salt substitutes in the meat industry. However, the addition of potassium results in a bitter/metallic taste of the final product, and because of that, the most viable solution is to partially replace the sodium instead of completely removing it from the products composition. The consequences of the addition of potassium chloride were evaluated by a sensory panel, microbiological and physicochemical analysis. With the results obtained in this study we were able to conclude that the replacing part of the sodium content with potassium in cooked ham, despite some technological difficulties and organoleptic changes, considered imperceptible by the sensory panel, ensures microbiological stability of the product.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar o processo de trabalho no setor bancário a partir da experiência de uma grande corporação de capital privado que negocia suas ações em âmbito internacional. A questão central que norteia esta pesquisa consiste em verificar como as pressões competitivas contemporâneas, marcadas pela lógica do curto prazo dos mercados financeiros, ou de um capitalismo financeirizado, reverberam no cotidiano dos trabalhadores. A maximização do retorno ao acionista em tempos cada vez mais comprimidos leva a novas formas de racionalizar o trabalho que influencia diretamente o modo de se inserir nesses ambientes. Nesse contexto, o papel atribuído às tecnologias da informação é fundamental para estabelecer novas formas de controle e intensificar o ritmo de trabalho. A gestão por resultados ou os programas de metas são a expressão mais acabada da lógica do curto prazo no ambiente corporativo bancário. Eles representam a espinha dorsal do sistema meritocrático que desconsidera as realizações dos trabalhadores no médio e longo prazo influenciando diretamente as formas de interação social, afetando o bem-estar físico e mental dos trabalhadores, assim como a relação com os clientes.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the work process in the banking sector from the point of the experience of a large private capital corporation which negotiates its shares on an international level. The central question which orients this research consists in verifying how the contemporary competitive pressures, marked by the short term logic of the financial markets, or of a finance capitalism, reverberate in the day to day of the workers. The maximization of return to the shareholders in increasingly tighter times brings one to new forms of rationalizing the work which directly influence the means of insertion into this environment. In this context the role attributed to information technology is fundamental in establishing new forms of control and intensifying the rhythm of work. Management by result or goal programs are a more worn out expression of short term logic in the corporative banking environment. They represent the dorsal spine of the meritocratic system which fails to consider the achievements of workers in the medium to long term, directly influencing the forms of social interaction, affecting the physical and mental well-being of the workers, and even relations with clients.

Niniejsza rozprawa rozpoczyna się przykładami językowego, doktrynalnego i orzeczniczego rozumienia prywatności. Stanowi to początek części ogólnej, gdzie omawiam kwestie wspólne dla każdego aspektu prawa człowieka do prywatności. W pierwszym rozdziale badam prawo międzynarodowe publiczne w poszukiwaniu źródeł prawa do prywatności. Następnie, w drugim rozdziale przechodzę do analizy filozoficzno-religijnych aspektów prawa do prywatności, próbując przedstawić jego podstawy aksjologiczne. W rozdziale trzecim podejmuję próbę zdefiniowania samego prawa do prywatności, a następnie opisuję prawny mechanizm regulujący ograniczenia tego prawa. W rozdziale czwartym opisuję koncepcje prawne wpływające na zakres zastosowania prawa do prywatności w praktyce, takie jak podmiotowość jednostki w prawie międzynarodowym, koncepcja żyjącego instrumentu, koncepcja marginesu uznania, koncepcja istoty praw, czy stosunek treści prawa do prywatności do testów „significant flaws” i „significant disadvantage”, warunkujących uwzględnienie skarg wniesionych do ETPCz.Szczegółowa część rozprawy jest podzielona na trzy rozdziały odnoszące się odpowiednio do prywatności osobistej (rozdział piąty), prywatności odnoszącej się do rodziny, dzieci i domu (rozdział szósty) oraz do korespondencji, ochrony danych osobowych i kwestii inwigilacji (rozdział siódmy). Zarówno te rozdziały, jak i ich wewnętrzna struktura stanowią mapę obszarów życia, w których zastosowanie ma prawo do prywatności. Choć obszary te są silnie ze sobą powiązane, wyróżnienie ich umożliwia zidentyfikowanie najbardziej typowych okoliczności, w których występują problemy prawne.Rozdział piąty zaczyna dyskusję na temat prywatności osobistej od jej najbardziej fundamentalnego aspektu – prawa do integralności fizycznej, mentalnej i moralnej. Mimo że obszar ten okazał się silnie powiązany z innymi prawami człowieka, podrozdział ten ukazuje doniosłość samego prawa do prywatności dla tej tematyki. Następny podrozdział rozważa kwestie nazwiska i podstawowej tożsamości osobistej, po czym następuje dyskusja na temat autonomii osobistej i samorozwoju jako praw, których ochrona jest poszukiwana dopiero, gdy zabezpieczone są bardziej podstawowe aspekty prawa do prywatności.Prawo do autonomii osobistej i samorozwoju okazało się bardzo szerokie w swojej treści i w ten sposób wymagało dalszego wyjaśnienia i badań w zakresie swoich granic w ramach normy prawa człowieka do prywatności w prawie międzynarodowym publicznym. W związku z tym, następne podrozdziały odnosiły się do bardziej szczegółowych tematów obrazu i wyglądu, czci, godności i uczuć, intymności, nadużycia zaufania i niewłaściwego wykorzystania prywatnych informacji, płci, życia seksualnego i orientacji seksualnej, aborcji, embriologii i macierzyństwa zastępczego, własności i prawa do zdrowego środowiska.Zarówno rozdział szósty, jak i siódmy, odnoszą się do obszarów prawa, które często są oddzielnie regulowane w krajowym systemie prawnym. Aspekty prawa do prywatności odnoszące się do rodziny, dzieci i domu są często wdrażane przez prawo rodzinne, przy czym jako szczególny obszar prawa do prywatności, gdzie interesy rodziny i dzieci silnie wpływają na względną wagę przyznaną prawu do prywatności, wymagały oddzielnego omówienia. Z kolei kwestie korespondencji, ochrony danych osobowych i inwigilacji stanowią kontynuację wątku odnoszącego się do niewłaściwego wykorzystania prywatnych informacji. Podczas gdy ten ostatni aspekt jest omówiony w odniesieniu do możliwych ingerencji ze strony jednostek, rozdział siódmy podchodzi do tego aspektu prawa do prywatności w odniesieniu do państwa i przedsiębiorstw.
This dissertation starts with examples of linguistic, doctrinal and judicial understandings of privacy. This is the beginning of the general part, where I discuss questions common to every aspect of the human right to privacy. In the first chapter, I research international law for sources of the right to privacy. Next, in the second chapter I proceed to examining philosophical and religious aspects of the right to privacy, trying to present its axiological foundations. In chapter three, I attempt to defining the very right to privacy and then, I describe the legal mechanism governing limitations of this right. In chapter four I describe the legal concepts influencing practical scope of application of the right to privacy. These are the subjectivity of an individual in international law, the living instrument doctrine, the margin of appreciation concept, the core of rights concept as well as relation between the content of the right to privacy and ‘significant flaws’ and ‘significant disadvantage’ tests, conditioning the admissibility of complaints before the ECHR.The detailed part of the dissertation is divided into three chapters pertaining to, respectively, the personal privacy (chapter five), privacy relating to family, children and home (chapter six) and to the correspondence, personal data protection and surveillance issues (chapter seven). Both these chapters and their internal structure constitute a map of the areas of life where the right to privacy is applicable. Although these areas are strongly interrelated, distinguishing them allows to identify the most typical circumstances where legal issues arise.Chapter five begins with discussion on the concepts of core of rights and margin of appreciation, which along with the living instrument doctrine, discussed in chapter one, are of particular importance for determining the contemporary content of the human right to privacy. Such introduction to the longest chapter in the thesis was necessary in order to indicate the reasons of its internal structure. The chapter five starts the discussion on the personal privacy with its most fundamental aspect – the right to physical, mental and moral integrity. Although this area turned strongly interrelated with other human rights, the subchapter shows the significance of the very right to privacy to this field. The next subchapter considers the questions of name and basic personal identity, being followed by the discussion on the personal autonomy and self-development as the rights, protection of which is pursued once the more basic aspects of the right to privacy are safeguarded.The right to personal autonomy and self-development turned very broad in its content and thus, required further clarification and research as to its limits within the human right to privacy norm of public international law. Therefore, the next subchapters pertained to the more detailed topics of picture and appearance, honour, dignity and feelings, intimacy, breach of confidence and misuse of private information, gender, sexual orientation, abortion, embryology and surrogacy, property and the right to healthy environment. Both chapter six and seven refer to the areas of law which are often regulated separately in the domestic legal system. Privacy aspects relating to family, children and home are often implemented by the family law and as a specific area of the right to privacy, where the interests of family and children significantly affect the relative weight given to the right to privacy, required to be discussed separately. The correspondence, personal data protection and surveillance issues, in turn, constitute a continuation of the thread pertaining to the misuse of private information. While the latter aspect is discussed in reference to the possible interferences from individuals, chapter seven approaches this aspect of the right to privacy in relation to the state and enterprises.

Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest interdyscyplinarna analiza zależności zachodzących między cywilizacją informacyjną a instytucjami indywidualnego prawa pracy. W pierwszej części dysertacji skoncentrowano się na pojęciu cywilizacji informacyjnej oraz jej składowych (substratach), które obejmują m.in. transformacje kulturowe, globalizację oraz „nowoczesne technologie”. Rozważono również ramy czasowe i przestrzenne cywilizacji informacyjnej, a także wpływ jej elementów na realizację stosunków pracy. W rozprawie dokonano wyspecyfikowania istotnych dla stron stosunku pracy oraz ważkich dla przebiegu procesów pracy wyzwań i zagrożeń cywilizacyjnych, zwłaszcza zmian otoczenia społecznego, gospodarczego i techniczno-technologicznego, w którym funkcjonują strony stosunku pracy. W tej perspektywie dokonano przeglądu wybranych instytucji indywidualnego prawa pracy – stosunku pracy, czasu i miejsca pracy, czynności prawnych dokonywanych przez strony stosunku pracy, praw i obowiązków stron stosunku pracy. Prawna ocena tych instytucji została dokonana z uwzględnieniem dostrzeżonych problemów teoretycznych i praktycznych nie tylko w obszarze prawa pracy, ale także m.in. prawa cywilnego, ochrony własności intelektualnej oraz ochrony danych osobowych. Wskazano na możliwe scenariusze rozwoju badanych instytucji indywidualnego prawa pracy oraz zaproponowano rozwiązania, które mają zoptymalizować kształt instytucji indywidualnego prawa pracy w nowej rzeczywistości.

Celem rozprawy jest analiza konstytucyjnych przepisów chroniących wartości, takie jak prywatność i autonomia informacyjna jednostki. Badania zostały skoncentrowane na ocenie standardu ochrony informacji o stanie zdrowia jednostki. Analiza prowadzona z uwzględnieniem przemian związanych z dynamicznym rozwojem technologii informacyjnych i powszechnym ich zastosowaniem w codziennej działalności podmiotów przetwarzających dane. Rozprawa ma odpowiedzieć na pytanie czy konstytucyjny zakres normowania dotyczący ochrony prywatności, jest adekwatny wobec zmiany obiegu informacji o jednostkach w społeczeństwie. Rozwój technologii informacyjnych spowodował upowszechnienie zjawiska monitorowania życia jednostek. Rozwiązania oparte na monitoringu zostały również uznane – może zbyt często – za prostą odpowiedź na wiele problemów społecznych. Postępy w dziedzinie informatyki przyczyniły się do zwiększenia możliwości zbierania, utrwalania i przechowywania dużych ilości informacji o jednostkach. Ponadto rozwój sieci łączności elektronicznej umożliwia szybkie przesyłanie dużych ilości informacji. Rozwój informatyki, analizy matematycznej i statystyki ułatwia interpretację zgromadzonych informacji i tworzy narzędzia do profilowania. Przyjmując, że Konstytucja ma charakter spójny, kompleksowy oraz wyczerpujący materię normowania, rozprawa koncentruje się na tym jaka wykładnia norm konstytucyjnych jest adekwatna wobec wyzwań związanych z rozwojem nowych technologii. Analizowane są przy tym w szczególności warunki dopuszczalności ograniczeń wolności i praw jednostki. Rozprawa składa się z pięciu rozdziałów. Pierwszy rozdział ma charakter wprowadzający i przedstawia różne definicje prywatności oraz różne koncepcje jej ochrony. Rozdział drugi odnosi się do ochrony prywatności informacyjnej w polskim prawie konstytucyjnym. Trzeci rozdział odnosi się do rozwiązań jakie polski ustawodawca przyjął dokonując operacjonalizacji norm konstytucyjnych. Celem czwartego rozdziału jest wzbogacenie rozważań ujętych w poprzednich rozdziałach o analizę orzecznictwa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, odnoszącego się do ochrony prywatności i autonomii informacyjnej jednostki. W piątym rozdziale została przedstawiona, niezwykle istotna z perspektywy polskiego systemu, ewolucja regulacji europejskich. Przedstawione w pracy rozważania doprowadziły do konkluzji, że powszechność, złożoność i płynność procesów przetwarzania informacji o jednostce we współczesnym społeczeństwie będzie miała przełożenie na sposób w jaki ustawodawca dokonuje oceny proporcjonalności wprowadzanych przez siebie ograniczeń ochrony prywatności informacyjnej i w jaki sposób sąd konstytucyjny bada prawidłowość tego procesu oraz jego rezultaty, oceniając konstytucyjność regulacji. Do najważniejszych tez rozprawy należy konstatacja, że aby dokonywać w prawidłowy sposób takiej wykładni, konieczne jest uwzględnienie analizy kontekstów przetwarzania informacji o jednostce. Ważnym wnioskiem jest również to, że ustrojodawca wprowadza konstytucyjny nakaz zaprojektowania przez państwo normatywnego systemu regulującego obiegu informacji o jednostce na poziomie ustawowym. W ramach tego systemu ustawodawca musi zapewnić realizację autonomii informacyjnej jednostki.
The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse constitutional provisions that protect specific values, such as privacy and informational autonomy of the individual. The research is focused on the standard of protection of personal information in the context of health data processing. The analysis takes into account changes associated with dynamic development of information technologies and the introduction of their widespread use in everyday life. This dissertation aims to determine whether the constitutional scope of privacy protection is adequate in informational society. With advances in digital media we have witnessed a dramatic rise in technology-mediated monitoring, often emerging as first-round solution to a wide range of social needs and problems. Major advancements in computer science contributed to vastly improved capacities for storing, organizing, and retrieving great quantities of information. Furthermore, developments of digital electronic communication networks allows large quantities of information to be moved around quickly and reliably. Rapid developments of information science as well as mathematical and statistical analyses makes interpretation of gathered information easier and creates tools for profiling. If the Constitution is a coherent, comprehensive and exhaustive legal instrument, it is necessary to assess what interpretation of constitutional norms is adequate to address the challenges related to the development of new technologies. The dissertation analyses specific requirements for measures which restrict fundamental rights and freedoms. The dissertation consists of five chapters. The first chapter is introductory and presents different definitions of privacy and various concepts of its protection. The second chapter refers to the protection of informational privacy in Polish constitutional law. The third chapter refers to the solutions that the Polish legislator adopted when undertaking the operationalization of constitutional norms. The aim of the fourth chapter is to enrich the considerations included in the previous chapters with the analysis of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal, relating to the protection of privacy and the informational autonomy. The fifth chapter presents the evolution of European regulations that is extremely important from the perspective of the Polish system. The analysis presented in the dissertation led to the conclusion that universality, complexity and fluidity of personal information processing in modern society will certainly affect the way in which the lawmaker assesses the proportionality of restrictions on individual privacy and how the constitutional court examines the correctness of the process and its results by assessing the constitutionality of regulations. The most important thesis of my dissertation is that in order to correctly perform such interpretations, it is necessary analyse the context in which the information about the individual is processed. Important conclusion formulated in the dissertation is that the lawmaker is constitutionally obliged to design the architecture for circulation of personal information within the law. Within this architecture, the legislator must ensure proper implementation of the principle of informational autonomy.

Assinaturas digitais são um requerimento para o futuro.A informação em geral e a documentação em particular estão a manifestar-se cada vez maisem bits e bytes e cada vez menos em papel. Mas a única forma de garantir que isto acontececom sucesso é através da criação de assinaturas digitais, em tudo equivalentes às tradicionais. Opróprio conceito de assinatura sofreu alterações ao longo do tempo, desde selos com cera até àsassinaturas manuscritas. O próximo passo é a digitalização. Contudo, assinaturas digitais simplesnão são suficientes, visto que têm um período de vida muito limitado. Esta tese aborda o método deassinaturas digitais de longo-prazo de uma forma através da qual se demonstra em que situaçõescada um dos standards deve ser usado e se define qual deles é preferível. Visto que, na faltade uma ou da melhor especificação, não haverá consequentemente um software definido comorecomendável no que às assinaturas de longa duração diz respeito.Após uma série de testes, utilizando os três standards, propomos não só a sua utilização casoa caso, como também um software desenvolvido para ajudar no crescimento do uso de assinaturasdigitais enquanto principal método para assinar ficheiros e documentos. Concluímos que o CAdESé o standard a ser usado por defeito. É, ao mesmo tempo, mais rápido e ocupa o menor espaçoem disco. Sem prejuízo de numa comparação um para um com o XAdES a diferença não sermuita, se considerarmos milhares de ficheiros que precisam de ser assinados, o CAdES consegueatingir poupanças bastante significativas. Contudo, este standard tem uma principal desvantagemem relação ao XAdES: se a assinatura for incluída num ficheiro, não há maneira de saber (à "vistadesarmada") que ela está lá. Isto é, um ficheiro mp3 continuará a pare- cer apenas um simplesficheiro mp3, o que não acontece usando o XAdES, visto que a assinatura é sempre em XML.No entanto, este formato pode quebrar a funcionalidade original do ficheiro, pelo que será usadoapenas em ficheiros já de si em XML, visto que, para estes, faz sentido manter tudo na mesmalinguagem de anotação. Por fim, o PAdES é usado numa única circunstância: para assinar docu-mentos em PDF cuja assinatura tenha de ser incluída com o próprio documento. O PAdES usa,internamente, para assinar ficheiros, o CAdES, mas fá-lo de forma a que os leitores de PDF queconseguem ler assinaturas as possam mostrar, o que é especialmente importante para uso empre-sarial e para documentos oficiais.
Digital signatures are a requirement for the future. Information in general and documents in particular (the standard being PDF) is increasingly becoming more about bits and bytes and less about paper. But the only way to ensure that this happens successfully is to make a digital signature in all things as equivalent to a traditional one. A signature in itself has undergone major modification throughout the time, from wax seals to hand-written signatures. The next step is digitalization. However, simple digital signatures are not sufficient, since they have a very limited lifespan. This thesis approaches the method of long-term digital signatures in a way that, since there is no definite evaluation between the standards that exist today, there is no clear way to define which one is the best. Hence, one of the goals will be to try and demonstrate in which situation should each one be used and try and make it more definite which one is preferable. Since there is no single or "best" standard, there isn't also a software that can be defined as the one to use where long-term digital signatures are concerned.After a series of tests using the three standards, this dissertation proposes not only a case-by-case use of each standard, but also a software that was developed to aid in the growth of digital signatures as the main method of signing documents and files. The main conclusions are that CAdES is the by-default standard to be used. It is both faster and occupies the least amount of space on disk, which, even though a one for one comparison with XAdES doesn't seem a lot, if we consider thousands of files to be signed, it can reach significant savings. One main disadvantage is that CAdES signatures can't be seen in the file. An mp3 file with a signature will appear as a simple mp3 file. Which is not the case of a XAdES signature, since the output is in XML language. This format can break the functionality of the files, though, if attached to them, hence we save it for XML files, since it made sense to maintain the same formatting scheme of the original file. PAdES is used in one and only one circumstance: to sign PDF files in which the signature is to be included inside the PDF. PAdES uses CAdES as its main signature creation method, but it makes it so that PDF readers that show signatures can display the ones created using PAdES. This is specially important for enterprise use and official documents.

Assinaturas digitais são um requerimento para o futuro.A informação em geral e a documentação em particular estão a manifestar-se cada vez maisem bits e bytes e cada vez menos em papel. Mas a única forma de garantir que isto acontececom sucesso é através da criação de assinaturas digitais, em tudo equivalentes às tradicionais. Opróprio conceito de assinatura sofreu alterações ao longo do tempo, desde selos com cera até àsassinaturas manuscritas. O próximo passo é a digitalização. Contudo, assinaturas digitais simplesnão são suficientes, visto que têm um período de vida muito limitado. Esta tese aborda o método deassinaturas digitais de longo-prazo de uma forma através da qual se demonstra em que situaçõescada um dos standards deve ser usado e se define qual deles é preferível. Visto que, na faltade uma ou da melhor especificação, não haverá consequentemente um software definido comorecomendável no que às assinaturas de longa duração diz respeito.Após uma série de testes, utilizando os três standards, propomos não só a sua utilização casoa caso, como também um software desenvolvido para ajudar no crescimento do uso de assinaturasdigitais enquanto principal método para assinar ficheiros e documentos. Concluímos que o CAdESé o standard a ser usado por defeito. É, ao mesmo tempo, mais rápido e ocupa o menor espaçoem disco. Sem prejuízo de numa comparação um para um com o XAdES a diferença não sermuita, se considerarmos milhares de ficheiros que precisam de ser assinados, o CAdES consegueatingir poupanças bastante significativas. Contudo, este standard tem uma principal desvantagemem relação ao XAdES: se a assinatura for incluída num ficheiro, não há maneira de saber (à "vistadesarmada") que ela está lá. Isto é, um ficheiro mp3 continuará a pare- cer apenas um simplesficheiro mp3, o que não acontece usando o XAdES, visto que a assinatura é sempre em XML.No entanto, este formato pode quebrar a funcionalidade original do ficheiro, pelo que será usadoapenas em ficheiros já de si em XML, visto que, para estes, faz sentido manter tudo na mesmalinguagem de anotação. Por fim, o PAdES é usado numa única circunstância: para assinar docu-mentos em PDF cuja assinatura tenha de ser incluída com o próprio documento. O PAdES usa,internamente, para assinar ficheiros, o CAdES, mas fá-lo de forma a que os leitores de PDF queconseguem ler assinaturas as possam mostrar, o que é especialmente importante para uso empre-sarial e para documentos oficiais.
Digital signatures are a requirement for the future. Information in general and documents in particular (the standard being PDF) is increasingly becoming more about bits and bytes and less about paper. But the only way to ensure that this happens successfully is to make a digital signature in all things as equivalent to a traditional one. A signature in itself has undergone major modification throughout the time, from wax seals to hand-written signatures. The next step is digitalization. However, simple digital signatures are not sufficient, since they have a very limited lifespan. This thesis approaches the method of long-term digital signatures in a way that, since there is no definite evaluation between the standards that exist today, there is no clear way to define which one is the best. Hence, one of the goals will be to try and demonstrate in which situation should each one be used and try and make it more definite which one is preferable. Since there is no single or "best" standard, there isn't also a software that can be defined as the one to use where long-term digital signatures are concerned.After a series of tests using the three standards, this dissertation proposes not only a case-by-case use of each standard, but also a software that was developed to aid in the growth of digital signatures as the main method of signing documents and files. The main conclusions are that CAdES is the by-default standard to be used. It is both faster and occupies the least amount of space on disk, which, even though a one for one comparison with XAdES doesn't seem a lot, if we consider thousands of files to be signed, it can reach significant savings. One main disadvantage is that CAdES signatures can't be seen in the file. An mp3 file with a signature will appear as a simple mp3 file. Which is not the case of a XAdES signature, since the output is in XML language. This format can break the functionality of the files, though, if attached to them, hence we save it for XML files, since it made sense to maintain the same formatting scheme of the original file. PAdES is used in one and only one circumstance: to sign PDF files in which the signature is to be included inside the PDF. PAdES uses CAdES as its main signature creation method, but it makes it so that PDF readers that show signatures can display the ones created using PAdES. This is specially important for enterprise use and official documents.

Ochrona cyberprzestrzeni jest częścią przestrzeni wolności bezpieczeństwa i sprawiedliwości i pozostaje w ramach kompetencji dzielonych. Stanowi jednak problematykę wrażliwą i niejednoznaczną. W niniejszej pracy postawiono podstawowe założenie, zgodnie z którym istnieje wyraźna potrzeba podjęcia przez Unię Europejską działań na rzecz stworzenia systemu ochrony cyberprzestrzeni. Celem proponowanego systemu miałoby być zapewnienie lepszej efektywności działania UE, unikanie powielania tematów i dublowania się prac unijnych podmiotów zaangażowanych w omawianą problematykę. Podejmując się uzasadnienia postawionej tezy w rozprawie przybliżono i przeanalizowano aktualne podstawy ochrony elementów cyberprzestrzeni w prawie UE. Zgodnie z przyjętą w rozprawie metodologią formalno-dogmatyczną, prawnoporównawczą i historyczno-opisową wskazano również wadliwe rozwiązania oraz braki w tej ochronie i zaprezentowano sposoby ich poprawy.Podjęta problematyka została zaprezentowana na tle powstałego podziału w działaniach UE związanych z ochroną cyberprzestrzeni na dwa kierunki, tj. bezpieczeństwo sieci i informacji w związku z rozwojem systemów technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnej z jednej strony oraz ochronę użytkowników i ich aktywności w cyberprzestrzeni. Opis wskazanych kierunków został przedstawiony z perspektywy pojawiających się problemów związanych z tworzeniem podstaw prawnych, określeniem i podziałem zakresów kompetencyjnych pomiędzy UE i państwa członkowskie oraz procesem legislacyjnym na poziomie Unii Europejskiej. Na końcowym etapie procesu badawczego przedstawiono założenia systemu ochrony cyberprzestrzeni w Unii Europejskiej. Przyjęto tym samym hipotezę szczegółową, zgodnie z którą można wprowadzić taki system, który rozwiąże istniejące luki i odeprze zarzuty o wielowątkowości działań UE oraz towarzyszącym im chaosie kompetencyjnym. Niniejsza rozprawa składa się z sześciu rozdziałów, w ramach których dokonano analizy aktualnego stanu ochrony cyberprzestrzeni w świetle prawa Unii Europejskiej oraz potrzeb i możliwości jego zmiany. Pierwsze trzy rozdziały zostały poświęcone wyjaśnieniu podstawowych pojęć związanych z cyberprzestrzenią, zaprezentowaniu tendencji w prawie będących wynikiem procesu cyfryzacji oraz pojawiających się zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa w przestrzeni cyfrowej. Kolejne rozdziały, tj. czwarty i piąty, mają charakter badawczy. Przy wykorzystaniu metody formalno-dogmatycznej i historyczno-opisowej została zaprezentowana aktywność państw członkowskich oraz Unii Europejskiej w zakresie ochrony cyberprzestrzeni. Osią dla całości rozważań jest rozdział szósty. Zostały w nim przedstawione rezultaty analiz oraz wyniki przeprowadzonych badań, których celem jest sformułowanie autorskiej koncepcji systemu ochrony cyberprzestrzeni w Unii Europejskiej w oparciu o system hybrydowy. Nowatorskie podejście polega na połączeniu trzech elementów: prawa materialnego ochrony cyberprzestrzeni, modelu PDCA (ang. Plan-Do-Check-Act) w zakresie cyberprzestrzeni (Cyber-PDCA) oraz zdecentralizowanego systemu instytucjonalnego. Przedmiotowa koncepcja systemu ochrony cyberprzestrzeni w UE została oparta na czterech wymiarach działania: strategicznym, prawnym, profilaktyki proaktywnej oraz międzynarodowym. W rozprawie uwzględniono również trzy zagadnienia ściśle powiązane z cyberprzestrzenią, które uznano za pozytywne tendencje oraz kierunki wpływające na kształtowanie prawnych aspektów ochrony cyberprzestrzeni. Koncepcja prawa Internetu i cyberprawa oraz cyberkultury prawa stanowią przedmiot szeroko prezentowanych w literaturze poglądów o wyodrębnieniu się nowej dziedziny w systemie prawa. Uwzględniono także wymiar międzynarodowy na tle aktualnych prac i inicjatywy UE w zakresie połączenia ochrony cyberprzestrzeni w wymiarze wewnętrznym z działaniami w ramach WPZiB
The protection of cyberspace is a part of the area of the freedom security and justice (AFSJ) and remains within the divided competences. However, it constitutes sensitive and ambiguous issue. According to the fundamental assumption, posed in this thesis, there is a clear need to take the actions by the European Union to create the system of cyberspace protection. The proposed system aims at providing the better effectiveness of the EU action as well as avoiding copying of subjects and doubling works of the EU institutions and bodies involved in discussed issues. In order to substantiate the assumption, put forward in the thesis, the current legal bases of the protection of cyberspace`s elements are moved closer and analysed. Basing on the methodology used in the thesis, i.e. formal-dogmatic, legal-comparative and historical-descriptive, the imperfect legal measures and gaps in this protection are indicated and the ways of their improvement are expressed.Taken subject is introduced in the light of the developing division of two directions of the EU actions in the scope of cyberspace protection, i.e. the network and information security in relation with the development of the information-communications technology and securing of users as well as their activities in cyberspace. The description of shown directions is presented from a perspective of appearing problems with creating legal basis as well as determining and distributing of the competence scopes between the EU and the Member States and legislative process on the European Union level.At the final stage of the research process the protection system of cyberspace in the European Union is described. Therefore, it is a need to adopt the detailed hypothesis according to which it is possible to implement such a system which will solve existing gaps and will refute the claims of both the EU`s multi-layered actions and accompanying them the competence chaos. This dissertation consists of six chapters in frames which the analyses of the current conditions of cyberspace protection are carried out in the light of the EU law as well as the needs and the possibilities of their change.The first three chapters are devoted to clarify the basic concepts related to cyberspace, present both the tendencies in the law being an outcome of the digitization process and appearing threats to the security in the digital space. Next chapters, i.e. fourth and fifth, have a research character. Using the formal-dogmatic and historical-descriptive methods allows to present the activities of the Member States and the European Union that stayed in the context of cyberspace protection.For the whole of thesis, the sixth chapter is an axis. In this part of the deliberation the results of analyses and findings of conducted examinations are presented which aim at formulating the author's system specification of cyberspace protection in the European Union based on the hybrid system. The innovative approach consists in merging three elements: substantive law of the protection of cyberspace, model PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) in cyberspace (Cyber-PDCA) and decentralised institutional system. The proposed system of cyberspace protection in the EU is based on four dimensions of actions: strategic, legal, proactive prevention and international.In the thesis three issues closely linked with cyberspace are also considered, which are regarded as the positive trends of digitalisation. All of them influence on creating of legal aspects of cyberspace. The concept of the Internet law, cyberlaw and cyberculture of the law constitute the objects widely presented in the literature indicating a new field in the law system. Moreover, an international dimension of the EU activity was taken into account with regard to current works and the EU initiatives in terms of connection between cyberspace protection in the internal dimension and the Common Foreign and Security Policy aspects.

Este trabalho visa a previsão do consumo global por país em 3 regiões distintas da Europa. Pretende-se estimar a distribuição do consumo horário ao longo de cada ano, desde o ano seguinte até 10 anos no futuro, pretendendo-se caracterizar o impacto dos diversos fatores que influenciam o consumo como a época do ano, dia da semana, feriados, temperatura e outros. O trabalho será baseado em dados reais.
Medium and long term load forecasting has great influence over the planning and expansion of the electric energy systems. The purpose of this paper is to forecast the global load of three european countries: Portugal, Spain and France, focusing more on the distribution of the hourly load across each year. The paper will focus on the impact of several factors that affect the load like: season of the year, weekday, holidays, temperature and others. This work is based on real life data.

Este trabalho visa a previsão do consumo global por país em 3 regiões distintas da Europa. Pretende-se estimar a distribuição do consumo horário ao longo de cada ano, desde o ano seguinte até 10 anos no futuro, pretendendo-se caracterizar o impacto dos diversos fatores que influenciam o consumo como a época do ano, dia da semana, feriados, temperatura e outros. O trabalho será baseado em dados reais.
Medium and long term load forecasting has great influence over the planning and expansion of the electric energy systems. The purpose of this paper is to forecast the global load of three european countries: Portugal, Spain and France, focusing more on the distribution of the hourly load across each year. The paper will focus on the impact of several factors that affect the load like: season of the year, weekday, holidays, temperature and others. This work is based on real life data.

O tema da minha dissertação prende-se com o planeamento energético em Portugal Continental, partindo de um ano base (2014). Neste sentido, o software utilizado neste trabalho (LEAP) realiza uma projeção da evolução do sistema energético nacional até 2030. Deste modo, através da recolha de informação de várias identidades (DGEG, ERSE, INE, CE, ...) foi possível introduzir todos os dados no LEAP, mais concretamente os dados gerais (como população, alojamento, VAB, passageiros-km e toneladas-km), o nível de atividade e intensidade energética dos setores doméstico, indústria, serviços, transportes, agricultura e construção. Também foi possível recolher os dados das perdas do Gás Natural e da Eletricidade no transporte e distribuição de energia, a produção de eletricidade pelas várias fontes de energia existentes em Portugal (capacidade instalada, custo médio de produção, ordem de mérito, ...) e a refinação do petróleo. Perante a introdução e simulação de todos estes dados foi possível criar cenários (cenário referência, cenário sustentabilidade, cenário económico e cenário renováveis). Terminando todo este processo de simulação energética e análise relativa dos vários cenários foi possível realizar uma síntese de todos os resultados, mais especificamente, o impacto que esses cenários têm em indicadores ambientais, económicos e preços da energia, tendo como foco principal a elevada penetração de energias renováveis.

Atualmente, as energias renováveis encontram-se no seu limite de exploração, ou seja, a in-tegração das renováveis já está incluída na integração da eletricidade, as nossas fontes endógenassão a energia eólica e a solar. A eletricidade representa 64% de energia renovável e 36% toda aenergia primária. No planeamento energético é necessário encontrar soluções economicamenteviáveis para garantir a independência energética relativamente ao exterior e com soluções amigasdo ambiente. Estas soluções podem ser viáveis a longo prazo através de soluções de planeamentoque desloquem os setores energéticos dos transportes e calor para o setor elétrico consistindo istona eletrificação do setor, sendo este o foco desta dissertação.

O tema da minha dissertação prende-se com o planeamento energético em Portugal Continental, partindo de um ano base (2014). Neste sentido, o software utilizado neste trabalho (LEAP) realiza uma projeção da evolução do sistema energético nacional até 2030. Deste modo, através da recolha de informação de várias identidades (DGEG, ERSE, INE, CE, ...) foi possível introduzir todos os dados no LEAP, mais concretamente os dados gerais (como população, alojamento, VAB, passageiros-km e toneladas-km), o nível de atividade e intensidade energética dos setores doméstico, indústria, serviços, transportes, agricultura e construção. Também foi possível recolher os dados das perdas do Gás Natural e da Eletricidade no transporte e distribuição de energia, a produção de eletricidade pelas várias fontes de energia existentes em Portugal (capacidade instalada, custo médio de produção, ordem de mérito, ...) e a refinação do petróleo. Perante a introdução e simulação de todos estes dados foi possível criar cenários (cenário referência, cenário sustentabilidade, cenário económico e cenário renováveis). Terminando todo este processo de simulação energética e análise relativa dos vários cenários foi possível realizar uma síntese de todos os resultados, mais especificamente, o impacto que esses cenários têm em indicadores ambientais, económicos e preços da energia, tendo como foco principal a elevada penetração de energias renováveis.

A produção de energia elétrica na Península Ibérica tem vindo a sofrer várias alterações nas últimas décadas. Estas alterações têm como base o aumento da produção a partir de fontes renováveis e o crescente aumento com as preocupações ambientais, enquadradas numa estratégia de transição para uma economia neutra em carbono. Com esta mudança, prevêem-se impactos significativos no perfil de curva do preço horário em regime de mercado liberalizado, nomeadamente no preço de mercado SPOT (OMIE) e de Futuros (OMIP). Este trabalho procura compreender qual o impacto que a integração das energias renováveis tem nos preços desses mercados, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos dos mercados energéticos e das metas propostas pelos governos, para o contínuo investimento em energias renováveis. Partindo do princípio de que as tecnologias renováveis têm custos marginais de produção mais baixos do que as restantes tecnologias produtoras presentes no mercado energético, é esperado que os preços resultantes do mercado diminuam à medida que a produção renovável aumenta. Assim, é feita uma simulação de diferentes cenários de integração de produção renovável e análise dos impactos nos preços no MIBEL. Procedendo-se para o efeito à criação dos cenários, onde se aumentou a produção renovável para os valores que se pretendem atingir em 2030, permitindo a criação de modelos de previsão do preço. Os modelos de previsão são desenvolvidos através de Redes Neuronais Artificiais (RNA), implementadas através da ferramenta NFTOOL do Matlab. Estes modelos permitem obter os valores do preço para o período em análise com o incremento da produção renovável, e comparado com os valores do preço para o mesmo período, com os valores de produção reais, por forma a perceber a influência do aumento da produção renovável no preço da eletricidade.
Electric power production in the Iberian Peninsula has been undergoing several changes in recent decades. These changes are based on the increasing production from renewable sources and the growing concern about environmental issues, framed within a strategy of transition to a carbon-neutral economy. With this change, significant impacts are expected on the profile of hourly prices in a liberalised market regime, namely on the Spot (OMIE) and Futures (OMIP) market prices. This work aims to understand the impacts of the integration of renewable energies on the prices of these markets, based on the theoretical assumptions of the energy markets and the targets proposed by the governments, for the continuous investment in renewable energies. Assuming that renewable technologies have lower marginal production costs than other producing technologies in the energy market, the resulting market prices are expected to decrease as renewable production increases. Therefore, a simulation of different integration scenarios of renewable production and the analysis of the impacts on prices at MIBEL are carried out. For this purpose, the scenarios were created, where renewable production was increased to the values that are expected to be reached in 2030, allowing the creation of models of price forecasting. The forecasting models are developed through Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), implemented through the Matlab NFTOOL tool. These models allow an analyst to obtain the price values for the period under analysis with the increase in renewable production, and compare them with the price values for the same period, with the real production values, to perceive the influence of the renewable production increase, in the price of electricity.

A produção de energia elétrica na Península Ibérica tem vindo a sofrer várias alterações nas últimas décadas. Estas alterações têm como base o aumento da produção a partir de fontes renováveis e o crescente aumento com as preocupações ambientais, enquadradas numa estratégia de transição para uma economia neutra em carbono. Com esta mudança, prevêem-se impactos significativos no perfil de curva do preço horário em regime de mercado liberalizado, nomeadamente no preço de mercado SPOT (OMIE) e de Futuros (OMIP). Este trabalho procura compreender qual o impacto que a integração das energias renováveis tem nos preços desses mercados, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos dos mercados energéticos e das metas propostas pelos governos, para o contínuo investimento em energias renováveis. Partindo do princípio de que as tecnologias renováveis têm custos marginais de produção mais baixos do que as restantes tecnologias produtoras presentes no mercado energético, é esperado que os preços resultantes do mercado diminuam à medida que a produção renovável aumenta. Assim, é feita uma simulação de diferentes cenários de integração de produção renovável e análise dos impactos nos preços no MIBEL. Procedendo-se para o efeito à criação dos cenários, onde se aumentou a produção renovável para os valores que se pretendem atingir em 2030, permitindo a criação de modelos de previsão do preço. Os modelos de previsão são desenvolvidos através de Redes Neuronais Artificiais (RNA), implementadas através da ferramenta NFTOOL do Matlab. Estes modelos permitem obter os valores do preço para o período em análise com o incremento da produção renovável, e comparado com os valores do preço para o mesmo período, com os valores de produção reais, por forma a perceber a influência do aumento da produção renovável no preço da eletricidade.
Electric power production in the Iberian Peninsula has been undergoing several changes in recent decades. These changes are based on the increasing production from renewable sources and the growing concern about environmental issues, framed within a strategy of transition to a carbon-neutral economy. With this change, significant impacts are expected on the profile of hourly prices in a liberalised market regime, namely on the Spot (OMIE) and Futures (OMIP) market prices. This work aims to understand the impacts of the integration of renewable energies on the prices of these markets, based on the theoretical assumptions of the energy markets and the targets proposed by the governments, for the continuous investment in renewable energies. Assuming that renewable technologies have lower marginal production costs than other producing technologies in the energy market, the resulting market prices are expected to decrease as renewable production increases. Therefore, a simulation of different integration scenarios of renewable production and the analysis of the impacts on prices at MIBEL are carried out. For this purpose, the scenarios were created, where renewable production was increased to the values that are expected to be reached in 2030, allowing the creation of models of price forecasting. The forecasting models are developed through Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), implemented through the Matlab NFTOOL tool. These models allow an analyst to obtain the price values for the period under analysis with the increase in renewable production, and compare them with the price values for the same period, with the real production values, to perceive the influence of the renewable production increase, in the price of electricity.

Nos próximos anos o mix de produção em Portugal e Espanha irá sofrer alterações significativas considerando a progressiva desclassificação das centrais térmica a carvão, o incremento da capacidade instalada em parques eólicos e centrais solares fotovoltaicas bem como o aumento da capacidade hídrica. Nestas condições, torna-se importante estimar o preço de mercado considerando em 2030 considerando esta evolução uma vez que a evolução deste preço é um elemento importante para a tomada de decisões de investimentos de empresas produtoras bem como para quantificar o risco associado a essas decisões. A estimativa do preço de mercado referida será realizada considerando o calendário definido em Portugal e Espanha para a desclassificação das centrais térmicas a carvão, o cenário de evolução de consumos admitido pela REN como base para a preparação do PDIRT 2020-29 bem como cenários de evolução da capacidade instalada hídrica e perfis da sua produção em ano médio, seco e húmido.
In the upcoming years, the production mix in Portugal and Spain will suffer significant changes due to the progressive declassification of coal-fired power plants, the increase in installed capacity of wind farms and solar photovoltaic plants as well as the increase in water capacity. In these conditions, it becomes important to estimate the market price in 2030, since the evolution of this price is an important factor for producing companies to make investment decisions and risk assessments. The referred market price estimate will be calculated considering Portugal and Spain's timeframe for the decommissioning of coal-fired power plants, the consumption evolution scenario admitted by REN as a basis for the preparation of the PDIRT 2020-29 and the evolution scenarios for installed water capacity and their respective production profiles in average, dry and humid years.

Nos próximos anos o mix de produção em Portugal e Espanha irá sofrer alterações significativas considerando a progressiva desclassificação das centrais térmica a carvão, o incremento da capacidade instalada em parques eólicos e centrais solares fotovoltaicas bem como o aumento da capacidade hídrica. Nestas condições, torna-se importante estimar o preço de mercado considerando em 2030 considerando esta evolução uma vez que a evolução deste preço é um elemento importante para a tomada de decisões de investimentos de empresas produtoras bem como para quantificar o risco associado a essas decisões. A estimativa do preço de mercado referida será realizada considerando o calendário definido em Portugal e Espanha para a desclassificação das centrais térmicas a carvão, o cenário de evolução de consumos admitido pela REN como base para a preparação do PDIRT 2020-29 bem como cenários de evolução da capacidade instalada hídrica e perfis da sua produção em ano médio, seco e húmido.
In the upcoming years, the production mix in Portugal and Spain will suffer significant changes due to the progressive declassification of coal-fired power plants, the increase in installed capacity of wind farms and solar photovoltaic plants as well as the increase in water capacity. In these conditions, it becomes important to estimate the market price in 2030, since the evolution of this price is an important factor for producing companies to make investment decisions and risk assessments. The referred market price estimate will be calculated considering Portugal and Spain's timeframe for the decommissioning of coal-fired power plants, the consumption evolution scenario admitted by REN as a basis for the preparation of the PDIRT 2020-29 and the evolution scenarios for installed water capacity and their respective production profiles in average, dry and humid years.