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Journal articles on the topic 'Pre-and-post study'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Patel, Divyang, and Nikita Kagalwala. "Comparative Study of Pre and Post Corporate Mergers & Acquisitions in India." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 10 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/69.

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Aarif, Mohammad, Shreya Nigoskar, Raj Kumar, Madhuri Akhilesh Agnihotri, and Preeti Kumari. "Comparative Study of Serum Phosphorus and ALP in Pre & Post – Menopausal Women." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 11 (2024): 2780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.1124.3250.

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Vani, Dr Lanke. "A Comparative Study of Serum Calcium and Magnesium in Post-Menopausal and Pre- Menopausal Women." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 11, no. 07 (2023): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v11i7.09.

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Background: Menopause is marked by decreased female sex hormones and many of the symptoms experienced during this phase may be related to changes in serum levels of certain trace minerals especially calcium and magnesium. Aim: The main purpose of the study was to measure serum calcium and magnesium in postmenopausal women and to compare with that in pre-menopausal women. Methods: Serum calcium and magnesium were estimated in 30 postmenopausal women and 30 premenopausal women, who were selected following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was done by using Graph pad Quickcal

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DR.S.GANDHIMATHI, DR S. GANDHIMATHI. "Crude Oil Import in Inida - A Comparative Study Between Pre and Post Reform Period." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (2011): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/34.

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Rathore, Shreya. "Comparative Study of Pre GST and Post GST in India on Real Estate Sector." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 11, no. 12 (2022): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr221221152648.

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Thakur, Dr Kuntal, and Dr Sandip Sankar Ghosh. "A Study on Pre-Competitive and Post-Competitive Aggression of National Level Yoga Performers." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 10 (2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/oct2013/123.

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Mahashabde, Dr Shubhangi. "To Study the Intraocular Pressure and Blood Pressure Changes in Pre and Post-Menopausal Indian Women." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 02 (2017): 17460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i2.41.

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Piťha, Jan, Ondřej Auzký, Jan Kovář, et al. "Changes in cardiovascular risk profile in women after menopause (Prague Pre and Post Menopausal Female study)." Cor et Vasa 56, no. 2 (2014): e113-e117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvasa.2014.01.004.

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Jawad, Mohammed Abed. "The Study of Biochemical Markers in Chronic Renal Failure Patients in Pre- and Post-Haemodialysis." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 03 (2021): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202166.

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Background: The current research is designed to investigate alterations in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde - MDA) and renal markers (urea and creatinine) in patients of chronic renal failure (CRF) as compared to the control group. Method: The study included 55 subjects, who were separated into two groups: control group, which included 15 healthy members with no history of systematic illness; and patients group, which included 40 patients with CRF divided into four groups “Non: CRF patients without any accompanied disease, DM: CRF patients with diabetes mellitus, HT: CRF patients with hyper

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Sawant, Prof Sanjay P., Prof Rajbansi S. Kognole, and Prof Nitin P. Khatmode. "Study of Pumping test on well for Pre-Manson and Post-Manson for NANNAJ BASIN." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-2 (2018): 1495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd9648.

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GUPTA, SHIVANI. "A Comparative Study of Indian Economy in Pre and Post Reform period: An Econometric Analysis." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 2 (2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/february2014/17.

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P. Venugopala Rao, K., Farha Ibrahim, and Mani Sree Tadi. "Value relevance of financial information: A comparative study of pre- and post- implementation of Indian accounting standards." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 20, no. 1 (2023): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.20(1).2023.07.

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In 2016, India implemented new accounting standards, Ind AS, aligning with IFRS to increase transparency in the financial reporting of Indian companies. This study examines the value relevance of financial information in India before and after the adoption of Indian accounting standards (Ind AS) by comparing the published financial statements in pre- and post-Ind AS periods and determines the influence of financial information on the market price of shares. The study period is for twelve years, from 2011 to 2022, divided into 2011–2016 (pre-Ind AS period) and 2017–2022 (post-Ind AS period). To

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Swamy, K. S. Krishna. "Comets: pre- and post-Halley." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 2 (1991): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000023912.

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AbstractThe recent intensive study of Comet Halley based on in situ measurements, observations carried out with rockets and satellites and supplemented with co-ordinated Earth based observations has not only confirmed pre-Halley results, but also has given new insight into the nature of the nucleus, dust, gas and the interaction of cometary plasma with the solar wind. These observations also have raised many new questions and problems. Several of these aspects will be discussed. For a better understanding of these problems, the planned future missions to comets will also be discussed.

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Shukla, Dhiraj Kumar B. "Study of Pre-Analytical and Post-Analytical Errors in Hematology Laboratory in A Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 04, no. 12 (2016): 14964–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i12.108.

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A.Dharmaraj, A. Dharmaraj, and Dr N. Kathirvel Dr.N.Kathirvel. "Financial Performance of Indian Automobile Industry – A Comparative Study During Pre and Post Foreign Direct Investment." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (2012): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2013/19.

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Prajapati, Dipika, and Aishwarya Nair. "Physical, cognitive, and mental function in patients with pre- and post cardiac surgery: A pre–post comparative study." Heart India 12, no. 3 (2024): 154–60. https://doi.org/10.4103/heartindia.heartindia_55_24.

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ABSTRACT Aims and Background: Cardiac surgery is a lifesaving procedure, however, it is also associated with decline in physical, cognitive, and mental function postsurgery. These impairments are found to be associated not just postsurgery but are also evident before surgery. Hence, this study aims to assess the changes in physical, cognitive, and mental function in patients before and after cardiac surgery. Methods: This was a pre–post observational study including 47 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Barthel Index, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Hospital Anxiety and Depressio

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Schwenk, Mona, and Paula Dees. "Mentalization and outdoor education: A pre-post intervention study." Empirische Pädagogik 38, no. 3 (2024): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.62350/xxfe3994.

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The high relevance of mentalization increasingly shows promise in pedagogical fields, to support the psychosocial development through specific interventions of mentalization. In view of the need for mentalization-based interventions, the present paper aims to develop a connection between outdoor education and mentalization-based education. Based on data, it discusses the potential of outdoor education to activate mentalization processes and possibly contribute to a change in mentalization ability in combination with reflective impulses. The research question addresses a sample consisting of 1

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Parimala, Guruprasad, Pruthvish S, and Virupaksha Shanmugam Harave. "Pre and Post Covid Pandemic Effect on Adolescent Mental Health - An Exploration." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 15, no. 1 (2025): 16–21. https://doi.org/10.58739/jcbs/v15i1.59.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated stay-at-home directives have profoundly impacted the mental health of adolescents worldwide. This study aims to investigate these effects specifically among adolescents in India, the second most populous nation globally. With India's response to the epidemic pivotal in shaping global strategies, this research focuses on two primary objectives: (1) assessing the influence of COVID-19 on the mental well-being of adolescents, and (2) evaluating their patterns of seeking mental health support during the pandemic. India implemented stringent lockdown

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Pattanshetty, Renu, and Erohit khanna. "EFFECT OF COMBINED MANUAL THERAPY ON NECK PAIN AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN POST – OPERATIVE HEAD AND NECK CANCER PATIENTS - A PRE - POST EXPERIMENTAL STUDY." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 5, no. 6 (2017): 2552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2017.248.

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Macovei, Anamaria-Geanina, Olha Popelo, Artur Zhavoronok, Robert Dankiewicz, Cristina Gabriela Cosmulese, and Liubov Popova. "Pre- and post-effect of COVID-19 on the insurance industry: A study based on Romanian companies." Insurance Markets and Companies 15, no. 2 (2024): 74–84. https://doi.org/10.21511/ins.15(2).2024.07.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a detrimental effect on the global economy, including the insurance industry. It has forced financial markets to confront a new risk directly related to the virus’s rapid spread. Therefore, the paper aims to determine possible risks or opportunities that insurance companies may encounter, considering both pre- and post-pandemic phases. For this purpose, financial data of 110 Romanian insurance companies for 2016–2022 were analyzed. The topfirme platform was used in the data collection process. Subsequently, based on statistical analysis methods, an econometric mod

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Tiwari, Dr Richa, Raunak Sarawagi, Rohan Devdutt Gore, Nidhyati Gagan Chawla, Raghav Tripathi, and Harsh Kumar Balotia. "A Comparative Study on the Impact of E-commerce Platforms in the Pre and Post-Pandemic Era." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 3 (2024): 6999–7006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0324.0891.

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Maisuradze, Maia, Alexandre Tavartkiladze, Gaiane Simonia, et al. "Low Melatonin and Post COVID Syndrome: Unveiling SIBO as a Potential Pre Cancerous Condition in the Post-Pandemic Era." Journal of Cancer Research 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.64030/2578-3726.02.01.14.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has left an indelible mark on global health, with millions experiencing not only the acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection but also long-term sequelae collectively referred to as post-COVID syndrome or long COVID. Among its multifaceted impacts, the gastrointestinal system has emerged as a significant area of concern. This study explores the potential link between post-COVID syndrome and the development of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), focusing on mechanisms involving melatonin dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. The findings suggest that p

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Katsogiannou, EG, PD Katsoulos, C. Ziogas, et al. "Blood cell count and morphology, and vitamin B12 concentration in pre- and post-weaned calves." Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 12 (2021): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/12/2021-vetmed.

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Haematological indicators may resent physiological variation by age. Vitamin B12 promotes haematopoiesis. The aims of this study were: 1) to compare the values of the haematological variables and the concentration of vitamin B12 in pre- or post-weaned veal calves and 2) to identify the possible association between the values of the haematological variables and the concentration of B12 in the blood of veal calves. Blood was collected on the same day from 31 pre-weaned and 31 weaned calves of the Limousine breed from the same farm. The complete blood count, including the blood cell morphology ev

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Letaifa, Wissal Ben. "Study of dividend policies in periods pre and post-merger." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 2 (2016): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i2c3p10.

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This study examines the policies of pre- and post- merger dividends. The emphasis here is on the timing of payment of dividends and its signal role when the merger is considered successful. Our analysis is purely descriptive and involves the merger of CVS and Caremark listed on the NY Stock Exchange and conducted in 2006. The findings indicate the relevance of dividend payment timing as the merger of success signal since acquiring company tries to improve its payment timing and the amount to be paid. This proves the existence of complementarities between the signaling hypothesis by the amount

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Indu Bala and Dhiraj Sharma. "Inflationary Trends in India: A Pre and Post Reform Study." Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies 9, no. 2 (2018): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jtmge.2018.92002.

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The present paper attempts to explore the nature, trends and patterns of inflation in India during 1980-2016. The selected time period has been trifurcated purposively into three-time spans namely, pre-reform period (1980-90), after reform period (1991-2000) and subsequent period (2001-16). The endeavour of the paper is to examine the dynamics of inflation over the three-time spans from 1980-2016 in the Indian economy. It has been found that the inflation, based on WPI and CPI, is continuously rising since 1980. Up to 1995, the trend in CPI and WPI were same and there was no significant differ

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Lee, Myeong-Hui. "A study of Kawabata' Literature Pre-and-post War Periods." Korean Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 61 (June 30, 2014): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.18704/kjjll.2014.06.61.329.

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Hasti Gada, Dhruvi Nandu, Nishi Shah, and Niyati B Thakker. "A Study on the Online Shopping - Pre and Post Pandemic." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 13, no. 6 (2023): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.13.6.2.

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Prior to the pandemic, online shopping was infrequent. However, when the COVID-19 situation worsened, people were unable to purchase the products they needed since stores were closed and there was only one way to get them: online shopping. As a result, they started buying online, but they soon realized that they had a lot of possibilities, so they progressively went toward it. People continued to shop online and in-store as the situation stabilized. People preferred both online and in-store purchasing, but it was discovered that online shopping surged after the pandemic.

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P, Padmavathi, K. Pandya Chirag, Begum Samiya, et al. "Comparative study of dyslipidemia among pre and post - menopausal women." Bioinformation 21, no. 06 (2025): 1385–90. https://doi.org/10.6026/973206300211385.

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Dyslipidaemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in pre and post-menopausal women. Therefore, it is of interest to analyse the lipid abnormality among them. Totally n=214 women were recruited, among them (n=107) were premenopausal and (n=107) were postmenopausal women. The prevalence of dyslipidaemia in our study was 81.77% (n=175). Among premenopausal women 26.1% (n=28) and post menopause 35.5% (n=38) had isolated lipid abnormality whereas mixed dyslipidaemia was 37.3% (n=40) in premenopausal women and 64.4% (n=69) in postmenopausal women. Study shows the complexity of l

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Gangopadhyay, Gourik. "A Study of Platelet Parameters and Their Correlation with Different Clinical Manifestations of Tuberculosis: A Pre- and Post-Treatment Analysis." Journal of Communicable Diseases 56, no. 04 (2024): 105–9. https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202479.

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Afandi, Alfid Tri, Nur Hasanatil Fauziah, Nurfika Asmaningrum, and Sujarwanto. "An Application Pre-Conference and Post-Conference in Hospital: a Case Study." Jurnal Kegawatdaruratan Medis Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2023): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.58545/jkmi.v2i1.4.

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Pre-conference and post-conference are part of implementing the Professional Nursing Care Model (MAKP) to improve the quality of nursing services in hospitals and minimize negligence or errors in nursing practice. Pre-conference and post-conference is the activity of the team leader and members of the nursing team in communicating related to nursing care given to patients during shift changes. In pre-conference and post-conference, the nurse in charge of care must plan daily activities for patients from admission to discharge from the hospital. However, implementation pre-conference and post-c

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Cooper, Elizabeth, and Andrew Kish. "Executive compensation and securitization: pre-and post-crisis." Journal of Risk Finance 15, no. 4 (2014): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-05-2014-0068.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study bank executive compensation and securitization, two important strategic developments in finance that are central to the debate on the cause of the crisis. Design/methodology/approach – We study the relationship between securitization and executive pay in a sample of US banks from 2001 to 2010, using a series of multivariate regression models to test our hypotheses. Findings – Bank Chief Executive Officer (CEO) pay exhibits a positive pay-for-performance relationship. Since the crisis, this relationship is weakened. For banks that securitize, we f

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Kamdi Manisha Kumari, Rahul. "Comparative Study of Pre - Operative and Post Operative Changes in Corneal Astigmatism in Pterygium Patient Operated with Conjunctival Autograft." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 7 (2023): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23418162658.

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Sisa, Ivan, María Sol Garcés, Cristina Crespo-Andrade, and Claudia Tobar. "Improving Learning and Study Strategies in Undergraduate Medical Students: A Pre-Post Study." Healthcare 11, no. 3 (2023): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030375.

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We aimed to describe the impact of a structured interventional program to improve learning and study skills in undergraduate medical students from a Latin American medical school. The interventional program’s design was based on diagnostic/prescriptive assessment test scores measuring ten scales. The program consisted of five tailored workshops. The cohort studied consisted of 81 third-year medical students. The outcome variable was the difference between “pre” and “post” test scores. The unadjusted score percentiles were used to compare improvement in learning and study skills. In addition, a

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Ding, H., H. Xie, F. Qiao, T. Wang, X. Huang, and Q. Ning. "Supra-auricular and post-auricular resection of pre-auricular and post-auricular sinuses." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 133, no. 11 (2019): 980–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221511900210x.

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AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to classify the pre-auricular sinus before performing radical dissection, so as to achieve optimal aesthetic results.MethodsThe recent five-year clinical data of 53 patients with a congenital pre-auricular sinus and infection treated in the hospital were reviewed. According to the sinus course, pre-auricular and post-auricular types were defined, and regional dissection was performed using the modified supra-auricular or post-auricular approach.ResultsAll patients achieved primary intention healing of the incision, and were followed up for six months to five y

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Gautam, Kritika, Anitha Arvind, Neha Kapur, and Mukesh Kumar. "The keratometry changes pre and post-applanation tonometry." Scientific Temper 16, no. 06 (2025): 4403–7. https://doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2025.16.6.13.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of applanation tonometry on keratometry measurements. Study Design: Prospective observational study Methods: 100 patients presenting to the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital for cataract surgery were enrolled in the study. Keratometry measurements were performed on 200 eyes from 100 patients with IOLMaster 700 before and after performing Goldman applanation tonometry. Paired t-test analyses were used to compare measurements taken prior to and following applanation tonometry. P-values less than 0.05 are considered a

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Bargaje, Medha Deepak, Priyasha Sharma, Jyoti Deepak Londhe, et al. "Effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in post-COVID-19 patients: A pre- and post-interventional study." Lung India 41, no. 6 (2024): 435–41. https://doi.org/10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_368_23.

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ABSTRACT Background: The need of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) for COVID-19 patients with long-term effects was desperately felt. The study’s objective was to measure the effect of PR on functional capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with post COVID conditions. Methods: Pulmonary medicine department of a teaching hospital conducted this pre-experimental study. The patient underwent a pre and post-assessment, including a six-minute walk test (6MWT) measuring distance, oxygen desaturation, pulse rate, and HRQOL. The intervention had six components; education to patien

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Fernandez Placencia, R. M., E. Ruiz Figueroa, and F. Berrospi Espinoza. "Pre and intraoperative predictors of post-pancreaticoduodenectomy hemorrhage: a cohort study." HPB 23 (2021): S268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2020.11.676.

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Gupta, Sumeet. "Valuation of IPO Performance: A Study of Pre and Post Scenario." Journal of Global Economy 5, no. 2 (2009): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v5i2.90.

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India is a growing economy. It grows by leaps and bounds day by day. With the introduction of Liberalisation, Privatization and Globalization, the economy has become an open financial system. There is vast number of opportunities available in the economy for the companies to grow, succeed and diversify their business. Availing of growth opportunities by the company depends on the availability of finance. Starting a new venture, expanding the existing venture or diversifying the existing venture would require the funds. For raising funds, the company has to move in the Capital Market. In Capita

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Chao, Min, and Chyuan-Hwan Jeng. "Pre- and post-cracking torsion in prestressed concrete beams: experimental study." Magazine of Concrete Research 69, no. 11 (2017): 555–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.16.00349.

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Jois, Srikanth N., Manasa B, and Lancy DSouza. "PRE AND POST EXPERIENCES OF VIEWING HUMAN AURA: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 8, no. 2 (2017): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.08262.

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Bulgheroni, P., M. V. Bulgheroni, M. Ronga, and A. Manelli. "Gait analysis of pre- and post-meniscectomy knee: A prospective study." Knee 14, no. 6 (2007): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2007.08.003.

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Soni, Mira, Martin Orrell, Stephan Bandelow, et al. "Physical activity pre- and post-dementia: English Longitudinal Study of Ageing." Aging & Mental Health 23, no. 1 (2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1390731.

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Canady, Valerie A. "Study examines shift to virtual BH care pre‐ and post‐COVID." Mental Health Weekly 33, no. 12 (2023): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mhw.33580.

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Cenci, Jaisson, Marcos Britto Correa, Lex Bouter, et al. "Fostering open science and responsible research practices: A pre-post study." F1000Research 14 (March 24, 2025): 318. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.155832.1.

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Background Educational initiatives could foster the adoption of open science (OS) and responsible research practices (RRPs). This single group pre-post study evaluated the impact of an educational intervention on increasing the adherence, knowledge and perceptions about adopting OS practices and RRPs among graduate researchers at a Brazilian University. Methods Graduate students from a southern Brazilian university were invited to participate in a course addressing OS and RRPs. The intervention was an online interactive course on OS and RRPs. The number of OS outputs, including Open Science Fr

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Mona, Sarawgi, Kumar Amit, Kumar Manoj, Ahmad Rizwan, and Ozair Md. "Comparative Study on Pre- and Post-Operative Hearing Outcome Following Tympanoplasty." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 5 (2024): 1920–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12791378.

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<strong>Background and Objectives</strong>: Tympanoplasty is a commonly performed surgical procedure to close perforations of the tympanic membrane in chronic otitis media. It is performed to eradicate disease from the middle ear cleft and to reconstruct the hearing mechanism with or without tympanic membrane grafting. The aim of this study is to evaluate hearing outcome in the pre- and post-operative after tympanoplasty. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The present observations study was conducted on 30 randomly selected patients visited the department of ENT, Darbhanga Medic

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Khanal, Rajesh Kesar. "Nepal-India Trade: Pre and Post Globalization Comparisons." Voice: A Biannual & Bilingual Journal 15, no. 1 (2023): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/voice.v15i1.57963.

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Nepal and India have trade relations since pre historic age. The pattern of trade between these two countries has not remained same from prehistoric age to the current period. Nepal and British India signed first treaty of commerce in 1st March, 1792. Nepal’s had trade surplus with British India before both the countries signed a treaty of friendship on December 21, 1923 AD. Nepal’s trade deficit with India has been increasing. Nepal introduced country-wise and commodity-wise trade diversification initiatives to raise its export to India and lessen its reliance on India in international trade.

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Gervase Iwu, Chux. "Sustaining small businesses in emerging economies: an examination of the pre and post startup ramifications." Problems and Perspectives in Management 15, no. 1 (2017): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(1-1).2017.10.

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Set in the Western Province of South Africa, this study is centred on a group of small business owners who received financial support from a leading South African business developer. The main aims were to obtain from the recipients what they envisaged as their main challenges, and to compare those challenges at a later stage to get a better understanding of the real challenges of small business pre and post startup. The ultimate benefit will be to report on these to inform practitioners and researchers so that every stakeholder can have a fresher insight into this phenomenon with the hope that

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Waguespack, Blaise, and Tamilla Curtis. "Ancillary revenue and price fairness: an exploratory study pre and post flight." International Journal of Aviation Management 2, no. 3/4 (2015): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijam.2015.072381.

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Svob, Connie, Eleanor Murphy, Priya J. Wickramaratne, et al. "Pre- and Post-Pandemic Religiosity and Mental Health Outcomes: A Prospective Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 11 (2023): 6002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20116002.

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Relatively few studies have prospectively examined the effects of known protective factors, such as religion, on pandemic-related outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pre- and post-pandemic trajectories and psychological effects of religious beliefs and religious attendance. Male and female adults (N = 189) reported their beliefs in religious importance (RI) and their religious attendance (RA) both before (T1) and after (T2) the pandemic’s onset. Descriptive and regression analyses were used to track RI and RA from T1 to T2 and to test their effects on psychological outcomes at

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Aggarwal, Rajesh Kumar. "Institutional Deliveries at Public and Private Health Institutions in Punjab: A Comparative Study of Pre-Lockdown, Lockdown and Post-Lockdown Periods in Selected Districts." Journal of Quality in Health Care & Economics 7, no. 4 (2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jqhe-16000393.

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From 25 March 2020, there was a complete lockdown in Punjab till 31 May 2020 in four different phases affecting almost all types of services except delivery of essential services. Further, lockdown restrictions continued for night movement in the State in various phases. Out-patient (OPD) services were closed and entry to medical institutions was restricted to emergency services. Since institutional deliveries constitute an important ingredient of maternal and child health care facilities, it is important to study and examine the impact on institutional births in Punjab in the context of lockd

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