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Journal articles on the topic 'Pre-colonial and colonial Philippines history'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Pepinsky, Thomas B. "Trade Competition and American Decolonization." World Politics 67, no. 3 (May 27, 2015): 387–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004388711500012x.

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This article proposes a political economy approach to decolonization. Focusing on the industrial organization of agriculture, it argues that competition between colonial and metropolitan producers creates demands for decolonization from within the metropole when colonies have broad export profiles and when export industries are controlled by colonial, as opposed to metropolitan, interests. The author applies this framework to the United States in the early 1900s, showing that different structures of the colonial sugar industries in the Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico–diverse exports with dispersed local ownership versus monocrop economies dominated by large US firms–explain why protectionist continental-agriculture interests agitated so effectively for independence for the Philippines, but not for Hawaii or Puerto Rico. A comparative historical analysis of the three colonial economies and the Philippine independence debates complemented by a statistical analysis of roll call votes in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act supports the argument. In providing a new perspective on economic relations in the late-colonial era, the argument highlights issues of trade and empire in US history that span the subfields of American political development, comparative politics, and international political economy.

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2

Woods, Colleen. "Seditious Crimes and Rebellious Conspiracies: Anti-communism and US Empire in the Philippines." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416669423.

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This article details how US colonial policymakers and Filipino political elites, intent on fostering a non-revolutionary Philippine nationalism in the late 1920s and 1930s, produced an anti-communist politics aimed at eliminating or delegitimizing radical anti-imperialism. Communist-inspired, anti-imperial activists placed US imperialism in the Philippines within the framework of western imperialism in Asia, thereby challenging the anti-imperial ideology of the US empire. Americans and elite Filipinos met this challenge by repressing radical, anti-imperialist visions of Philippine independence through inter-colonial surveillance and cooperation, increased policing, mass imprisonment, and the outlawing of communist politics in the Philippines.

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3

Pagunsan, Ruel V. "Nature, colonial science and nation-building in twentieth-century Philippines." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 4 (December 2020): 561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000703.

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This article examines colonial nature-making in twentieth century Philippines. It particularly looks into natural history investigations of the American-instituted Bureau of Science and the ways in which it created a discursive authority for understanding the Philippine natural environment. These biological investigations, the article argues, did not only structure the imperial construction of the colony's nature, but also provided a blueprint for imagining notions of national integration and identity. The article interrogates the link between colonial scientific projects and nation-building initiatives, emphasising the scripting of the archipelago's nature and the creation of a national science through biological spaces.

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4

Anderson, W. "Immunization and Hygiene in the Colonial Philippines." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 62, no. 1 (February 8, 2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrl014.

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5

Inarejos Muñoz, Juan Antonio. "Mecanismos de representación y control social en dos sociedades coloniales: Filipinas y Vietnam en perspectiva comparadaPolitical representation and social control mechanisms in two colonial societies: the Spanish Philippines and French Indochina in comparative perspective." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 6 (May 31, 2017): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh.v0i6.277.

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RESUMENEn este artículo se plantea un análisis comparativo de los mecanismos de representación política y control social implantados en dos sociedades coloniales: las Filipinas españolas y la Indochina francesa. Este tema forma parte de una investigación más amplia centrada en la selección de las élites locales filipinas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y los proyectos de reforma de los sistemas de representación local vietnamita bajo dominio colonial francés. Se trazan en clave comparativa las principales similitudes y diferencias con los mecanismos de representación y control social desplegados en ambos escenarios, aspectos claves a la hora de comprender las razones que determinaron el final de ambas experiencias coloniales en el sudeste asiático.PALABRAS CLAVE: Filipinas, Indochina, colonialismo, elecciones locales, podermunicipal.ABSTRACTThis study presents a comparative analysis of the political representation and socialcontrol implemented in two colonial societies: the Spanish Philippines and French Indochina. This topic is part of a broader study focused on the selection of the native elite in the Spanish Philippines in the nineteenth century and on the projects to reform local representation in French Indochina. The main similarities and differences in the representation and social control mechanisms in both scenarios are described as they are key aspects when it comes to understanding the end of these two colonial experiences in South East Asia. This diverse tool kit included the political use of productive resources, individual conduct reports, the development of clientelist networks, the manipulation of religious beliefs, abuse and repression.KEY WORDS: Philippines, Indochina, colonialism, municipal elections, local power.

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6

Gealogo, Francis A. "Bilibid and beyond: Race, body size, and the native in early American colonial Philippines." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (October 2018): 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463418000310.

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The United States’ occupation of the Philippines began with proclamations of a new era of development and the prospect of local political representation. In coming to grips with what they saw as America's civilising mission, colonial scholars and officials sought information about the peoples of the Philippines by conducting a census and various population studies, using an array of methodologies drawn from criminology and physical anthropology. This article traces and critiques representations of the Philippine population in the 1903 Philippine Census as well as in several related studies published in the early American period, which served to reduce the Filipinos to a state of ‘otherness’ which served to justify colonial projects. Several of these racialised studies used the inmates of Bilibid Prison, both alive and dead, as experimental and documentary subjects to create a record of Filipino ‘sample types’ for various administrative and other purposes, such as the exhibition at the St Louis World's Fair of 1904. Bilibid prisoners’ body size, brain weight, skin colour, facial features and other physical attributes were selectively correlated with other colonial constructions of Filipino individuals and groups, such as ‘wildness’ and political maturity.

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7

Hawley, Charles V. "You're a Better Filipino than I Am, John Wayne: World War II, Hollywood, and U.S.-Philippines Relations." Pacific Historical Review 71, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 389–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2002.71.3.389.

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Between 1939 and 1945 several Hollywood studios produced significant films set in the war-torn Philippines, including Bataan (MGM, 1943), So Proudly We Hail (Paramount, 1943),and Back to Bataan (RKO,1943). Although these films immediately preceded Philippines independence in 1946, they do not position the Philippines as a soon-to-be autonomous nation. Instead, these films reaffirm, and even celebrate, the unequal colonial power relationship that marked the history of U.S. occupation of the archipelago. A careful reading of these films, which is the subject of this article, reveals the stamina of this colonial ideology (colonial uplift, tutelage, and nation-building) that legitimized U.S. colonial rule in the Phillapines and dates back to the turn of the century. What the perpetuation of this ideology suggests is the postwar neocolonial relationship between the two nations that U.S. government officials anticipated. This revised neocolonial ideology is expressed through the racialized and gendered images of Filipino characters and their interaction with U.S. American characters. The U.S. government attempted to control such images as part of its wartime propaganda, but had to rely on the voluntary compliance of the major Hollywood studios. While the Filipinos in films like Back to Bataan, made at the war's end, appear to challenge the racist stereotypes of prior films, they are re-inscribed by a neocolonial form of U.S. supremacy—— framed as wartime U.S. guidance and Filipino dependency.

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8

Saunders, David R. "Dimming the Seas around Borneo: Contesting Island Sovereignty and Lighthouse Administration amidst the End of Empire, 1946–1948." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 7, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 181–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.5.

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AbstractThis article examines issues of island sovereignty and lighthouse administration in maritime Southeast Asia in the context of post-war decolonisation. It does so by demonstrating how lax and complacent colonial governance in British North Borneo led to the construction of a lighthouse on contested island territory. By the late 1940s these islands became the focal point of a regional dispute between the Philippines, North Borneo's colonial government, and the United Kingdom. While lighthouses were, in the colonial mind-set, deemed essential for illuminating the coasts and projecting order onto the seas, the Philippine government sought to renege on colonial-era obligations and wrest a new sense of post-colonial legitimacy.The legacy of the Turtle Island transfer was therefore significant in recalibrating imperial lighting in the Sulu Sea, as well as giving rise to a Philippine post-colonial authority that was characterised by an acknowledgement of indigenous Suluk maritime heritage. Similarly, it reflected an extension of previous instances of transnational disputes in the region, where the island shoal had been simultaneously claimed and administered by the United States, the United Kingdom and the historical Sulu Sultanate. While the lighthouse remained destroyed, and the seas dimmed, by mid-1948 the Turtle Islands had attained a new post-colonial and transnational status. Utilising a range of archival sources, memoirs and published material, this article sheds light on an under-examined period of Southeast Asian history.

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9

Kiple, Kenneth, and Ken de Bevoise. "Agents of Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines." Ethnohistory 43, no. 4 (1996): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/483257.

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De Bevoise, Ken. "Until God Knows When: Smallpox in the Late-Colonial Philippines." Pacific Historical Review 59, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 149–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3640055.

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11

Thohir, Ajid. "A Historical Overview and Initiating Historiography of Islam in the Philippines." International Journal of Nusantara Islam 3, no. 2 (June 28, 2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v3i2.1380.

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Understanding the history of Islam in the Southeast Asia will be more accurate through the geo-political and historical background perspective in particular. This assumption is based on Western Colonial influence in the past such as Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, British, French, and United States that makes up the typology of Islamic culture in South East Asian region, which is strengthens the plurality of Islamic character. It also seems increasingly clear, especially for the Muslim communities in Philippine, who represented the community formed of Moro Islamic movement. Islamic culture in the Philippine is produced by the Spanish and the United States colonial policy which determines the fate and the treats of Muslims as a conquered state. This historical background results the emergence of a heroic character in Philippines Muslims that is different from the other Muslims community in South East Asia who are relatively considered quiet and peaceful. This paper will briefly explain the historiography of Islam in South East Asia region through involving cases of Muslims in the Philippine who will not found the plurality of character in the other country.

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12

McCarthy, William J. "The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines." International Journal of Maritime History 7, no. 2 (December 1995): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149500700208.

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13

Eisen, Daniel B., Kara Takasaki, and Arlie Tagayuna. "Am I Really Filipino?: The Unintended Consequences of Filipino Language and Culture Courses in Hawai'i." JCSCORE 1, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 24–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2642-2387.2015.1.2.24-53.

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The colonial mentality, a perception of Filipino cultural inferiority, results in many Filipinos distancing themselves from their Filipino heritage. In Hawai‘i, the colonial history of the Philippines is reinforced by the history of Hawai‘i’s plantation era and the creation of a “local” identity, which marginalizes the Filipino community and strengthens the colonial mentality. A content analysis of 105 essays written by Filipino students enrolled in college-level Filipino language and culture classes in Hawai‘i was conducted to critically examine whether and how educational curriculum is used to challenge the colonial mentality. Data analysis shows students often entered classrooms with a colonial mentality that they learned through familial socialization and experiences of ethnic discrimination outside of the family. Although these language and culture courses helped students to reconnect with their Filipino heritage, many students developed a positive and essentialist construction of a Filipino identity, which reduced the individual’s agency in constructing an identity and facilitated processes of othering.

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14

Stockwell, A. J. "Conceptions of Community in Colonial Southeast Asia." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8 (December 1998): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679301.

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It is a commonplace that European rule contributed both to the consolidation of the nation-states of Southeast Asia and to the aggravation of disputes within them. Since their independence, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam have all faced the upheavals of secessionism or irredentism or communalism. Governments have responded to threats of fragmentation by appeals to national ideologies like Sukarno's pancasila (five principles) or Ne Win's ‘Burmese way to socialism’. In attempting to realise unity in diversity, they have paraded a common experience of the struggle for independence from colonial rule as well as a shared commitment to post-colonial modernisation. They have also ruthlessly repressed internal opposition or blamed their problems upon the foreign forces of neocolonialism, world communism, western materialism, and other threats to Asian values. Yet, because its effects were uneven and inconsistent while the reactions to it were varied and frequently equivocal, the part played by colonialism in shaping the affiliations and identities of Southeast Asian peoples was by no means clear-cut.

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Patterson, K. David. "Agents of apocalypse: Epidemic disease in the colonial Philippines." Social Science & Medicine 42, no. 4 (February 1996): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(96)90377-9.

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16

Rafael, Vicente L. "Welcoming What Comes: Sovereignty and Revolution in the Colonial Philippines." Comparative Studies in Society and History 52, no. 1 (December 24, 2009): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417509990363.

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After more than three hundred years of colonial rule, Filipinos began a revolution against the Spanish empire in August of 1896. By June of 1898, revolutionary forces had managed to overwhelm the Spaniards who were already reeling from the destruction of their navy in the initial days of their war with the United States and had been fatally weakened by the decade-long revolution in Cuba. In the Philippines, a Revolutionary government was formed under the dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo. It declared independence, convened a convention to write a constitution and briefly succeeded in forming a Republic led by the wealthiest men of the archipelago by January of 1899. But by February, Filipinos were engulfed in a new war against an emergent U.S. empire that was to last through much of the first decade of the twentieth century, leading to U.S. colonization of the Philippines until 1941.

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Cadiz, Stevie, and Alma M. Ouanesisouk Trinidad. "Picturing Forgotten Filipinx: Family Photographs and Resisting U.S. Colonial Amnesias." Genealogy 4, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4040111.

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U.S. imperialism in the Philippines has led to the multiple generations of diasporic conditions of colonial amnesia and systematic forgetting of history. Its impact on the Filipinx community has left unrecorded memories and voices of immigrants silenced, and considered lost to history. This study examines the relationship between U.S. colonialism and imperialism in the Philippines and the experiences of Filipinx immigration to the U.S. through a critical Indigenous feminist lens of visual imagery and storytelling. Given that many of the experiences within the Filipinx diaspora in relation to the American Empire have been systematically forgotten and erased, this study utilizes family photographs in framing the challenges and reinscribes harmful hegemonic U.S. colonial and imperial narratives. With a combination of semi-structured interviews and photo analysis as a form of visual storytelling, the family photographs within the Filipinx diaspora may reframe, challenge, and resist hegemonic U.S. colonial and imperial narratives by holding memories of migration, loss, family belonging, and community across spatial and generational boundaries that attempt to erase by the U.S. nation-state. Results shed light on resistance and survivance through bayanihan (community care) spirit.

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18

Levine, P. "Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines." Journal of American History 94, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25094874.

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Poblete, Joanna. "The S.S. Mongolia Incident." Pacific Historical Review 82, no. 2 (November 2012): 248–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2013.82.2.248.

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On December 23, 1910, the S.S. Mongolia arrived at the Port of Honolulu with 119 Filipinos aboard. The treatment of these passengers resulted in vigorous debates about Filipino labor mobility that impacted U.S.-Philippine relations, Hawaiian business needs, and health policies, as well as continental U.S. labor and sugar interests. From January through April 1911, officials in Washington, D.C., and the Philippines worked hard to stem fears about the health of Filipinos and maintain both the flow of these workers to Hawai‘i and the U.S.-Philippine political-legal relationship. Despite extensive regional protests, the acquisition of labor for sugar plantations and the preservation of U.S.-Philippine colonial ties ended up prevailing over nativist fears about the health and growing numbers of Filipinos in the United States.

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Arnold, David. "Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race and Hygiene in the Philippines." Social History of Medicine 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkm005.

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Ventura, Theresa. "“I Am Already Annexed”: Ramon Reyes Lala and the Crafting of “Philippine” Advocacy for American Empire." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19, no. 3 (June 4, 2020): 426–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781420000092.

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AbstractThis article reconstructs the American career of the Manila-born author Ramon Reyes Lala. Lala became a naturalized United States citizen shortly before the War of 1898 garnered public interest in the history and geography of the Philippines. He capitalized on this interest by fashioning himself into an Oxford-educated nationalist exiled in the United States for his anti-Spanish activism, all the while hiding a South Asian background. Lala's spirited defense of American annexation and war earned him the political patronage of the Republican Party. Yet though Lala offered himself as a ‘model’ Philippine-American citizen, his patrons offered Lala as evidence of U.S. benevolence and Philippine civilization potential shorn of citizenship. His embodied contradictions, then, extended to his position as a producer of colonial knowledge, a racialized commodity, and a representative Filipino in the United States when many in the archipelago would not recognize him as such. Lala's advocacy for American Empire, I contend, reflected an understanding of nationality born of diasporic merchant communities, while his precarious success in the middle-class economy of print and public speaking depended on his deft maneuvering between modalities of power hardening in terms of race. His career speaks more broadly to the entwined and contradictory processes of commerce, race formation, and colonial knowledge production.

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Ginés-Blasi, Mònica. "A Philippine ‘coolie trade’: Trade and exploitation of Chinese labour in Spanish colonial Philippines, 1850–98." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 3 (September 2020): 457–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000533.

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Chinese immigration to the Philippines has traditionally been studied in relation to commercial activities. But between 1850 and 1898, there was an unparalleled influx of Chinese labourers, which raised the number of Chinese residents to 100,000. This influx was fuelled by the abundant profits obtained by Chinese brokers and foremen, Spanish institutions and authorities in Manila, consuls in China, and Spanish and British ship captains, all of whom extracted excessive fees and taxes from the labourers. The trade in and the exploitation of Chinese labourers in the Philippines have yet to be thoroughly researched. This article shows that the import and abuse of Chinese labourers in and to the Philippines continued throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, and that, despite some anti-Chinese Spanish colonial rhetoric, a wide range of actors and institutions, both in China and in the Philippines, took advantage of this unprecedented inflow of immigrants.

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Martínez, Julia. "The ‘Malay’ Community in Pre-war Darwin." Queensland Review 6, no. 2 (November 1999): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600001148.

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This paper examines the ‘Malay’ community in pre-war Darwin, focusing on those men who were brought to Australia to work in the pearling industry. It considers their status within the community, and questions the degree to which the White Australia policy impinged upon their lives. The tenn ‘Malay’ in this context does not refer to the ‘Malays’ of present-day Malaysia, but rather to the ambiguous colonial construction which was loosely based on notions of ‘racial’ grouping. Adrian Vickers’ study of South-East Asian ‘Malay’ identity points to its multiple forms: the colonial constructions of the British and the Dutch; the existence of non-Muslim Malays; and the many ethnic groups whose identities cut across the national boundaries which form present-day Malaysia and Indonesia and the southern Philippines. In the Australian context, the works of John Mulvaney and Campbell Macknight have examined Macassan contact with northern Aboriginal groups, particularly in the Gulf of Carpentaria. According to Mulvaney, the term ‘Macassan’ was used to refer to the Bugis and Macassan seafarers who came to Australia from southern Sulawesi. He notes, however, that nineteenth-century Europeans, such as French commander Baudin and Matthew Flinders referred to them as ‘Malays’.

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MARGOLD, JANE A. "Egalitarian Ideals and Exclusionary Practices: U.S. Pedagogy in the Colonial Philippines." Journal of Historical Sociology 8, no. 4 (December 1995): 375–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.1995.tb00172.x.

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Pendse, Liladhar R. "Building virtual collection and Spanish colonial imprints of the Philippines." Collection and Curation 39, no. 3 (January 16, 2020): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cc-07-2019-0020.

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Purpose The access to the rare originals of the early Spanish colonial imprints of the Philippines remains problematic. The reference librarians often are restricted to directing the students and scholars to the secondary resources that are available both in print and as a part of the digital assets within the North American academic libraries. This paper aims to focus on the select primary source editions including select Spanish language colonial imprints that are available electronically on the Web along the Open Access. These Web-based resources serve as the reference tools for the early history of the Philippines and Southeast Asia. As many of these publications are rare and extremely expensive for most libraries, the Open Access resources serve as an aid to building a virtual collection of these items. Design/methodology/approach The author had to create a data set of the early imprints of the Spanish Philippines using several bibliographic resources. The data set will be submitted as an Appendix for this research paper. The author did both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data set along with the voyant-based digital humanities approach for topic modeling. Findings The goals of this paper were to not only survey the early Spanish printing of the Philippines but also provide the reader with a somewhat complete picture of how the printing began in the Spanish Philippines, what kind of the first books were printed and how one can access them given their rarity and fragility. The collection building paradigms are undergoing significant shifts, and the focus of many academic libraries is shifting toward providing access to these items. As these items high-value low-use items continue to be part of the Special Collections, the access to these is problematic. The virtual collections thus serve as a viable alternative that enables further research and access. While the creators of these works are long gone, the legacy of the Spanish colonial domination, printing and the religious orders in the Philippines remain alive through these works. Research limitations/implications As this is an introductory paper, the author focused on the critical editions rather than providing a comprehensive bibliographic landscape of the presses that produced these editions. He also did not take into consideration many pamphlets that were published in the same period. He also did not consider the Chinese language publications of the Islands. The Chinese had been block printing since medieval times (Little, 1996). In the context of the Spanish Philippines, the Chinese migration and trade have been studied in detail by Chia (2006), Bjork (1998) and Gebhardt (2017). The scope of this paper also was centered toward building a virtual collection of these rare books. Practical implications Rare books are often expensive and out-of-reach for many libraries; the virtual collection of the same along the Open Access model represents an alternative to collect and curate these collections. The stewardship of these collections also acquires a new meaning in the digital milieu. Social implications This research paper will allow scholars to see past the analog editions and help them focus on curating a virtual collection. The questions of electronic access are often ignored when it comes to visiting and using them in a controlled environment of the reading room in the Special Collections. The author argues that one way to enable access to these rare and expensive books is to provide access to their digital counterparts. These digital/virtual surrogates of the originals will facilitate further research. Originality/value The author could not find similar research on the publications of the early Spanish colony of the Philippines.

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Rodao, Florentino. "‘The salvational currents of emigration’: Racial theories and social disputes in the Philippines at the end of the nineteenth century." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 49, no. 3 (October 2018): 426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463418000346.

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This article analyses the changing significance of racial theories in the writings of Spanish emigrants in the late nineteenth century Philippines. Works by Antonio Cañamaque, Pablo Feced (Quioquiap), and Antonio Barrantes show how racialised understandings of colonial society in the Philippines evolved, from an initial dismissal of hybridism and rejection of mestizos to assertions of the innate superiority of the ‘white race’ and advocation of a rigid separation between local communities. These developments are considered in the context of the rising popularity of biological determinism alongside an influx of Spanish emigrants into the Philippines. The Spanish settlers used biological determinism to proclaim their role as the sole purveyors of both ‘progress’ and of a kind of egalitarianism. This article describes these debates and arguments, analyses their inconsistencies, and addresses the Filipino elite's responses to the settlers’ racial theories. These responses are read not simply as part of the development of Filipino nationalism, but as reflective of rivalries within the Spanish colonial community in the Philippines, where the locally born found additional reasons to support anticolonialism.

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Lindsey, Charles W., and Norman G. Owen. "Prosperity without Progress: Manila Hemp and Material Life in the Colonial Philippines." American Historical Review 92, no. 1 (February 1987): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862913.

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THOMPSON, L. "REVIEW OF GO AND FOSTER, EDS., THE AMERICAN COLONIAL STATE IN THE PHILIPPINES." Pacific Historical Review 73, no. 2 (May 2004): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2004.73.2.340.

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Fraile, Pedro, and Alvaro Escribano. "The Spanish 1898 Disaster: The Drift towards Natonal-Protectionism." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007126.

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Two interrelated ideas are developed in this essay: first, that the consequences for the Spanish economy of loosing the last colonies —Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines— at the end of the nineteenth century were relatively small, and that it hardly can be regarded, as many historians have done as the Disaster of 1898. Second, that despite its small overall direct impact on the Spanish economy, the independence wars fought with the colonies, and the defeat at the hands of the Americans in 1898, started a process of intense political nationalism that resulted in the adoption of western Europe's most stringent autarchy at the beginning of the twentieth century. The colonial Disaster was therefore, an indirect one. Its economic consequences were first felt by Bentham's «ruling few» —in Spain's case, the wheat, flour, and textile traders of Castile and Catalonia— and later reached the «subject many» by way of their influence on the adoption of extreme protective measures («integral protection», as it became known by Spanish nationalists) facilitated by the general climate caused by the colonial loss.

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henley, david. "population and the means of subsistence: explaining the historical demography of island southeast asia, with particular reference to sulawesi." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36, no. 3 (September 8, 2005): 337–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463405000202.

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the phenomenon of low population growth in pre-colonial southeast asia is often interpreted in terms of epidemic disease, internecine warfare or cultural idiosyncracies affecting the birth rate. the modern population boom, in these analyses, results from medical and public health improvements, military pacification or foreign cultural influences. this article, by contrast, argues that in indonesia and the philippines population growth has typically been a result of economic growth, and that the general sparsity of the population in early historical times reflected the low ‘carrying capacity’ of the environments in question under the prevailing economic conditions.

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Charbonneau, Oliver. "“A New West in Mindanao”: Settler Fantasies on the U.S. Imperial Fringe." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 18, no. 03 (February 15, 2019): 304–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781418000634.

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AbstractThis essay analyzes white settler formations in the Southern Philippines during the early decades of the twentieth century. Occupied by the United States in the wake of the Spanish-American War, the Muslim-majority regions of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago became sites of colonial experimentation and reconfiguration. This led to a brief-but-concerted push by Euro-American fortune seekers to settle the “Muslim South.” Supported by U.S. policy makers and colonial officials, white colonists were drawn to Mindanao-Sulu by visions of permanent settlement and limitless economic opportunity. This analysis contends that settler attempts to build a “white man's country” in the Southern Philippines were shaped by vernaculars and modes of conquest developed on the continental frontier. It interrogates the creation of transoceanic frontier spaces in Mindanao-Sulu and the practical attempts to exploit them, which drew inspiration from diverse sources in the American West and across the colonized globe. In its study of settler fortunes and failures, the essay blurs distinctions between national and imperial peripheries, and contributes to a growing scholarly interest in reassessing the importance of U.S. extraterritorial possessions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Chaudhuri, K. N., and N. G. Owen. "Prosperity without Progress: Manila Hemp and Material Life in the Colonial Philippines." Economic History Review 38, no. 4 (November 1985): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597227.

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Aguilar, Filomeno V. "Colonial sugar production in the Spanish Philippines: Calamba and Negros compared." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 48, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 237–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463417000066.

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This article presents two modes of export-oriented sugar hacienda production in the late-nineteenth-century Spanish Philippines. The Hacienda de Calamba epitomised a large-scale estate under a religious corporation; it was an enclave economy reliant on local capital and technology. In contrast, Negros showcased a range of haciendas of varying sizes in a frontier setting involving different ethnicities and supported by capital and technology mediated directly by foreign merchant houses. In both locations sugar planters opposed the colonial state, but whereas leaseholders in Calamba, led by Rizal's family, became intentionally political in their resistance, in Negros planters engaged in a persistent and calibrated evasion of the state.

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LOWRIE, CLAIRE. "‘What a Picture Can Do’: Contests of colonial mastery in photographs of Asian ‘houseboys’ from Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, 1880s–1920s." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 1279–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000871.

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AbstractThe archives of colonial Southeast Asia and northern Australia contain hundreds of photographs of masterly white colonizers and their seemingly devoted Asian ‘houseboys’. This article analyses this rich photographic archive, drawing on examples from the Netherlands Indies, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and the Northern Territory of Australia. It explores how photographs of ‘houseboys’ worked as a ‘visual culture’ of empire that was intended to illustrate and immortalize white colonial power, but that also expressed anxieties about colonial projects. As well as a tool for understanding the assertions and insecurities of white colonizers, the article argues that photographs of servants can be used to illuminate the working lives of these Chinese, Malay, Javanese, and Filipino men. Drawing on a remarkable studio portrait that was commissioned by three Filipino servants and an oral history account from a Chinese servant, I conclude that both masters and servants used the photographic medium to assert their power in the home and the colony.

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Wigfall, Jacqueline. "The Elemental Leverage of Pacific Possession(s): Mining Bitcoin’s Colonial Semantics." Cultural Dynamics 31, no. 3 (August 2019): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374019847587.

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For the Pacific world, 1865 brought together Spain and Micronesia. A scattering of tiny islands to the southeast of the Philippines and northwest of Australia, this country was part of a larger territory whose global reputation featured resistance: to Catholicism, commercial exploitation and being pushed around in general. Self-sufficient and socially complex in fascinating ways for thousands of years, Micronesia has been reduced to the secondary role of coconut traders by world history of the fifteenth through twentieth centuries. Economic anthropology, however, tells a different story, which makes 1865 and islands uniquely relevant to finance today.

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Stallsmith, Glenn. "Protestant Congregational Song in the Philippines: Localization through Translation and Hybridization." Religions 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12090708.

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Historically, the language of Protestant congregational song in the Philippines was English, which was tied to that nation’s twentieth-century colonial history with the United States. The development of Filipino songs since the 1970s is linked to this legacy, but church musicians have found ways to localize their congregational singing through processes of translation and hybridization. Because translation of hymn texts from English has proven difficult for linguistic reasons, Papuri, a music group that produces original Tagalog-language worship music, bypasses these difficulties while relying heavily on American pop music styles. Word for the World is a Pentecostal congregation that embraces English-language songs as a part of their theology of presence, obviating the need for translation by singing in the original language. Day by Day Ministries, the third case study, is a congregation that translates beyond language texts, preparing indigenous Filipino cultural expressions for urban audiences by composing hybridized songs that merge pre-Hispanic and contemporary forms.

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Anderson, W. P. (Warwick P. ). "Book Review: Agents of the Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 70, no. 3 (1996): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1996.0086.

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Rabe, Valentin H., and Kenton J. Clymer. "Protestant Missionaries in the Philippines, 1898-1916: An Inquiry into the American Colonial Mentality." Journal of American History 76, no. 1 (June 1989): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908435.

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Bankoff, Greg. "Redefining Criminality: Gambling and Financial Expediency in the Colonial Philippines, 1764–1898." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 22, no. 2 (September 1991): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340000388x.

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“This consuming cancer”, wrote Governor-General Camba of gambling in the preamble to an edict dated 7 March 1838, “that destroys the fortune of many families, encourages sloth, hinders the sources of public wealth, perverts good faith, corrupts the people's morals and leads them to degradation and misery. Unfortunately the vice has spread prolifically in this rich soil”. Spanish authorities held gambling to be both morally reprehensible and economically detrimental, yet official recognition was extended to an activity that could not be eradicated and from which the colonial state derived considerable financial benefit. The definition of criminality in respect to gambling, therefore, became dependent on the inability of the state to enforce its own regulations and the exigencies of financial demands. This article will examine the popularity of cockfighting and other forms of gambling in the Philippines, the extent of official ambivalence towards these sports, and the motives behind colonial policy. In the process, Gusfield's concept of the “moral passage”, whereby once tolerated behaviour is redefined as deviant and treated as criminal, will be shown to have application in reverse. Gambling was progressively legalized during the late 18th and 19th centuries as the state profited from such activities.

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Pertierra, Anna Cristina. "The television families of Mexico and the Philippines: dynasties and caciques in transpacific media cultures." Media, Culture & Society 42, no. 1 (November 26, 2019): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719884061.

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Metaphors of family play a particular part in representing and justifying the public role of elite families and media empires in Mexico and the Philippines, two countries on opposite sides of the Pacific that feature linked histories of Spanish colonial heritage and intimate connections to the cultural and economic history of the modern United States. The media industries of Mexico and the Philippines share some important characteristics: powerful commercial television networks are operated by prominent elite family companies, whose multimedia empires wield political and economic influence nationwide. An industry model of elite family dominance is reflected in the ways that contemporary television programs, hosts, and viewers understand themselves as belonging to sorts of ‘television families’. The nature of Mexican and Philippine television industries as family businesses writ large merits more extensive comparative historical exploration. These parallel cases draw attention to how media may be productively compared and studied across the Pacific regions of Asia and the Americas.

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Hill, Patricia R., and Kenton J. Clymer. "Protestant Missionaries in the Philippines, 1898-1916: An Inquiry into the American Colonial Mentality." American Historical Review 92, no. 3 (June 1987): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1870074.

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Mehl, Eva Maria. "Mission and Ecstasy: Contemplative Women and Salvation in Colonial Spanish America and the Philippines." Hispanic American Historical Review 96, no. 2 (April 26, 2016): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-3484438.

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43

McKenna, Rebecca Tinio. "Igorot Squatters and Indian Wards: Toward an Intra-imperial History of Land Dispossession." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 18, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781418000683.

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AbstractThis essay considers two land disputes that took place in the first decade of U.S. rule in the Philippines and that reached the U.S. Supreme Court:Cariño v. Insular Government(1909) andReavis v. Fianza(1909). In arguing their cases, litigants were forced to reckon with the property rights regime of the former Spanish empire. In this regard, the cases affirm the import of inter-imperial frameworks for understanding colonial problems of land ownership and sovereignty. When arguing over the rightful owners of Philippine lands, parties to these cases also drew on the history and legal bases of land dispossession and settler colonialism in the American West. Further, in later decades, the arguments made in one of these cases would figure into legal conflicts over Native American lands. These cases thus suggest the value of also examining intra-imperial relationships, the emphasis of this essay. They demonstrate how histories and legal structures of settler-driven “expansion” and extra-continental colonialism informed, even constituted, each other.

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Slack, Jr., Edward. "Sinifying New Spain: Cathay's Influence on Colonial Mexico via the Nao de China." Journal of Chinese Overseas 5, no. 1 (2009): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325409x434487.

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AbstractThe study of Asian migration to colonial Mexico via the nao de China — especially by Chinese and mestizos living in the Philippines — has been languishing in academic oblivion. This article reveals how transpacific relations between Manila and Acapulco profoundly affected the social, economic, religious, and political spheres of activity in New Spain. Aside from the challenges encountered by chinos acclimating to a Castilian race-based hierarchy, it also probes the reasons behind widespread social amnesia in the mid-to-late 18th century with respect to Mexico's Oriental heritage. Furthermore, this article contests accepted scholarly definitions of mestizaje (mixed-race heritage) that emphasize a purely Atlantic pedigree. Reconstructing the process of sinification in colonial Mexico is imperative to “reorienting” its history and chronologically repositioning studies on the Chinese diaspora in the Americas.

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Lahiri, Smita. "Rhetorical Indios: Propagandists and Their Publics in the Spanish Philippines." Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, no. 2 (April 2007): 243–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417507000485.

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Censorship notwithstanding, the final half-century of Spanish rule in the Philippines was a time of efflorescence in colonial print culture. Between the advent of typo-lithography in 1858 and the successive occurrence, in 1896 and 1898, of the Filipino revolution and the Spanish-American War, printing presses operating in Manila and beyond issued thousands of books and periodicals, the first public library, the Muséo-Bibliotéca de Filipinas, opened its doors in 1887, and the importation of books from Europe and America could scarcely keep pace with demand.

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Panarina, Daria S. "Filipino Fiesta Its Historical Origins and Significance for Filipino People." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 4(49) (2020): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-4-49-227-235.

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The article considers the phenomenon of fiesta as a religious Catholic holiday in the realities of the Philippines where it has acquired new, dis-tinctive features. The history of the fiesta tradition, its penetration and consolidation in the Philippines by the forces of the Spanish colonialists is given. The significance and functionality of the fiesta for the colonial Spanish authorities, its gradual assimilation into the Filipino culture, its acceptance by the Filipinos are analyzed. The author separately dwells on the role of fiesta in the formation of Filipino identity and the role of fiesta in the modern life of the Filipino population, in the cultural layer of the nation.

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Ludovice, Nicolo Paolo P. "The Carabao and the Encounter of the Law in Nineteenth-Century Philippines." Society & Animals 27, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341557.

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AbstractThe place of the non-human animal in the legal world has been questioned. Animals’ legal status as property has been probed on how to best protect their welfare. While this is significant for animals who are not on the farm, it might not be effective when considering animals raised for food. The case of the carabao, or the water buffalo, in the Philippines is seen as a hybrid. This article traces the development of the carabao in Philippine history during the nineteenth century. Through historical, archival, and legal research on animals, the carabao is situated as private property. Colonial instruments of control were introduced to protect the carabao from criminals. In its proper historical context, the classification of carabaos as property indeed highlighted the animal’s status as legally owned, which did not necessarily demean the animal’s relationship with the human peasant nor the carabao’s quality as an animal.

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Miller, Karen R. ""Thin, Wistful, and White": James Fugate and Colonial Bureaucratic Masculinity in the Philippines, 1900–1938." American Quarterly 71, no. 4 (2019): 921–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.2019.0068.

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Paul Kramer. " Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82, no. 2 (2008): 460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.0.0014.

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De Vito, Christian G. "Punitive Entanglements: Connected Histories of Penal Transportation, Deportation, and Incarceration in the Spanish Empire (1830s-1898)." International Review of Social History 63, S26 (June 11, 2018): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000275.

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AbstractThis article features a connected history of punitive relocations in the Spanish Empire, from the independence of Spanish America to the “loss” of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in 1898. Three levels of entanglement are highlighted here: the article looks simultaneously at punitive flows stemming from the colonies and from the metropole; it brings together the study of penal transportation, administrative deportation, and military deportation; and it discusses the relationship between punitive relocations and imprisonment. As part of this special issue, foregrounding “perspectives from the colonies”, I start with an analysis of the punitive flows that stemmed from the overseas provinces. I then address punishment in the metropole through the colonial lens, before highlighting the entanglements of penal transportation and deportation in the nineteenth-century Spanish Empire as a whole.

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