Academic literature on the topic 'Pre-contractual liability'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pre-contractual liability"
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Kim, Ho, and Joon-Duk Han. "Pre-Contractual Liability in International Commercial Contracts." Advanced Science Letters 23, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 9612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.9758.
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Demkina, Alesya V. "FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY OF PRE-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 40 (2021): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/40/13.
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The article deals with the relatively new rules of Art. 434.1 the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the conduct of negotiations. Taking into account the current wording of the said rule and the experience of foreign legislation on pre-contractual liability, the article argues for different theories justifying the nature of pre-contractual legal relations and liability and gives different positions of the authors on this issue. Proceeding from the doctrinal concept of obligation and characteristics of pre-contractual relations themselves the conclusion is made that these relations, firstly, are regulated by law and, secondly, they are not simply a legal relation but an obligation. It is based on certain actions of the negotiating partners that give rise to such an obliga-tion. As such, any action that is sufficiently certain (in some cases it may be required by law) and expresses the intention of the person to regard himself as negotiating with the addressee, who will in return perform the same sufficiently certain action, can be regarded as such. The specified characteristics of an action allow us to conclude that, from the point of view of classification of legal facts, this action is an act (because it is performed with a certain in-tention evident to other participants of civil turnover) and, moreover, it is also a transaction. Special rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation stipulate that the actions performed to enter into negotiations (for example, if the conclusion of a contract is binding on one party) or the actions of both partners entail legal consequences - the obligation to negotiate in good faith. The analysis of these legal relationships identifies three stages in their development, charac-terises them and attempts to answer more precisely the question of who can be a participant in the negotiation process depending on the stage of the negotiation process. The subject matter of an obligation arising during pre-contractual contacts will be actions aimed at negotiating and concluding a contract. The content of the obligation arising in the course of pre-contractual contacts, based on Art. 434.1 of the Civil Code will be the obligation to negotiate in good faith (paragraph 2 of the above rule). Assuming that the legislator provides an indicative list of actions that should fall within the scope of bad faith conduct, an indicative list of the "standard" of good faith conduct at the negotiation stage is given. This includes the obligation to provide full and truthful information to a party, including the reporting of circumstances that, due to the nature of the contract, must be brought to the attention of the other party (e.g. in a sale, all encumbrances on the subject of the contract must be reported). In addition, persons are obliged to negotiate only if they intend to conclude a contract, not to terminate negotiations suddenly and unjustifiably, and to take into account the rights and legitimate interests of the other party to the negotiation. The obligation under this obligation may also include a requirement not to disclose infor-mation obtained during the negotiation of the contract.
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Boyarinova, V. I. "Grounds for Pre-Contractual Liability of a Medical Organization." Juridical science and practice 17, no. 4 (February 8, 2022): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2021-17-4-37-45.
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The article examines the issue of the basis and such conditions of pre-contractual liability of a medical organization, such as wrongfulness and guilt. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that the guilt and unlawfulness of a medical organization, when it is brought to pre-contractual liability, are supplemented by a condition of bad faith, which may complement guilt or wrongfulness or not be applied at all. In cases where the norms of the law are violated, an additional characterization of the behavior of a medical organization as unfair is not required.
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Alessi, Dario. "Enforcing Arbitrators Obligations: Rethinking International Commercial Arbitrators Liability." Journal of International Arbitration 31, Issue 6 (December 1, 2014): 735–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2014035.
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Liability of arbitrators touches the heart of the concept of arbitration as it affects the legal relationship between the arbitrators and the parties and concerns some essential issues on the nature of the arbitrator's mandate. This article intends to propose an alternative conceptual approach to the immunity-based theories, endorsing the suggestion that the arbitrator shall be liable as any normal intellectual service provider for breach of her obligations. Regarding the regime of liability, a systematization is proposed whereby strict liability, fault-based liability and tortious liability cohabitate. This relationship is argued being contractual. The existence of an objective contractual exchange underlies contractual liability for breach. As a consequence, the thesis proposed in this article is that the arbitrator shall be liable for breaches of the obligations contractually incurred. These contractual obligations can be divided into two main clusters, namely, the obligation to decide the dispute submitted and the obligation to provide a fair and equal adjudication. Thus, a dual regime of contractual liability for arbitrators is proposed. A separate set of obligations is represented by the pre-contractual duties of disclosure, which are tort-based. The plain existence of a contractual relationship between the arbitrator and the parties automatically sets aside all those theories claiming that because of the status or for some policy argument, the arbitrator must be immune from liability. As a consequence, any immunity or qualified immunity-based theory is rebutted in favor of a full liability-based conceptual scheme.
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Visser, A. D. "Should international commercial parties take pre-contractual liability into consideration?" European Journal of Commercial Contract Law 12, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/187714620x16027714197928.
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Michoński, Dominik. "Contractual or Delictual? On the Character of Pre-contractual Liability in Selected European Legal Systems." Comparative Law Review 20 (October 13, 2016): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/clr.2015.016.
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Belozerova, Elena Olegovna, and Aleksandr Andreevich Zaria. "Application of the civil law institution of pre-contractual liability to labor relations." Право и политика, no. 10 (October 2021): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.10.36544.
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The subject of this research is the legal relation that arise between the employee and the employer prior to signing employment agreement. Such relation, which suggest interviews, negotiation costs, etc., are not regulated by the Russian legislation. However, the number cases when the party suffers losses due to unfair conduct of negotiation by the other party increases. If the relations before conclusion of employment agreement are viewed from the perspective of labor legislation, there is no mechanism of compensation for damage. The article analyzes the need for inclusion of negotiations to the sphere of regulation of civil legislation and feasibility of application of the norms on pre-contractual liability in case of detection of bad faith. The author explores the foreign practice of implementation of the institution of pre-contractual liability in the sphere of employment. The novelty consists proving the expediency of application of civil law instruments to the relations under consideration. The article describes the procedural peculiarities of application of pre-contractual liability to the relations preceding labor relations. The following conclusions are made: relations that arise prior to signing employment agreement are referred to as civil relations, and do not intersect with employment relations; the job offer represents a formal offer within the framework of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
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Bachvarova, Margarita. "Special Aspects of the Pre-Contractual Liability when Concluding Commercial Transactions." Izvestia Journal of the Union of Scientists - Varna. Economic Sciences Series 9, no. 2 (2020): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ijusv-ess/2020.9.2.145.
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Kruzhevnikova, A. A. "The legal nature of pre-contractual liability in modern civil legislation." Аграрное и земельное право, no. 10 (2021): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2021_10_51.
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Henrik Edlund, Hans. "Culpa in Contrahendo: Tortious Liability, Breach of Contract or an Autonomous Legal Instrument?" European Business Law Review 30, Issue 5 (October 1, 2019): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2019033.
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The legal character of contract negotiations is much debated and different answers are given to the question whether disloyal behaviour committed during unsuccessful contract negotiations can be met by contractual or tort law remedies or, as a third possibility, some unique sanctions developed for this certain semi-contractual situation only. In this article, it is argued that an agreement to negotiate a contract is a contract in itself, although a very non-binding one – a pre-contract. Subsequently, breach of the parties´ duties relating to the pre-contract might be sanctioned by using contractual remedies. Most of the usual remedies, however, are not relevant, except for damages. These may be measured according to the principles on expectation interest, but in this specific situation the outcome will be almost identical with damages that are calculated according to the reliance interest. It is of course not possible to claim damages related to the contract that could have been the result if the contract negotiations had been successful.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pre-contractual liability"
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Visser, Evelien. "Pre-contractual liability in the acquisition of companies in English and Dutch law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402829.
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Giliker, Paula Rosalind. "Bases of liability in the pre-contractual context : an examination of English and French law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319427.
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López, Fung Jorge. "Contractual innovations: Memorandum of Understanding." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122593.
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This article addresses the most relevant aspects of Memorandum of Understanding, one of the most important contractual figures of our times. Through the article, the author explains this figure according to doctrinaire and jurisprudential pronouncements and determines its legal nature and the treatment the Peruvian legal system should grant to it.El presente artículo aborda los aspectos más relevantes del Memorando de Entendimiento o Memorandum of Understanding, una de las figuras contractuales más importantes de nuestros tiempos. A lo largo del artículo, el autor explica esta figura a la luz de pronunciamientos doctrinarios y jurisprudenciales y, asimismo, determina su naturaleza jurídica y el tratamiento que el ordenamiento jurídico peruano debe otorgarle.
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Fathisalout, Motahareh. "Étude sur la normativité précontractuelle : recherche à partir des fautes commises en contractant." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA029.
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Absente en tant que telle dans le discours des juristes civilistes français, la normativité précontractuelle constitue un phénomène juridique à part entière, dont l'appréhension suppose de suspendre provisoirement le raisonnement habituel par lequel le juriste appréhende la période précontractuelle.Signalée par les fautes précontractuelles, la normativité précontractuelle est distincte de la normativité générale et abstraite, inhérente à la période précontractuelle, que des différents dispositifs du Code civil (p. ex. art. 1109 et s.) et des principes jurisprudentiels (p. ex. la bonne foi) indiquent. Concrète, la normativité précontractuelle apparaît dans un premier temps tel un rapport normatif, établi entre les précontractants en situation de négociation. Décelable en rétrospective d'un contrat critiqué à l'occasion d'une faute simple ou qualifiée, ce rapport se constate également dans la perspective d'un contrat en négociation et constitue la réalité matérielle de cette normativité particulière. Dans un second temps, la normativité précontractuelle renvoie, dans l'ordre des concepts, à une norme. Endogène, celle-ci se manifeste dans l'environnement évolutif, au sein duquel les précontractants se placent volontairement pour déterminer le contenu de leur contrat futur.Point de jonction d'une norme spécifique précontractuelle et d'un rapport noué entre les précontractants, la normativité précontractuelle tient en échec la théorie des sources d'obligations, dans la mesure où celle-ci, considérée comme répertoriant les sources de normativité, ne parvient pas à expliquer celle-là par une seule source. Éclectique et complexe, la normativité précontractuelle échappe, quant à sa représentation, à une construction juridique. Fabriquée dans une discussion normative qui suppose d'envisager les précontractants dans le rapport qui les unit l'un à l'autre, la norme précontractuelle concrète se réalise, au cas par cas, sous l'action originale du juge, lorsque celui-ci reconnaît, rétrospectivement, sa présence ou non, à l'issue d'une bataille argumentative à laquelle les précontractants, parties au procès, participaient, pour mettre en avant l'intérêt qui les animaient lors des négociations et qu'ils entendent désormais faire privilégier par le juge, dans la pesée des intérêts.Hypothèse de quasi-droit, la mise en évidence de la normativité précontractuelle et sa mise à l'épreuve invitent le juriste à repenser les chemins de la normativité pour faire entièrement place à l'irréductible sociabilité qui caractérise le droitAbsent as such in the discourse of French civil lawyers, the pre-contractual normativity is a legal phenomenon. Its comprehension supposes temporarily suspending the usual reasoning by which a jurist apprehends the pre-contractual period.Revealed through mistakes committed during pre-contractual negotiations, pre-contractual normativity is distinct from general and abstract normativity of the pre-contractual period and indicated in various provisions of the Civil Code (art. 1109 et seq.) and jurisprudential principles (e.g. good faith). As it is concrete, pre-contractual normativity firstly appears as a normative relationship, established between negotiators in the process of negotiating, whether the contract is finally signed or not. This relationship is the material reality of this particular normativity. Secondly, pre-contractual normativity sends back to a norm. As it is endogenous, it is revealed in the evolving environment, in which the negotiators voluntarily place themselves to settle the content of their future contract.Pre-contractual normativity is where a specific pre-contractual norm and a relationship forged between negotiators meet. It renders ineffective the theory of sources of obligations, since the latter, which is known for listing the sources of normativity, fails to explain the former with a single source. Pre-contractual normativity is eclectic and complex and thus, defies a single theorization in the way it is presented. Created in the process of a normative discussion which supposes considering negotiators in the relationship that unites them to one another, the concrete pre-contractual norm is achieved, case-by-case, under the supervision of a judge, who afterwards recognizes a presence or absence of such a norm at the end of a debate in which the negotiators – who have become party to the case - actively take part. The aim is to put forward the interests that stir them during the negotiations and that they now intend to have the judge's favor in his balancing of interests.The demonstration of pre-contractual normativity and its modus operandi are hypothesis of quasi-law and invite jurists to rethink the paths to normativity to give way to the completely inherent sociability that characterizes the law
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Piacitelli-Guedj, Aurélia. "Le droit international privé de négociation précontractuelle." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111019.
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Dans un contexte de mondialisation, face à l’accroissement des échanges et la complexification des contrats internationaux, les négociations précontractuelles ont pris une dimension particulière : création de nouvelles obligations, étirement de la durée des pourparlers, multiplications des contrats préliminaires, tout conduit à transformer cette simple période de transition en une étape primordiale de la vie contractuelle. Les différentes phases de négociation entre partenaires internationaux vont ainsi générer des contentieux qui intéressent le droit international privé. En effet, la valeur juridique de la négociation diverge d’un régime juridique à un autre. Alors que les Etats de common law adoptent une conception individualiste des pourparlers avec pour principe une liberté contractuelle très étendue, la civil law circonscrit la liberté contractuelle par le respect d’un devoir de bonne foi. Par conséquent, il apparaît essentiel, pour les parties, de connaître avec certitude le droit applicable à leur relation précontractuelle.Or les règles de conflits existantes, supposées garantir la sécurité juridique des parties à la négociation en leur assurant une certaine prévisibilité des solutions, ne sont pas adaptées à l’heure actuelle. Dans cette perspective, l’objet de la recherche s’attache à considérer les spécificités de la période précontractuelle et les questions de droit international privé s’y rattachant et tente d’y apporter des réponses efficaces en proposant des règles de conflits adaptées, afin de garantir la sécurité juridique à laquelle aspirent les parties à la négociationIn a context of globalization, facing increased trade and the increasing complexity of international contracts, pre-contractual negotiations take a special dimension: creating new obligations, stretching the length of talks, multiplications of preliminary contracts, are leading to transform this simple transition in a primordial stage of contracts. The different phases of negotiation between international partners and will generate interest litigation private international law.Indeed, the legal negotiation differs from one legal regime to another. Common law countries adopt an individualistic principle for talks with extensive contractual freedom, whereas civil law circumscribes the freedom of contract in respect of a duty of good faith. Therefore, it is essential for the parties to know with certainty the law applicable to their pre-contractual relationship.However, the existing conflict rules, supposed to guarantee the legal security of the negotiating parties by ensuring predictability solutions are not appropriate at this time. In this perspective, the purpose of the research focuses on considering the specificities of the pre-contractual period and issues of private international law relating thereto and attempts to provide effective responses by providing conflict rules adapted to ensure legal certainty aspired parties to the negotiation
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Forsberg, Bella, and Jenny Larsson. "Vad anses som en kritisk punkt där skadeståndsskyldighet enligt principen culpa in contrahendo aktualiseras?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42911.
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Mycket kan gå fel när en part, i ett sent skede, väljer att hoppa av avtalsförhandlingarna i samband med ett bostadsköp eller en bostadsförsäljning. I svensk rätt är fastighetsköpet ett formalavtal vilket innebär att inget är bindande förrän formkraven är uppfyllda. Detta möjliggör att en part illojalt kan föra avtalsförhandlingar utan avsikt att ingå avtal, medan motparten ådrar sig kostnader som senare visar sig utan mening. I denna uppsats undersöks rättsfiguren culpa in contrahendo som innebär att en part som av oaktsamhet orsakat en skada för motparten i anknytning till avtalsförhandlingarna, kan komma att bli ersättningsskyldig för den inträffade skadan. Inte nog med att det krävs ett oaktsamt agerande för att ett prekontraktuellt ansvar skall aktualiseras ställs det även krav, utifrån rättspraxis och doktrin, på att avtalsförhandlingarna uppnått en kritisk punkt där lojalitetsplikten träder in. Syftet med denna uppsats är att försöka bringa klarhet i vad som kan betraktas som en kritisk punkt där ett skadeståndsansvar enligt principen om culpa in contrahendo blir gällande. Studien är främst baserad på en rättsvetenskaplig metod, som komplement har också en kvantitativ metod applicerats i form av en enkätundersökning. Utifrån rättspraxis har det kunnat fastställas att en kritisk punkt går att jämföra med de situationer där parterna undertecknat ett föravtal. Resultatet från enkätundersökningen visar att den kritiska punkten möjligen har sitt inträdande i samband med att en av parterna undertecknar köpekontraktet. Viktigt att understryka är att respondenternas svar inte kan betraktas som gällande rätt.A lot of things can go wrong when a part, at a late stage, exits during contract negotiations in connection with property conveyances. In Swedish law, the property purchase is a formal agreement, which means that nothing becomes binding until the formal requirements are met. This allows a part to disloyally negotiate agreements without intending to enter a contract, while the other part incurs costs that later prove meaningless. This essay investigates the legal figure culpa in contrahendo, which means that a part whose negligence causes an injury to the counterpart in connection with the contract negotiations may be liable for the damage. Not only is negligent behaviour required for a pre-contractual liability to be triggered, but there is also requirement, based on case law and jurisprudence, that the contract negotiations have reached a critical point where the duty of loyalty enters. The purpose of this essay is to try to clarify what can be considered a critical point where liability for damages according to the principle of culpa in contrahendo becomes valid. The study is mainly based on a legal method. As a complement, a quantitative method in the form of a study has been applied. Based on case law, it has been possible to establish that a critical point can be compared with the situations where the parties have signed a preliminary agreement. The results from the survey show that the critical point may have arisen when one of the parties signed the contract. It is important to emphasize that the respondent’s answers cannot be regarded as applicable law.
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Martinez-Cardenas, Betty Mercedes. "La responsabilité précontractuelle : étude comparative des régimes colombien et français." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020005/document.
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La responsabilité précontractuelle dérive de la transposition du devoir d'agir de bonne foi qui pèse sur les contractants au stade de l'exécution du contrat à celle de sa formation. En Colombie, cette transposition s'est faite en 1971 par voie législative dans le Code du commerce alors qu‟en France elle s'est produite grâce à la jurisprudence. Toutefois, le caractère répressif de la responsabilité au stade de la formation du contrat est encore conçu, au mieux, comme une simple réminiscence de la responsabilité délictuelle et, au pire, comme une sanction marginale à la responsabilité contractuelle. L'intérêt qui existe dans cette recherche en droit comparé consiste, en effet, à trouver le critère qui donne à la responsabilité précontractuelle son autonomie, sa spécificité. Ainsi, une observation attentive nous a permis de découvrir que ceux qui persistent à nier l‟existence de la responsabilité précontractuelle en la rattachant à la délictuelle se sont penchés sur un critère chronologique emprunté à l'ancienne notion du contrat : le moment de sa conclusion. En effet, d'après eux, l'absence de contrat justifie que l'on applique le principe général de responsabilité délictuelle. Pourtant, la comparaison des régimes colombien et français montre la fragilité de ce raisonnement face aux nombreuses victimes des vices du consentement qui, de plus en plus, préfèrent l'indemnisation du dommage à la nullité du contrat. Une fragilité qui se révèle d‟autant plus évidente face aux dommages-intérêts qui sont accordés par les juges dans des contrats bel et bien formés, mais qui ne correspondent pas aux fautes dans l'exécution des obligations qui en découlent, mais aux fautes au stade de sa formation. En essence, l'identification des points de convergence ou de divergence de ces droits au stade de la formation du contrat, et leur comparaison par rapport aux mutations du régime de la bonne foi semblent, en effet, contribuer au renforcement de la responsabilité précontractuelle en tant qu'institution autonomePre-contractual liability is derived from the transfer of the duty of the contracting parties to act in good faith from the contract performance phase to the contract formation phase. This transfer was carried out in Colombia by legislative action through the 1971 Commerce Code and in France, by jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the repressive nature of liability during contract formation is still interpreted as simply a reminiscence of delictual liability, at best, and as a marginal sanction for contractual liability, at worst. The goal of this study in comparative law is to find a criterion that confers autonomy and specificity to pre-contractual liability. Therefore, careful analysis by the author led to the discovery that those who insist on denying the existence of pre-contractual liability by linking it to delictual liability have based their argument on a chronological perspective taken from the old notion of contract, i.e., the time of execution. Furthermore, in their view, the absence of a contract justifies the application of the non-contractual liability regime. However, a comparison of the Colombian and French systems on this matter shows the fragility of the argument when faced with the large number of victims of defects of consent who, day after day, prefer indemnification of damages instead of a ruling of nullity of contract. This fragility is much more evident when judges order the indemnification of damages in well-formed contracts, due not to faults related to failure to meet any of the obligations that are derived from them, but to faults originating in the contract formation phase. In essence, finding common ground and discrepancies between the Colombian and French law systems regarding the contract formation phase and comparing them with the mutations of the good faith regime seem to actually contribute to consolidating pre-contractual liability as an autonomous institution
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Stancu, Radu. "L'évolution de la responsabilité civile dans la phase précontractuelle : comparaison entre le droit civil français et le droit civil roumain à la lumière du droit européen." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA025/document.
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La thèse a pour but l’analyse de l’évolution récente du droit civil français et roumain de la responsabilité civile au cours de la période précontractuelle. Nous avons privilégié une approche comparative entre les deux droits nationaux à la lumière des droits européens. Au cours de la période précontractuelle les parties sont libres de négocier comme elles le veulent, mais sans causer un dommage à leur partenaire. Il y a un lien qui se crée entre les parties et qui ne peut être rompu que conformément au principe de la bonne foi. Nous avons pu constater que le fondement de la responsabilité est assez controversé et varie d’un ordre juridique à l’autre. En effet, la responsabilité civile balance entre sécurité juridique, autonomie privée et liberté contractuelle. En résumé, la phase précontractuelle a connu de profondes transformations au cours de son évolution. À l’heure de l’harmonisation européenne, voire de la globalisation, les droits français et roumain subissent des modifications afin de clarifier des règles de plus en plus compliquées et notamment celles relatives à la responsabilité civile précontractuelleThe thesis finds its main purpose in the study of the recent evolution of French and Romanian civil law of liability during the pre-contractual period. We favored a comparative approach between national rights, in the light of European laws. During the pre-contractual period, the parties are free to negotiate as they please, as long as they do not cause damage to their partner. A bond is created between the parties and it can only be broken in accordance with the principle of good faith. We noted that the basis of liability is fairly controversial and varies from one legal system to another. Indeed, the civil liability is balances between legal security, private autonomy and freedom of contract. In summary, the pre-contractual phase has experienced profound transformations in its evolution. At the time of European harmonization, or even globalization, French and Romanian law undergo modifications in order to clarify the most complicated rules, in particular those relating to pre- contractual civil liability
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Kubsik, Sabina. "Przedkontraktowa odpowiedzialnosc odszkodowawcza z tytułu nieuczciwych negocjacji." Praca doktorska, 2014. https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/61748.
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Nováková, Tereza. "Komparace předsmluvní odpovědnosti v českém právu a v common law." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337492.
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The purpose of my thesis is to consider the importance of culpa in contrahendo which does not have a long tradition in the Czech law. However, since the 1 January 2014 it has become enshrined the Czech legal system. The instrument of culpa in contrahendo is connected with the need to protect the good faith of the parties to a contract which is an essential principle of modern contract law, particularly in continental legal systems. Despite the lack of the general duty to act in good faith while negotiating contracts in common law systems, we can see that English or American judges solve the practical problems resulting from dishonesty of one party to the contract through equitable principles such as misrepresentation or promissory estoppel. The importance of protecting good faith is visible even from international contract law documents that are important for the interpretation of national law. Chapter One contains the explanation of culpa in contrahendo as a practical instrument and I distinguish it from pre-contractual liability in the anglo-american legal systems. Despite the differences of the continental and common law systems of law, I consider, on the basis of the laws and court decision analysis, whether the Czech courts, in deciding the pre-contractual liability cases, are getting closer...
Books on the topic "Pre-contractual liability"
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Bebchuk, Lucian A. Pre-contractual reliance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
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Giliker, Paula. Pre-contractual liability in English and French law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002.
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Ingeborg, Schwenzer, Hachem Pascal, and Kee Christopher. Part V Pre-Contractual Liability, 25 Pre-Contractual Liability. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199572984.003.0025.
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Michael, Furmston, Tolhurst G J, and Mik Eliza. 14 Pre-Contractual Liability. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198724032.003.0014.
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This chapter examines cases where the parties set out to make a contract but fail to complete the course and make that contract. It considers whether one party may be liable to the other and in what circumstances. As the contract making process has become longer and more complex this has become an increasingly important area of law and one which is still in active development. The cases considered include those involving liability in contract (Emcor Drake & Scull v Sir Robert McAlpine, G. Percy Trentham Ltd v Archital Luxfer Ltd, and Way v Latilla; quantum meruit (William Lacey (Hounslow) Ltd v Davis, Regalian Properties Plc v London Docklands Development Corporation, and Sabemo Pty Ltd v North Sydney Municipal Council), and estoppel (Dillwyn v Llewelyn, Plimmer v Wellington Corporation, and AG of Hong Kong v Humphreys Estates).
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Ingeborg, Schwenzer, Hachem Pascal, and Kee Christopher. Part V Pre-Contractual Liability, 24 Pre-Contractual Duties. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199572984.003.0024.
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Ingeborg, Schwenzer, Hachem Pascal, and Kee Christopher. Part V Pre-Contractual Liability, 23 General Remarks on Pre-Contractual Liability. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199572984.003.0023.
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Tudsri, Pattarapas, and Angkanawadee Pinkaew. Formation of Contract, Enforceability, and Pre-Contractual Liability in Thailand. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0019.
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This chapter examines issues concerning the formation of contract under Thai law. It discusses the background to the Thai Civil and Commercial Code 1925 and the French and German influences on its drafting. The chapter examines the interpretation of intention, which is integral to the notion of a juristic act for creation of contractual obligations. The direction to discern true intention, combined with notions of fictitious intention and concealed juristic act, enables a court to re-characterize transactions according to their true intention. Through the power to ‘transform a void act’, a court may also declare an act valid otherwise void for non-compliance with formalities governing one kind of juristic act, if it complies with the requirements of another juristic act. The chapter discusses the German concept of Vorvertrag or pre-contract in the context of transactions that do not comply with the formality requirements, and explains why the Thai judges have not embraced this concept. It also examines how a court imposes pre-contractual liability on a party breaking off from contract negotiations.
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Isabel, Zuloaga Rios. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation III: Arts 2.1.15–2.1.16—Negotiations, Art.2.1.15. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0031.
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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.15 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning negotiations in bad faith. Art 2.1.15 establishes liability for pre-contractual conduct in general terms. It stipulates that a party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement. However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party. In particular, it is bad faith for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party. This commentary also discusses the consequences of failure to observe the principle of good faith and fair dealing, with particular emphasis on damages and the right to request performance of the obligation to negotiate in good faith, along with exclusion or limitation of liability and burden of proof.
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Chunyan, Ding. Contract Formation under Chinese Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the law on contract formation in Chinese law which largely follows the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. An objective approach is adopted in determining the parties’ intentions but exceptions are allowed where parties have not accurately expressed their true agreement, the contract is a sham, or one party’s intentional false expression is known to the other. For a contract to be binding, its ‘essential elements’ must be agreed (names of the parties, subject matter, and quantity); other terms may be agreed by the parties after the conclusion of the contract or, failing that, determination by the court. In reality, however, courts use soft laws and the nature of the contract, to augment what is required. A purported acceptance which makes a ‘non-material’ alteration to the content of the offer can bind the offeror unless the offeror timely rejects it, but there is little scope for non-materiality. Nevertheless, even a materially varied acceptance can bind if the original offeror’s performance amounts to acceptance where the usage of transaction or the express terms of the offer allows acceptance by conduct. Furthermore, courts show willingness to recognize an acceptance by conduct of performance beyond these two situations. There is no general requirement of form for a valid contract, although exceptionally, laws or administrative regulations may require writing or approval/registration. There is no general requirement of consideration; gratuitous contracts are enforceable. However, the latter attract far less legal force than onerous contracts. An offer is irrevocable only if it is an option or if the offeree reasonably believes the offer is irrevocable and has made preparations for the performance of the contract. An acceptance takes effect only when it arrives. A late acceptance that is not attributed to the offeree is ineffective unless the offeror gives timely notice of its intention to ratify the acceptance. Electronic means of communication are treated in the same way as paper-based communications with specific rules to determine the time and place of contract formation and the validity of electronic signature. Reliance-based pre-contractual liability may be imposed, on the basis of the requirement of good faith, in the circumstances including negotiating with no intention of concluding a contract, intentional concealment of material facts, or breach of confidentiality.
Book chapters on the topic "Pre-contractual liability"
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DiMatteo, Larry A. "Pre-Contractual Liability in the Common Law." In International Sales Law. Bloomsbury, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509953240.ch-004.
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Ortiz, Rafael Illescas. "Chapter 3: Pre-contractual Liability in the Civil Law." In International Sales Law, 39–56. Nomos, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845265155-39.
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DiMatteo, Larry A. "Chapter 4: Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law." In International Sales Law, 57–90. Nomos, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845265155-57.
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DiMatteo, Larry A. "Chapter 4 Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law." In International Sales Law, 114–50. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748922056-114.
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Samet, Irit. "Proprietary Estoppel." In Equity, 77–112. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766773.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the importance of proprietary estoppel (PE) in terms of Equity’s mission of aligning moral responsibility with legal liability, focusing on PE claims that are based on a ‘common expectation’ that arises in the context of pre-contractual negotiations. It first considers what Thomas Scanlon calls Principle L (for Loss prevention) and how its tort-like exposition misses—or glosses over—the voluntary modus of the loss prevention obligation (LPO). It then explains how the legal enforcement of LPOs can be justified from the perspectives of justice and efficiency, and how the conscionability element enables the courts to balance the Rule of Law (ROL) and Accountability Correspondence in the regulation of the pre-contractual stage. It concludes with the argument that Equity, via the doctrine of PE, is redressing a significant failure in the Common Law to tackle behaviour that disregards both morality and efficiency.
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O’Sullivan, Janet. "9. Misrepresentation and non-disclosure." In O'Sullivan & Hilliard's The Law of Contract. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198807827.003.0009.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines issues related to pre-contractual misrepresentation, which is a vitiating factor. It explains what counts as an actionable misrepresentation and discusses its distinction with the treatment of non-disclosure. It explores the elements for an actionable misrepresentation and the test of cause/reliance. It considers the remedies for misrepresentation, namely rescission which involves setting the contract aside and restoring the parties to the pre-contractual position, and damages, which are available at common law for fraudulent misrepresentation and under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 for other misrepresentations unless the misrepresentor can discharge the burden of reasonable grounds for belief. This chapter also explains that any clause that purports to exclude or restrict liability for misrepresentation is subject to the statutory requirement of reasonableness.
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O’Sullivan, Janet. "9. Misrepresentation and non-disclosure." In O’Sullivan & Hilliard’s The Law of Contract, 228–62. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853176.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines issues related to pre-contractual misrepresentation, which is a vitiating factor. It explains what counts as an actionable misrepresentation and discusses its distinction with the treatment of non-disclosure. It explores the elements for an actionable misrepresentation and the test of cause/reliance. It considers the remedies for misrepresentation, namely rescission which involves setting the contract aside and restoring the parties to the pre-contractual position, and damages, which are available at common law for fraudulent misrepresentation and under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 for other misrepresentations unless the misrepresentor can discharge the burden of reasonable grounds for belief. This chapter also explains that any clause that purports to exclude or restrict liability for misrepresentation is subject to the statutory requirement of reasonableness.
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Poole, Jill, James Devenney, and Adam Shaw-Mellors. "1. Agreement." In Contract Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198803850.003.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the components of agreement, an essential ingredient of a contract. Traditionally an agreement is comprised of an offer and a corresponding acceptance. There are two types of agreement: bilateral and unilateral. Bilateral agreements are by far the most common in practice and consist of a promise in exchange for a promise. Unilateral agreements consist of a promise in exchange for an act. This chapter analyses the agreement process in terms of offer, acceptance, and revocation of offers in bilateral and unilateral scenarios in order to provide structures and scenarios for future use. It also explains the two-contract analysis which is used to impose pre-contractual liability in English law.
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Poole, Jill, James Devenney, and Adam Shaw-Mellors. "1. Agreement." In Contract Law Concentrate, 1–29. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198840442.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the components of agreement; an essential ingredient of a contract. Traditionally, an agreement is comprised of an offer and a corresponding acceptance. There are two types of agreement: bilateral and unilateral. Bilateral agreements are by far the most common in practice and consist of a promise in exchange for a promise. Unilateral agreements consist of a promise in exchange for an act. This chapter analyses the agreement process in terms of offer, acceptance, and revocation of offers in bilateral and unilateral scenarios in order to provide structures and scenarios for future use. It also explains the two-contract analysis which is used to impose pre-contractual liability in English law.
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Poole, Jill, James Devenney, and Adam Shaw-Mellors. "1. Agreement." In Contract Law Concentrate, 1–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192897336.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the components of agreement; an essential ingredient of a contract. Traditionally, an agreement is comprised of an offer and a corresponding acceptance. There are two types of agreement: bilateral and unilateral. Bilateral agreements are by far the most common in practice and consist of a promise in exchange for a promise. Unilateral agreements consist of a promise in exchange for an act. This chapter analyses the agreement process in terms of offer, acceptance, and revocation of offers in bilateral and unilateral scenarios in order to provide structures and scenarios for future use. It also explains the two-contract analysis which is used to impose pre-contractual liability in English law.