Journal articles: 'Pre-Hispanic agriculture'

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Cruz, Pablo, Thierry Winkel, Marie-Pierre Ledru, Cyril Bernard, Nancy Egan, Didier Swingedouw, and Richard Joffre. "Rain-fed agriculture thrived despite climate degradation in the pre-Hispanic arid Andes." Science Advances 3, no. 12 (December 2017): e1701740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701740.

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López, José Manuel, Gustavo Neme, and Adolfo F. Gil. "Resource intensification and zooarchaeological record in the southern margins of pre-Hispanic Andean agriculture." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 10 (June 19, 2019): 5287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00857-w.

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McClung de Tapia, Emily, Guillermo Acosta-Ochoa, Diana Martínez-Yrizar, Carmen Cristina Adriano-Morán, Jorge Cruz-Palma, and Berenice Chaparro-Rueda. "EARLY–MIDDLE FORMATIVE PERIOD SUBSISTENCE IN THE TEOTIHUACAN VALLEY, MEXICO: PRE-HISPANIC PLANT REMAINS FROM ALTICA." Ancient Mesoamerica 30, no. 2 (2019): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536118000548.

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AbstractRecent excavations at the Early–Middle Formative period site of Altica in the southern piedmont of the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico, provide evidence for early agriculture and plant use in a rural community in the northern Basin of Mexico. In the Basin of Mexico, settled agricultural communities were present in the southern sector of the region from at least 1200 cal b.c. Initial expansion into the semiarid northern sector of the Basin, however, appears to have taken place towards the end of the Early Formative, during the transition to the Middle Formative when agricultural economies based on maize cultivation became firmly established, setting the scene for increased population density and concomitant social complexity.Altica is currently the only community in the Teotihuacan Valley spanning this transitional period that has survived in the face of intensive changes in land use over the last three millennia. Macro- and microbotanical evidence recovered from radiocarbon-dated excavated contexts at Altica provide evidence for maize cultivation and suggest a subsistence economy in transition, prior to the establishment of intensive dependence upon a broader range of domesticated and cultivated plants.

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Sánchez Verín, Carlos Arturo Giordano. "Agricultura y Alimentación en el México Prehispánico y siglo XVI/Agriculture and Food in Pre-Hispanic Mexico and the 16th Century." Geografares, no. 25 (June 27, 2018): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7147/geo25.17805.

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El inicio de la agricultura en el Continente Americano inició en lo que actualmente se conoce como México. A partir de la gran diversidad geográfica fueron surgiendo diferentes productos y una especialización en su siembra y cuidados, a fin de obtener el mejor rendimiento de los mismos. Fue necesario conocer el clima, las calidades de la tierra y el tiempo a fin de establecer los ciclos agrícolas que dieron como resiltado una gran variedad de plantas que representaron la base de la alimentación de los pueblos mesoamericanos.La llamada Conquista de México trajo consigo nuevos métodos agrícolas, herramientas, animales de tiro y carga y, por supuesto, una gran cantidad de plantas que muy pronto se adaptaron a la geografía de la Nueva España. ABSTRACTThe emergence of agriculture in Mexico was a factor of great relevance, which allowed the development of Mesoamerican cultures more than three thousand years of history. The geographical location of the different ethnic groups that inhabited this region allowed the cultivation of a wide variety of plants, such as corn, beans, pumpkin and chili, basic products in the Mesoamerican diet, as well as other products were developed according to the geographic characteristics and climatological, such as cocoa, from which chocolate is obtained, and even vanilla, being appreciated all over the world. Those original products were mixed with those brought by Europeans in the sixteenth century and this gave rise to Mexican cuisine, which in 2010 was declared an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).Key words: Mesoamerican cultures, Mexican gastronomy, Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

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Siemens, Alfred H., José Angel Soler Graham, Richard Hebda, and Maija Heimo. "“DAMS” ON THE CANDELARIA." Ancient Mesoamerica 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536102131075.

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Much has been learned from the basin of the Candelaria River, Campeche, Mexico: the fabric of a densely settled pre-Historic landscape, including impressive ceremonial centers; the logistics of an ancient entrepôt; the process of exploitation of dyewood and chicle in historic times; as well as the doubtful results of the mid-twentieth-century colonization of an “empty” forested basin. It also yielded the first evidence of more or less intensive pre-Hispanic wetland agriculture in the Maya region and the remains of a profuse network of fluvial transportation from prehistoric times to the present. This article presents recent evidence regarding the management of the river system itself by means of barriers, or “dams,” which facilitated agriculture in the wetlands upstream and extensive canoe travel. These structures seem to be elaborations or imitations of the numerous natural barriers already in the stream. Two models help explain context and function. It has become apparent that the human interventions into the wetlands and the river system are to be seen less as great attainments of civilization than as fairly desperate expedients in the face of climate change.

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Rodríguez-Gallo, Lorena. "Camellones e agricultura pré-hispânica na Sabana de Bogotá-Colômbia: um exemplo de gestão da água em áreas inundáveis." Estudos do Quaternário / Quaternary Studies, no. 18 (November 26, 2018): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30893/eq.v0i18.172.

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O objetivo central do presente artigo foi o de analisar o sistema hidráulico de campos elevados de cultivo, camellones, construído ao longo de 2500 anos por populações pré-hispânicos da Sabana de Bogotá, Colômbia. A análise focou a relação estabelecida entre estas populações e a água, de modo a explicar os mecanismos pelos quais essa interação levou à construção duma paisagem agrícola, em particular no que diz respeito ao aproveitamento de recursos e de ocupação do território, durante o período Muisca Tardío (1000-1550 DC). A discussão baseou-se na perspectiva teórica da arqueologia da paisagem e esteve apoiada na metodologia da fotointerpretação bem como na análise de dados arqueológicos, paleo-ambientais e de documentação colonial, conseguindo assim concluir que o sistema de camellones foi o resultado da inter-relação homem-meio, pela qual as populações pré-hispânicas criaram uma forma de viver num meio alagado, fazendo da água o eixo e a rede de ligação entre os canais, plataformas para o cultivo, assentamentos, áreas de caça, de pesca e de mitigação das enchentes. Camellones and pre-hispanic agriculture in the Sabana de Bogotá-Colombia: an example of water management in flooded areasThe central theme of this article is the hydraulic system of raised fields, camellones, built throughout 2,500 years by the Prehispanic populations of the Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia. The analysis focused on the relationship established between these populations and water, in order to explain the mechanisms by which this interaction led to the construction of an agricultural landscape, in particular regarding the use of resources and the occupation of the territory, during the Late Muisca period (1000-1550 AD). The discussion was based on the theoretical perspective of landscape archeology and was supported by the methodology of photointerpretation as well as the analysis of archaeological, paleoenvironmental and colonial documentation data, thus concluding that the camellones system was the result of interrelationship man-environment, whereby the Pre-Hispanic populations created a way of living in a flooded environment, making water the axis and the network of connection between channels, cultivation platforms, settlements, hunting, fishing and flood mitigation areas . Keywords: Raised-fields, Muiscas, Sabana of Bogotá, prehispanic agriculture, landscape archaeology

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Davis-Salazar, Karla L. "LATE CLASSIC MAYA DRAINAGE AND FLOOD CONTROL AT COPAN, HONDURAS." Ancient Mesoamerica 17, no. 1 (January 2006): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536106060019.

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Recent research on pre-Hispanic Maya water management has revealed a diverse array of water-control techniques that were employed in the Maya Lowlands. Since much of this research has focused on water management for consumption and agriculture, other forms of water management—namely, for drainage and flood control—remain poorly understood. This report describes the various water-control techniques dedicated to drainage and flood control at Late Classic Copan, Honduras (a.d.600–900), and explores the social implications of this form of water control. Technological variation in water control throughout urban Copan and between Copan and Palenque, the other major Maya center where drainage and flood control have been investigated, suggests that water management at Copan may have been organized differentially across the urban center.

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Oliveira, Hugo R., Peter Civáň, Jacob Morales, Amelia Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Diane L. Lister, and Martin K. Jones. "Ancient DNA in archaeological wheat grains: preservation conditions and the study of pre-Hispanic agriculture on the island of Gran Canaria (Spain)." Journal of Archaeological Science 39, no. 4 (April 2012): 828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.008.

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Solleiro-Rebolledo, Elizabeth, Yazmín Rivera-Uria, Bruno Chávez-Vergara, Jaime Diaz-Ortega, Sergey Sedov, Jorge René Alcalá-Martínez, Ofelia Ivette Beltrán-Paz, and Luis Gerardo Jardines-Martínez. "Evolution of the landscape and pedodiversity on volcanic deposits in the south of the Basin of Mexico and its relationship with agricultural activities." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 37, no. 4 (October 28, 2019): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v37i4.565.

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In this work, we present the results of a soil study in the Teuhtli volcano, located to the south of the Basin of Mexico with the aim to understand the pedogenetic pathways and the evolution of the landscape dynamics. Two different types of soil prof iles were sampled: in “conserved” areas, with less anthropogenic influence and in sites with intense agriculture activities since pre-Hispanic times. The three conserved prof iles are located in different landscape positions: the Cima prof ile in the summit, the Ladera prof ile in the high slope, and the Yotecón in a lower position of the piedemont. The agriculture prof iles are La Cruz, La Era and El Llano, situated in the foothill. Properties in both kind of soils are similar, however, in agriculture sites, structure (evaluated in macro and microscale) is weaker, total organic carbon content is smaller and bulk density is higher. Both soils show two main pedogenetic processes: andosolization and carbonate formation. Despite the age of the parent material (36 000 years), the Andosol phase has not been lost. This is because of the geomorphological dynamics of the zone, in which the processes of erosion and colluviation promote soil loss, restarting the pedogenetic clock. The detection of lithological discontinuities (by the Ti/Zr ratio) documents these processes. By the other hand, the formation of pedogenic carbonates is governed by the seasonal conditions of drought. The age of these carbonates places their formation in the mid-Holocene, an epoch for which drier conditions are detected in other sites of the Basin of Mexico. The agricultural land use has also promoted morphological, chemical and physical changes in the soils. The continuous tillage of the sites has prevented the soils from developing. This could have a negative effect on the fertility of those soils currently used to sustain the peri-urban agroecosystems of Mexico City.

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Sáez, E., and J. Canziani. "VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN THE SONDONDO VALLEY (PERU)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-175-2020.

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Abstract. Sondondo is an inter-Andean valley located between 3,500 and 4,500 meters above sea level. Inhabited, transformed and modelled since ancient times by the local rural communities, an extraordinary cultural landscape has been created through their particular relationship with the environment. Since the pre-Hispanic settlements (Wari 600 AD), through colonial indigenous “reductions”, to the villages of vernacular architecture, which are at the foundation of contemporary populated centres, the territory has been variously and successively settled, inhabited and transformed. Its vernacular architecture has evolved at multiple scales, from domestic architecture to urban structures. It has created spaces for agriculture and livestock herding, and the spectacular agricultural andenerías (farming platforms and terraces) that have shaped the territory for centuries. The latter simultaneously developed irrigation infrastructures and techniques. The result is a landscape of great plastic effects, in a geographical setting bordered by the apus – tutelar mountains – traditionally “sacralized” by the Andean cultures. Such enormous architectural-landscape legacy is now threatened by imported global models of false modernity disrupting the fragile balance of lifestyles and territories. The objective of this research project, ongoing since 2016, is to assess this territory, catalogue its vernacular architecture and landscape units. It also aims to propose projects and initiatives for sustainable local development. The work has been made available to the Ministry of Culture of Peru to support its request before UNESCO to include the site in its World Heritage List.

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Rodríguez Gallo, Lorena. "La construcción del paisaje agrícola prehispánico en los Andes colombianos: el caso de la Sabana de Bogotá." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 1, no. 28 (2019): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2019.i28.09.

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Sampietro Vattuone, María Marta, Jimena Roldán, Liliana Neder, Mario Gabriel Maldonado, and Marta Amelia Vattuone. "Formative pre-Hispanic agricultural soils in northwest Argentina." Quaternary Research 75, no. 1 (January 2011): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.08.008.

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AbstractOur study area is from an early agricultural archaeological site named “El Tolar” (1st to 9th century AD), located in Tafí Valley (Tucumán, northwest Argentina). The objective was to identify geochemical signatures generated by the sustained agrarian use of soils. Chemical and pedological studies were made in different archaeological contexts. Physical and chemical features, such as bulk density, pH, organic and inorganic phosphorus, and available copper, manganese and iron, were taken into account. The results suggested that a buried paleosol identified was contemporary with the occupation of the site. It also showed characteristics clearly related to pre-Hispanic agrarian production. The concentrations of organic phosphorus and iron in agricultural soils probably reflect the use of fertilizers. The application of geoscience techniques allowed us to obtain important information on their behaviour and socio-economic development. This paper constitutes the first pedogeochemical approach to the study of Argentinean pre-Hispanic agricultural soils.

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Bianucci, Raffaella, Maria Jeziorska, Rudy Lallo, Grazia Mattutino, Massimo Massimelli, Genevieve Phillips, and Otto Appenzeller. "A Pre-Hispanic Head." PLoS ONE 3, no. 4 (April 30, 2008): e2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002053.

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Taylor, Zachary P., Sally P. Horn, and David B. Finkelstein. "Pre-Hispanic agricultural decline prior to the Spanish Conquest in southern Central America." Quaternary Science Reviews 73 (August 2013): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.022.

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Morell-Hart, Shanti, Rosemary A. Joyce, John S. Henderson, and Rachel Cane. "ETHNOECOLOGY IN PRE-HISPANIC CENTRAL AMERICA: FOODWAYS AND HUMAN-PLANT INTERFACES." Ancient Mesoamerica 30, no. 3 (2019): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536119000014.

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AbstractIn recent years, researchers in pre-Hispanic Central America have used new approaches that greatly amplify and enhance evidence of plants and their uses. This paper presents a case study from Puerto Escondido, located in the lower Ulúa River valley of Caribbean coastal Honduras. We demonstrate the effectiveness of using multiple methods in concert to interpret ethnobotanical practice in the past. By examining chipped-stone tools, ceramics, sediments from artifact contexts, and macrobotanical remains, we advance complementary inquiries. Here, we address botanical practices “in the home,” such as foodways, medicinal practices, fiber crafting, and ritual activities, and those “close to home,” such as agricultural and horticultural practices, forest management, and other engagements with local and distant ecologies. This presents an opportunity to begin to develop an understanding of ethnoecology at Puerto Escondido, here defined as the dynamic relationship between affordances provided in a botanical landscape and the impacts of human activities on that botanical landscape.

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Bocinsky, R. Kyle, Johnathan Rush, Keith W. Kintigh, and Timothy A. Kohler. "Exploration and exploitation in the macrohistory of the pre-Hispanic Pueblo Southwest." Science Advances 2, no. 4 (April 2016): e1501532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501532.

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Cycles of demographic and organizational change are well documented in Neolithic societies, but the social and ecological processes underlying them are debated. Such periodicities are implicit in the “Pecos classification,” a chronology for the pre-Hispanic U.S. Southwest introduced in Science in 1927 which is still widely used. To understand these periodicities, we analyzed 29,311 archaeological tree-ring dates from A.D. 500 to 1400 in the context of a novel high spatial resolution, annual reconstruction of the maize dry-farming niche for this same period. We argue that each of the Pecos periods initially incorporates an “exploration” phase, followed by a phase of “exploitation” of niches that are simultaneously ecological, cultural, and organizational. Exploitation phases characterized by demographic expansion and aggregation ended with climatically driven downturns in agricultural favorability, undermining important bases for social consensus. Exploration phases were times of socio-ecological niche discovery and development.

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Bravo-Lopez, Miriam, Viridiana Villa-Islas, Carolina Rocha Arriaga, Ana B. Villaseñor-Altamirano, Axel Guzmán-Solís, Marcela Sandoval-Velasco, Julie K. Wesp, et al. "Paleogenomic insights into the red complex bacteria Tannerella forsythia in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial individuals from Mexico." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1812 (October 5, 2020): 20190580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0580.

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The ‘red complex’ is an aggregate of three oral bacteria ( Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola ) responsible for severe clinical manifestation of periodontal disease. Here, we report the first direct evidence of ancient T. forsythia DNA in dentin and dental calculus samples from archaeological skeletal remains that span from the Pre-Hispanic to the Colonial period in Mexico. We recovered twelve partial ancient T. forsythia genomes and observed a distinct phylogenetic placement of samples, suggesting that the strains present in Pre-Hispanic individuals likely arrived with the first human migrations to the Americas and that new strains were introduced with the arrival of European and African populations in the sixteenth century. We also identified instances of the differential presence of genes between periods in the T. forsythia ancient genomes, with certain genes present in Pre-Hispanic individuals and absent in Colonial individuals, and vice versa . This study highlights the potential for studying ancient T. forsythia genomes to unveil past social interactions through analysis of disease transmission. Our results illustrate the long-standing relationship between this oral pathogen and its human host, while also unveiling key evidence to understand its evolutionary history in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mexico. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.

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Kemp, Rob, Nick Branch, Barbara Silva, Frank Meddens, Alan Williams, Anne Kendall, and Cirilio Vivanco. "Pedosedimentary, cultural and environmental significance of paleosols within pre-hispanic agricultural terraces in the southern Peruvian Andes." Quaternary International 158, no. 1 (December 2006): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.05.013.

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Pyburn, K. Anne. "THE HYDROLOGY OF CHAU HIIX." Ancient Mesoamerica 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536103141077.

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The Maya archaeological site of Chau Hiix, located slightly south and between the ancient cities of Lamanai and Altun Ha, is associated with some of the most extensive hydrological control features recorded from the pre-Hispanic era in the New World. The modest population size of the community, combined with this enormously productive agricultural technology, strongly implies economic interdependency among Classic-period sites. The location of Chau Hiix on an important inland water route further suggests the transportation of foodstuffs outside the local area.

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Teeter, Wendy Giddens. "CERRO PORTEZUELO FAUNAL REMAINS AND WORKED BONE: WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM EARLY EXCAVATED COLLECTIONS." Ancient Mesoamerica 24, no. 1 (2013): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536113000114.

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AbstractAnalyses of the faunal remains from Cerro Portezuelo indicate that the site's pre-Hispanic residents made use of both wild and domesticated animals commonly found near lakeshores and agricultural fields. Most of the faunal assemblage examined comes from a Postclassic period residential structure, providing information regarding the animal species utilized by the early inhabitants of the area and the types of household activities they engaged in using tools made from worked bone. Examination of the collections from another part of the site shows intriguing similarities to the animal selection practices previously identified in the Epiclassic period collections from Oztoyahualco, Teotihuacan.

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Perkins, Stephen M. "Macehuales and the Corporate Solution: Colonial Secessions in Nahua Central Mexico." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 21, no. 2 (2005): 277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2005.21.2.277.

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This investigation of the legal separation, or 'secession,'of indigenous subject villages from municipal governments in the Tepeaca district of Puebla, Mexico finds that early colonial (1521–1650) and late colonial (1651–1821) cases differed in their litigation and consequences. Early Spanish officials decided cases based predominantly on pre-Hispanic tradition, only permitting separations that preserved older indigenous social units. Bourbon officials of the late era, in contrast, enabled an entirely new type of pueblo to develop. Indigenous commoners (macehuales) used secessions to rupture relations with indigenous nobles (caciques) and local Spanish agriculturalists. The corporate organization of new pueblos in Puebla was without pre-Hispanic precedent. En este artículo, investigo la separación legal, o "secesión", de sujetos indígenas de sus municipios en el distrito de Tepeaca, Puebla, en México. Ahí, los trámites coloniales tempranos (1521–1650) contrastaban con los trámites coloniales tardíos (1651–1821) tanto en su litigio como en sus consecuencias. Los funcionarios españoles del primer período resolvían los casos basándose sobre todo en la tradición prehispánica, y permitiendo tan sólo separaciones que preservaban las entidades sociales indígenas previamente existentes. En contraste, los funcionarios borbones permitían el desarollo de un nuevo tipo de pueblo. Los macehuales hacían uso del proceso de secesión para romper sus relaciones con caciques y agricultores españoles locales. La organización corporativa de los pueblos nuevos en Puebla no tuvo precedente en la era prehispánica.

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Pott, Laura N., Rita M. Austin, Andrea R. Eller, Courtney A. Hofman, and Sabrina B. Sholts. "Population-level assessment of atlas occipitalization in artificially modified crania from pre-Hispanic Peru." PLOS ONE 15, no. 9 (September 24, 2020): e0239600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239600.

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Lombardo, U., S. Denier, and H. Veit. "Soil properties and pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Monumental Mounds Region of the Llanos de Moxos, Bolivian Amazon." SOIL 1, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-65-2015.

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Abstract. In the present paper we explore to what degree soil properties might have influenced pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Monumental Mounds Region (MMR) of the Llanos de Moxos (LM), Bolivian Amazon. Monumental mounds are pre-Hispanic earth buildings and were preferentially built on mid- to late Holocene palaeolevees of the Grande River (here denominated PR1), while levees of older palaeorivers (PR0) were only sparsely occupied. We dug two transects across PR0 and PR1 levee–backswamp catenas and analysed them for grain size, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and Corg. Our data show that PR1 soils, where the density of mounds is higher, have far greater agricultural potential than PR0 soils, which are affected by aluminium toxicity in the backswamps and by high levels of exchangeable sodium in the levees. This study provides new data on the soil properties of the south-eastern Bolivian Amazon and reinforces the hypothesis that environmental constraints and opportunities exerted an important role on pre-Columbian occupation patterns and the population density reached in the Bolivian Amazon.

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Lombardo, U., S. Denier, and H. Veit. "Soil properties and pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Monumental Mounds Region of the Llanos de Moxos, Bolivian Amazon." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2014): 81–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-81-2014.

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Abstract. In the present paper we explore to what degree soil properties might have influenced pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Monumental Mounds Region (MMR) of the Llanos de Moxos (LM), Bolivian Amazon. Monumental mounds are pre-Hispanic earth buildings and were preferentially built on mid to late Holocene paleo levees of the Grande River (here denominated PR1), while levees of older paleorivers (PR0) were only sparsely occupied. We dug two transects across PR0 and PR1 levee-backswamp catenas and analysed them for grain size, pH, CEC and Corg. Our data show that PR1 soils, where the density of mounds is higher, have far greater agricultural potential than PR0 soils, which are affected by aluminium toxicity in the backswamps and by high levels of exchangeable sodium in the levees. This study provides new data on the soil properties of the south-eastern Bolivian Amazon and reinforces the thesis that environmental constraints and opportunities exerted an important role on pre-Columbian occupation patterns and the population density reached in the Bolivian Amazon.

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Prestes-Carneiro, Gabriela, Philippe Béarez, Myrtle Pearl Shock, Heiko Prümers, and Carla Jaimes Betancourt. "Pre-Hispanic fishing practices in interfluvial Amazonia: Zooarchaeological evidence from managed landscapes on the Llanos de Mojos savanna." PLOS ONE 14, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): e0214638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214638.

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Lord, Jennifer, Shamarial Roberson, and Agricola Odoi. "Geographic disparities, determinants, and temporal changes in the prevalence of pre-diabetes in Florida." PeerJ 9 (January 13, 2021): e10443. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10443.

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Background Left unchecked, pre-diabetes progresses to diabetes and its complications that are important health burdens in the United States. There is evidence of geographic disparities in the condition with some areas having a significantly high risks of the condition and its risk factors. Identifying these disparities, their determinants, and changes in burden are useful for guiding control programs and stopping the progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate geographic disparities of pre-diabetes prevalence in Florida, identify predictors of the observed spatial patterns, as well as changes in disease burden between 2013 and 2016. Methods The 2013 and 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were obtained from the Florida Department of Health. Counties with significant changes in the prevalence of the condition between 2013 and 2016 were identified using tests for equality of proportions adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Simes method. Flexible scan statistics were used to identify significant high prevalence geographic clusters. Multivariable regression models were used to identify determinants of county-level pre-diabetes prevalence. Results The state-wide age-adjusted prevalence of pre-diabetes increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 8.0% in 2013 to 10.5% in 2016 with 72% (48/67) of the counties reporting statistically significant increases. Significant local geographic hotspots were identified. High prevalence of pre-diabetes tended to occur in counties with high proportions of non-Hispanic black population, low median household income, and low proportion of the population without health insurance coverage. Conclusions Geographic disparities of pre-diabetes continues to exist in Florida with most counties reporting significant increases in prevalence between 2013 and 2016. These findings are critical for guiding health planning, resource allocation and intervention programs.

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Martínez Ruiz, José Luis. "The chinampa: a sustainable high efficient agrohydrologic system for shallow lacustrine and wetland areas." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.034.

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The chinampa, a sustainable high efficient agrohydrologic system for shallow lacustrine or wetland areas, was invented by pre-Hispanic culture 3,000 years ago. The chinampa in the Valley of Mexico has been a sustainable and successful practice from the 15th century until now. This heritage and its continuity are now in the hands of the chinamperos (local farmers) of the Xochimilco–Chalco watershed south-east of the capital city of Mexico. The chinampa, consists of building layers of vegetation and sludge to produce organic soil 50 cm above the water level for agricultural use in wetlands. These layers form rectangles or plots 5–10 m wide by 50, 100 or more meters long, surrounded by water. When a significant number of chinampas are built, these form a network with small channels between each chinampa, and other broader channels which provide navigation routes. The chinampa is secured by trees called ahuejotes, whose roots hold soil, planted on the sides of the plot. Despite urban pressures, this paper demonstrates the relevance of the permanence of this system as a high efficient agrohydrologic system in balance with the ecosystem and which should also be regarded as a model to be transferred to other regions with similar conditions.

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Eyquem, Andrea P., Susan C. Kuzminsky, José Aguilera, Williams Astudillo, and Viviana Toro-Ibacache. "Normal and altered masticatory load impact on the range of craniofacial shape variation: An analysis of pre-Hispanic and modern populations of the American Southern Cone." PLOS ONE 14, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): e0225369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225369.

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Cruz, Pablo, Nancy Egan, Richard Joffre, Jorge L. Cladera, and Thierry Winkel. "When the Past Lives in the Present. Agrarian Landscapes and Historical Social Dynamics in the Southern Andes (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina)." Land 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070687.

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This article examines the agrarian landscape in one part of the southern Andes (Quebrada of Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina). The region possesses extensive and well-preserved archaeological remains of agricultural systems, which stretch back to pre-Hispanic times. In this study, we employ an interdisciplinary approach in our analysis of the components that structure the agrarian landscape, especially those historical processes that intervened in its formation. The creation of a cartographic base, built from remote sensing and fieldwork data, allowed for the identification of four principal components of the landscape, each of which correspond to distinct phases or periods that mark the region’s history. Our study shows that, in contrast to what is observed in many other rural areas, the successive productive dynamics that developed in the area did not result in the destruction of previous productive structures. Rather, the agrarian landscape in the study area presents a multi-temporal agglutinating combination or composition, which transcends historical discontinuities in the productive matrix. This is owing to the partial reutilisation of previous structures in each period; however, religious and cultural factors play an important role. The agrarian landscape we studied is not only a passive result of human activity, but also a force influencing the productive and lifestyle decisions of the peasant populations that live there today. Our research amplifies the understanding of agrarian landscapes in the Andes and shows how past temporalities are articulated with the present through a dialectical process.

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Kent, Jonathan D. "Pre-Hispanic Agricultural Fields in the Andean Region. Proceedings 45 th International Congress of Americanists, Bogota, Columbia, 1985. William M. Denevan, Kent Mathewson, and Gregory Knapp, editors. BAR International Series 359, Oxford, England, 1987. x + 504 pp. £28.00 + $8.00 (paper)." American Antiquity 54, no. 3 (July 1989): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280805.

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Mayle, Francis E., Robert P. Langstroth, Rosie A. Fisher, and Patrick Meir. "Long-term forest–savannah dynamics in the Bolivian Amazon: implications for conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1478 (December 19, 2006): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1987.

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the respective roles of past changes in climate, geomorphology and human activities in shaping the present-day forest–savannah mosaic of the Bolivian Amazon, and consider how this palaeoecological perspective may help inform conservation strategies for the future. To this end, we review a suite of palaeoecological and archaeological data from two distinct forest–savannah environments in lowland Bolivia: Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (NKMNP) on the Precambrian Shield and the ‘Llanos de Moxos’ in the Beni basin. We show that they contain markedly contrasting legacies of past climatic, geomorphic and anthropogenic influences between the last glacial period and the Spanish Conquest. In NKMNP, increasing precipitation caused evergreen rainforest expansion, at the expense of semi-deciduous dry forest and savannahs, over the last three millennia. In contrast, pre-Hispanic indigenous cultures were instrumental in facilitating recent forest expansion in the Llanos de Moxos by building a vast network of earthworks. Insights from Mid-Holocene palaeodata, together with ecological observations and modelling studies, suggest that there will be progressive replacement of rainforest by dry forest and savannah in NKMNP over the twenty-first century in response to the increased drought predicted by general circulation models. Protection of the latitudinal landscape corridors may be needed to facilitate these future species reassortments. However, devising appropriate conservation strategies for the Llanos de Moxos will be more difficult due to its complex legacy of Palaeo-Indian impact. Without fully understanding the degree to which its current biota has been influenced by past native cultures, the type and intensity of human land use appropriate for this landscape in the future will be difficult to ascertain.

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Aguilar-Dubose, Carolyn, and Maite García-Vedrenne. "A City of Promenades." ATHENS JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 7, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 75–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/aja.7-1-4.

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Studying old maps showing the transformation of Mexico City can unveil possible footprints of historic facilities and utilities that have disappeared in the process of urban modernization. The objective of this exercise is to uncover the location of old structures of Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mexico City as a basis for creating a new footprint of urban memory and identity. A city of promenades proposes the remembrance and use of public space, such as the recuperation of lost cultural and geographic landscapes. It takes the routes and paths, the aqueducts, the roads, the moats, the ramparts, the gates of the historic city and its connections to other villages, which now conform this great metropolitan area and it revives them in order to bring communities together. Inhabitants experience a sense of belonging to a meaningful place, while looking back to the past of a growing city. These paths will serve as initiators of projects and actions which will improve patterns of use and sense of identity, offering landmarks, establishing linear parks as connectors of different scales of existing parks and, through modern design, creating a rediscovered footprint of monuments, landscapes and infrastructures long gone. This proposal is an integral project for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. It begins at the neighbourhood level and forms part of an urban park system; connecting the surrounding natural landscapes and woodlands, the urban parks, sports clubs, neighbourhood parks, squares, bridges, central reservations, sidewalks, tree and flower beds, chapels, rights of way, unused railways, roads, avenues, greenhouses, agricultural trails, cemeteries, brooks and waterways, ravines, canals, terraces, balconies, cloisters and convent patios, archeological sites and unbuilt urban block cores. The city of paths and strolls, of boulevards, of old roads to haciendas and convents, of dikes, gateways, old custom house gates, water fountains and springs, canals, causeways, watermills and aqueducts is an academic exercise with students and teachers to find a meaningful representation of the layers of history that builds a city and creates identity.

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Small, Aeron M., Jennifer E. Huffman, Derek Klarin, Julie A. Lynch, Themistocles Assimes, Scott DuVall, Yan V. Sun, et al. "PCSK9 loss of function is protective against extra-coronary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in a large multi-ethnic cohort." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0239752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239752.

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Background Therapeutic inhibition of PCSK9 protects against coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke (IS). The impact on other diseases remains less well characterized. Methods We created a genetic risk score (GRS) for PCSK9 using four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at or near the PCSK9 locus known to impact lower LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C): rs11583680, rs11591147, rs2479409, and rs11206510. We then used our GRS to calculate weighted odds ratios reflecting the impact of a genetically determined 10 mg/dL decrease in LDL-C on several pre-specified phenotypes including CAD, IS, peripheral artery disease (PAD), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), type 2 diabetes, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. Finally, we used our weighted GRS to perform a phenome-wide association study. Results Genetic and electronic health record data that passed quality control was available in 312,097 individuals, (227,490 White participants, 58,907 Black participants, and 25,700 Hispanic participants). PCSK9 mediated reduction in LDL-C was associated with a reduced risk of CAD and AAA in trans-ethnic meta-analysis (CAD OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.80–0.87], p = 6.0 x 10−21; AAA OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.68–0.86], p = 2.9 x 10−06). Significant protective effects were noted for PAD in White individuals (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.71–0.97], p = 2.3 x 10−04) but not in other genetic ancestries. Genetically reduced PCSK9 function associated with a reduced risk of dementia in trans-ethnic meta-analysis (OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.78–0.93], p = 5.0 x 10−04). Conclusions Genetically reduced PCSK9 function results in a reduction in risk of several important extra-coronary atherosclerotic phenotypes in addition to known effects on CAD and IS, including PAD and AAA. We also highlight a novel reduction in risk of dementia, supporting a well-recognized vascular component to cognitive impairment and an opportunity for therapeutic repositioning.

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Guevara, Evelyn K., Jukka U. Palo, Sanni Översti, Jonathan L. King, Maria Seidel, Monika Stoljarova, Frank R. Wendt, et al. "Genetic assessment reveals no population substructure and divergent regional and sex-specific histories in the Chachapoyas from northeast Peru." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244497.

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Many native populations in South America have been severely impacted by two relatively recent historical events, the Inca and the Spanish conquest. However decisive these disruptive events may have been, the populations and their gene pools have been shaped markedly also by the history prior to the conquests. This study focuses mainly on the Chachapoya peoples that inhabit the montane forests on the eastern slopes of the northern Peruvian Andes, but also includes three distinct neighboring populations (the Jívaro, the Huancas and the Cajamarca). By assessing mitochondrial, Y-chromosomal and autosomal diversity in the region, we explore questions that have emerged from archaeological and historical studies of the regional culture (s). These studies have shown, among others, that Chachapoyas was a crossroads for Coast-Andes-Amazon interactions since very early times. In this study, we examine the following questions: 1) was there pre-Hispanic genetic population substructure in the Chachapoyas sample? 2) did the Spanish conquest cause a more severe population decline on Chachapoyan males than on females? 3) can we detect different patterns of European gene flow in the Chachapoyas region? and, 4) did the demographic history in the Chachapoyas resemble the one from the Andean area? Despite cultural differences within the Chachapoyas region as shown by archaeological and ethnohistorical research, genetic markers show no significant evidence for past or current population substructure, although an Amazonian gene flow dynamic in the northern part of this territory is suggested. The data also indicates a bottleneck c. 25 generations ago that was more severe among males than females, as well as divergent population histories for populations in the Andean and Amazonian regions. In line with previous studies, we observe high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas, despite the documented dramatic population declines. The diverse topography and great biodiversity of the northeastern Peruvian montane forests are potential contributing agents in shaping and maintaining the high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas region.

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King, Joseph T., James S. Yoon, Christopher T. Rentsch, Janet P. Tate, Lesley S. Park, Farah Kidwai-Khan, Melissa Skanderson, et al. "Development and validation of a 30-day mortality index based on pre-existing medical administrative data from 13,323 COVID-19 patients: The Veterans Health Administration COVID-19 (VACO) Index." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): e0241825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241825.

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Background Available COVID-19 mortality indices are limited to acute inpatient data. Using nationwide medical administrative data available prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection from the US Veterans Health Administration (VA), we developed the VA COVID-19 (VACO) 30-day mortality index and validated the index in two independent, prospective samples. Methods and findings We reviewed SARS-CoV-2 testing results within the VA between February 8 and August 18, 2020. The sample was split into a development cohort (test positive between March 2 and April 15, 2020), an early validation cohort (test positive between April 16 and May 18, 2020), and a late validation cohort (test positive between May 19 and July 19, 2020). Our logistic regression model in the development cohort considered demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity), and pre-existing medical conditions and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) derived from ICD-10 diagnosis codes. Weights were fixed to create the VACO Index that was then validated by comparing area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) in the early and late validation cohorts and among important validation cohort subgroups defined by sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic region. We also evaluated calibration curves and the range of predictions generated within age categories. 13,323 individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (median age: 63 years; 91% male; 42% non-Hispanic Black). We observed 480/3,681 (13%) deaths in development, 253/2,151 (12%) deaths in the early validation cohort, and 403/7,491 (5%) deaths in the late validation cohort. Age, multimorbidity described with CCI, and a history of myocardial infarction or peripheral vascular disease were independently associated with mortality–no other individual comorbid diagnosis provided additional information. The VACO Index discriminated mortality in development (AUC = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.77–0.81), and in early (AUC = 0.81 95% CI: 0.78–0.83) and late (AUC = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.78–0.86) validation. The VACO Index allows personalized estimates of 30-day mortality after COVID-19 infection. For example, among those aged 60–64 years, overall mortality was estimated at 9% (95% CI: 6–11%). The Index further discriminated risk in this age stratum from 4% (95% CI: 3–7%) to 21% (95% CI: 12–31%), depending on sex and comorbid disease. Conclusion Prior to infection, demographics and comorbid conditions can discriminate COVID-19 mortality risk overall and within age strata. The VACO Index reproducibly identified individuals at substantial risk of COVID-19 mortality who might consider continuing social distancing, despite relaxed state and local guidelines.

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Saavedra, Tarsicio Medina, Gabriela Arroyo Figueroa, and Jorge Gustavo Dzul Cauih. "Origin and evolution of tomato production Lycopersicon esculentum in México." Ciência Rural 47, no. 3 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20160526.

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ABSTRACT: Lycopersicon esculentum known as tomato, although has an Andean origin is a contribution of Mexico to the world is, being the first agricultural product to be exported. This research aimed to review the literature in relation to the origin and evolution of the production of tomato in Mexico within the historical development of the country. In ancient times, the tomato was cultivated in milpas (open field) and chinampas (artificial islands for riparian agriculture) using sustainable methods. Spanish colonizers showed the tomato to the rest of the world and diversified its uses. In independent Mexico, haciendas and railroads integrated the different farming regions. Production decreased during the Mexican revolution, and with land reform, the milpa returned. During the Green Revolution (1970), Sinaloa stood out, with the separation of two systems, subsistence, and modern with technology programs. Biotechnological development (1990) emerged parallel to organic production. So actually with this system, we could return to more sustainable pre-Hispanic ecological principles with less environmental impact.

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Krasilnikov, Pavel, Norma Eugenia García Calderón, Rosalía Ramos Bello, and Héctor Manuel Ortega Escobar. "Artificial chinampas soils of Mexico City: their properties and salinization hazards ." Spanish Journal of Soil Science 1 (September 4, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.3232/sjss.2011.v1.n1.05.

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The chinampas agriculture is a traditional land use practice in the Valley of Mexico since Pre-Hispanic time. The chinampas soils were constructed by excavation of lake sediments that resulted in the creation of a system of islands separated by channels. The agricultural productivity of these artificial soils was high; also the land use practices included forestry, fish breeding and hunting. Nowadays, the chinampas soils are affected by excessive salinity. We studied 10 representative soil profiles in the chinampas zone of Mexico City in order to characterize their properties and origin, to provide their classification, and to evaluate soil salinization, vertical distribution of the salts and their chemical composition. The soils are characterized by a layered structure, uniform dark grey colour, irregular vertical distribution of organic carbon and clay, and high percentage of carbon. Some soils show an increase in organic matter with depth, and other profiles have maximum organic matter content in the surficial layers and in the subsoil. The dynamics of sedimentation resulted in the decrease in organic matter in the upper layers of lacustrine sediments, because of recent increase in erosion rate and consequent increase in the proportion of mineral particles in the sediments. Most probably high organic matter content in surficial layers of some soils is due to excavation and accumulation of organic-rich subsoil material in the course of digging the channels. The concentration of soluble salts in superficial horizons, expressed as electric conductivity, varies in a wide range from 5 to almost 50 dS·m-1. The salts concentrate mainly in the superficial layers of soils. The abundance of the cations of soluble salts is Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+ and that of the anions is SO42->Cl->HCO3->CO32-. The alkaline reaction of soils is caused by exchangeable Na rather than by free sodium carbonates. The restoration of chinampas requires a complex approach, combining soil, water and ecosystems remediation.

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Castillo, Ana María, Valeria Alavez, Lilia Castro-Porras, Yuriana Martínez, and René Cerritos. "Analysis of the Current Agricultural Production System, Environmental, and Health Indicators: Necessary the Rediscovering of the Pre-hispanic Mesoamerican Diet?" Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4 (January 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00005.

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Nousala, Susu, Kim Blanca Galindo, David Romero, Xin Feng, and Pedro Aibeo. "Systemic preconditions and ontological modeling for peri-urban communities." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (July 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2020-0074.

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PurposeThis research presents an ontological model, to communicate the impact of dynamic preconditions for peri-urban communities. As such, this paper approaches perturbation communities as social-complex-adaptive-systems.Design/methodology/approachPrevious assessment of dynamic preconditions have typically been based on top-down approaches. Through the lens of social-complex-adaptive and systemic design approaches (requiring a range of different disciplines), this work focuses on providing a broader view towards periurban research. The methodological approach involved academic literature, fieldwork observations, in-depth discussions with community, government, experts and research groups, focusing on a region called “Xochimilco” on the outskirts of Mexico City, a unique pre-Hispanic, Aztec ecosystem. This evolving man made agricultural/ecological structure of island plots, still provides environmental services to Mexico City. This region provides the basis of the research and subsequent ontological model. Ontology, in this instance, refers to the nature of being within a range of constraining dynamic forces relating to resilient behaviors of the current Xochimilco perturbation ecosystem.FindingsXochimilco can be considered as a longitudinal phenomenon that contributed to the understanding of observable resilient and precondition elements between the past and present of a living complex-adaptive-system.Practical implicationsThe research has provided a better understanding of community resilience through preconditions, contributing towards preparation of environmental change and future urbanization. To this end, the research focused on visualizing key dynamics elements for communities attempting to absorb new urban conditions (being continuously pushed into it).Originality/valueThe outcomes of this research have provided specific systemic, bottom up approaches with ontological modeling to assist with visualizing and understanding intangible dynamic conditions that impact high complex areas of perturbation regions.

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Gómez Aíza, Adriana, and Sergio Sánchez Vázquez. "La Frontera Cultural Meso-Aridoamericana: Construcción De Imaginarios Nacionalistas En La Historia Mexicana." Xihmai 9, no. 18 (August 10, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.37646/xihmai.v9i18.244.

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Resumen La noción de frontera valida ciertas interpretaciones sobre la historia de una nación: lugar donde se nace y comparte con los demás una identidad, un modo de entenderse a sí mismo en relación con otros, con los que pertenecen a ese entorno y los que son ajenos o viven más allá de los confines que los dividen y separan. Aquí se discute la pertinencia de aplicar el término frontera cultural a la presunta división regional entre grupos sedentarios agrícolas mesoamericanos y grupos chichimecas seminómadas de los desiertos del actual norte de México. Para ello se aborda el papel jugado por Mesoamérica y la Gran Chichimeca en la conformación de imaginarios étnicos y nacionalistas, especialmente el nahua-centrismo impuesto por la conquista española, y la reivindicación del pasado prehispánico como constitutivo de la historia de México, enfatizando el contraste entre la reivindicación oficial del mestizaje a partir de la derrota militar de Tenochtitlán y la exégesis chicana que invoca su pasado en Aztlán, tierra mítica de origen de los mexicanos. Palabras clave: Frontera cultural, nacionalismo, nahua-centrismo Abstract The notion of frontier validates interpretations of national history: the place of birth where one shares an identity with others, a way to understand oneself in relation to those who belong and those who are foreign and live beyond the boundaries that divide and separate them. Here, we discuss the of use of terms like cultural frontier to talk of a presumed regional split between sedentary agricultural Mesoamerican groups and semi-nomad Chichimecas of today’s northern Mexican deserts. We focus on the role of both Mesoamerica and the Great Chichimeca in the construction of ethnic and nationalist imaginaries, particularly the Nahua-centric portrayal imposed by Spanish conquerors, as well as the vindication of a pre-Hispanic past as constitutive of Mexican history. By doing so, we emphasise the contrast between the official confirmation of cultural and racial blending (mestizaje) after Tenochtitlan military defeat and the Chicano validation of Aztlan as the Mexicans’ mythical homeland. Keywords: Cultural frontier, nationalism, Nahua-centrism

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pre-Hispanic agriculture'

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