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Journal articles on the topic 'Pre prestressed concrete'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Przygocka, M., and R. Kotynia. "Pre-Stress Losses in FRP Pre-Stressed Reinforced Concrete – Subject Overview." Archives of Civil Engineering 64, no. 4 (2018): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0073.

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AbstractFiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) due to their specific high-strength properties become more and more popular and replace traditional structural materials like conventional steel in prestressed concrete structures. FRP reinforced structures are relatively new when compared to structures prestressed with steel tendons. For that reason only several studies and applications of pre-tensioned FRP reinforcement have been conducted until now. Moreover, researchers only considered short-term behavior of FRP reinforced concrete members. The precise information about long-term behavior of FRP reinforcement is necessary to evaluate the prestress losses, which should be taken into account in the design of prestressed RC structures. One of the most important factor influencing long term behavior of FRP reinforcement is stress relaxation. The overview of experimental tests results described in the available literature considering the prestress losses obtained in FRP prestressed concrete members is presented herein.

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Li, Chang Chun, and Li Yun Yi. "On Detection Technologies of Pre-Stressed Duct Grouting Fullness." Advanced Materials Research 933 (May 2014): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.933.71.

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Aging and deterioration (such as weakening of concrete strength and loss of prestress) of various degree will inevitably happen to prestressed concrete beam in service. In making the prestressed concrete beam, it is of vital importance to ensure that the prestress tension is sufficient, duct grouting is compact enough and concrete pouring is in good quality. Otherwise, structure will deteriorate faster and safety hazard and even bridge collapse may ensue, causing considerable economic losses.

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Chen, Feng, Da Lin Hu, and Yi Li Sun. "Anti-Shear Reliability Analysis of Existing Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridges under Atmosphere Condition." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1017.

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The shear bearing capacity of pretensioning prestressed concrete beam bridge mainly depends on the stirrup and concrete of the beam, but the longitudinal pre-pressure plays a certain role for the shear bearing of the structure. Under the carbonization corrosion condition, the shear-bearing capacity of the pretensioning prestressed concrete beam will attenuate gradually with the stirrup corrosion and concrete deteriorate. And the risk of brittle shear failure will be increased with the enhanced reinforcement corrosion amount. The paper presents an anti-shear calculation model of the pretensioning prestressed concrete beam bridge, and discusses the time-variation model of the corrosion stirrup considering the effective prestress attenuation under the carbonization corrosion condition. The analysis method on the anti-shear reliability of existing pretensioning bridges under the corrosion condition is proposed then. The method will be used in the durability and safety evaluation of the shear-bearing capacity of the existing pretensioning prestressed concrete bridges.

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Kraľovanec, Jakub, František Bahleda, Jozef Prokop, Martin Moravčík, and Miroslav Neslušan. "Verification of Actual Prestressing in Existing Pre-Tensioned Members." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (2021): 5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135971.

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In the case of prestressed concrete structures, information about the actual state of prestressing is an important basis for determining their load-carrying capacity as well as remaining service life. During the service life of the prestressed concrete structure, the initial level of prestressing is inevitably reduced as a result of the actions of various factors. These reductions of prestressing force are considered as prestress losses, which are influenced by construction stages, used materials, prestressing technology, or required length of service life. Available standards enable the determination of the expected values of prestress losses. Ultimately, their calculation is part of the design procedure of every prestressed concrete structure. However, aging and often neglected infrastructure in Europe is also exposed to factors, such as environmental distress, that are not considered in standard calculations. Therefore, verified and reliable methods for determining the actual state of prestressing are needed. This paper presents an experimental program of an indirect method for the evaluation of the value of prestressing force in seven prestressed concrete sleepers. Particularly, the non-destructive saw-cut method as a pivotal object of this study is performed and assessed. Furthermore, the Barkhausen noise technique is used as a comparative method. Subsequently, the experimental campaign is supported by the numerical analysis performed in the ATENA 3D software. Finally, the experimentally determined values of residual prestressing force are compared to the expected level of prestressing according to Eurocodes.

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He, Huan An, and Cheng Kui Huang. "Study on Restrained Expansive Deformation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Stressing Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.305.

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A new sort of high performance concrete is introduced which combines most advantages of prestressed concrete and steel fiber concrete, named steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete(SFFRSSC for short). Self-stressing concrete is actually a kind of expansive concrete which self-stresses, namely pre-compressive stresses, are induced by dint of some restrictions generally provided by steel bars to concrete expansion after hydration of expansive cement. As a result of chemical reaction, concrete archived prestresses by itself different from mechanical prestressed concrete, so called self-stressing concrete. By distributing short-cut steel fibers into self-stressing concrete at random, prestresses( self-stress) are created in concrete under combined restriction of steel bars and steel fibers. Thank to the pre-stresses tensile strength of concrete are significantly increased as well as cracking strength. In addition, expansive deformation of SFFRSSC can compensate the shrinkage of concrete to decrease shrinkage crack, and the steel fibers play an important role in post-crack behavior. On the other hand, self-stressing concrete can avoid the troubles of construction compared with conventional mechanical prestressed concrete. For purpose of understanding the properties of SFFRSSC, in this paper some researches were carried out to investigate the special expansive behaviors of restrained expansive deformation with restriction of steel bar as well as steel fiber. The test results indicated that steel bar and steel fiber both provide effective restrict to self-stressing concrete as result of forming prestresses in concrete.

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Vaško, Milan, Marián Handrik, Matej Rác, Vladislav Baniari, Ján Kortiš, and Ľuboš Daniel. "The damage analysis of the reinforced concrete beam and the prestressed reinforced concrete beam." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 02055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815702055.

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The paper deals with the finite-element analysis of damage in reinforced concrete beam and prestressed reinforced concrete beam. The steel reinforcement is modeled using non-linear rebar elements and an elastoplastic model of the reinforcement is considered. The initial prestress is defined in the ropes that are used to create the prestressed reinforced concrete beam. These ropes are also modeled using non-linear rebar elements and the elastoplastic material model. Created computational model allows the damage modeling of the reinforced and pre-stressed reinforced concrete beams under static loading.

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Badawy, Amr H., Ahmed Hassan, Hala El-Kady, and L. M. Abd-El Hafez. "The Behavior of Reinforced and Pre-Stressed Concrete Beams under Elevated Temperature." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 47 (March 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.47.15.

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The behavior of unbounded post tension and reinforced concrete beams under elevated temperature was presented. The experimental work was consisted of two major phases. In the first phase, the objective was studying the mechanical performance of prestressed beam, prestressed beam with steel addition and reinforced concrete beams respectively were studied. In the second phase, the residual mechanical performance of prestressed beam, prestressed beam with steel addition and reinforced concrete beams under elevated 400oC, for 120 minutes durations. The failure mechanisms, ultimate load capacity, and deflection at critical sections were monitored. The numerical prediction of the flexural behavior of the tested specimens is presented in this paper. This includes a comparison between the numerical and experimental test results according to ANSYS models. The results indicate that the prestressed beam with steel addition and reinforced concrete beams had higher resistance to beams under elevated 400oC than that of prestressed concrete beam in terms of ultimate capacity. It is also shown that the reinforced concrete beams have higher resistance to beams under elevated temperature than that of prestressed beam, prestressed beam with steel addition.

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Wang, Xin Zhong, and Chuan Xi Li. "Mechanical Properties Analysis of CFRP Pre-Stressed Section Continuous Thin-Walled Box Girder Bridge Models 22." Applied Mechanics and Materials 624 (August 2014): 592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.624.592.

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An externally pre-stressed continuous box girder bridge model is designed according to loading features of the continuous beam. The CFRP bars and steel strands are used to make two models for externally pre-stressed reinforcements Analysis of the two models under three different load stiffness and loss of prestress, through calculation and analysis, found that two kinds of prestressed concrete material model under three load deflection basic same, also almost the same change trend, prestressed RMS model than model 1, 2 but with the increase of load model 2 prestress loss is big. Analysis results of CFRP materials and application to provide the reference in the bridge.

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Gao, Feng, and Tong Liu. "FEM Analysis of Bi-Prestressed Concrete Beam." Advanced Materials Research 743 (August 2013): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.743.138.

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Based on ANSYS software, the solid modeling method was performed to build the half model of bi-prestressed concrete beam. And the solution for solve the problem such as the constitutive equation, failure criteria , the method of modeling,the infliction method of prestressed was summarized in this paper. The heating-cooling method was used to achieve the bi-prestressed.The simulate method was reasonable while the built mode was performed to simulate the pre-arch and bearing capacity, simulate the pre-arch and bearing capacity of pre-pressed bi-prestressed concrete beam by FEM software ,and compared with the experiment results. And summarized the handling of the constitutive equation,failure criteria,the infliction method of prestressed, the method of modeling ,and so on. All of the method will provide reference for the research of Bi-prestressed concrete beam.

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Li, Ke, Xin Ling Wang, and Shuang Yin Cao. "Fatigue Performance of Partially Prestressed RC Beams with HRBF500 Bars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1463.

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500 MPa level hot-rolled ribbed bars of fine grains (HRBF500) is a successfully developed new-type steel in Chain. The fatigue behavior of partially prestressed reinforced concrete (RC) beams with HRBF500 bars was investigated in fatigue tests of pre-tensioned T-beams. The beams are simply supported with the same overall dimensions, and the main parameter in the study is prestress degree and longitudinal steel ratio. Four beams were constructed and tested under constant-amplitude fatigue loading. All beams are initially cracked before the application of repeated loading. The stress evolution of HRBF500 bars and prestressed strands, the information about crack growth and the deflection developments of test beams were presented. The main factors that affect the fatigue properties of prestressed concrete test beams were fully discussed. Test results indicate that, the prestressed concrete beams reinforced with appropriate amount of HRBF500 bars and reasonable prestressing conﬁgurations can survive 2.5 millions cycles of constant-amplitude fatigue loading using an upper-bound fatigue load producing tensile stress of less than 150 MPa in HRBF500 bars. The results provide important guidance for the fatigue design of prestressed concrete beams with HRBF500 bars.

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Fang, Shu Tian, Ying Zhang, and Yuan Gao. "The Influence of Lateral Confinement in Prestressed Concrete Structure under the Effect of Pre-Applied Force." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 1687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.1687.

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The author analyzed the effect of lateral confinement under the pre-applied force in prestressed concrete structure and analyzed the influence of lateral confinement under the equivalent load of pre-applied force and rotation angle by the matrix deflection method in prestressed frame beam, at the same time the formula for the influence modulus of lateral confinement in prestressed concrete structure was proposed. Based on the analysis of practical projects, it’s indicated that the modulus of lateral restraint decreased with the increase of pre-applied force, and this kind of influence was small, and was the advantageous influence. Thereby provided basis for rational design of lateral confinement for prestressed concrete structure.

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Wang, Bo, Hui Peng, and Jian Ren Zhang. "Behavior of Pre-Cracked Reinforced Concrete Beam Strengthened with Prestressed CFRP Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1397.

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The technique of strengthening structures with prestressing CFRP can improve the load-carrying behavior of reinforced concrete structures and has gained more and more attention recent years. However the research about behavior of the pre-cracked structures after retrofit is rather limited. In this paper two RC beams with large dimension were constructed. One beam was strengthened by non-prestressed CFRP plate serving as reference beam. And the other beam had been loaded to its yielding load before it was strengthened with a prestressed CFRP plate. The monotonic tests were conducted to investigate the effect of strengthening with prestressed CFRP on the behavior of the pre-damaged beam. Based on the experiment results, the comparison of behavior between the beam with non-prestressed CFRP plate and the pre-cracked beam with prestressed CFRP was conducted. The experiment results indicated that although having been loaded to its steel yielding before being strengthened, the specimen with prestressed CFRP plate had a load-carrying capacity no less than the intact beam with non-prestressed CFRP plate. Despite the serious damages of section, the stiffness of the pre-cracked specimen was almost equal to that of the reference specimen, which indicates that the technique of strengthening structures with prestressed CFRP plates can be effective in the retrofit of the seriously cracked reinforced concrete structures.

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An, Jing Bo. "Test and Design of Tensile-Compression Prestressed Concrete Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.722.

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In this paper, the tensile-compression prestressed concrete beam was researched, and gets deflection of the beam subjected to load. Then, the beam was analyzed by the finite element method of ANSYS software. The test and analysis results show that the beam has a good flexibility and the phenomenon of stress concentration were appeared in ends concrete of pre-compressed steel tube. The pre-compressed steel tube control stress is 0.5 times the nominal value of steel tube, the concrete pre-tensile stress can be obtained effectively by relaxes pre-compressed steel tube. This paper further optimizes the dosage of pre-tensile tendon (Ap), pre-compressed steel tube (AT), tensile reinforcements (As)and compression reinforcements (A`s).The results from example show that the concrete structure of tensile-compression prestressed can reduce the pressure area height of the beam effectively and solving conventional prestressed concrete structure excessive or cannot reinforcement in pressure area.

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He, Huan An, Bo Xin Wang, and Jian Ting Lin. "Performance on Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Stressing Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.427.

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In this paper a new sort of high performance concrete is introduced which combines most advantages of prestressed concrete and steel fiber concrete, named steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete(SFFRSSC for short). Self-stressing concrete is actually a kind of expansive concrete which self-stresses, namely pre-compressive stresses, are induced by dint of some restrictions generally provided by steel bars to concrete expansion after hydration of expansive cement. As a result of chemical reaction, concrete archived prestresses by itself different from mechanical prestressed concrete, so called self-stressing concrete. By distributing short-cut steel fibers into self-stressing concrete at random, self-stresses are generated in concrete under combined restriction of steel bars as well as steel fibers. Thank to the pre-stresses tensile strength of concrete are significantly increased as well as cracking strength. In addition, on the one hand, expansive deformation of SFFRSSC can compensate the shrinkage of concrete to decrease non-loaded cracks resulting from shrinkage, and even when cracking, the steel fibers play an important role in resistance to crack development. On the other hand, self-stressing concrete can avoid the troubles of construction compared with conventional mechanical prestressed concrete. Therefore, above-mentioned advantages of SFFRSSC over ordinary concrete imply a better prospect in using SFFRSSC in civil engineering. For purpose of understanding the properties of SFFRSSC, in this paper some researches were carried out to investigate the special expansive behaviors with ages and tensile strength. The test results indicated that at early age the expansion of SFFRSSC developed rapidly but 14 day the 90% of overall expansive deformation basically fulfilled and subsequently expansion kept stable. Axial tensile test result showed that tensile strength were improved 2-3 times for self-stressing concrete specimens restrained by steel bars as well as steel fibers.

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Savić, Adrijana, Aref Shafiei Dastgerdi, Robert J. Peterman, and B. Terry Beck. "The Influence of Wire Type Indentation on Longitudinal Splitting in Pre-Stressed Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1165 (July 23, 2021): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1165.65.

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The important characteristic in the creation of longitudinal splitting cracks in pretensioned concrete members has found to be the geometry of the pre-stressing wire indents. Longitudinal splitting along prestressing tendons can result in severe splitting of prestressed member in the field under loading over time. The research evaluated the influence of wire type indentation on the longitudinal splitting in prestressed concrete members fabricated with different concrete mixtures and different compressive strength of concrete. A key objective was to find the best type of wire to avoid failures in the field. A study was conducted at Kansas State University to understand the effect of wire type on the longitudinal splitting between prestressing steel and prestressed concrete. Three different types of wires will be presented in this paper denoted as “WB”, “WF” and “WQ”. The wires have different parameters which include indent depth, indent width, indent sidewall angle, indent pitch and indent volume.

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Liu, Hong Wei. "Shallow Talk Steel Strand Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Hollow Plate Beam Construction Craft and Quality Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2278.

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With the development of prestressing technology, steel strand first should the hollow plate beam of prestressed concrete get in the upper part structure of the highway bridge extensive application, to steel strand first should prestressed concrete hollow plate beam construction quality of quality, not only direct relation arrive bridge of normal usage, also in the meantime relation arrive bridge of safety degree and durable. Therefore acquaint with in the beam system make the process with control first a construction a craft with work well quality control the key being very. This text combine a construction to practice, to steel strand first should prestressed concrete hollow plate beam construction craft, quality control the etc problem make an introduction.

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Jin, Ling Zhi, Hong Mei Zhou, Qiang Fu, Xiao Jie Zhou, and Yu Lin Xie. "Brief Analysis on the Mechanical Behavior Influenced by Opening Locations of the Unbonded Prestressed Concrete Slabs." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.774.

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The unbonded prestressed concrete slabs is usually used in big span high-rise buildings. Due to the existence of stairs, elevators, piping shafts and washroom etc，（hole drilling is usually encountered in the floor of unbonded prestressed concrete structures）, which weakens the rigidity of concrete slab, and it has different influences on the slabs with openings in different locations. Based on the contrast experiments of the unbonded prestressed concrete slab with openings in different locations subjected to uniform load, this thesis investigates and analyzes mechanical behavior of the unbonded prestressed concrete slabs with openings in different locations (central，around edge and corner) subjected to uniform load. Using the yield-line theory to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of pre-stressed slabs with openings, and comparing from experimental results to theoretical ones, this paper puts forward some conclusions of how different opening locations impact the ultimate bearing capacity of pre-stressed slabs with openings

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NEMATZADEH, Mahdi, Morteza NAGHIPOUR, Javad JALALI, and Abolghasem SALARI. "Experimental study and calculation of confinement relationships for prestressed steel tube-confined compressed concrete stub columns." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 6 (2017): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1281837.

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The current paper aims to present the results of an experimental investigation into the compressive strength of pre-stressed steel tube-confined compressed concrete (PSTC) stub columns. Here, to prestress the confined concrete, an innovative technique is utilized, in which the fresh concrete is subjected to compression while the steel tube is simultaneously preten-sioned laterally by applying external pressure to the fresh concrete. A total of 135 confined specimens were tested under axial compressive loading to determine the confinement strength of the specimens. Moreover, new confinement relationships for the load-carrying capacity of the PSTC columns were proposed in terms of the prestressing ratio ( r P ), reference concrete strength ( c f), and tube outer diameter to wall thickness ratio ( / Dt ). Finally, a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the effect that the parameters r P, c f , and / Dt have on the compressive strength of the prestressed confined concrete. The results indi-cate that the confined concrete prestressed by the present technique demonstrates significantly enhanced load-carrying capacity; however, increasing the prestressing level slightly affects it.

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Boukendakdji, M., M. Touahmia, and M. Achour. "Comparative Study of Prestress Losses." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 3 (2017): 1633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1172.

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This paper compares the prestress losses as calculated by four different design codes; British standard CP110, Comite Europeen du Beton 70 and 78, American Concrete Institute 77 and the Prestressed Concrete Institute method (PCI). The comparison is done by determining the total losses which take place in a rectangular prestressed concrete beam for both pre-tensioning and post-tensioning systems. The results show that total losses calculated for the post-tensioning method are higher than those calculated for the pre-tensioning method, which is not the usual case. It seems that the PCI method may be required for special structures or for simply supported slender members which may be sensitive to small changes in deflections. However, for non-special structures, or where actual losses have little effect on the design, it is better to compute losses by the ACI method because it is simple and does take into considerations interactions between the various sources of losses. However, it is not possible to conclude which method gives the more accurate prediction of shrinkage and creep without direct co-relation to realistic insitu data.

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Zhuravskyi, Oleksandr, and Andriy Gorobetc. "Experimental and theoretical studies of biaxially prestressed steel-fiber-concrete slabs." USEFUL online journal 2, no. 3 (2018): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32557/useful-2-3-2018-0003.

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The article presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies of strength and deformability of steel-fiber concrete double-sided pre-stress slabs under the action of transverse loading. The simulation of such plates in the software complex LIRA-SAPR was performed taking into account the physical nonlinearity of materials.

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Eratodi, I. Gusti Lanang Bagus, Ali Awaludin, Ay Lie Han, and Andreas Triwiyono. "Evaluation and Study of Prestressed Slab Structure Precast Modular Concrete." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 26, no. 1 (2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v26i1.27765.

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Prestressed precast modular concrete slabs function rigid pavement, supporting vehicle loads above it on subgrade with relatively low bearing capacity. This slab measures 2000 x 850 x 150 mm3 of regular reinforced concrete (old production) or prestressed concrete (new production) quality K-500. After several times of use, damage occurs mainly at the end of the slab in the form of spalling. The objectives of the study and evaluation were: (1) observing damage; (2) material quality data; (3) numerical modeling by taking into account material properties, loading and soil conditions; and (4) providing slab design recommendations including materials and geometrics. The method of study and evaluation of slab damage was done by observing the damage, taking concrete core-case and testing it in the laboratory, and modeling the slab structure with various parameters (soil data, concrete quality and slab geometry). Field observations and analysis results show that concrete slab spalling occurs initially at the edge (850 mm wide) which in turn causes the effectiveness of the pre-tension force to be suboptimal and finally the concrete spalling volume increases. Apart from the frequency of collisions during installation and slab deformation when supporting vehicle loads. Concrete spalling problems also due to inappropriate concrete quality.

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Yang, Yong Xin, Wei Zhang, Zeng Wei Guan, and Wei Xie. "Numerical Analysis of RC Beams Strengthened with Pre-Stressed CFRP Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3101.

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Through the finite element analysis software, fourteen strengthened beams are calculated in the condition of considering bonding-slip or not respectively. Comparing simulation results with test and theoretical calculation, We can draw the following conclusions: Testing reinforced concrete beams when there is no debonding, ANSYS simulation, theoretical calculations and experimental results agree well. Testing reinforced concrete beams when there is debonding. By considering the bond-slip calculation model calculation accuracy is higher. .Numerical results show that, prestressed CFRP with relative of prestressed girder of carbon fibre reinforced beam can significantly improve the cracking beam loading, and effectively improve the yield loads, but the ultimate load.

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Mao, Ming Jie, and Qiu Ning Yang. "Study on Prestressed Concrete Slabs with Lightweight Aggregate." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.338.

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A lightweight aggregate with low permeability was employed in the concrete slab; and the strength of the slab is mainly discussed. The purpose of present study is to evaluate experimentally the punching shear strength of lightweight concrete slab, and to propose the punching shear strength equation for the slab with lightweight aggregate concrete. The applicability of the proposed equation to the both reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete slabs with lightweight aggregate concrete.

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Jeong, Yoseok, WooSeok Kim, Viktor Gribniak, and David Hui. "Fatigue Behavior of Concrete Beams Prestressed with Partially Bonded CFRP Bars Subjected to Cyclic Loads." Materials 12, no. 20 (2019): 3352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203352.

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The lack of ductility is the greatest concern in the applications of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials, when used as pre-stressing reinforcements. To improve the ductility, a partially bonded FRP system which is intentionally unbonded in the middle part of the beam and bonded in both end parts of the beam has been developed and applied to prestressed concrete beams. While, many researchers investigated the instantaneous performance of partially bonded CFRP prestressed concrete beams, this study intended to evaluate the fatigue performance, the static load-carrying capacity after fatigue loading and ductility. Based on the fatigue loading tests followed by static loading tests, over-reinforced and web-confined partially bonded CFRP prestressed concrete beams exhibited satisfactory fatigue performance without cracks and stiffness degradation during fatigue loading. In addition, no degradation of load-carrying capacity was observed in static loading tests after the fatigue tests. The ductility index of concrete beams, prestressed with partially bonded CFRP bars, is combined with over-reinforcements and web-confinements, similar to that of beams prestressed with steel bars.

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Tan, Sui, Zhi Wu Yu, and Hua Shuai Zhang. "Analysis and Computation Method of Prestressed Concrete Bridge in Construction Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.867.

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Based on solving the problems of pre-camber of the prestressed concrete bridge in construction, the calculation principle of the bridge model constructed in each stage is studied, the relation between forward and backward analysis method is illustrated, and the influencing factors related to characteristics of pre-camber and each controlled point are analyzed. Considering the influencing factors such as the establishment of new elements, the stressing of reinforcement, the shrinkage and creep of concrete in construction, the calculation model is established in accordance with the characteristics of prestressed concrete bridge constructed in each stage. The deformation of each construction segment is calculated with the forward and backward analysis method respectively, so that the pre-camber of each cantilever construction segment is gotten,which is the basis of construction control.

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Gąćkowski, Roman, and Jacek Selejdak. "Assessment of the Effect of the Pre-cast Beams IG Axial Spacing on the Effort Bridge Span." Quality Production Improvement - QPI 1, no. 1 (2019): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cqpi-2019-0038.

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Abstract In designing of reinforced concrete bridges are often used pre-cast of pre-tensioned or post-tensioned prestressed members. In professional practice, when designing bridge span pre-cast of pre-tensioned prestressed beams IG type, different axial beams spacing’s are used and they are joined by a reinforced concrete slab. The paper presents a comparative analysis of an influence of the axial spacing of IG type beams in the cross-section of the bridge, on the bridge span effort, using standards PN-85/S-10042 and PN-EN 1992-2:2010. The optimal axial spacing of pre-cast IG type beams is presented, while maintaining the standard conditions of ULS (Ultimate Limit State). Such a solution has a positive impact on the costs of the entire project, significantly lowering the global investment cost.

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Yamin, Ibham, Siswanti Zuraida, and Ilham Ilham. "Analisis Perbandingan Kehilangan Prategang Akibat Variasi Letak Tendon PC I Girder Jembatan Beton Prategang." JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE (JAPPS) 2, no. 2 (2020): 034–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36870/japps.v2i2.184.

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Prestressed force loss always occurs in prestressed concrete (loss prestressed). The most common form used in pre-tensile beams is straight tendons and for post-tensile beams are curved tendons. In planning a prestressed concrete bridge structure, the loss of prestressed force must be considered, because the stress on the prestressed concrete tendon decreases continuously over time. The number of factors that are interrelated, for the effectiveness of the design, location of tendons along the spans need to be considered, so that the tensile strength that occurs in the extreme fiber beam is limited or none at all in the cross section. This final project will examine the shape of the PC beam I Girder with 4 tendon setting conditions namely straight tendon cable which is on the neutral axis so that the eccentricity = 0 (condition1), straight tendon cable which is at 1/6 h so that the eccentricity ≠ 0 (condition 2), tendon cable with draped / parabolic shape (condition 3), and tendon condition with harped shape (condition 4). The biggest prestressed loss results were PC I Girder (condition 2) = 395.81 MPa (26.07%), while the smallest prestressed loss is PC I Girder (condition3) = 367.44 MPa (24.2%). Condition 1 and 2 in girder is not suitable for use because it exceeds the value of the allowable stress at the limit of prestressed and deflection permits on girder are safe for each condition.

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Liu, Li, Ji Bin Yi, and Fang Wang. "Carrying Capacity Calculation of Externally Prestressed Profiled Steel Sheet Composite Slab." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.235.

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According to the structural features and actual load carrying status of externally prestressed profiled steel sheet composite slab, in consideration of the deformation of the whole prestressed structure, the prestressed incremental calculation formula is established with force method and the prestressed incremental calculation formulas for arranging reinforcements in straight line or fold line with deviators; according to the positions of neutral axis, the stress-strain of externally pre-stressed profiled steel sheet and concrete composite slab section is analyzed so as to derive the calculation formulas for the elasticity bending bearing capacity and ultimate bending bearing capacity of the externally prestressed profiled steel sheet composite slab.

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Ha, Na, Lian Guang Wang, and Shen Yuan Fu. "Analysis on Deformation of Pre-Splitting Steel Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened by Prestressed CFRP." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.929.

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In order to improve the bearing capacity of SRC which is related with deformation and stiffiness, SRC beams should be strengthened by CFRP. Based on the experiment of six pre-splitting steel reinforced concrete beams strengthened with (Prestressed) CFRP sheets, the deformation of beams are discussed. Load-deformation curves are obtained by the experiment. Considering the influence of intial bending moment on SRC beams, the calculated deformation formulas of SRC beams strengthened by (Prestressed) CFRP are deduced. The results showed that the load-deformation curves of normal and strengthened beams respectively showed three and two linear characteristics. The theoretical results which calculated by the formulas of deformation are well agreement with the experimental results.

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Liang, Dong, Lu Chen, and Jing Sun. "Study on Pre-CFRP Reinforcement Based on Anti-Arch Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 487 (January 2014): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.487.500.

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The mechanism of using prestressed carbon fiber reinforced plastics (Pre-CFRP) sheet to strengthen reinforced concrete beams with anti-arch deflection method was proposed. And then the corresponding theoretical analysis was derived, and the effectiveness of this reinforcement method is verified by experiment in laboratory to improve the girders stiffness and cracking load.

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Chao, Min, and Chyuan-Hwan Jeng. "Pre- and post-cracking torsion in prestressed concrete beams: experimental study." Magazine of Concrete Research 69, no. 11 (2017): 555–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.16.00349.

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Li, Cong Qi, Wen Jie Ge, Da Fu Cao, and Bi Yuan Wang. "Construction Monitoring of Prestressed Concrete Continuous Beam Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.308.

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The creep of concrete structure has a prodigious effect on bridge alignments and the stress control during the bridge construction. In the meantime, the problems such as pre-stress losses, bearing asymmetry sink ,the concrete box-beam deflection, box-beam web cracks, structure stress redistributing and so on, which make the bridge structure lose functions or even invalid early when it works. For these reasons, the construction monitor of the deformation and the long-term deflection of long-span bridges with high piers have important practical significance. Construction monitoring of prestressed concrete continuous beam bridge - new Tongyang canal bridge which adopt cantilever construction work is made.

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Li, Rui Ge, and Guo Li Yang. "Nature Frequency Identification of Prestressed Concrete Beam with RBF Network." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.362.

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Abstract. The relationship of pre-stressed concrete (PSC) beam natural frequency and pre-stressed force is difficult to described accurately with mechanical model. The past experimental data are collected. Then five unbonded post-tensioned PSC beams are designed. Frequencies and damps are collected in the dynamic experiment of five PSC beams. Radial basis function neural network is constructed to identify the natural frequencies of prestressed beam with different levels prestressing force based on previous test data and new dynamic test beam data. Then the input and output node numbers of neural network are selected and the appropriate training algorithm and expansion coefficient is determined. In order to verify that the network performance, one prestressed concrete beam test data are left to simulation test. Simulation results show that the radial basis function neural network is feasibility to recognize the frequency of PSC beams.

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Zhang, Feng Peng, Zhao Guo Qiu, and Han Zhi. "Analysis of Damages Correlation of Prestressed Concrete Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.244.

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Damages correlation of prestressed concrete beam and its safety evaluation have been studied by finite element method. The influences of three typical damages on deflection of beam have been analyzed. The vertical crack damage (VC) has been simulated by pre-crack and contact elements has been set between crack surfaces, the reinforcing steel corrosion damage (RSC) has been simulated by reducing the effective area of the reinforcing steel, and the concrete strength degradation damage (CSD) has been simulated by changing the elastic modulus of concrete based on the relationship between concrete strength and its elastic modulus. Damage correlation variables have been defined, and safety evaluation method of concrete beam based on damage correlation has been discussed. The results showed that: there is a strong nonlinear correlation between VC and RSC, and the beam's safety states are significantly reduced because of the interaction of damages.

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Li, Fu Min, Xiao Fei Shi, and Fu Ping Jia. "Experimental Study on Anchoring Bond Behavior of Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beams with Corroded Steel Strands." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.304.

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To study the influence of steel strands corrosion on the bond behavior for anchoring of pre-tensioned prestressed concrete beams, nine specimens were fabricated. Of which, 5 beams were mixed with salt and set in different places to be corroded in different intensity for 13 months. Then the load test was held to all the 9 specimens and the load-slip curves were obtained. The results show that under the condition of no corrosion crack, the short-term anchoring bond strength of pre-tensioned prestressed concrete beams increases for the steel strands corrosion. Because the tension behavior of steel strands deteriorates remarkably even if the corrosion is slight, which is the dominant cause for the degradation of fundamental structural behavior, the influence of steel strands corrosion on the bond behavior for anchoring may be ignored.

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Kim, Jee Sang, and Dong Hun Choi. "An Experiment on the Bond-Slip Behaviors of Pre-Tensioned Prestressed UHPC Members." Materials Science Forum 878 (November 2016): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.878.161.

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An Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) exhibits very high compressive and tensile strength and excellent durability comparing to those of the conventional concrete. The applications of UHPC to precast and/or prestressed concrete result the optimum utilization of high strength characteristics. This paper experimentally investigates the bond-slip behaviors between prestressing strands and UHPC in pretnesioned members. The diameters of strands, 12.7mm and 15.2mm, the cover depths and tensioning forces are chosen as variables, which are known to affect the bond behaviors. The bond-slip curves for various specimens are obtained and the equations for bond strengths of UHPC are derived based on experiments.

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Bernardo, Luís, and Cátia Taborda. "Softened Truss Model for Reinforced Concrete Beams under Torsion Combined with Axial Force." Applied Mechanics 1, no. 1 (2020): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech1010006.

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The Generalized Softened Variable Angle Truss Model (GSVATM) allows one to compute the global behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under torsion, including the pre- and post-cracking stage. In a previous study, such a model was successfully extended to cover prestressed concrete beams under torsion with longitudinal and uniform prestress. In order to continue to extend the theoretical model for other loading cases, in this article, the GSVATM is extended to cover RC beams under torsion combined with external and centered axial forces. The changes in GSVATM are presented, as well as the modified calculation solution procedure. Some theoretical predictions from the extended GSVATM are compared with numerical results from the non-linear finite element method (FEM), where good agreement is observed for the studied trends.

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Xie, Jian He, Pei Yan Huang, Feng Liu, and Yong Chang Guo. "Propagation Behavior of Interfacial Fatigue Cracks in RC Beams Strengthened with Pre-Stressed FRP." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.177.

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Debonding failure mode usually occurs in the concrete structure flexural strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) under cyclic loading. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the fatigue behavior of the FRP-concrete interface of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with prestressed FRP. 8 small-scale beams were tested under three-point bending cyclic loading. The propagation behavior of the fatigue interface cracks is addressed, and curves showing the growth law of interface cracks are presented. Results from these tests show that the propagation process of interface cracks had three stages, including rapid, stable and unstable growth. The stable propagation phase experienced the most part of the whole test, and the failure mode of all failed beams was debonding following the fatigue fracture of the tensile steel bars. In addition, the influence of FRP prestressing level on the fatigue lives of strengthened beams is discussed, and an empirical formula is developed to predict the fatigue lives of such members. The results show that the fatigue life increases with the prestressed level of FRP. This study provides an insight on the potential long-term performance of FRP-strengthened beams submitted to fatigue loading conditions.

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Guo, Wenlong, Peng Liang, Hexu Liu, Y. Frank Chen, and Xiaojin Zhao. "An Evaluation Method for Effective Prestress of Simply Supported Prestressed Concrete Beams with Breathing Cracks." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 7, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8876093.

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Loss of effective prestress and accurate detection of actual stress in existing precast prestressed concrete bridges are two major challenges in the bridge industry. In this respect, this research aims at an improved method for the critical decompression moment (DM) test of cracked sections depending on the stress change rate of tensile rebars. A calculation method for total effective prestress of prestressing strands in the tensile region is derived with the assumption of the plane section and pre-decompression elastomer. The proposed method is verified by laboratory tests on beams and numerical analysis and by addressing effective prestress issues of existing simply supported beams. The determination results of the critical decompression state show that the proposed method (i.e., the stress change rate of tensile rebars-load curve) is more sensitive and reasonable than the traditional stress increment, i.e., load curve method. The evaluation results of the total effective prestress are more reasonable than the traditional method based on the steel stress relief hole technique or frequency test results. Compared with the existing methods for estimating the prestress using the mid-span deflection or crack width, the proposed method is more reasonable in theory and calculation. It provides a guide for the evaluation and reinforcement of aging bridges.

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RUBIN, O. D., S. E. LISICHKIN, and O. V. ZYUZINA. "STRENGTH OF LOW-REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH THE INTERBLOCK CONSTRUCTION JOINTS REINFORCED BY PRESTRESSED BASALT-COMPOSITE BARS." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 1 (2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2021-1-53-62.

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Many slightly reinforced concrete structures of operating hydraulic structures need strengthening. Traditional methods of strengthening (by reinforced concrete, metal structures, etc.) have significant disadvantages. A method of strengthening by external reinforcement systems based on carbon fiber which is effective in cases where there is an access to the tension zone of the reinforced structures begins to spread. The authors propose to strengthen slightly reinforced concrete structures of the operated hydraulic structures with pre-stressed basalt composite reinforcement placed in the pre-drilled holes in the concrete of the reinforced structures. To substantiate the proposed technical solutions there was carried out a set of experimental studies of characteristic slightly reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic facilities (including those with inter-block construction joints) reinforced with pre-stressed basalt composite reinforcement. The results of experimental studies have shown the effectiveness of strengthening low-reinforced concrete structures of operating hydraulic facilities with inter block construction joints by means of pre-stressed: longitudinal basalt composite reinforcement and transverse reinforcement.

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Bernardo, Luís, Sérgio Lopes, and Mafalda Teixeira. "Experimental Study on the Torsional Behaviour of Prestressed HSC Hollow Beams." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (2020): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020642.

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This article describes an experimental program developed to study the influence of longitudinal prestress on the behaviour of high-strength concrete hollow beams under pure torsion. The pre-cracking, the post-cracking and the ultimate behaviour are analysed. Three tests were carried out on large hollow high-strength concrete beams with similar concrete strength. The variable studied was the level of longitudinal uniform prestress. Some important conclusions on different aspects of the beams’ behaviour are presented. These conclusions, considered important for the design of box bridges, include the influence of the level of prestress in the cracking and ultimate behaviour.

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Korentz, J. "A Model of the Moment Curvature Relation for RC Beams Strengthened with Prestressed CFRP Laminates." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 4 (2019): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0056.

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AbstractThe paper presents an analysis of the behaviour of bent reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP laminates fixed with adhesive before and after unloading, and more importantly, an analysis of the work of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with pre-stressed CFRP laminates fixed with adhesive. The analyses were based on a moment-curvature model prepared by the author for reinforced concrete beams strengthened under load with pre-stressed CFRP laminates. The model was used to determine the effect of compression with CFRP laminates and their mechanical properties on the effectiveness of strengthening the reinforced concrete beams analysed in this study.

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Hu, Ping, Dong Qi Zhao, Hui Li, Gui Feng Song, and Yi Jun Tang. "Research of Prestressed Concrete Hollow Multi-Ribbed Composite Box Girder." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.705.

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Base the shortcomings of pre-simple-supported post-continuous girder bridge construction, a new beam-bridge convert structure system is proposed, that is a kind of structure form of prestressed concrete hollow multi-ribbed composite box girders, the calculation method of two phase and noting are put forward. the kind of Cast-in-place assembly structure is light self-weight, force structure reasonable, easy construction, overall good and overall cost low.

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Alnuaimi, A. S. "Comparison between Experimental and 3D Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced and Partially Pre-Stressed Concrete Solid Beams Subjected to Combined Load of Bending, Torsion and Shear." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 5, no. 1 (2008): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol5iss1pp79-96.

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This paper presents a non-linear analysis of three reinforced and two partially prestressed concrete solid beams based on a 20 node isoparametric element using an in-house 3D finite element program. Anon linear elastic isotropic model, proposed by Kotsovos, was used to model concrete behaviour, while steel was modelled as an embedded element exhibiting elastic-perfectly plastic response. Allowance was made for shear retention and for tension stiffening in concrete after cracking. Only in a fixed direction, smeared cracking modelling was adopted. The beams dimensions were 300x300 mm cross section, 3800 mm length and were subjected to combined bending, torsion and shear. Experimental results were compared with the non-linear predictions. The comparison was judged by load displacement relationship, steel strain, angle of twist, failure load, crack pattern and mode of failure. Good agreement was observed between the predicted ultimate load and the experimentally measured loads. It was concluded that the present program can confidently be used to predict the behaviour and failure load of reinforced and partially prestressed concrete solid beams subjected to a combined load of bending, torsion and shear.

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Qin, Feng Yan, Jin Song Tu, and Qin Yun Ge. "Study on Retaining Work of the Engineering Landslide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2566.

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In this paper the features and applicable ranges of the traditional landslide treatment measures were analyzed, such as anti-slide retaining walls, anti-slide piles, prestressed anchors, bolts and others . Through the analysis of engineering landslide treatment present situation, the advantage and scope of application was elaborated, which has been used only in recent years, such as the pre-stressed anchor cable pile, the lattice frame anchor, prestress concrete lattice frame anchor, anchor soil nail reinforced earth retaining wall and other new types of retaining the reinforcement measures. Finally, the development trend of engineering landslide are put out. Some suggestions are put forword for the similar engineering landslide governance and protection.

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Tur, Victor, and Stanisław Fic. "Control of the transmission length in the prestressed hollow-core slabs using values of the strand end slip." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 1 (2013): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2189.

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It is shown [1] that even though the production of precast pre-tensioned concrete elements started more than 50 years ago, no one has ever succeeded in determining the real transmission length or in obtaining adequate measures to control it, due to the quality of the production. These arrears are confirmed by the study of existing standards. In general, it is assumed that the measurement of the magnitude of the slippage of strand at the end of hollow core prestressed slab is an indirect method of estimation and control of the value of the transmission length. One should mention that EN1168 and EN13369 that regulate requirements of designing and production of hollow-core slabs are applied as the method of control. Based on a particular bond-slip relation for strands, a non-linear equation is developed for the transmission length and for the slippage of prestressed strand, taking into account such factors as the concrete strength at transfer, the degree of the initial prestress type and diameter of tendons. These equations have been used for the control of transmission length of the strands calculated by different methods available recently, including a code provision. Then they were compared to measured data, obtained in production control of the hollow-core slabs.

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Zhang, Hong, Min Wang, and Yong Tao Zhang. "Research on Precast Segment Assembling Bridge Technology in Short-Line Matching Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 1652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.1652.

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Targeted at key technological difficulties of pre-stressed concrete bridge with precast segment assembling in short-line matching method, combined with the as-built projects and those under construction, this essay introduces systematic segmental precast assembly externally prestressed concrete construction technology in short-line matching method, and the developed serial complete equipments set, thus realizing development trend of factory-orientation, large-scale, mechanization, standardization of modern bridge construction.

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Wang, Min, Yong Tao Zhang, and Wei Tian. "The Key Technology of Short-Line Matching Method in Precast Segment Assembling of Externally Prestressed Concrete Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.912.

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Chen, Yu, Jie Xu, Rong Gui Liu, Su Bi Chen, and Yuan Gao. "Research on Chloride Diffusion Model of PC with Chloride Attack in Marine Atmosphere Zone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 711 (December 2014): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.711.481.

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Based on the existing studies about chloride ion erosion in prestressed concrete structures, this paper intends to discuss the effects of the stress level and environment factors (including temperature and humidity, etc.) on chloride ion diffusion under marine atmosphere zone. The investigation from pre-stressed concrete crossbeams which service for 39 years in Lianyungang Port shows the chloride ion concentration distribution and chloride ion diffusion. According to the chloride ion concentration distribution, it finds that chloride ion concentration values in pre-concrete structures is Cmax,1> Cmax,2. In addition, the free chloride concentration distribution values go down smoothly after the second peak. Therefore, the result shows that the improved model can be used in marine atmosphere zone.

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Zhou, Wei, Jian Xin Zhang, and Wen Zhong Zheng. "Research on New Type of Prestressed Concrete Double Tee Floor Slabs." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2376.

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Prestressed concrete double Tee floor slabs are widely used for the roof of building construction. Some problems are met during the development practice of this type of precast structures. Firstly, the overhang flange of the traditional double Tee floor slab is not enough large in the view of economic and utilization. Secondly, it is not easy to dispose the skylights on the roof used double Tee floor slabs in the workshops or the gymnasiums. Thirdly, most of the beams are produced in prestressing plants, but very few productions are made in site. Therefore, a new type of prestressed concrete double Tee floor slabs have been designed with some characters such as 3.0-m outside flange, flange slabs with rectangular opening holes for the skylights or not, and the beams produced in the prestressing plants with pre-tensioning prestressing tendons or post-tensioning with the strands in site.

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