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Widanarni, Widanarni, Dewi Rahmi, Muhamad Gustilatov, Sukenda Sukenda, and Diah Ayu Satyari Utami. "Immune responses and resistance of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed Probiotic Bacillus sp NP5 and prebiotic honey against White Spot Syndrome Virus infection." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 19, no. 2 (September 18, 2020): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.19.2.118-130.
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ABSTRACT
White spot disease caused by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the most serious viral disease and has a major impact on the decline in production of white shrimp farm. Improving the immune response through the application of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic is expected to be one of the environmentally friendly alternatives to prevent the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of administrating Baccillus sp. NP5 probiotic, honey prebiotic and a combination both (synbiotic) in enhancing immune response and resistence of white shrimp to WSSV infection. This study consisted of five treatments and three replications, namely positive control (feeding without probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics then challenged with WSSV), negative control (feeding without probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, then injected with PBS), pro (feeding with the addition of Bacillus sp. NP5 probiotics then challenged against WSSV), pre (feeding with the addition of honey prebiotics then challenged against WSSV), and sin (feeding with the addition of synbiotics then challenged against WSSV). White shrimp with an average weight of 1.8±0.06 gram/shrimp were reared at a density of 15 shrimps per aquarium (60 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm and water height of 20 cm) for eight weeks, then challenge against WSSV at lethal dose (LD50) dose as much as 0.1 ml per shrimp. The results showed that the immune response and resistence of white shrimp after treatments of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics were better than those in controls with the optimal found in prebiotics treatment.
Keywords: Bacillus sp. NP5, honey, immune response, white shrimp, WSSV
ABSTRAK
White spot disease yang disebabkan oleh infeksi white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) merupakan penyakit viral paling serius dan berdampak besar terhadap penurunan produksi budidaya udang vaname. Perbaikan respons imun melalui aplikasi probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif ramah lingkungan untuk pencegahan serangan penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pemberian probiotik Bacillus sp. NP5, prebiotik madu dan gabungan keduanya (sinbiotik) dalam meningkatkan respons imun dan resistansi udang vaname terhadap infeksi WSSV. Penelitian ini terdiri dari lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan yaitu kontrol positif (pemberian pakan tanpa probiotik, prebiotik, dan sinbiotik kemudian diuji tantang dengan WSSV), kontrol negatif (pemberian pakan tanpa probiotik, prebiotik, dan sinbiotik kemudian diinjeksi PBS), pro (pemberian pakan dengan penambahan probiotik Bacillus sp. NP5 kemudian diuji tantang dengan WSSV), pre (pemberian pakan dengan penambahan prebiotik madu kemudian diuji tantang WSSV), dan sin (pemberian pakan dengan penambahan sinbiotik kemudian diuji tantang dengan WSSV). Udang vaname dengan bobot rata-rata 1.8±0.06 gram/ekor dipelihara dengan kepadatan 15 ekor per akuarium (60 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm) selama delapan minggu, kemudian diuji tantang dengan WSSV sebanyak 0.1 ml per ekor pada dosis LD50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respons imun dan resistansi udang vaname setelah pemberian probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik lebih baik (P<0.05) dibandingkan kontrol dengan hasil optimal pada perlakuan prebiotik.
Kata kunci: Bacillus sp. NP5, madu, respons imun, udang vaname, WSSV.
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Haliman, Chika Dewi, and Silvia Alfinnia. "Mikrobiota Usus, Prebiotik, Probiotik, dan Sinbiotik pada Manajemen Obesitas." Media Gizi Kesmas 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mgk.v10i1.2021.149-156.
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AbstrakLatar Belakang: Usus manusia merupakan tempat tinggal berbagai jenis mikroorganisme baik mikroorganisme menguntungkan maupun merugikan yang membentuk suatu mikrobiota. Mikrobiota usus mempunyai peranan penting terhadap kesehatan manusia, salah satunya menurunkan resiko obesitas.Tujuan: Tujuan penulisan kajian pustaka ini adalah untuk menjabarkan peran mikrobiota usus dalam menurunkan resiko obesitas baik melalui pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, maupun sinbiotik.Metode: Penelusuran literatur dilakukan melalui mesin pencari Google Scholar menggunakan kata kunci ‘obesity’, ‘prebiotic’, ‘probiotic’, ‘synbiotic’, dan ‘gut microbiota’ pada jurnal nasional maupun internasional dengan kriteria inklusi yaitu penelitian dengan desain Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) dan dilakukan pada subjek kelompok usia dewasaDiskusi: Hasil literature review menunjukkan bukti bahwa mikrobiota usus yang seimbang memiliki peran dalam menjaga kesehatan serta menurunkan resiko obesitas dengan mempengaruhi metabolisme energi, absorbsi zat gizi, integritas dinding usus, dan adipogenesis. Probiotik dapat menghambat pertumbuhan patogen usus serta meningkatkan sistem imun. Prebiotik berperan dalam mencegah overexpression beberapa gen yang berhubungan dengan adiposa, menurunkan nafsu makan dan massa lemak tubuh. Sinbiotik merupakan gabungan antara probiotik dan prebiotik yang memiliki efek lebih baik karena dengan adanya prebiotik, mikroorganisme probiotik memiliki toleransi yang lebih tinggi terhadap kondisi lingkungan seperti oksigenasi, pH, dan suhu dalam usus. Beberapa penelitian selama minimal 12 minggu menggunakan dosis probiotik dibawah 108 cfu/hari mampu memunculkan efek penurunan lemak adipose. Sedangkan untuk dosis prebiotik antara 12-21 gr/hari mampu memperbaiki regulasi glukosa pada dewasa obesitas.Kesimpulan: Modifikasi menggunakan prebiotik dapat memicu produksi serta pelepasan bentuk aktif dari GLP‑1, penurunan ghrelin dan peningkatan PYY yang dapat menurunkan nafsu makan dan asupan energi. Modifikasi menggunakan probiotik dapat menurunkan absorbsi lemak, yang akan menyebabkan penurunan lemak abdomen. Sedangkan modifikasi menggunakan sinbiotik dapat menurunkan nafsu makan setelah peningkatan kadar GLP-1 dan PYY melalui mekanisme peningkatan produksi butirat (SCFA) oleh probiotik.Kata kunci: mikrobiota usus, prebiotik, probiotik, sinbiotik, obesitas AbstractBackground: Human intestine is the place of various types of microorganisms both beneficial and harmful microorganisms that form a microbiota. Intestinal microbiota has an important role in human health, one of which is reducing the risk of obesity.Objectives: The objective of this literature review is to describe the role of intestinal microbiota in reducing the risk of obesity through both prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics.Methods: Literature was conducted through the Google Scholar search engine using the keywords 'obesity', 'prebiotic', 'probiotic', 'synbiotic', and 'gut microbiota' in national and international journals with inclusion criteria, randomized controlled trial design ( RCT) and was carried out in adult age group subjects.Discussion: The results of this literature review show evidence that a balanced intestinal microbiota has a role in maintaining health and reducing the risk of obesity by affecting energy metabolism, nutrient absorption, the integrity of the gut barrier, and adipogenesis. Probiotics can inhibit the growth of intestinal pathogens and enhance the immune system. Prebiotics play a role in preventing overexpression of some genes associated with adipose, decreasing appetite and body fat mass. Synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics which are believed to have a better effect than probiotics or prebiotics.Conclusions: Modifications using prebiotics can trigger the production and release of active forms of GLP 1, decreased ghrelin and increased PYY which can reduce appetite and energy intake. Modifications using probiotics can reduce fat absorption, which will cause a decrease in abdominal fat. While modification using synbiotics can reduce appetite after increasing GLP-1 and PYY levels through a mechanism of increasing butyrate production (SCFA) by probiotics.Keywords: gut microbiota, prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, obesity
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Mei, Gui-Ying, Christine M. Carey, Susan Tosh, and Magdalena Kostrzynska. "Utilization of different types of dietary fibres by potential probiotics." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 10 (October 2011): 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-077.
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A better understanding of the functionality of probiotics and dietary fibres with prebiotic activity is required for the development of improved synbiotic preparations. In this study, utilization of β(2–1) fructans, galactooligosaccharides, and plant polysaccharides as prebiotics by lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and pediococci was investigated. Our results demonstrate that prebiotics with linear chains consisting of galactose units are better utilized by probiotics than are those consisting of glucose and fructose units, and the ability of probiotic bacteria to utilize prebiotics is strain-specific. In addition, rye fructooligosaccharides represent a prebiotic fibre that supports the growth of a wide range of probiotic cultures and as such has a potential to improve the successfulness of probiotic treatments. This study also demonstrates dietary fibre utilization by pediococci and provides data supporting the possible use of pediococci as a probiotic in synbiotic combinations.
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Brooks, Stephen P. J., and Martin L. Kalmokoff. "Prebiotics and Probiotics: Some Thoughts on Demonstration of Efficacy Within the Regulatory Sphere." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sge_brooks.
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Abstract Probiotics and prebiotics present regulators with challenges because they require a demonstrated positive health outcome and proof that the prebiotic or probiotic is the agent of action once safety aspects have been satisfied. Thus, probiotic and prebiotic definitions are important because they will set the criteria by which these materials will be judged within the regulatory sphere. Use of the terms probiotic and prebiotic are, themselves, considered health claims in some jurisdictions, so that both product health claims and product content labeling may be regulated. Currently accepted definitions of prebiotic and probiotic make it easier to draw a straight line between ingestion and health outcome for probiotics but much more difficult for prebiotics, where a health outcome must be linked to changes in specific bacterial species within the gut microbial community. These challenges highlight the difficulties facing regulatory bodies and the scientific community when emerging science is turned into consumable product.
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Sihombing, Devi Craselly, Ade Dwi Sasanti, and Mohamad Amin. "POPULASI BAKTERI, EFISIENSI PAKAN, PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP IKAN NILA (Oreochromis Niloticus) YANG DIBERI PAKAN BERSINBIOTIK." Jurnal Akuakultur Rawa Indonesia 5, no. 2 (December 12, 2018): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jari.v5i2.7138.
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ABSTRACTSynbiotics are a balanced combination of probiotics and prebiotics. Synbiotics indirectly influence the population of bacteria in the digestive tract and survival of the fish. The purpose of this research is to determine the affection of synbiotic addition to diet for population of intestinal bacteria, feed efficiency, survival rate and growth of tilapia. This research conducted on October-December 2016 at Laboratorium Budidaya Perairan, Departement of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya. This research methode used Completly Randomize Design with six treatments and three replications. Tilapia feed treated with different dose of sweet potato extract prebiotics. P0 treatment by feeding (commercial pellets without probiotics and prebiotics), P1 treatment (5 ml probiotic + 2,5 ml prebiotic/kg pellets), P2 treatment (5 ml probiotic + 5,0 ml prebiotic/kg pellets), P3 treatment (5 ml probiotic + 7,5 ml prebiotic/kg pellets), P4 treatment (5 ml probiotic + 10 ml prebiotic/kg pellets) and P5 treatment (5 ml probiotic + 12,5 ml prebiotic/kg pellets). Parameters to be observed is population of intestinal bacteria, feed efficiency, growth and survival rate of tilapia. The highest value population of intestinal bacteria is P5 treatment with 4,17x104 cfu/ml. P3 treatment has the highest value of feed efficiency 50,19%, growth of length 1,92 cm, growth of weight 8,87 gram and survival rate 88,89%. Keywords: synbiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, feed.
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Krausova, Gabriela, Iveta Hynstova, Roman Svejstil, Iva Mrvikova, and Robert Kadlec. "Identification of Synbiotics Conducive to Probiotics Adherence to Intestinal Mucosa Using an In Vitro Caco-2 and HT29-MTX Cell Model." Processes 9, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040569.
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The ability of bacteria to adhere to the intestinal mucosa is a critical property necessary for the long-term colonization of the intestinal tract. This ability can be highly sensitive to the presence of prebiotics. However, limited data are available in this respect for beneficial bacteria such as probiotics or resident gut microbiota. We previously demonstrated that the presence of prebiotics may decrease adherence in several pre- and probiotic combinations. Thus, characterizing the interactions between numerous combinations involving different classes of pre- and probiotics can be crucial in identifying new synbiotics. Accordingly, here, we extend our prior analyses to evaluate the adhesion of five lactobacilli, six bifidobacteria, and one probiotic Escherichia coli strains, as commercial probiotics or promising probiotic candidates, together with the cariogenic Bifidobacterium dentium strain. As an in vitro intestinal mucosa model, Caco-2 and mucin-secreting HT29-MTX cells were co-cultured at 9:1 in the presence or absence of prebiotics. Commercial inulin-type fructooligosaccharide prebiotics Orafti® GR, Orafti® P95, and galactooligosaccharide-based prebiotic formula Vivinal®, including purified human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) were added into the cultivation media as the sole sugar source (2.5% each). Adherence was tested using microtiter plates and was evaluated as the percentage of fluorescently labeled bacteria present in the wells after three washes. Consistent prebiotics-mediated enhanced adherence was observed only for the commercial probiotic strain E. coli O83. For the remaining strains, the presence of HMO or prebiotics Orafti® P95 or Orafti® GR decreased adherence, reaching statistical significance (p < 0.05) for three of out of eight (HMO) or five of out of 11 strains tested, respectively. Conversely, Vivinal® enhanced adhesion in six out of the 12 strains tested, and notably, it significantly attenuated the adherence of the cariogenic Bifidobacterium dentium Culture Collection of Dairy Microorganisms (CCDM) 318. To our knowledge, this represents the first report on the influence of commercial prebiotics and HMOs on the adhesion of the cariogenic Bifidobacterium sp. Vivinal® seems to be a promising prebiotic to be used in the formulation of synbiotics, supporting the adhesion of a wide range of probiotics, especially the strains B. bifidum BBV and BBM and the probiotic Escherichia coli O83.
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Olas, Beata. "Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics—A Promising Strategy in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 20, 2020): 9737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249737.
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Recent evidence suggests that probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics may serve as important dietary components in the prevention (especially) and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the recommendations for their use are often based on brief reports and small clinical studies. This review evaluates the current literature on the correlation between CVD and probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Although research on probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has grown exponentially in recent years, particularly regarding the effect of probiotics on CVD, their mechanisms have not been clearly defined. It has been proposed that probiotics lower cholesterol levels, and may protect against CVD, by increasing bile salt synthesis and bile acid deconjugation. Similar effects have also been observed for prebiotics and synbiotics; however, probiotics also appear to have anti-oxidative, anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory properties. Importantly, probiotics not only have demonstrated effects in vitro and in animal models, but also in humans, where supplementation with probiotics decreases the risk factors of CVD. In addition, the properties of commercial probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics remain undetermined, and further experimental research is needed before these substances can be used in the prevention and treatment of CVD. In particular, well-designed clinical trials are required to determine the influence of probiotics on trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which is believed to be a marker of CVDs, and to clarify the long-term effects, and action, of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation in combination with drug therapy (for example, aspirin). However, while it cannot be unequivocally stated whether such supplementation yields benefits in the prevention and treatment of CVDs, it is important to note that clinical studies performed to date have not identified any side-effects to use.
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Foolad, N., and A. W. Armstrong. "Prebiotics and probiotics: the prevention and reduction in severity of atopic dermatitis in children." Beneficial Microbes 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2013.0034.
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The purpose of this review was to identify whether supplementation with prebiotics and/or probiotics help prevent the development or reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis in children less than three years of age. Since 1997, immunostimulatory supplements, such as prebiotics and probiotics, have been investigated. Various supplementations include probiotics (single strain or mix), probiotics with formula, probiotics mix with prebiotics, and prebiotics. In this narrative review, we examined 13 key articles on prebiotics and/or probiotics, and their effects on infant atopic dermatitis. Among the selected studies, a total of 3,023 participants received supplements or placebo. Eight out of the 13 (61.5%) studies reported a significant effect on the prevention of atopic dermatitis after supplementation with probiotics and/or prebiotics. Five out of the 13 (38.5%) studies indicated significant reduction in the severity of atopic dermatitis after supplementation. Based on the available studies, supplementation with certain probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) appears to be an effective approach for the prevention and reduction in severity of atopic dermatitis. A mix of specific probiotic strains prevented atopic dermatitis among infants. Based on studies with prebiotics, there was a long-term reduction in the incidence of atopic dermatitis. Supplementation with prebiotics and probiotics appears useful for the reduction in the severity of atopic dermatitis. Additional interventional studies exploring prebiotics and probiotics are imperative before recommendations can be made.
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Tomasik, Przemysław, and Piotr Tomasik. "Probiotics, Non-Dairy Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Nutrition." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041470.
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The review covers achievements and developments in the field of probiosis and prebiosis originating from sources other than dairy sources, mainly from plant material like cereals. The actual definitions of probiotic microorganisms, prebiotic, and postbiotic compounds and functional food are discussed. The presentation takes into account the relations between selected food components and their effect on probiotic bacteria, as well as effects on some health issues in humans. The review also focuses on the preservation of cereals using probiotic bacteria, adverse effects of probiotics and prebiotics, and novel possibilities for using probiotic bacteria in the food industry.
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Jayanama, Kulapong, and Olga Theou. "Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Frailty and Ageing: A Narrative Review." Current Clinical Pharmacology 15, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574884714666191120124548.
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Globally, the population over the age of 60 is growing fast, but people age in different ways. Frailty, shown by the accumulation of age-related deficits, is a state of increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes among people of the same chronological age. Ageing results in a decline in diversity and homeostasis of microbiomes, and gut flora changes are related to health deficit accumulation and adverse health outcomes. In older people, health deficits including inappropriate intake, sarcopenia, physical inactivity, polypharmacy, and social vulnerability are factors associated with gut dysbiosis. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is a cost-effective and widely available intervention. Intake of probiotics and prebiotics may improve the homeostasis of gut microflora and prevent frailty and unhealthy aging. However, health effects vary among probiotics and prebiotics and among individual populations. This narrative review summarizes recent evidence about the relationship between prebiotic and probiotic consumption with health outcomes in older people.
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Martinez, Rafael Chacon Ruiz, Raquel Bedani, and Susana Marta Isay Saad. "Scientific evidence for health effects attributed to the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics: an update for current perspectives and future challenges." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 12 (October 7, 2015): 1993–2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515003864.
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AbstractProbiotics and prebiotics, mainly commercialised as food ingredients and also as supplements, are considered highly profitable niche markets. However, in recent years, the food industry has suffered from a series of health claim restrictions on probiotics and prebiotics in many parts of the world, including those made by the European Food Safety Authority. Therefore, we reviewed the core benefits of probiotic and prebiotic consumption on health. A number of studies have examined the prevention and/or management of intestinal infections, respiratory tract infections, CVD, osteoporosis, urogenital infections, cavities, periodontal disease and halitosis, allergic reactions, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome andHelicobacter pylorigastric infections. In fact, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in human microbiota and immune system modulation by probiotics and prebiotics relies on continuous efforts to establish suitable biomarkers of health and diseases risk factors for the design of clinical trials required for health claim approval. In spite of the promising results, the performance of large, long-term, well-planned, well-aligned clinical studies is crucial to provide more reliability and a more solid basis for the outcomes achieved and to support the potential use of probiotics and prebiotics in clinical practice.
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Karki, Tika, Shilva Shrestha, Binita Bohara, and Ujwal Jyakhwa. "Characterization and Comparison of Soy Milk and Buffalo Milk Based Synbiotic Product." Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal 8 (December 15, 2014): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v8i0.11737.
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Today consumers prefer foods that not only provide basic nutrition but also contain compounds that confer health benefits. Among the functional food, synbiotic products are showing a promising future. Soy based synbiotic products using different probiotics: A1B and MgA (lactobacillus strains) and L.rhamanosus ATCC 9595 and prebiotics: lactulose, sunfibre and inulin were prepared and its antiradical activities along with other characteristics were studied. The study also aimed to determine the most suitable prebiotics and probiotics. Furthermore, the prebiotics and the organisms were also cultured in buffalo milk to compare its properties with synbiotic soy yoghurt. Synbiotic soy yoghurt showed highest anti-radical activity with % inhibition at the range of 41-45 % and the one with probiotic L.rhamnosus and prebiotic inulin was found to be the most suitable product. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v8i0.11737 J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 8 (23-29), 2013
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Śliżewska, Katarzyna, and Agnieszka Chlebicz-Wójcik. "The In Vitro Analysis of Prebiotics to Be Used as a Component of a Synbiotic Preparation." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051272.
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Prebiotics are food components that are selectively fermented by beneficial microbiota and which confer a health benefit. The aim of the study was to select a prebiotic for the chosen probiotic strains to create a synbiotic. The impact of prebiotics (inulin, maltodextrin, corn starch, β-glucan, and apple pectin) on five Lactobacillus spp. strains’ growth and metabolites synthesis (lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, ethanol, and acetaldehyde) was tested by the plate count method and by high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Moreover, the differences in the ratio of D(−) and L(+) lactate isomers produced by Lactobacillus spp., as well as variations in the probiotics’ enzymatic profiles associated with the prebiotic used for cultivation, were determined with a Megazyme rapid assay kit and API® ZYM assay, accordingly. Finally, the influence of the carbon source (prebiotic) used on the antagonistic activity of the probiotic strains towards pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes was analyzed in the co-cultures. The results showed that the growth, metabolic profile, and antagonistic activity of the probiotics towards selected pathogens were the most favorable when 2% (w/v) of inulin was used. Therefore, the combination of inulin with selected probiotics is a promising synbiotic mixture.
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Odila Pereira, Joana, José Soares, Eduardo Costa, Sara Silva, Ana Gomes, and Manuela Pintado. "Characterization of Edible Films Based on Alginate or Whey Protein Incorporated with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Prebiotics." Coatings 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080493.
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Recently, edible films were shown to be an effective strategy for the delivery of functional ingredients, such as probiotics and prebiotics. With that in mind, two soluble fibres (inulin and fructooligosaccharides) were selected as prebiotic elements, in whey protein isolate (WPI) and alginate (ALG) matrices plasticized with glycerol and used for the incorporation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12. The results obtained showed that the viability of the B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 probiotic strain was maintained within the minimum threshold (106 CFU/g) necessary to act as a probiotic throughout 60 days of storage at 23 °C. The incorporation of prebiotic compounds improved B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 viability, with inulin showing the best performance, as it maintained the viability at 7.34 log CFU/g. The compositional characteristics (biopolymer type and prebiotics addition) of the film forming solutions had no significant impact upon the viability of the probiotic strain. The incorporation of probiotics and prebiotics did not modify the infrared spectra, revealing that the molecular structure of the films was not modified. The moisture content and water solubility decreased positively in WPI- and ALG-based films with the addition of prebiotics compounds. Overall, the results obtained in this work support the use of WPI films containing inulin as a good strategy to immobilize B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, with potential applications in the development of functional foods.
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Hedin, Charlotte, Kevin Whelan, and James O. Lindsay. "Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of clinical trials." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 3 (July 16, 2007): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005563.
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Human subjects and their enteric microbiota have evolved together to reach a state of mutual tolerance. Mounting evidence from both animal models and human studies suggests that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a malfunction of this relationship. The enteric microecology therefore represents an attractive therapeutic target with few side effects. Probiotics and prebiotics have been investigated in clinical trials as treatments for IBD, with conflicting results. The evidence for the use of probiotics in the management of pouchitis is persuasive and several studies indicate their effectiveness in ulcerative colitis. Trials of probiotics and prebiotics in Crohn's disease are less convincing. However, methodologies vary widely and a range of probiotic, prebiotic and combination (synbiotic) treatments have been tested in a variety of patient groups with an assortment of end points. Conclusions about any one treatment in a specific patient group can therefore only be drawn on evidence from relatively small numbers of patients. The present article reviews the role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD and addresses the clinical evidence for the therapeutic manipulation of bowel microbiota using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in IBD.
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Ivashkin, V. T., I. V. Maev, D. I. Abdulganieva, S. A. Alekseenko, A. V. Gorelov, I. N. Zakharova, O. Yu Zolnikova, et al. "Practical Recommendations of Scientific Society for the Study of Human Microbiome and the Russian Gastroenterological Association on Use of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics and Functional Foods in Treatment and Prevention of Gastroenterological Diseases in Children and Adults." Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology 31, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2021-31-2-65-91.
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Aim. The practical guidelines are intended for primary care physicians, general practitioners, paediatricians, gastroenterologists and general internists to advance the treatment and prevention of gastroenterological diseases in adults and children in therapies with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and their enriched functional foods.Key points. Probiotics are live microorganisms that sustain health of the host when supplied in adequate amounts. Prebiotics include human-indigestible but accessible to gut microbiota substances expediting specific changes in the composition and/or activity of gastrointestinal microbiota that favour the host health. The mechanism of probiotic action comprises the quorum resistance maintenance, nutrient substrate metabolism and end metabolite recycling, macroorganism-sustaining substrate production, as well as the mediation of local and adaptive immune responses.The Russian Federation regulates market differently for biologically active food additives (BAFA), medicinal products (drugs) and functional food products (FFP). We overview the probiotic strains regulated in Russia as BAFAs, drugs and FFPs and provide recommendations on the use of these strains in treatment and prevention of gastroenterological diseases in children and adults.Conclusion. The clinical efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and fortified functional foods depends on the prebiotic and strain properties and is verified in appropriate comparative clinical trials. Not all probiotics registered in Russia as BAFAs, drugs and FFPs have a strain identity, which provides no warranty of the clinical effect expected. The FFP legislation demands improved regulation mechanisms and control for therapeutic efficacy.
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Young, John. "European market developments in prebiotic- and probiotic-containing foodstuffs." British Journal of Nutrition 80, S2 (October 1998): S231—S233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500006085.
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A growing number of food manufacturers in western Europe are beginning to explore the commercial opportunities for foodstuffs containing health-promoting microbial food supplements (probiotics) and health-promoting non-digestible food ingredients (prebiotics). A prebiotic is considered to affect the host beneficially by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of naturally present or introduced bacterial species in the colon, also leading to a claimed improvement in host health. Increasingly, probiotics and prebiotics are used in combination, this being termed a synbiotic (Gibson & Roberfroid, 1995). Throughout European history, fermented milk products in particular have been considered beneficial to health, but only in recent years has there been scientific support for these beliefs. Issues considered important to the continuing development of this growing market are proof of safety, proof of efficacy, consumer education, market positioning, price and appropriate health claims strategies. Until recently, much of the innovation in the use of probiotics and prebiotics has been in the dairy cabinet, with an ever-growing number and range of ‘health-promoting’ yoghurts and yoghurt-type fermented milk being made available to the European consumer, a market which is currently estimated to be worth in excess of $US2 billion per annum (Hilliam et al. 1997). However, prebiotics are beginning to find increasing application outside the dairy sector, particularly in baked goods. A key driver behind the broadening application of prebiotics has been the pro-active stance taken by key prebiotic suppliers such as Beghin-Say, Orafti and Cosucra. To date, market activity in probiotic- and prebiotic-containing foods has centred around three health propositions, namely improving general gut health, lowering blood cholesterol and improving the body's natural defences.
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Ng, Qin, Wayren Loke, Nandini Venkatanarayanan, Donovan Lim, Alex Soh, and Wee Yeo. "A Systematic Review of the Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Autism Spectrum Disorders." Medicina 55, no. 5 (May 10, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050129.
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Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental condition typically characterized by deficits in social and communicative behaviors as well as repetitive patterns of behaviors. Despite its prevalence (affecting 0.1% to 1.8% of the global population), the pathogenesis of ASD remains incompletely understood. Patients with ASD are reported to have more frequent gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. There is some anecdotal evidence that probiotics are able to alleviate GI symptoms as well as improve behavioral issues in children with ASD. However, systematic reviews of the effect of prebiotics/probiotics on ASD and its associated symptoms are lacking. Methods: Using the keywords (prebiotics OR probiotics OR microbiota OR gut) AND (autism OR social OR ASD), a systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, Clinicaltrials.gov and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria were original clinical trials, published in English between the period 1st January 1988 and 1st February 2019. Results: A total of eight clinical trials were systematically reviewed. Two clinical trials examined the use of prebiotic and/or diet exclusion while six involved the use of probiotic supplementation in children with ASD. Most of these were prospective, open-label studies. Prebiotics only improved certain GI symptoms; however, when combined with an exclusion diet (gluten and casein free) showed a significant reduction in anti-sociability scores. As for probiotics, there is limited evidence to support the role of probiotics in alleviating the GI or behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. The two available double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials found no significant difference in GI symptoms and behavior. Conclusion: Despite promising preclinical findings, prebiotics and probiotics have demonstrated an overall limited efficacy in the management of GI or behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. In addition, there was no standardized probiotics regimen, with multiple different strains and concentrations of probiotics, and variable duration of treatments.
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REIS, José Maciel Caldas dos, Maurício Fortuna PINHEIRO, André Takashi OTI, Denilson José Silva FEITOSA-JUNIOR, Mauro de Souza PANTOJA, and Rui Sérgio Monteiro BARROS. "TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION REGARDING PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS NUTRITION VERSUS THE PATENT REGISTERS: WHAT IS NEW?" ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) 29, no. 4 (December 2016): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-6720201600040016.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Food is a key factor both in prevention and in promoting human health. Among the functional food are highlighted probiotics and prebiotics. Patent databases are the main source of technological information about innovation worldwide, providing extensive library for research sector. Objective: Perform mapping in the main patent databases about pre and probiotics, seeking relevant information regarding the use of biotechnology, nanotechnology and genetic engineering in the production of these foods. Method: Electronic consultation was conducted (online) in the main public databases of patents in Brazil (INPI), United States (USPTO) and the European Patent Bank (EPO). The research involved the period from January 2014 to July 2015, being used in the title fields and summary of patents, the following descriptors in INPI "prebiotic", "prebiotic" "probiotics", "probiotic" and the USPTO and EPO: "prebiotic", "prebiotics", "probiotic", "probiotics". Results: This search haven't found any deposit at the brazilian patents website (INPI) in this period; US Patent &Trademark Office had registered 60 titles in patents and the European Patent Office (EPO) showed 10 documents on the issue. Conclusion: Information technology offered by genetic engineering, biotechnology and nanotechnology deposited in the form of titles and abstracts of patents in relation to early nutritional intervention as functional foods, has increasingly required to decrease the risks and control the progression of health problems. But, the existing summaries, although attractive and promising in this sense, are still incipient to recommend them safely as a therapeutic tool. Therefore, they should be seen more as diet elements and healthy lifestyles.
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Oniszczuk, Anna, Tomasz Oniszczuk, Marek Gancarz, and Jolanta Szymańska. "Role of Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Cardiovascular Diseases." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041172.
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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in identifying and applying new, naturally occurring molecules that promote health. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host”. Quite a few fermented products serve as the source of probiotic strains, with many factors influencing the effectiveness of probiotics, including interactions of probiotic bacteria with the host’s microbiome. Prebiotics contain no microorganisms, only substances which stimulate their growth. Prebiotics can be obtained from various sources, including breast milk, soybeans, and raw oats, however, the most popular prebiotics are the oligosaccharides contained in plants. Recent research increasingly claims that probiotics and prebiotics alleviate many disorders related to the immune system, cancer metastasis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. However, little is known about the role of these supplements as important dietary components in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease. Still, some reports and clinical studies were conducted, offering new ways of treatment. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss the roles of gut microbiota, probiotics, and prebiotics interventions in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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O’Connell, Thomas M. "The Application of Metabolomics to Probiotic and Prebiotic Interventions in Human Clinical Studies." Metabolites 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10030120.
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There is an ever-increasing appreciation for our gut microbiota that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of health, as well as the development of disease. Probiotics are live bacteria that are consumed to increase the population of beneficial bacteria and prebiotics are dietary substrates intended to promote the propagation of beneficial bacteria. In order to optimize the use of probiotics and prebiotics, a more complete biochemical understanding of the impact that these treatments have on the community and functioning of the gut microbiota is required. Nucleic acid sequencing methods can provide highly detailed information on the composition of the microbial communities but provide less information on the actual function. As bacteria impart much of their influence on the host through the production of metabolites, there is much to be learned by the application of metabolomics. The focus of this review is on the use of metabolomics in the study of probiotic and prebiotic treatments in the context of human clinical trials. Assessment of the current state of this research will help guide the design of future studies to further elucidate the biochemical mechanism by which probiotics and prebiotics function and pave the way toward more personalized applications.
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Swanson, Kelly S., Glenn R. Gibson, Robert Hutkins, Raylene A. Reimer, Gregor Reid, Kristin Verbeke, Karen P. Scott, et al. "The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics." Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 17, no. 11 (August 21, 2020): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0344-2.
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Abstract In May 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of nutritionists, physiologists and microbiologists to review the definition and scope of synbiotics. The panel updated the definition of a synbiotic to “a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host”. The panel concluded that defining synbiotics as simply a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics could suppress the innovation of synbiotics that are designed to function cooperatively. Requiring that each component must meet the evidence and dose requirements for probiotics and prebiotics individually could also present an obstacle. Rather, the panel clarified that a complementary synbiotic, which has not been designed so that its component parts function cooperatively, must be composed of a probiotic plus a prebiotic, whereas a synergistic synbiotic does not need to be so. A synergistic synbiotic is a synbiotic for which the substrate is designed to be selectively utilized by the co-administered microorganisms. This Consensus Statement further explores the levels of evidence (existing and required), safety, effects upon targets and implications for stakeholders of the synbiotic concept.
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Nanavati, Goutam, T. Prasanth, Manab Kosala, Sujit K. Bhandari, and Pamil Banotra. "Effect of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Oral Health." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 9, no. 01 (February 8, 2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722523.
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AbstractProbiotics are the living microorganisms that have been commonly used in the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. In recent times, probiotic and prebiotics have been used to assess and develop a natural balance of the microbial flora in the respiratory tract and the oral cavity as an adjunct therapy. They are known to augment the existing microbial flora that is beneficial to the host. Prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that help in increasing populations of probiotic bacteria. Recent studies have shown that probiotics help in active reduction in gingivitis, dental caries, periodontitis, and halitosis by replacing the harmful oral species, by means of utilizing abundant health-associated oral microbial species. Additionally, the nitrate-reducing bacteria have shown promising effect in improving efficiency of probiotic strains to accentuate oral health benefits. Probiotics along with prebiotics effectively alter the host–microbial interface by achieving homeostasis in multifactorial diseases such as periodontal diseases and oral malodor. The aim of the review is to collate the existing information available on use of probiotics and prebiotics in oral cavity.
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Nath, Arijit, Máté Molnár, Attila Csighy, Kornélia Kőszegi, Ildikó Galambos, Klára Huszár, András Koris, and Gyula Vatai. "Biological Activities of Lactose-Based Prebiotics and Symbiosis with Probiotics on Controlling Osteoporosis, Blood-Lipid and Glucose Levels." Medicina 54, no. 6 (December 3, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina54060098.
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Lactose-based prebiotics are synthesized by enzymatic- or microbial- biotransformation of lactose and have unique functional values. In this comprehensive review article, the biochemical mechanisms of controlling osteoporosis, blood-lipid, and glucose levels by lactose-based prebiotics and symbiosis with probiotics are reported along with the results of clinical investigations. Interaction between lactose-based prebiotics and probiotics reduces osteoporosis by (a) transforming insoluble inorganic salts to soluble and increasing their absorption to gut wall; (b) maintaining and protecting mineral absorption surface in the intestine; (c) increasing the expression of calcium-binding proteins in the gut wall; (d) remodeling osteoclasts and osteoblasts formation; (e) releasing bone modulating factors; and (f) degrading mineral complexing phytic acid. Lactose-based prebiotics with probiotics control lipid level in the bloodstream and tissue by (a) suppressing the expressions of lipogenic- genes and enzymes; (b) oxidizing fatty acids in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue; (c) binding cholesterol with cell membrane of probiotics and subsequent assimilation by probiotics; (d) enzymatic-transformations of bile acids; and (e) converting cholesterol to coprostanol and its defecation. Symbiosis of lactose-based prebiotics with probiotics affect plasma glucose level by (a) increasing the synthesis of gut hormones plasma peptide-YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2 from entero-endocrine L-cells; (b) altering glucose assimilation and metabolism; (c) suppressing systematic inflammation; (d) reducing oxidative stress; and (e) producing amino acids. Clinical investigations show that lactose-based prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide improves mineral absorption and reduces hyperlipidemia. Another lactose-based prebiotic, lactulose, improves mineral absorption, and reduces hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. It is expected that this review article will be of benefit to food technologists and medical practitioners.
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Mennini, Tiziana. "Probiotics and prebiotics." Nutrafoods 12, no. 2 (June 2013): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13749-013-0017-7.
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&NA;. "Probiotics and prebiotics." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1183 (April 1999): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199911830-00007.
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Quigley, Eamonn M. M. "Prebiotics and Probiotics." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 27, no. 2 (November 29, 2011): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884533611423926.
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Tomasik, Przemyslaw Jan, and Piotr Tomasik. "Probiotics and Prebiotics." Cereal Chemistry Journal 80, no. 2 (March 2003): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem.2003.80.2.113.
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Lesmanawati, Wida, Widanarni, and Sukenda. "Aplikasi Sinbiotik Untuk Meningkatkan Performa Pertumbuhan Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei)." Jurnal Sains Terapan 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jstsv.6.1.83-93.
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Synbiotic application shows better results compared to the single use of probiotics or prebiotics. SKT-b bacteria have been shown to act as probiotics for aquatic animals, as well as sweet potatoes that are known to act as prebiotics. This study aims to examine the synbiotic potential of SKT-b probiotic bacteria and oligosaccharide extract from sweet potato in improving the growth performance of vaname shrimp. Shrimp were treated with synbiotic feed with different prebiotic concentrations of 1% (Pro + Pre 1%), 2% (Pro + Pre 2%) and 3% (Pro + Pre 3%). The treated food was given to shrimp (weight ± 1.9 g) for 30 days. Oligosaccharides extracted from sweet potato can act as a prebiotic which increases the bacterial population in vaname shrimp’s intestine. The application of synbiotics can improve the growth performance of vaname shrimp including the addition of body weight, feed efficiency, digestive enzyme activity, protein retention and body fat of shrimp. The treatment of Pro + Pre 2% and Pro + Pre 3% shows better growth performance of vaname shrimp.
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Brüssow, Harald. "Probiotics and prebiotics in clinical tests: an update." F1000Research 8 (July 22, 2019): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19043.1.
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Probiotics have been explored in an exponentially increasing number of clinical trials for their health effects. Drawing conclusions from the published literature for the medical practitioner is difficult since rarely more than two clinical trials were conducted with the same probiotic strain against the same medical condition. Consequently, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) made a few recommendations restricting it to probiotic use against acute gastroenteritis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Recent studies also made a strong case for probiotic use against sepsis in preterm and term infants from developing countries. Conclusions on the value of probiotics are best based on detailed meta-analyses (MA) of randomized controlled trials (RCT). Outcomes of MA are discussed in the present review for a number of gastroenterology conditions. Since these MA pool data from trials using different probiotic species, large RCT published sometimes come to different conclusions than MA including these studies. This is not necessarily a contradiction but may only mean that the specific probiotic species did not work under the specified conditions. Positive or negative generalization about probiotics and prebiotics should be avoided. Credible effects are those confirmed in independent trials with a specified probiotic strain or chemically defined prebiotic in a specified patient population under the specified treatment conditions. Even distinct technological preparations of the same probiotic strain might affect clinical outcomes if they alter bacterial surface structures. Underpowered clinical trials are another problem in the probiotic field. Data obtained with sophisticated omics technologies, but derived from less than ten human subjects should be interpreted with caution even when published in high impact journals.
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Lee, Anne H., Sungho Do, Amy Schauwecker, and Kelly S. Swanson. "PSVI-27 Novel dietary blends improve stool quality and alter fecal microbiota, metabolites, and immune markers of healthy adult cats." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.564.
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Abstract Functional ingredients may support gastrointestinal and immune health, but little is known in cats. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of diets containing a blend of fibers, prebiotics, probiotics, and/or immune mediators on stool quality and fecal microbiota, metabolites and immune markers of cats. Twelve healthy adult domestic shorthair cats (age = 9.6±4.0 yr; BW = 3.9±1.0 kg) were used in a replicated 3x3 Latin square design to test diets containing 1) no prebiotics or probiotics (Control), 2) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend-containing formula (Test1), and 3) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend + immuno-modulating ingredient-containing formula (Test2). In each 28-d period, 22d of diet adaptation was followed by fecal and blood sample collection. All procedures were approved by the Kennelwood, Inc. IACUC prior to experimentation. All data were analyzed using Mixed model procedures of SAS 9.4, with significance set at P< 0.05. Fecal pH and SCFA, phenol + indole, and ammonia concentrations were lower in cats fed Control vs. Test1 or Test2 diets. Fecal score was higher (looser stools) and fecal DM was lower in cats fed Control vs. Test2 diet. Fecal butyrate was lowest in cats fed Test2 and highest in cats fed Control. Fecal total BCFA and 7-methylindole were lower in cats fed Control vs. Test1 diet. Fecal IgA concentration was lower in cats fed Test2 vs. Control or Test1 diets. Fecal bacterial alpha-diversity measures of species richness were higher in cats fed Test1 or Test2 vs. Control diet. Fecal Actinobacteria and Megasphaera were higher, and Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Prevotella were lower, in cats fed Control vs. Test1 or Test2 diets. Our results suggest that dietary fibers, prebiotics, and probiotics affect fecal microbiota, metabolites, and immune markers that may impact gastrointestinal health of cats.
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Gan, Yu, Song Su, Bo Li, and Chen Fang. "Efficacy of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Prevention of Infectious Complications Following Hepatic Resections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 28 (June 1, 2019): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld-182.
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Background & Aims: Infections occurring after hepatic resection cause significant morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospitalization. Probiotics and prebiotics are considered to offer protection against post-operative infections. We aimed to determine the effect of probiotics and prebiotics on the post-operative infection rate after hepatic resection by conducting a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Method: We searched various databases, namely, the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry (CENTRAL), for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of probiotics and/or prebiotics on the infection rate following hepatic resection. Extracted data were pooled and subsequently used in a meta-analysis with a random-effects model. Review was reported following the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 4 studies comprising 205 patients were included for our meta-analysis. The infection rates in the probiotic group and placebo group were 11.7% and 30.3%, respectively (p<0.001). The pooled risk ratio (RR) was 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.128–0.730). Subgroup analysis indicated that the wound infection rate in the probiotic group (5.3%) was significantly lower than that in the placebo group (RR: 0.387, 95% CI: 0.155–0.970, p=0.043). Furthermore, probiotics/prebiotics decreased the duration of hospital stay (-0.57 days; 95% CI: -0.861 to -0.274; p<0.001) and antibiotic use (mean difference: -3.89 days, 95% CI: -4.17 to -3.60; p<0.001). There was no significant statistical heterogeneity. Conclusion: Our findings show that administration of probiotics and/or prebiotics prior to operation day decreases the infection rate post-liver resection and could shorten the duration of hospitalization and antibiotics use.
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Rombi, Ana Vanuire, Júlia Belone Lopes, Bruna Lutti Ortiz, Rogéria Keller, Ricardo Augusto Silva, Heliard Rodrigues dos Santos Caetano, Marcos Natal Rufino, and Hermann Bremer-Neto. "Probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics attenuate chronic effects of passive smoking on physiological and biochemical parameters in rats: A randomized and controlled study." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (July 12, 2021): e26510817203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17203.
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Passive and chronic exposure to tobacco smoke is a major cause of preventable diseases in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of functional foods: probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics in young rats exposed chronically to cigarette smoke. Ninety-six young male rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 12): control (C); probiotic (Pro); prebiotic (Pre); symbiotic (Sym); smoking control (CS); smoking probiotic (ProbS); smoking prebiotic (PrebS); and smoking symbiotic (SymbS). After the experimental period of 189 days, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were collected, and the animals were euthanized by exsanguination. The data were submitted to the Shapiro Wilk test, followed by the one-way ANOVA test, with contrasts by the Tukey method (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that chronic passive exposure to cigarette smoke had deleterious effects on the animals, and that these effects were attenuated in groups of animals supplemented with functional foods. In the supplemented groups there were significant improvements in weight gain, and mean values of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP), serum proteins (albumin and globulins), blood glucose, uremia, and creatininemia. We conclude that functional foods, probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics, attenuate the deleterious effects on the physiological and biochemical parameters of rats chronically exposed to cigarette smoke.
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Joung, Sangyun, Loretta Sutkus, Johanna Hirvonen, Henrik Max Jensen, Arthur C. Ouwehand, Ratna Mukherjea, Sharon M. Donovan, and Ryan N. Dilger. "Effects of 2'fucosyllactose and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis on the Brain and Cognitive Development in the Young Pig." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab049_022.
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Abstract Objectives Prebiotics and probiotics have been studied for their beneficial effects on various aspects of development, but much remains unknown regarding interactive effects of their supplementation. This study investigated the effects of dietary 2’fucosyllactose (2’FL; prebiotic) and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (Bi-26; probiotic) on behavioral and brain structural development in the young pig. Methods Fifty-two intact male pigs were provided ad libitum access to a nutritionally adequate milk replacer without (control) or with 0.532% 2’FL from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 34/35. Pigs were further stratified to receive either glycerol stock alone or Bi-26 (109 CFU) in glycerol stock solution daily. All pigs were subjected to the novel object recognition (NOR) task, a behavioral paradigm assessing recognition memory, from PND 27 to 31. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging procedures at PND 32 or 33 to assess absolute and relative brain volume. Additionally, brain microstructure was quantified using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess fractional anisotropy, and axial, radial, and mean diffusivity. Results Behavioral outcomes confirmed that there were no effects of prebiotics or probiotics on recognition memory (P > 0.05). Interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for the number of object visits, latency to the first object visit, and number of sample object visits. Pigs that received the probiotic supplementation (P < 0.05) spent less time engaging with the sample object in total and on average, were observed to have smaller absolute brain volumes for 9 of 27 total observed regions of interest, and smaller relative volumes for 2 regions associated with kinesthesia. Differences in axial diffusivity were observed in pigs supplemented with the probiotic for 2 of the 12 regions assessed. Interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for all DTI outcomes for a variety of brain regions. Trelative volume for the pons was observed to be larger for pigs supplemented with the prebiotic. Conclusions Dietary supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics elicited interactive effects on several exploratory behaviors and structural brain components, and supplementation with probiotics appeared to reduce the volume of specific brain regions. Funding Sources DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences.
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Nettleton, Jodi E., Teja Klancic, Alana Schick, Ashley C. Choo, Ning Cheng, Jane Shearer, Stephanie L. Borgland, Jong M. Rho, and Raylene A. Reimer. "Prebiotic, Probiotic, and Synbiotic Consumption Alter Behavioral Variables and Intestinal Permeability and Microbiota in BTBR Mice." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091833.
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Given that prebiotics have been shown to improve gut microbiota composition, gastrointestinal symptoms and select behaviors in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we hypothesized that prebiotic supplementation would improve sociability, communication, and repetitive behaviors in a murine model of ASD. We also examined the effect of a synbiotic (probiotic + prebiotic). Juvenile male BTBR mice were randomized to: (1) control; (2) probiotic (1 × 1010 CFU/d Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14®; now known as Limosilactobacillus reuteri); (3) prebiotic (10% oligofructose-enriched inulin); (4) prebiotic + probiotic (n = 12/group) administered through food for 3 weeks. Sociability, communication, repetitive behavior, intestinal permeability and gut microbiota were assessed. Probiotic and symbiotic treatments improved sociability (92 s and 70 s longer in stranger than empty chamber) and repetitive behaviors (50% lower frequency), whereas prebiotic intake worsened sociability (82 s less in stranger chamber) and increased the total time spent self-grooming (96 s vs. 80 s CTR), but improved communication variables (4.6 ms longer call duration and 4 s higher total syllable activity). Mice consuming probiotics or synbiotics had lower intestinal permeability (30% and 15% lower than CTR). Prebiotic, probiotic, and symbiotic treatments shifted gut microbiota to taxa associated with improved gut health. L.reuteri may help alleviate ASD behavioral symptom severity and improve gut health. The potential use of prebiotics in an ASD population warrants further research.
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Zaura, Egija, and Svante Twetman. "Critical Appraisal of Oral Pre- and Probiotics for Caries Prevention and Care." Caries Research 53, no. 5 (2019): 514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499037.
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In recent years, the concept of preventing caries-related microbial dysbiosis by enhancing the growth and survival of health-associated oral microbiota has emerged. In this article, the current evidence for the role of oral pre- and probiotics in caries prevention and caries management is discussed. Prebiotics are defined as “substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit.” With regard to caries, this would include alkali-generating substances such as urea and arginine, which are metabolized by some oral bacteria, resulting in ammonia production and increase in pH. While there is no evidence that urea added to chewing gums or mouth rinses significantly contributes to caries inhibition, multiple studies have shown that arginine in consumer products can exert an inhibitory effect on the caries process. Probiotics are “live microorganisms which when administrated in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.” Clinical trials have suggested that school-based programs with milk supplemented with probiotics and probiotic lozenges can reduce caries development in preschool children and in schoolchildren with high caries risk. Due to issues with research ethics (prebiotics) and risk of bias (prebiotics, probiotics), the confidence in the effect estimate is however limited. Further long-term clinical studies are needed with orally derived probiotic candidates, including the health-economic perspectives. In particular, the development and evaluation of oral synbiotic products, containing both prebiotics and a probiotic, would be of interest in the future management of dental caries.
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Fric, Premysl. "Probiotics and prebiotics — renaissance of a therapeutic principle." Open Medicine 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 237–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-007-0031-5.
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AbstractProbiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms mostly of human origin which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host and enable to prevent or improve some diseases. Probiotics may be a natural temporary constituent of the resident intestinal microflora, but their concentration is not sufficient for therapeutic purposes. The microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the mucosal immune system constitute the gastrointestinal ecosystem. All three components are essential for complete functional and developmental maturity of the system. The viability of intestinal microflora (including probiotic strains) requires the availability of nutritional substrates (prebiotics), i.e. various types of fiber and oligosaccharides. Prebiotics are cleaved by microbial enzymes to numerous substances (short-chain fatty acids, aminoacids, polyamines, growth factors, vitamins and antioxidants) indispensable for metabolic and functional activities of the intestinal mucosa. The principal probiotics in use include lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, some nonpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces boulardii. These microbiota display favourable effects which qualify them for therapeutic use. For this purpose, probiotics have to fulfill a series of requirements verifying their efficacy and safety. Experimental and clinical studies examine the prerequisites for the administration of probiotics in digestive diseases, allergic and atopic affections, as well as in some extraintestinal conditions. Future goals of probiotic application include genomic analysis, controlled postnatal colonisation of the digestive tract, the use of probiotics as carriers of peroral vaccines, and recombinant probiotics with in-situ production and targeted application of therapeutic molecules.
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Wawryk-Gawda, Ewelina, Ewa Markut-Miotła, and Andrzej Emeryk. "Postnatal probiotics administration does not prevent asthma in children, but using prebiotics or synbiotics may be effective potential strategies to decrease the frequency of asthma in high-risk children – a meta-analysis of clinical trials." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 49, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i4.69.
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Background: The role of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in preventing asthma and other allergic diseases has been widely explored via many randomized controlled trials. However, the results on the effect of their supplementation during infancy to the incidence of allergic rhinitis or asthma, are conflicting.The study was designed to bring to light the potential effects of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics supplementation in early childhood with regard to the future occurrence of allergic diseases.Method: The results of randomized controlled trials were searched for in several medical data bases. The study protocol was prepared in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and applied a Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Two writers were designed to perform studies selection.Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials, among 1659 children (525 in the probiotic group, 342 in prebiotic group, 128 in synbiotic group and 833 in control groups) were analyzed. There was no difference in asthma risk development between the groups that received probiotics or placebo. We observed lower risk of asthma in children receiving prebiotic and synbiotic than in control groups.Conclusion: The current study indicates that probiotics supplementation in the first months after birth does not decrease the risk of asthma development in the first years of life in high-risk children, although prebiotics and synbiotics may be the potential preventive factors that reduce the incidence of asthma in children.
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Kvakova, Monika, Izabela Bertkova, Jana Stofilova, and Tor C. Savidge. "Co-Encapsulated Synbiotics and Immobilized Probiotics in Human Health and Gut Microbiota Modulation." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061297.
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Growing interest in the development of innovative functional products as ideal carriers for synbiotics, e.g., nutrient bars, yogurt, chocolate, juice, ice cream, and cheese, to ensure the daily intake of probiotics and prebiotics, which are needed to maintain a healthy gut microbiota and overall well-being, is undeniable and inevitable. This review focuses on the modern approaches that are currently being developed to modulate the gut microbiota, with an emphasis on the health benefits mediated by co-encapsulated synbiotics and immobilized probiotics. The impact of processing, storage, and simulated gastrointestinal conditions on the viability and bioactivity of probiotics together with prebiotics such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytochemicals, and dietary fibers using various delivery systems are considered. Despite the proven biological properties of synbiotics, research in this area needs to be focused on the proper selection of probiotic strains, their prebiotic counterparts, and delivery systems to avoid suppression of their synergistic or complementary effect on human health. Future directions should lead to the development of functional food products containing stable synbiotics tailored for different age groups or specifically designed to fulfill the needs of adjuvant therapy.
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Al-Ghazzewi, F. H., and R. F. Tester. "Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health." Beneficial Microbes 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2013.0040.
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This review discusses the role of pre- and probiotics with respect to improving skin health by modulating the cutaneous microbiota. The skin ecosystem is a complex environment covered with a diverse microbiota community. These are classified as either transient or resident, where some are considered as beneficial, some essentially neutral and others pathogenic or at least have the capacity to be pathogenic. Colonisation varies between different parts of the body due to different environmental factors. Pre- and probiotic beneficial effects can be delivered topically or systemically (by ingestion). The pre- and probiotics have the capacity to optimise, maintain and restore the microbiota of the skin in different ways. Topical applications of probiotic bacteria have a direct effect at the site of application by enhancing the skin natural defence barriers. Probiotics as well as resident bacteria can produce antimicrobial peptides that benefit cutaneous immune responses and eliminate pathogens. In cosmetic formulations, prebiotics can be applied to the skin microbiota directly and increase selectively the activity and growth of beneficial ‘normal’ skin microbiota. Little is known about the efficacy of topically applied prebiotics. Nutritional products containing prebiotics and/or probiotics have a positive effect on skin by modulating the immune system and by providing therapeutic benefits for atopic diseases. This review underlines the potential use of pre- and probiotics for skin health.
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Petreska Ivanovska, Tanja, Maja Jurhar Pavlova, Kristina Mladenovska, and Lidija Petrushevska-Tozi. "Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics in prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 60, no. 02 (2014): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2014.60.02.001.
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Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are functional components able to exert positive effects on human health. Numerous medical conditions lack effective and safe approaches for prevention or treatment, thus usage of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics is an alternative. Further, the benefit related to the consumption of these compounds is associated with lower morbidity of chronic diseases and reduced health-care costs. Various types of mediums to deliver probiotics/synbiotics to the human GIT are used. Although capsules and tablets are frequently applied as delivery systems for probiotics, the major challenge of the commercial sector is to market new functional foods containing probiotics and/or prebiotics. Discovering of new probiotic/synbiotic functional foods is connected to the interest of the food industry to revitalize continuously through introduction of products with improved nutritional value and pleasant taste, but also with health benefit for the consumers. The review provides insights and new perspectives in respect to usage of functional components and foods in prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that are highly correlated with the modern lifestyle. The therapeutic and safety properties of probiotics and prebiotics, their role in pathogenesis of IBD, potential to prevent and treat these diseases as well as postulated mechanisms of action will be discussed, highlighting the main areas in which further research is an emergence.
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Gall, A. J., and G. D. Griffin. "Anxiolytic effects of administration of a commercially available prebiotic blend of galacto-oligosaccharides and beta glucans in Sprague-Dawley rats." Beneficial Microbes 12, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2020.0169.
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Prebiotics are nondigestible food agents that stimulate the growth of bacteria in the gut, whereas probiotics are live microorganisms that replace or restore beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract. Both agents have been shown to have beneficial qualities within the microbiota-gut-brain axis, but the behavioural effects of prebiotics have been less studied than probiotics. Whereas several studies have shown that prebiotics reduce inflammation and modulate anxiety in animals that are injected with lipopolysacccharides or chronically stressed animals, respectively, it is not yet known how they affect a healthy organism. Here, we tested the behavioural effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and beta glucan as a commercially available prebiotic blend in healthy, naïve Sprague-Dawley rats. We used the open field test and elevated plus maze to assess anxiety-like behaviour in controls and in rats that ingested the prebiotic blend in their drinking water. We also used the Morris Water Maze to assess spatial memory performance in controls and prebiotic treated rats. Rats treated with prebiotics spent more time in the intermediate zone of the open field test and in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, and exhibited a shorter latency to enter each of these zones. No significant differences between groups were found in the Morris Water Maze. Our results suggest that whereas prebiotics significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviours, it had no effect on spatial memory performance. Altogether, our data indicate that commercially available prebiotic beta glucan blends have anxiolytic effects in healthy rats.
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Qutaibah Mohammad Oudat, Muhammad Alqudah, and Deena Ababneh. "The Relationship Between a Rich Diet with Probiotics/Prebiotics and the Gestational Health Conditions." International Healthcare Research Journal 3, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0303.06240.
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The interest in studying the microbial gut like probiotics has increased because it may play a significant role in reducing the risk of certain health conditions and promote overall health. In the recent decade, the nutritional researches have linked between having a regular healthy diet and the health conditions during pregnancy. For example, during the pregnancy period, women may counter several health conditions, such as Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) level. In this relation, a few recent researches have suggested that having a rich diet with a probiotics/prebiotic may reduce the incidence of GDM. Therefore, in the world market, the interest in studying the correlation between probiotics/prebiotics and the incidence of pregnancy health conditions has increased. This paper has been designed to review the recent studies that investigated the relationship between a rich diet with probiotics/prebiotics and the gestational health conditions.
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Fu, Yuan-Sheng, Qin-Shu Chu, Akililu Alemu Ashuro, Dong-Sheng Di, Qi Zhang, Xue-Mei Liu, and Yin-Guang Fan. "The Effect of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on CD4 Counts in HIV-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7947342.
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Background. Probiotics as a potential adjuvant therapy may improve the restoration of the intestinal CD4+ T-cell population in HIV-infected patients, whereas findings from clinical trials are inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to quantify the effects of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation on CD4 counts in HIV-infected patients. Methods. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant articles published up to March 20, 2020. Two authors independently performed the study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Data were pooled by using the random effects model, and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered the summary effect size. Publication bias was evaluated by a funnel plot and Egger’s test. Results. The search strategy identified 1712 citations. After screening, a total of 16 RCTs with 19 trials were included in the meta-analysis. Pooling of the extracted data indicated no significant difference between the probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics and placebo groups on CD4 counts ( WMD = 3.86 , 95% confidence interval (CI) -24.72 to 32.45, P = 0.791 ). In subgroup analysis, a significant increase in CD4 counts was found in the study with high risk of bias ( WMD = 188 , 95% CI 108.74 to 227.26, P ≤ 0.001 ). Egger’s test showed no evidence of significant publication bias ( P = 0.936 ). Conclusions. In summary, the evidence for the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in improving HIV-infected patients’ CD4 counts as presented in currently published RCTs is insufficient. Therefore, further comprehensive studies are needed to reveal the exact effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on CD4+ cell counts.
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Zagórska, A., M. Marcinkowska, M. Jamrozik, B. Wiśniowska, and P. Paśko. "From probiotics to psychobiotics – the gut-brain axis in psychiatric disorders." Beneficial Microbes 11, no. 8 (December 2, 2020): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2020.0063.
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This review aims to present a comprehensive state-of-the-art analysis of the bidirectional crosstalk between gut microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS). The literature concerning the potential effects of gut microbiota on psychiatric disorders through neural pathways comprising the ‘gut-brain axis’ were gathered. In addition, the influence of probiotics and prebiotics and dairy-rich diets combined with the intake of probiotics and prebiotics on gut microbiota and the subsequent relationship with brain function was reviewed. However, a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation in psychiatric disorders is lacking. Therefore, a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases from January 1969 to December 2019 was conducted. It led to the identification of a total of 844 research articles. Of these, a total of 23 studies met the meta-analysis criteria. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the symptoms of schizophrenia, stress, and anxiety between probiotic and placebo groups, post-intervention. Probiotic administration reduced depressive symptoms among patients with depression in a statistically significant manner (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -0.87; 95% confidence interval (95% confidence interval): -1.66, -0.99; P=0.03). Further evidence from larger and more rigorous studies with longer duration of probiotic administration, as well as well-defined populations, homogenous probiotic intervention and outcome measures, are needed to clarify the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics on psychiatric symptoms. Based on the current literature, it seems that not all probiotic-/prebiotic-/dairy-rich diet-based treatments exhibited a psychobiotic effect on the CNS. Among the parameters determining the success of the given treatment, the most significant were probiotic composition (multi-strain formulation), the quantity of ingested psychobiotics and the duration of the study.
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Berg, Rodney D. "Probiotics, prebiotics or `conbiotics'?" Trends in Microbiology 6, no. 3 (March 1998): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01224-4.
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Weese, J. Scott. "Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 22, no. 8 (August 2002): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(02)70006-3.
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Jacobs, Lauri. "Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics." Journal of Pediatric Surgical Nursing 6, no. 3 (2017): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jps.0000000000000140.
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Fooks, L. J., and G. R. Gibson. "Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora." British Journal of Nutrition 88, S1 (September 2002): s39—s49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002628.
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Probiotic ingestion can be recommended as a preventative approach to maintaining the balance of the intestinal microflora and thereby enhance ‘well-being’. Research into the use of probiotic intervention in specific illnesses and disorders has identified certain patient populations that may benefit from the approach. Undoubtedly, probiotics will vary in their efficacy and it may not be the case that the same results occur with all species. Those that prove most efficient will likely be strains that are robust enough to survive the harsh physico-chemical conditions present in the gastrointestinal tract. This includes gastric acid, bile secretions and competition with the resident microflora. A survey of the literature indicates positive results in over fifty human trials, with prevention/treatment of infections the most frequently reported output. In theory, increased levels of probiotics may induce a ‘barrier’ influence against common pathogens. Mechanisms of effect are likely to include the excretion of acids (lactate, acetate), competition for nutrients and gut receptor sites, immunomodulation and the formation of specific antimicrobial agents. As such, persons susceptible to diarrhoeal infections may benefit greatly from probiotic intake. On a more chronic basis, it has been suggested that some probiotics can help maintain remission in the inflammatory conditions, ulcerative colitis and pouchitis. They have also been suggested to repress enzymes responsible for genotoxin formation. Moreover, studies have suggested that probiotics are as effective as anti-spasmodic drugs in the alleviation of irritable bowel syndrome. The approach of modulating the gut flora for improved health has much relevance for the management of those with acute and chronic gut disorders. Other target groups could include those susceptible to nosocomial infections, as well as the elderly, who have an altered microflora, with a decreased number of beneficial microbial species. For the future, it is imperative that mechanistic interactions involved in probiotic supplementation be identified. Moreover, the survival issues associated with their establishment in the competitive gut ecosytem should be addressed. Here, the use of prebiotics in association with useful probiotics may be a worthwhile approach. A prebiotic is a dietary carbohydrate selectively metabolised by probiotics. Combinations of probiotics and prebiotics are known as synbiotics.
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Collado, M. C., G. Vinderola, and S. Salminen. "Postbiotics: facts and open questions. A position paper on the need for a consensus definition." Beneficial Microbes 10, no. 7 (October 14, 2019): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2019.0015.
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The past definitions of probiotics and prebiotics have been reviewed and updated recently. According to these concepts, probiotics comprise live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts, whereas a prebiotic is a substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms, conferring a health benefit. The words probiotics and prebiotics can be found on labels of many foods and supplements. Consumers have a growing awareness of these terms’ meanings, and many countries are increasingly using them for regulation purposes. At the same time, there is increasing evidence on the health effects of non-viable microorganisms and the metabolites that they can produce by fermentation or by their action on food components. Different terms have been used in the literature to refer to these bioactive compounds, which do not fall under the known categories of probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics. The tentative term postbiotics has been the most used one so far. However, no definition of the term has gained international consensus to date. This work aims to provide information on the facts and the open questions about the so-called postbiotics.