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Journal articles on the topic 'Prebisch-Singer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Futerman, Alan G., and Walter E. Block. "An Austrian critique of the Prebisch-singer theory of the deterioration in the terms of trade." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 12, no. 4 (January 25, 2020): 721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-09-2019-0181.

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Purpose This study aims to offer a critique of the theory of the deterioration in terms of trade, developed by Raúl Prebisch and Hans Singer. Design/methodology/approach As an example of the theory’s shortcomings, the case of Argentina’s import substitution model is analyzed. Findings This study demonstrates how a misunderstanding of the influence of price variability in international trade may lead to the mistaken conclusion that protectionist measures must be enforced to achieve growth and prosperity. Originality/value This is the first study that criticizes the Prebisch-Singer theory of the deterioration in the terms of trade from an Austrian economics.

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2

Chen, John-Ren, and Herbert Stocker. "Composite commodities and the Prebisch-Singer thesis." World Development 25, no. 11 (November 1997): 1863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00078-8.

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3

Sapsford, David. "The Prebisch-Singer terms of trade hypothesis." Economics Letters 18, no. 2-3 (January 1985): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(85)90187-9.

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4

Sapsford, D., P. Sarkar, and H. W. Singer. "The prebisch-singer terms of trade controversy revisited." Journal of International Development 4, no. 3 (May 1992): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380040305.

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5

Lutz, Matthias G. "A General Test of the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis." Review of Development Economics 3, no. 1 (February 1999): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00050.

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6

Harvey, David I., Neil M. Kellard, Jakob B. Madsen, and Mark E. Wohar. "The Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis: Four Centuries of Evidence." Review of Economics and Statistics 92, no. 2 (May 2010): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.2010.12184.

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7

Toye, J. "The Origins and Interpretation of the Prebisch-Singer Thesis." History of Political Economy 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 437–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-35-3-437.

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8

Winkelried, Diego. "Unit roots, flexible trends, and the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis." Journal of Development Economics 132 (May 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.11.005.

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9

Aslı CİNEL, Emek. "TÜRKİYE DIŞ TİCARET HADLERİNİN PREBİSCH-SİNGER HİPOTEZİ KAPSAMINDA ANALİZİ." SOCIAL MENTALITY AND RESEARCHER THINKERS JOURNAL 7, no. 46 (January 1, 2021): 1237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31576/smryj.909.

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10

Dávila-Fernández, Marwil, and Adriana Amado. "Entre a lei de Thirlwall e a hipótese Prebisch-Singer: uma avaliação da dinâmica dos termos de troca em um modelo de crescimento com restrição no Balanço de Pagamentos." Economia e Sociedade 24, no. 1 (April 2015): 87–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-3533.2015v24n1art4.

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Os modelos de crescimento com restrição no balanço de pagamentos (BOPC) podem ser utilizados para capturar importantes insights tanto da tradição keynesiana quanto estruturalista do pensamento econômico. Sugerimos que a Lei de Thirlwall corresponde a uma derivação matemática da regra de Prebisch. Dessa forma, este trabalho se propõe a estreitar a relação entre a Lei de Thirlwall e o pensamento cepalino por meio da inclusão, na primeira, de um componente que capte a hipótese Prebisch-Singer de deterioração dos termos de troca, empregando para tal uma definição de taxa de câmbio real alternativa. Chamamos a expressão final obtida de "regra Prebisch-Thirlwall". Propomonos, ainda, a endogeneizar a taxa de crescimento do produto e da produtividade a partir da combinação de nossa versão da lei de Thirlwall com a lei de Kaldor-Verdoorn.

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11

Naziri, Mohammad Kazem, Morteza Nemati, Hadi Darabi, and Ghasem Raisi. "Review of the Terms of Trade in Selected Countries and Iran." International Journal of Life Sciences 9, no. 6 (September 26, 2015): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i6.12742.

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Nowadays the terms of trade have great importance for developing countries compared to developed countries. Because worsening terms of trade, that all other conditions are constant, reduces economic welfare. It is believed that the decline in the terms of trade of developing countries to developed countries causes the transfer of income from developing countries to developed countries and increases the income gap between these two groups of countries. This paper aims to examine the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis in different countries. The study examines the relationship between net terms of trade and income terms of trade between oil -exporting developing countries, agricultural commodities exporting developing countries and developed countries exporter of manufactured goods as well as the terms of trade of Iran in 1980-2010. Prebisch-Singer hypothesis states about changes in net terms of trade that this variable, changes to the detriment of developing countries and primary commodities exporter (other than oil and agricultural commodities) and to the benefit of developed countries exporter of manufactured goods.

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12

Ardeni, Pier Giorgio, and Brian Wright. "The Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis: A Reappraisal Independent of Stationarity Hypotheses." Economic Journal 102, no. 413 (July 1992): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234578.

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13

Fahmy, Hany. "A Reappraisal of the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis Using Wavelets Analysis." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14070319.

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The Prebisch-Singer (PS) hypothesis, which postulates the presence of a downward secular trend in the price of primary commodities relative to manufacturers, remains at the core of a continuing debate among international trade economists. The reason is that the results of testing the PS hypothesis depend on the starting point of the technical analysis, i.e., stationarity, nonlinearity, and the existence of structural breaks. The objective of this paper is to appraise the PS hypothesis in the short- and long-run by employing a novel multiresolution wavelets decomposition to a unique data set of commodity prices. The paper also seeks to assess the impact of the terms of trade (also known as Incoterms) on the test results. The analysis reveals that the PS hypothesis is not supported in the long run for the aggregate commodity price index and for most of the individual commodity price series forming it. Furthermore, in addition to the starting point of the analysis, the results show that the PS test depends on the term of trade classification of commodity prices. These findings are of particular significance to international trade regulators and policymakers of developing economies that depend mainly on primary commodities in their exports.

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14

TAŞÇI, Hacı Mehmet, and Mehmet Emin ERÇAKAR. "PREBISCH- SINGER TEZİNİN DIŞ TİCARET HADLERİ ARACILIĞIYLA TÜRKİYE İÇİN TEST EDİLMESİ." Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 14, no. 2 (April 23, 2016): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/jmer879.

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15

Ho, P. Sai-wing. "Arguing for Policy Space to Promote Development: Prebisch, Myrdal, and Singer." Journal of Economic Issues 42, no. 2 (June 2008): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2008.11507160.

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16

Sapsford, David, and John-ren Chen. "The Prebisch-Singer thesis: a thesis for the new millennium? Introduction." Journal of International Development 11, no. 6 (September 1999): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1328(199909/10)11:6<843::aid-jid630>3.0.co;2-5.

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17

Meyer, F. V. "Prebisch-Singer hypothesis and terms of trade: peripheral capitalism in the 1980s." International Affairs 64, no. 4 (1988): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2626089.

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18

Araujo Bonjean, Catherine, and Jean-François Brun. "Pouvoir de marché dans la filière cacao : l'hypothèse de Prebisch Singer revisitée." Économie & prévision 186, no. 5 (2008): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecop.186.0133.

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19

Brun, Jean-François, and Catherine Araujo Bonjean. "Pouvoir de marché dans la filière cacao : l’hypothèse de Prebisch – Singer revisitée." Économie & prévision 186, no. 5 (2008): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecop.2008.7857.

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20

Bloch, H. "Whither the terms of trade? An elaboration of the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis." Cambridge Journal of Economics 24, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/24.4.461.

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21

Burney, Nadeem A. "Unilateral International Transfers and their Effects on the Welfare of the Recipient and Donor Countries." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i2pp.135-160.

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This paper analyses impacts of unilateral income and capital transfers on welfare and terms of trade of the recipient and donor countries within a two-country framework. Introduction of the external economies of scale, helps in explicitly incorporating the differences in factor endowment between developed and developing economies in the analysis. The paper discusses the conditions under which unilateral capital transfer from a developed country may yield paradoxical result, i.e. immiserize the developing country, despite market stability. The analysis reinforces Brecher and Choudhri's analytical support to Singer-Prebisch thesis from a new angle.

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22

Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen, Tsangyao Chang, Zahra (Mila) Elmi, and Omid Ranjbar. "Re-testing Prebisch–Singer hypothesis: new evidence using Fourier quantile unit root test." Applied Economics 50, no. 4 (June 2017): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1332751.

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23

Hadass, Yael S., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "Terms‐of‐Trade Shocks and Economic Performance, 1870–1940: Prebisch and Singer Revisited." Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, no. 3 (April 2003): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/375259.

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24

Pinkstone, B. "Persistent demi-regs and robust tendencies: critical realism and the Singer-Prebisch Thesis." Cambridge Journal of Economics 26, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/26.5.561.

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25

Clavijo, Pedro, Jacobo Campo, and Henry Mendoza. "Threshold effects and unit roots of real commodity prices since the mid-nineteenth century." Economics and Business Letters 9, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.9.4.2020.342-349.

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This paper investigates whether a unit root process and nonlinearities can characterize real commodity prices for six major primary goods. An unconstrained two-regime threshold autoregressive model is used with an autoregressive unit root. Among the main results, it is found that terms of trade for agricultural, mineral, non-tropical, and non-oil goods are nonlinear processes that are characterized by a unit root process. The finding of nonlinearities explains why the deterioration of the terms of trade has been episodic. Additionally, we found there is no statistical evidence supporting the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis for agricultural, mineral, non-tropical, and non-oil goods.

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26

Silva, Julio Castro Alves de Lima e., Luiz Carlos Delorme Prado, and Julia Ferreira Torracca. "A new perspective on an Old Debate: is Prebish-Singer's thesis still valid?" Economia Aplicada 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1413-8050/ea133870.

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O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir se a tese de Prebisch-Singer, adaptada aos dados e às características do comércio internacional atuais, pode ser, ainda,considerada válida. Para isso, faremos uma discussão das proposições originais para,posteriormente, testar a tendência de evolução dos termos de troca entre as commodities e diferentes categorias de produtos industriais para o período 1977 a 2011. O trabalho conclui que,apesar do crescimento recente dos preços das commodities, os preços dos produtos manufaturados de alta e média tecnologia também cresceram fazendo com que a tendência de longo prazo de deterioração dos termos de troca permanecesse

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27

John Baffes, By, and Xiaoli L. Etienne. "Analysing food price trends in the context of Engel’s Law and the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis." Oxford Economic Papers 68, no. 3 (April 6, 2016): 688–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpw011.

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28

Yamada, Hiroshi, and Gawon Yoon. "When Grilli and Yang meet Prebisch and Singer: Piecewise linear trends in primary commodity prices." Journal of International Money and Finance 42 (April 2014): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.08.011.

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29

Arezki, Rabah, Kaddour Hadri, Prakash Loungani, and Yao Rao. "Testing the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis since 1650: Evidence from Panel Techniques that Allow for Multiple Breaks." IMF Working Papers 13, no. 180 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484341155.001.

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30

Arezki, Rabah, Kaddour Hadri, Prakash Loungani, and Yao Rao. "Testing the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis since 1650: Evidence from panel techniques that allow for multiple breaks." Journal of International Money and Finance 42 (April 2014): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.08.012.

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31

ARAUJO, RICARDO AZEVEDO. "Assessing the dynamics of terms of trade in a model of cumulative causation and structural change." Revista de Economia Política 36, no. 1 (March 2016): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572016v36n01a09.

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ABSTRACT The motivation for this paper stems from the steady decline in the share of consumer expenditures on goods produced in the global south, coupled with the (empirically ambiguous) Singer/Prebisch hypothesis that this can be explained by a secular decline in the southern terms of trade. Drawing on these sources of inspiration, the paper sets out to study the dynamics of the terms of trade using a multi-sector growth model based on the principle of cumulative causation. The upshot is a North-South model of growth and trade in which the evolution of the terms of trade depends on differential rates of productivity growth in different sectors of the economy - and in which terms of trade dynamics may not be the best guide as to whether or not there is an uneven development problem.

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32

Yang, Grant G. L. "Regional Investigation for Economies of Development Status on Changes in Export Structure of Deterioration Terms of Trade." Business Prospects 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/bp.27089851.2021.06.01.

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The theory of Deterioration Terms of Trade states that the terms of trade between primary commodities and manufactures have a negative deterministic trend. However, the terms of trade for primary commodities have improved significantly because of higher prices of raw materials and natural resources due to the rapid development of some emerging developing countries. Literatures argued that the deterioration in terms of trade is the type of country in which the goods are exported rather than the types of goods exported by such countries are primary or manufactured goods. This paper employs regression models of alternative economies to analyze the correlation between terms of trade and manufactured goods export ratio. Results demonstrated that the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis holds for all the economies except the developed ones, and the ITTs are worsened by increases in the proportion of manufactured goods for all the economies.

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33

Bloch, Harry, and David Sapsford. "Some estimates of Prebisch and Singer effects on the terms of trade between primary producers and manufacturers." World Development 25, no. 11 (November 1997): 1873–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00076-4.

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34

Ho, P. S. w. "Revisiting Prebisch and Singer: beyond the declining terms of trade thesis and on to technological capability development." Cambridge Journal of Economics 36, no. 4 (April 18, 2012): 869–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bes011.

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35

Bersenev, V. L. "Economic and Legal Aspects of the Import Substitution Policy in Agriculture in Russia." Zhurnal Economicheskoj Teorii 17, no. 4 (2020): 922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2020.17-4.14.

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Import substitution has become a key factor in the transition of the Russian economy to innovation-driven development. Apart from everything else, the results of testing of the Prebisch — Singer hypothesis point to the need for this transition. The article considers theoretical and legal aspects of Russia’s import substitution policy in agriculture. This sector depends on natural and climatic conditions, it is also characterized by seasonality of production processes and it uses animals and plants as resources for production. Therefore, extraordinary measures are required to organize import substitution in this sphere. Moreover, in accordance with Engel’s law, it is necessary to ensure not only the country’s food independence but also the high quality of agricultural production. To this end, the main principles of import substitution should be enshrined in federal legislation. In this case, the interests of national agricultural producers will be better protected from changes in the political environment.

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36

Cuddington, John T. "Long-term trends in the Real real prices of primary commodities: Inflation bias and the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis." Resources Policy 35, no. 2 (June 2010): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2009.12.003.

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37

Svedberg, Peter, and John E. Tilton. "Long-term trends in the Real real prices of primary commodities: Inflation bias and the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis." Resources Policy 36, no. 1 (March 2011): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.08.003.

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38

Serrano, Raúl, and Vicente Pinilla. "The terms of trade for agricultural and food products, 1951-2000." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 29, no. 2 (July 25, 2011): 213–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610911000103.

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AbstractThis study aims to answer whether empirical records confirm the existence of a secular decline in the terms of trade affecting primary producers (the Singer–Prebisch hypothesis). The paper analyses the evolution of the terms of trade for agricultural and food products in the second half of the 20thcentury. We obtain sixty new real price indices for internationally traded agricultural products. We conclude, from a long-term perspective, that the deterioration in the terms of trade for agricultural and food products was strong and clear in the second half of the last century. In general, less processed products suffered a very heavy fall in their real prices. However, there was no continuous and persistent deterioration in the terms of trade either as a whole or for the great majority of the agricultural and food product groups (with the exception of natural rubber, textile fibres and other raw materials). Rather, this deterioration occurred in stages.

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39

Bunzel, Helle, and Timothy J. Vogelsang. "Powerful Trend Function Tests That Are Robust to Strong Serial Correlation, With an Application to the Prebisch–Singer Hypothesis." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 23, no. 4 (October 2005): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/073500104000000631.

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40

Conde, Roberto Cortés. "Export-Led Growth in Latin America: 1870–1930." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, S1 (March 1992): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00023828.

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In 1949 Raúl Prebisch, an Argentine economist, published a study for the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), in which he attributed the failure to reach sustained economic growth in Latin America to the international division of labour. Based on research carried out by ECLA on the terms of trade between manufactures and primary goods, he concluded that – contrary to expectations – they moved against primary products. If prices decline as productivity increases (in competitive markets), industrial goods, where the technological improvements had been more significant, should have declined in price more than agricultural goods. The empirical results of the study showed the opposite.1 If the Latin American countries therefore wanted to benefit from technological progress, they should move towards industrialisation. Almost at the same time, based on the same empirical study, Hans Singer not only argued that the gains from trade had not been distributed equally, but also that foreign investments in the export sector were not part of the domestic economy, but represented an enclave belonging to the countries of the centre which received its benefits.2 Singer advanced an argument that became popular later on; he noted the existence in the underdeveloped countries of a dual economy with two sectors each with different productivity and segmented markets: a modern sector linked to the central countries and a traditional sector linked to the rest of the economy. Also, from the critics of the classical theory of trade, another argument was put forward: the different income elasticities of demand for manufactures and agricultural goods (Engels’ law) suggested that expenditure on agricultural goods would decline in relative terms as incomes rose, hurting the terms of trade for primary products.3

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41

Hochwald, Vanessa. "POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS REGIONAIS DO MERCOSUL E A INSERÇÃO EM CADEIAS GLOBAIS DE VALOR: A OBSERVAÇÃO PREBISCH-SINGER E O EXEMPLO DA COSTA RICA." Revista de Iniciação Científica da FFC - (Cessada) 15, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/1415-8612.2015.v15n1.p23-32.

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A problemática atual da região Mercosul consiste na concentração das exportações em matérias-primas sem elaboração. Começar a comercializar produtos com um maior valor agregado para avançar na cadeia produtiva promete desenvolvimento, mas a ubicação tradicional dos países em desenvolvimento pertinente ao baixo valor agregado na “curva da cadeia de valor” representa um obstáculo para os países da região Mercosul. Tomando como exemplo o caso de Costa Rica, que exporta produtos tecnológicos, o objetivo desse trabalho será analisar um caso bem-sucedido de melhora de competitividade nas etapas produtivas de maior valor agregado, discutindo estratégias de adaptação do exemplo para a região Mercosul.

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42

Geronimi, Vincent, and Armand Taranco. "Revisiting the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis of a secular decline in the terms of trade of primary commodities (1900–2016). A dynamic regime approach." Resources Policy 59 (December 2018): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.08.005.

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43

Mbulawa, Strike. "TRADE AND INVESTMENT-LED GROWTH IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC)." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 9, no. 2 (2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2021.09.02.002.

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The growth in the gross domestic product (GDP) has been below zero within the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region in recent years. Some member states have consistently experienced negative growth rates for an extended period which has contributed to low growth for the region on average. The lack of consensus on the findings in literature requires further research work to be done to guide policymakers on the potential sources of growth. This study examines the contribution of trade and investment on growth in the context of SADC. It applies the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to test relationships in both short and long run using annual data for the period 1994 to 2019. Findings confirm the existence of the trade and investment-led growth hypothesis. There is a short run, long run, and joint causality from both explanatory variables to economic growth. Cointegration between growth, trade, and investment is confirmed. Specifically, an increase in investment spurs growth in both the short and long run. Investment expenditure seems to double the growth potential in the long run. Additionally, the study shows that an increase in trade openness retards growth which is consistent with the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis. Results suggest that policies that focus on the development and improvements in fixed investment, locally, help to drive the growth potential. The improvement of capitalization by manufacturing-oriented firms, as opposed to primary product-oriented firms, is ideal.

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44

Uwajumogu, Nkechinyere, Ebele Nwokoye, Innocent Ogbonna, and Mgbodichimma Okoro. "Response of Economic Diversification To Gender Inequality: Evidence From Nigeria." International Journal of social Sciences and Economic Review 1, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v1i2.32.

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Purpose: The danger inherent in anchoring the growth prospects of an economy on a single product has long been established and for decades now, Nigeria has remained a mono-product economy with all her foreign exchange earning possibilities anchored only on oil revenue. The paper sought to investigate the imperatives of gender equality in expanding the economic base of Nigeria. Methodology: Based on the assumption of increasing returns to scale for the manufacturing sector and constant returns to scale for the primary sector, it apparently follows that a country’s manufacturing output will grow faster (or slower) than that of the rest of the world if it had an initial comparative advantage in manufacturing (or primary) sector as hypothesized by the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis. Employing Engel-Granger and Error Correction Model in an endogenous growth framework were used in this study. Main Findings: This study found that the existing gender inequality has negative effect on the drive to diversify the economy by reducing the potential pool of human capital and promoting gaps in opportunities. Applications: These programmes will help on female self-employment, increased ratio of female to male labour force participation rate and a reduction in the ratio of female to male in vulnerable employment should be included in policy formulations. Novelty/Originality: The efforts should be sustained that totally remove or reduce to their barest minimum all patriarchal tendencies that exploit the female gender and place them at unequal gender relations. It is also recommended that social institutions such as social protection mechanisms should be entrenched as an avenue to reduce the vulnerabilities faced by women.

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45

KABONGA, ITAI. "Dependency Theory and Donor Aid: A Critical Analysis." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/1096.

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This article is a theoretical interrogation and appreciation of the relationship that hitherto exists between the dependency theory and donor aid. A number of scholars have heaped aspersions on the relevance of the dependency theory. This article argues that dependency theory is still relevant and has flared in this current epoch. Donor aid has emerged as a symbol of dependency, supporting the argument on the relevance of dependency theory. Donor aid has emerged as a nuanced form of dependency on western countries. Dependency theory, which originated in the 1950s, has Singer and Prebisch as the progenitors— and emerged as a result of the growing dissatisfaction with modernity theories that had propounded that economic growth in developed countries was similarly going to lead to unabated growth and development in poorer countries. The theory is premised on resources being extracted from poorer countries to enrich wealthy nations. The continuation of this scenario has resulted in a situation where poverty has been exacerbated among the poorer nations, while the wealthy nations are becoming richer. . Donor aid has, in a plethora of ways, enriched the rich countries while dialectically impoverishing poor countries. It is not an exaggeration that donor money that is being extended to Third World countries, has created more employment, demand for goods and services in richer countries than in poorer countries, thus perpetuating underdevelopment in the latter. Donor aid has undoubtedly, been used as a rod to whip Third World countries at variance, with self-serving interests. On the other hand, the insatiable desire for aid has forced the poorer countries to submit to the dictates of the richer countries.

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Bagchi, Sagnik, and Surajit Bhattacharyya. "Are export earnings from India’s bilateral intra-industry trade with the US and China robust enough?" International Journal of Development Issues 20, no. 3 (August 9, 2021): 374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-02-2021-0045.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore whether India’s export basket in the bilateral intra-industry trade (IIT) with two of its top trading partners characterize robust export earnings or not. This is pertinent for two reasons. First, India has a persistent problem of current account deficit for over decades now. Second, whether India’s export diversification strategy by participating in global value chains to improve export share in the world market led to the problem of the fallacy of composition. Design/methodology/approach This study considers bilateral trade data between India-USA and India-China at the HS-6 digit level over the period 1990–2018. The magnitude of total IIT is computed using the Grubel and Lloyd (1971) index. This paper then uses the unit value dispersion criterion to disentangle the magnitude of total IIT into horizontal and vertical IIT. Through a stepwise econometric exercise, this paper explores the attributes of exported goods in the IIT basket in terms of the directions of ToT, export share and export-price elasticity. Findings Across the two country pairs, the major contributors to the upsurge in IIT are five manufacturing industry groups of chemical, plastics and rubber, textiles, base metals and machinery and mechanical appliances. Across the industry groups, the dominant form of IIT has been low vertical IIT. Most of the industry groups do not characterize robust export earnings as the commodity groups have an elastic demand and an increasing trend of Terms of Trade (ToT). The exceptions are the industry groups of chemicals and textiles in India-China and India-USA, respectively. Research limitations/implications The concern of slim export earnings in most industry groups offers scepticism in maintaining the sustainability of the current account. The problem of the fallacy of composition also cannot be ruled out given the dominance of low vertical IIT. This study argues that these industry groups need to engage in labour market reforms and require access to easy credit to achieve competitiveness in the world market. Originality/value The analysis performed in this paper attempts to integrate the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis in the context of IIT. Empirical evidence to such an issue is not profound.

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"The Singer-Prebisch hypothesis a statistical evaluation." Cambridge Journal of Economics, December 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035006.

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YAMAK, Nebiye, and Rahmi YAMAK. "Osmanlı Dönemi Dış Ticaret Hadleri Ve Prebisch Singer Tezi." İktisat İşletme ve Finans 12, no. 137 (August 1, 1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.3848/iif.1997.137.7936.

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Özekin, Ayça. "MAHKÛM İKİLEMİ OYUNUNU PREBİSCH-SİNGER HİPOTEZİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK." Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, March 15, 2019, 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.463282.

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Maneschi, Andrea. "CRESCIMENTO ABSOLUTA E RELATIVAMENTE EMPOBRECEDOR E A TESE DE PREBISCH E SINGER." Análise Econômica 2, no. 3 (September 24, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2176-5456.10203.

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