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1
Miller, Diane K. "AIDS, knowledge, concerns, and universal precautions." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/935925.
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Hospitals have been directed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to educate health care workers about bloodborne pathogens. The purpose of this descriptive study is to assess the knowledge and concerns of health care workers regarding bloodborne pathogens and describe the application of universal precautions in practice.Orem's Theory of Self-Care was used for the framework because nurses are self-care agents, responsible for personal well-being, as well as patient's well-being. The instrument "Bloodborne Pathogens and Universal Precautions Test" was used to collect the data (Jones & Ryan, 1992). A convenience sample of twelve hospitals within the state of Indiana with four hundred-fifty licensed nursing personnel responded to the questionnaire.Findings revealed a mean score of 84.5 on the knowledge scale. Perception of availability of supplies and equipment ranged from consistently available (68.5% to 98.7%) to never available (0.0% to 0.9%). Perception of application of universal precautions ranged from consistently applied (32.4% to 84.0%) to never applied (0.0% to 9.5%). Content analysis of concerns related by health care workers included fear of contagion and accidental injury.Conclusions indicated knowledge of transmission and availability of supplies do not ensure compliance with universal precautions. Increased knowledge levels will decrease, but not eliminate, fear of contagion.Universal precaution training alone does not adequately prepare health care workers for HIV/AIDS patients. On-going educational endeavors are needed, including affective concerns.School of Nursing
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Polovich, Martha, and Patricia C. Clark. "Nurses' Use of Hazardous Drug Safe Handling Precautions." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nursing_diss/21.
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Problem: Nurses are potentially exposed to hazardous drugs (HDs) in their practice. HD exposure is associated with adverse outcomes (reproductive problems, learning disabilities in offspring of nurses exposed during pregnancy, and cancer occurrence). Safe handling precautions (safety equipment and personal protective equipment, [PPE]) minimize exposure to HDs and decrease the potential for adverse outcomes. Despite existing OSHA recommendations, adherence to precautions is below recommendations. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among factors affecting nurses’ use of HD safe handling precautions, to identify factors that promote or interfere with HD precaution use, and to determine nurse managers’ perspectives on use of safe handling precautions. This study used a conceptual model which proposes that both individual and organizational factors influence precaution use. Methods: A cross-sectional, correlational design was used. Nurses (N = 165; 46% response rate) from oncology centers across the US who reported handling chemotherapy completed a mailed survey. Instruments measured HD precaution use, knowledge, self efficacy, barriers, perceived risk, conflict of interest, interpersonal influences and workplace safety climate. Hierarchical regression was used. Twenty managers of nurses handling chemotherapy were interviewed. Results: Nurses were experienced in oncology (M = 15.8 ± 7.6) yrs, well-educated (62.5% ≥BSN), certified in oncology nursing (85%), worked in outpatient settings (69%), and on average treated 6.8 ± 5.2 patients per day. Chemotherapy exposure knowledge was high (M = 10.9, ± 1, 0-12 scale); as was self efficacy for using PPE (M = 20.8 ± 3, 7-24 scale), and perceived risk (M = 3.14 ± .6, 0-4 scale). Total precaution use during HD administration and disposal was low (M = 1.9, SD = 1.1, 0= never to 5 = 100%). Nurse characteristics did not predict HD precaution use. In the final model (R2 = .29, F (2, 155) = 24.6, p < .000), fewer patients per day, fewer barriers and better workplace safety climate were independent predictors of higher precaution use. Conclusions: Results emphasize the importance of organizational influence on nurses’ HD safe handling precaution use and suggest fostering a positive workplace safety climate and reducing barriers as interventions.
3
Boeglin, Anne. "Risques et precautions de manipulation des medicaments anticancereux." Strasbourg 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR15011.
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Spenillo, Jocelyn K. "Nurse’s Perceptions of Visitor’s Adherence to Transmission-Based Precautions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/316.
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Transmissions based precautions are measures implemented in various clinical health care settings as a means to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases and decrease instances of healthcare acquired infections (HAI). HAI’s result in increased cost to hospitals, longer hospitalization for patients, increased patient suffering, and fatal patient outcomes. While staff member adherence to transmissions based precautions are mandated through various organizations and hospital policies, a review of literature indicates little research has been conducted regarding visitor compliance with transmission-based precautions. The potential implications in healthcare from visitor non-adherence acquired infections are unknown; revealing a gap in literature and supporting the need for further research to describe the phenomenon. Through utilization of a descriptive online survey instrument, the purpose of this descriptive study is to gain insight into why nurses believe visitors may or may not be compliant with transmission-based precautions. To collect the data, an online descriptive survey instrument was developed and distributed via email to all graduate students’ enrolled East Tennessee State University’s College of Nursing. Only ten participants met the eligibility requirements to participate in this study. Data was analyzed though a predictive analytics software and grouping responses into themes. Responses suggest that nurses feel visitors are not complying with transmission-based precautions because of a lack in education, not perceiving the infection as a threat, prior exposure to loved one at home, and inconvenience.
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Gina, Ncobile Sidzandza Victoria. "Assessment of knowledge and factors affecting student nurses’ compliance regarding standard precautions for preventing tuberculosis and HIV in eSwatini University." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78673.
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Introduction and background: Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are among the top ten causes of death globally. To prevent the spread of these infections in a hospital setting, health care workers and students should apply a set of principles called “standard precautions”. However, student nurses were found not complying to the standard precautions for prevention of Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus when allocated for clinical practice in the Eswatini healthcare setting. Many studies from different countries have shown non-use of protective clothing and students' failure to adhere to standard precautions. The knowledge of student nurses on standard precautions and the factors affecting their compliance regarding standard precautions had not been determined in-depth in the past.
Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and factors affecting student nurses’ compliance to standard precautions with the intention of recommending measures that can be taken to facilitate this compliance among student nurses.
Methodology: A non-experimental quantitative approach was used to conduct a survey on senior student nurses of Eswatini University using questionnaires. The total population of third, fourth- and fifth-year students was selected through census sampling method. A Statistical Package for Social Science version 26 software was used to analyze the data.
Findings: Among the student nurses asked, 91% were found to have adequate knowledge on standard precautions but they did not comply on washing hands and wearing gloves, safety glasses and aprons. Factors which influence compliance among student nurses were found to be: adequate knowledge, students’ willingness to take measure, hospital support through training and infection control policies, supportive nurses, availability of the post- exposure prophylaxis, the university’s continuous support, lack of resources and poor role- modelling.
Recommendations: The researcher recommends that TB and HIV prevention skills be demonstrated to student nurses in the skills laboratory and that clinical facilitators should accompany students in the clinical area. In the hospitals, ordering and monitoring of supplies should be done well to eliminate shortage of resources and preceptors should be exempted from other duties so that they can be able to supervise student nurses.Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
6
Eby, Anne Kathryn. "Factors affecting medical-surgical area nurses' compliance with contact precautions." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/eby/EbyA1209.pdf.
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Multidrug-resistant organisms are a significant threat in health care facilities, and are associated with many adverse consequences for infected patients. However, despite these concerns and the evidence that contact precautions are an effective way to address them, compliance with contact precautions guidelines among health care workers remains low (Farr, 2000). The primary goal of this study was to examine factors affecting medical-surgical nurses' compliance with contact precautions guidelines when caring for patients colonized by or infected with multidrug-resistant organisms. A secondary purpose of this study was to describe demographic characteristics of medical-surgical nurses to determine if certain characteristics (e.g. age, time in practice, level of education) had a relationship with their compliance in using contact precautions guidelines. Finally, this study examined barriers to the use of contact precautions and consequences for failure to follow contact precautions guidelines. A survey tool was developed by the researcher for this study to examine these questions, and an exploratory, cross-sectional, correlation descriptive study was conducted. The study group was made up primarily of female nurses with associate or bachelor degrees. Nurses from the orthopedic and neurosurgery unit made up the largest percentage of respondents. All respondents indicated that they were familiar with CP guidelines. Eight primary barriers to the use of contact precautions were listed by participants. Half of the participants listed one of the time management categories ("no time" or "urgency") as the primary barrier to compliance with contact precautions. Participants' age, years experience and level of education were not statistically significant predictors of the participants' level of compliance. There was not a statistically significant difference between the barriers to compliance groups (no time/urgency versus other) on their ability to comply with contact precautions. Lastly, there was not a statistically significant relationship among the primary consequence of non-compliance with CP guidelines (medical versus other) and the participants' level of compliance (low versus high).
7
Pear, Suzanne Marie 1948. "Nurses' self-report of universal precautions use and observed compliance." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277173.
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A descriptive correlational study was conducted to develop and test a Universal Precautions (UP) Scale designed to monitor nurses' compliance with the practice of universal precautions in the hospital setting. Subscales of the Universal Precautions Scale included barrier precautions usage, personal carefulness factors and handwashing. Nurses (n = 59) working in special care units completed the demographic survey, the UP scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Concurrent validity was investigated by observing handwashing behavior of a subgroup (n = 34) of those nurses surveyed. Self-report of handwashing frequency did not correlate with observed handwashing frequency, although observed handwashing adequacy did relate with self-reported handwashing adequacy and personal carefulness factors. The UP scale, as constructed, was not related to the handwashing behavior, one behavioral indicator of use of universal precautions, but has demonstrated a potential for further refinement and testing.
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Nieuwoudt, Susandra. "Adherence to standard precautions in clinical nursing practice : a comparative study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86425.
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Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the impact of a four-day structured Basic Infection Prevention and Control course on the knowledge of, and adherence to, Standard Precautions in clinical nursing practice amongst nurses who had completed the course and those who did not. The specific precautionary measures of investigation included hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE) and sharps management. The secondary aim of the study was to identify any personal and contextual factors that influenced the application of such Standard Precautions measures in public healthcare facilities within the Cape Winelands and Overberg District. Sixty eight students (those who had been trained) with a similar number of controls (who had not been trained) were enrolled in the study. Although both the participants and controls had the knowledge, their adherence to hand hygiene, PPE and sharps management in clinical nursing practice was poor. Staff attitude was found to be the main factor for non-adherence. The knowledge of the participants was good as they had answered most of the questions correctly. It seems as if there was retention of knowledge after the four-day Basic Infection Prevention and Control course. There were, however, no significant differences between the two groups. For both groups attitude and behavioural change must be addressed in order to improve adherence to hand hygiene, PPE and sharps management. The findings of the study will form recommendations towards improved infection prevention and control practices at public healthcare facility level in the Cape Winelands District.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die impak van 'n 4-dag gestruktureerde Basiese Infeksiebeheerkursus op die kennis en toepassing van Standaard Voorsorgmaatreëls in kliniese praktyk in die Kaapse Wynland en Overberg Distrikte ondersoek, vergeleke met 'n groep wat nie die kursus bygewoon het nie. Die spesifieke Voorsorgmaatreëls wat ondersoek is, het handhigiëne, die gebruik van beskermende drag en die hantering en beheer van skerpvoorwerpe ingesluit. Die studie het ook gekyk na enige kontekstuele en persoonlike faktore wat die toepassing van Standaard Voorsorgmaatreëls in openbare gesondheidsorgfasiliteite beïnvloed. Agt en sestig verpleegkundiges het die 4-dag Basiese Infeksiebeheerkursus bygewoon en 'n gelyke aantal kontrole studente het nie die kursus bygewoon nie. Alhoewel beide groepe die kennis van handhigiëne, die dra van beskermende drag en die hantering van skerpvoorwerpe gehad het, was die toepassing van die Standaard Voorsorgmaatreëls in kliniese praktyk baie swak. Personeel se houding was die grootste faktor wat gelei het tot die nie-toepassing van Standaard Voorsorgmaatreëls. Die kennis van die kursusgangers was goed, want albei groepe het die meeste van die vrae korrek beantwoord. Die waarneming wat gemaak is, is dat die kursusgangers se kennis wel verbeter het na die bywoning van die 4-dag Basiese Infeksiebeheerkursus. Data weerspieël egter geen noemenswaardige verskille tussen die groepe nie. Beide groepe se houding en gedrag moet aangespreek word om die toepassing van handhigiëne, die dra van beskermende drag en die hantering van skerpvoorwerpe te verbeter. Die bevindinge van die studie sal gebruik word om aanbevelings te maak ten einde infeksiebeheerpraktyke in die Kaapse Wynland Distrik te verbeter.
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Thompson, June D. Grimes Richard M. "Factors determining the use of universal precautions by emergency department nurses /." See options below, 1994. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=741486321&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=68716&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Carroll, Lindsey Jane. "Factors predicting nurses' HIV risk perception and their adherence to universal precautions." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325966.
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The alms of the current study were, firstly, to examme factors predicting nurses' perception of risk of HIV contagion at work; and secondly to investigate nurses' compliance with universal precautions, and the reasons for their compliance and noncompliance. The research was carried out in three phases. Phase I of the research used the Yates and Stone (1992) model of risk as a theoretical framework with which to examine perceived risk and also investigated reasons for non-compliance. The results suggested that perceived risk was related to fear of contagion and knowledge of non-transmission modes. Additionally four factors were produced from the investigation of reasons for non-compliance. Phase 2 utilised a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews designed to yield salient beliefs and issues relating to: risk perception and fear of contagion; knowledge of HIV; precautionary compliance; and the use of social comparisons when evaluating risk. The third phase of the research project was designed to combine the results of the first two phases of research with established theory in order to investigate the two main aims of the study. The Yates and Stone model of risk was again used. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1986) was used as a framework with which to examine compliance with universal precautions, and the False Consensus Effect (Ross, House and Green, 1977) was also used to examine behaviours and beliefs relating to both risk perception and precaution use. As with phase 1 this phase was questionnaire based. The relationships between descriptor and outcome variables were examined through the use of univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Overall it was found that fear of contagion, knowledge of HIV, previous exposure to HIV, and perceived behavioural control were all significant predictors of perceived risk of HIV contagion, results which support the Yates and Stone conceptualisation of risk. Four factors relating to precaution non-use were found and the Theory of Planned Behaviour was found to predict and explain precaution non-use accurately for 71 % of participants. Relationships amongst the variables were investigated in detail and the results were discussed in tenns of both theoretical and practical outcomes.
11
Luke, Molli. "Adherence with universal precautions after immediate, personalized performance feedback an experimental analysis /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464448.
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Sawalha, Murad Adnan. "Jordanian paediatric nurses' views on compliance with Standard Precautions : a qualitative study." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16472.
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INTRODUCTION Compliance with evidence-based Standard Precautions Guidelines (SPGs) among healthcare practitioners is essential to combat Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI). However, it is widely understood that non-compliance with these precautions remains a common problem in paediatric nursing practice. Most existing studies into this problem have used quantitative methods. However, these studies have failed to explain noncompliant behaviour or address the issues that are specific to paediatric clinical areas. AIM This study is designed to investigate paediatric nurses' perceptions and experiences of infection control measures and to achieve a better understanding of the factors that influence nurses’ compliance with SPGs. METHODS This qualitative study used an adapted constructivist grounded theory approach. The study was conducted in five Jordanian hospitals. Thirty one (n=31) qualified paediatric nurses from different paediatric areas were reccruited to the study. Data were gathered using face-to-face semi-structured audio-taped interviews, which were transcribed and coded through constant comparative analysis. RESULTS This study identified causes of enduring failure by nurses to comply fully with SPGs. Four themes emerged (Children are different; Nurses are human first; Limited professional status; The challenges of the working environment). Paediatric nurses claim to be willing to comply with SPGs, but sometimes fail to achieve this. Risk of exposure to microorganisms was perceived as a major factor in compliance. Paediatric nursing practice was seen as different to adult practice and nurses construed the need for SPGs differently. DISCUSSION A key issue is the fact that nurses were reluctant to see themselves as change-agents to improve practice. This resulted in problems with SPGs being well understood but not acted on. Nurse’s prioritised compliance with the nursing culture in their specific clinical area, over more general principles of care, such as SPGs. Nurses did appreciate that compliance with SPGs was suboptimal and did sometimes criticise this situation. However, most nurses had a value system, which militated against the proper use of Standard Precautions and which served to diminish the influence of them. IMPLICATION The chief implication of this study is that infection control is unlikely to improve further until nurses feel empowered to initiate change. Nursing in this area of the world is essentially semi-professional in nature. Nursing needs to develop to become fully professional in its orientation so that nurses take full responsibility for their actions. Only when nurses see their actions and behaviour as fully their responsibility, will nursing issues such as this be properly addressed. Until this occurs, the imposition of rules and guidelines, documentation and policies, will not be sufficient to progress care in this important area of practice.
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BLUM, JEAN-YVES. "Precautions d'utilisation et applications d'un nouveau laser en endodontie : le laser nd:yap." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05M099.
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Kusseling, Françoise. "Vers une dynamique de l'adoption de précaution face au risque du sida." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA11T042.
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Ramsey, Priscilla W., P. McConnell, B. H. Palmer, and Loyd Lee Glenn. "Nurses' Compliance With Universal Precautions Before and After Implementation of OSHA Regulations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7541.
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The principal objective of this study was to investigate whether or not nurses' compliance with universal precautions procedures improved after the mandatory Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations were implemented in 1992. Two random samples of registered nurses and licensed practical nurses registered in Tennessee responded to survey questionnaires measuring universal precautions compliance and practice barriers to compliance in 1991 and 1993 (n = 306). The 1993 sample of nurses reported significantly greater compliance with universal precautions (p < 0.001) than the 1991 sample. The most noteworthy improvement between the 1991 and the 1993 groups was a significant increase in compliance for patients described as HIV/HBV-status unknown and HIV/HBV-negative (p < 0.001). Practice barriers hindering compliance with universal precautions decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in the 1991-1993 time frame. Problematic practice barriers identified in both groups were needle recapping, preference for isolation door signs, and concerns about offending patients and visitors.
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Massinga, Zanele Elizabeth. "Compliance with universal precautions in Northern Kwa–Zula Natal operating theatres / Massinga, Z.E." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7031.
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There is an increase in HIV/AIDS and other blood borne diseases. Health care workers
are often exposed to blood and body fluids and thus prone to blood borne infections.
Preventative measures can be taken to prevent health workers from contracting these
diseases. However, health care workers need to stringently apply these measures.
Universal precautions against blood borne infections include diligent hygiene practices,
such as hand washing and drying, appropriate handling and disposal of sharp objects,
prevention of needle stick or sharp injuries, appropriate handling of patient care
equipment and soiled linen, environmental cleaning and spills management, appropriate
handling of waste as well as protective clothing such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks
and protective eyewear.
This study is aimed at investigating compliance with universal precautions in operating
theatres in Northern KwaZulu–Natal as well as perceptions of registered nurses working in
these operating theatres regarding factors influencing compliance in order to contribute to
measures to limit the risk of infection to patients and health care workers.
A sequential explanatory design, mixed–method (quantitative and qualitative) was used to
explore the use of universal precautions in operating theatres in the Northern Kwa–Zulu
Natal. In the first phase, the sample consisted of practices in operating theatres of six
hospitals and one regional hospital in area 3 of Kwa–Zulu Natal. The adapted structured
checklist based on an established document developed by the MASA Committee for
Science and Education (1995) was pilot tested. The collected data was statistically
analysed and interpreted with the help of a statistician using SPSS. The results of Phase
1 were used as a base for the Phase 2 questions. Three focus group interviews were
conducted with professional nurses who were observed during Phase 1 at the selected
hospitals.
Findings from quantitative data show that although health care workers take precautions
to prevent infections, they do not attain full compliance to universal precautions. The
qualitative data indicated that the reasons for non–compliance amongst others were the
lack of knowledge of universal precautions, communication factors, resources, including maintenance of equipment, lack of supplies and shortage of human resources and
attitudes of health care workers.Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Bauer, Hana. "Why nurses are not compliant in universal precautions : a theory or reasoned action." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432027.
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Duminy, Joanneil Merl. "An nvestigation into the knowledge and compliance with standard precautions amongst nurses in Tygerberg Hospital in the Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3587_1360932849.
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Everyday thousands of nurses are rendering bedside nursing care in health care settings as a result they are exposed to blood, body fluids and sharp objects that are contaminated with Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV. Therefore they are at risk of getting infected. In 1996, standard precautions were implemented by the Centre of Disease Control to reduce the risk of transmission of micro-organisms from any source of infection in the hospital. In the year 2008, the three tertiary hospitals together in the Western Cape reported that they had 733 needle prick injuries. Therefore the aim of the study was to determine if nurses comply with and have adequate knowledge of standard precautions. A non-experimental design and a self administered questionnaire were used to collect the data for the study. The study was done at Tygerberg Hospital and the participants (n=143) that were involved in the study were all nursing categories (professional, enrolled nurse and auxiliary nurse). Stratified random sampling was used to ensure that there was a representation of all the nurses working in the different modules at Tygerberg Hospital. Therefore three wards were randomly selected from each module and all the nurses on duty working in the three selected wards were given a questionnaire by the Assistant Director of the specific module. After the data was collected it was analysed through the statistical package for social sciences. The findings of the study showed that nurses have inadequate knowledge regarding standard precautions and the mean score of the nurses overall self reported compliance of standard precautions was 87.5%. The results also showed that when patients are HIV positive nurses intend to over comply the use of personal protective equipment. No association was found between the nurses&rsquo
knowledge and compliance regarding standard precautions. It is therefore important that every nurse should be educated about the basic principles of standard precautions and also the policies and protocols of infection control in order to prevent each nurse from getting infected. Training needs to be implemented starting in the wards through the unit manager to improve all the nurses&rsquo
knowledge and practice.
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Osborne, Sonya Ranee, and n/a. "Compliance with standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting among operating room nurses in Australia." University of Canberra. Nursing, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060823.161225.
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Occupational exposures of healthcare workers tend to occur because of
inconsistent compliance with standard precautions. Also, incidence of occupational
exposure is underreported among operating room personnel. The purpose of this
project was to develop national estimates for compliance with standard precautions
and occupational exposure reporting practices among operating room nurses in
Australia. Data was obtained utilizing a 96-item self-report survey. The Standard
Precautions and Occupational Exposure Reporting survey was distributed
anonymously to 500 members of the Australian College of Operating Room Nurses.
The Health Belief Model was the theoretical framework used to guide the analysis of
data. Data was analysed to examine relationships between specific constructs of the
Health Belief Model to identify factors that might influence the operating room nurse
to undertake particular health behaviours to comply with standard precautions and
occupational exposure reporting. Results of the study revealed compliance rates of
55.6% with double gloving, 59.1% with announcing sharps transfers, 71.9% with
using a hands-free sharps pass technique, 81.9% with no needle recapping and 92.0%
with adequate eye protection. Although 31.6% of respondents indicated receiving an
occupational exposure in the past 12 months, only 82.6% of them reported their
exposures. The results of this study provide national estimates of compliance with
standard precautions and occupational exposure reporting among operating room
nurses in Australia. These estimates can now be used as support for the development
and implementation of measures to improve practices in order to reduce occupational
exposures and, ultimately, disease transmission rates among this high-risk group.
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Pereira, Fernanda Maria Vieira. "Adaptação cultural e validação da Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS) para enfermeiros brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/83/83131/tde-07012016-142215/.
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Introdução: As precauções-padrão (PP) constituem um conjunto de medidas que têm como finalidade minimizar o risco de transmissão ocupacional de patógenos, sendo indispensável sua utilização por profissionais de saúde, sobretudo pelos enfermeiros. No entanto, a não adesão às PP constitui problemática amplamente discutida em todo o mundo. Embora haja diversos estudos brasileiros que visem avaliar a adesão às PP , ainda tem-se observado grande fragilidade no processo de construção e de validação dos instrumentos utilizados para avaliação deste construto. Objetivo: Realizar a adaptação cultural e validação da Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS) para enfermeiros brasileiros. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico para a adaptação e validação da CSPS. Essa escala é composta por 20 itens com quatro opções de respostas, e destina-se a avaliar a adesão às PP. O processo de adaptação consistiu em Tradução, Consenso entre Juízes, Retrotradução e Validação Semântica. A primeira etapa foi a tradução do idioma original para o português do Brasil. Após foi realizado um comitê composto por sete juízes, a versão de consenso obtida na etapa anterior foi traduzida novamente para o idioma de origem. Foram avaliadas as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, considerando-se as validades de face e de conteúdo, a validade de construto e a confiabilidade. A versão para o Português do Brasil da CSPS (CSPS-PB) foi aplicada em uma amostra de 300 enfermeiros que atuam na assistência a pacientes em um hospital localizado na cidade de São Paulo/SP. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio da consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach) e teste reteste (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse - ICC). Para a validação de construto, foi utilizada a comparação entre grupos diferentes, análise fatorial exploratória e análise fatorial confirmatória, segundo o Modelo de Equações Estruturais (SEM). Utilizou-se o software IBM® SPSS, 19.0. Para a análise fatorial confirmatória foi utilizado o módulo específico Analysis of Moment Structures (IBM® SPSS AMOS). Para a análise paralela utilizou-se o programa RanEigen Syntax. O nível de significância adotado foi ? = 0,05. Todos os aspectos éticos foram contemplados. Resultados: A tradução realizada por tradutores juramentados garantiu qualidade a esse processo. A validação de face e de conteúdo possibilitou a realização de modificações pertinentes e imperativas a fim de atender aos critérios de equivalências conceituais, idiomáticas, culturais e semânticas. Obteve-se ?=0,61 na avaliação da consistência interna, indicando confiabilidade satisfatória. O ICC indicou uma correlação de 0,87 quase perfeita para o teste reteste duas semanas após a primeira abordagem, conferindo estabilidade satisfatória. A validade de construto mostrou que a CSPS-PB foi capaz de discriminar as médias de adesão às PP entre grupos distintos referente à idade (F=5,15 p<=0,01), ao tempo de experiência clínica (F = 8,9 p<= 0,000) e a ter recebido treinamento (t = 2,48 p<=0,01). Na análise fatorial confirmatória, o modelo foi subidentificado. A análise fatorial exploratória indicou que todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais adequadas (>=0,30), sendo identificados quatro fatores pela análise paralela. O total de variância explicada foi de 35,48%. Conclusão: A CSPS-PB, trata-se de um instrumento adequado, confiável e válido para medir a adesão às PP entre enfermeiros brasileirosIntroduction: Standard precautions (SP) are a set of measures that aim to minimize the risk of occupational transmission of pathogens, being essential their use by health professionals, especially nurses. However, the non-adhesion to SP is a widely discussed problem. Although there are several Brazilian studies aimed at evaluating adhesion to SP, a great weakness in the construction and validation process of the instruments used to assess this construct was observed. Objective: To conduct the cultural adaptation and validation of the Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS) for Brazilian nurses. Methodology: This is a methodological study to adapt and validate the CSPS. This scale consists of 20 items with four response options to evaluate adhesion to standard precautions. The adaptation process consisted of Translation, Consensus among Judges, Back-translation and Semantic Validation. The first step was the translation of the original language to Brazilian Portuguese. After that, a committee composed of seven judges analyzed the translation; the consensus version obtained in the previous step was translated back into the original language. The psychometric properties of the instrument were evaluated considering the validity of face and content, construct validity and reliability. The version for Brazilian Portuguese of CSPS (CSPS-PB) was applied to a sample of 300 nurses who work in the care of patients in a hospital located in city of São Paulo. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha) and test retest (intraclass correlation coefficient-ICC). For construct validation, it was used comparisons among different groups, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, according to the Structural Equation Model (SEM). IBM® SPSS 19.0 was used. For the confirmatory factor analysis, it was used the specific module Analysis of Moment Structures (IBM® SPSS AMOS). For parallel analysis, it was used the RanEigen Syntax program. The significance level was ?=0.05. All ethical aspects were included. Results: The translation conducted by sworn translators assured quality to this process. Validation of face and content made possible the performance of relevant and imperative modifications in order to meet the criteria of conceptual, idiomatic, cultural and semantic equivalence. The evaluation of internal consistency obtained ?=0.61, indicating satisfactory reliability. The ICC indicated a near-perfect correlation of 0.87 for the test-retest two weeks after the first approach, giving satisfactory stability. Construct validity showed that the CSPS-PB was able to discriminate the average of adhesion to PP among different groups related to age (F=5.15 p<=0.01), to the time of clinical experience (F=8.9 p<=0.000) and to have received training (t=2.48 p<=0.01). In confirmatory factor analysis, the model was under identified. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that all items had adequate factor loadings (>=0.30), being identified four factors by parallel analysis. The total variance explained was 35.48%. Conclusion: CSPS-PB is an appropriate instrument, reliable and valid to measure adhesion to PP among Brazilian nurses
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Eriksson, Paula, and Sofia Söderström. "En kartläggning av användandet av postoperativa restriktioner efter en total höftprotesoperation på svenska ortopedkliniker." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Vårdvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30733.
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Bakgrund: Ledrörelse- och belastningsrestriktioner är vanliga efter en total höftprotesoperation och syftar till att undvika att höftleden luxerar eller att suturerad muskulatur släpper under tiden som mjukdelarna läker, vanligen 6 – 8 veckor. Proteser och operationsteknikerna har förändrats med åren vilket lett till att antalet postoperativa luxationer minskat, och därav har vissa ortopedkliniker i Sverige börjat frångå postoperativa ledrörelse- och belastningsrestriktioner. Syfte: Att kartlägga vilka ledrörelse- och belastningsrestriktioner som rekommenderas efter en total höftprotesoperation på svenska ortopedkliniker samt om restriktionerna har förändrats under de senaste fem åren. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med hjälp av en egenformulerad validerad webbenkät. Huvudresultat: Av de 16 svarande klinikerna uppgav 81 % att de hade någon form av restriktion (ledrörelse- eller belastningsrestriktion) för sina höftprotesopererade patienter. Vanligast var ledrörelserestriktioner där 62 % av respondenterna svarade ja på frågan ”rekommenderar din enhet/klinik patienter som opereras med höftprotesoperation några ledrörelserestriktioner”. Motsvarande siffra för belastningsrestriktioner var 50 %. En total avsaknad av restriktioner förekom hos 19 % av de svarande klinikerna. 63 % av klinikerna svarade att belastningsrestriktionerna hade förändrats för mer än 10 år sedan medan 50 % av klinikerna svarade att ledrörelserestriktionerna hade förändrats de senaste 5 åren. Resultatet i vår studie tydde på att användandet av postoperativa restriktioner har minskat. Den vanligaste förändringen var en minskning av användandet av postoperativa ledrörelserestriktioner, vilket hade skett hos 60 % av respondenterna. Konklusion: Vår studie visade att 4 av 5 svenska ortopedklinikerna som deltog i vår enkätstudie använde sig av ledrörelse- eller belastningsrestriktioner efter en höftprotesoperation och att 1 av 5 inte använde restriktioner. Hälften av klinikerna har förändrat ledrörelserestriktionerna de senaste fem åren, och färre än 40 % har förändrat belastningsrestriktionerna.Background: Joint movement- and load precautions are common after a total hip arthroplasty and aims to prevent dislocation of the hip and to prevent the loss of sutured muscles while the soft tissue heal, usually 6-8 weeks. Prosthesis and surgical technics have changed over the years, which had led to a reduced number of postoperative hip dislocations and hence have some orthopedic clinics in Sweden begun abandon postoperative joint movementand load precautions. Aim: A mapping of the use of joint movement- and load precautions in Swedish orthopedic clinics and if there has been any changes in precautions during the last five years. Method: The study was conducted as a quantitative cross-sectional study with the help of a selfdeveloped validated online survey. Result: 81 % of the 16 respondent clinics stated they had some form of precautions (joint movement- or load precautions) for their hip replaced patients. The most common precaution was joint movement where 62% of respondents answered yes to the question "Does your unit/Clinic recommend patients undergoing surgery with total hip replacement any joint movement precautions". The corresponding figure for load precautions was 50%. A total absence of restrictions occurred in 19 % of the respondent clinics. 63 % responded that modifications of load precautions took place for more than 10 years ago while 50 % responded that the modifications of joint movement precaution took place over the past 5 years. The result in our study indicated that the use of precautions had decreased. The most common change was a decrease in jointmovementprecautions that occurred with 60 % of the respondents. Conclusion: In our study we found that 4 out of 5 Swedish orthopaedic clinics who participated in our survey recommended joint movement- or load precautions after a hip replacement and it also showed that 1 out of 5 didn´t recommend precautions. Half of the clinics had changed the movement precautions during the past five years, and less than 40 % had changed the load precautions.
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Efifie, Uchechukwu E. "Assessing the awareness of and adherence to the Universal Safety Precautions (USP) among Health Care Workers (HCWs) in Kogi State Specialist Hospital (KSSH), Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5488.
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Magister Public Health - MPHIntroduction: The Universal Safety Precautions (USP) are a set of principles including practices and protocols, which is meant to reduce or prevent occupational exposures to blood borne pathogens among health care workers (HCWs), during the course of their duties in health care settings. Globally and in Nigeria, significant number of HCWs are currently being exposed to blood and other body fluids while working in the hospital setting (Amoran, 2013; Samuel et al., 2008; Akinboro et al., 2012; Ajibola et al., 1994; Okechukwu et al., 2012). These exposures contribute annually to about 16,000 HCV infections and 66,000 HBV infections among HCWs worldwide (Prüss-Üstün et al., 2003) and about 1000 cases of HIV per annum in Nigeria since the first recorded case in 1984 (Okechukwu et al., 2012; Patricia et al., 2007). The objectives of the study were to describe the awareness of the USP among HCWs in Kogi State Specialist Hospital (KSSH), Lokoja and to describe the adherence to the USP among HCWs at KSSH. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among HCWs working in departments where contacts with patients' blood and other body fluids are possible in KSSH. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis of the data collected was with Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) V23.0.0 for Mac. Results: Of the 125 participants that returned their questionnaires, 37.6% were nurses, 17.6% were doctors and the remainder were laboratory staff, dentists and hospital attendants. Sixty four percent (64%) of them were females, 49.6% had tertiary education while their average age was 38.5 years. Awareness of and adherence to the USP were observed to be 5.6% and 2.4% respectively. Statistically, complete awareness of the USP was not significantly associated with complete adherence to the USP. More so, 3% and 2.2% of the participants with the number of years in services within the ranges of 5-9 years and 1-4 years respectively had complete adherence to the USP. Statistically significant association was only noted between participants' age and complete adherence to the USP. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) were the two USP principles with the lowest levels of awareness and adherence, with 46% and 47.6% on awareness respectively and, 43.8% and 44.6% on adherence respectively. Conclusion: The levels of awareness of and adherence to the USP among the HCWs in KSSH were observed to be very low. There is an urgent need for capacity building of the HCWs on the USP in the form of trainings, and in the long term, there is need to conduct a study to assess possible reasons for the observed outcome.
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Ruiter, Robert Antonie Christiaan. "Scary warnings and rational precautions a study into fear arousal and its contribution to precautionary motivation /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2000. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6915.
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Yeung, Suk-ching Stephenie, and 楊淑貞. "The effectiveness of educational programs to improve the knowledge andcompliance of healthcare workers towards standard precautions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012180.
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Moura, Josely Pinto de. "A adesão dos profissionais de enfermagem às precauções de isolamento na assistência aos portadores de microrganismos multirresistentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-12082004-125447/.
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Com o evento da resistência dos microrganismos aos antimicrobianos, surgiram as cepas multirresistentes de difícil tratamento, e com isso tornou-se imprescindível a adesão total dos profissionais de saúde às precauções empregadas na assistência aos portadores desses microrganismos, visando evitar a sua disseminação no ambiente hospitalar. Este estudo do tipo descritivo transversal foi realizado em uma instituição de saúde filantrópica do interior de Minas Gerais, teve como objetivos avaliar a adesão dos enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem às medidas preventivas empregadas na assistência aos portadores desses microrganismos multirresistentes. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de outubro a novembro de 2003 e os dados foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente. Utilizou-se do Método de análise de conteúdo de BARDIN (1977) e para a análise quantitativa de alguns dados, empregou-se a estatística descritiva, sendo os mesmos interpretados com base no significado atribuído por ROSENSTOCK (1974a). O Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (MCS) possibilitou identificar as barreiras físicas, cognitivas e psicológicas que justificaram a não-adesão de alguns profissionais às medidas preventivas direcionadas ao portador de Bactérias Multirresistentes (BMR). Como resultado destas avaliações, identificou-se que as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem relacionadas à severidade das doenças causadas por BMR eram adequadas, que a maioria dos profissionais entrevistados associou a gravidade das doenças causadas por BMR a tratamento difícil ou a maior índice de mortalidade, e outros associaram-nas a tratamento inexistente. Quanto à susceptibilidade da doença, o conhecimento dos profissionais a respeito da temática apresentou-se bastante limitado. Os profissionais se aperceberam como susceptíveis de contrair BMR, entretanto, somente alguns conseguiram identificar os grupos mais susceptíveis à infecção causada por BMR. Observou-se uma influência favorável da instituição ao se constatar que proporciona aos profissionais as condições necessárias para que estes empreguem o Protocolo de Isolamento Específico. O comportamento dos profissionais em relação ao uso dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) evidenciou controvérsias, pois muitos relataram utilizar freqüentemente os paramentos, contudo admitiram que alguns profissionais não os utilizam rigorosamente por diversos motivos, sendo mais freqüentes: a crença de que não vão contrair a doença, diagnóstico tardio, ou por resistência, ou seja, injustificadamente ... não usa porque não quer .... Observou-se que muitos profissionais não aderem totalmente às precauções por opção pessoal, eles não têm o hábito de lavar as mãos ou friccioná-las com álcool na freqüência que deveriam, apesar de terem os materiais disponíveis. Acreditam que os benefícios à adesão são: proteção, prevenção de adquirir infecção/doenças, o fato de evitar a disseminação e sua segurança. Quanto às barreiras, mencionaram principalmente a falta de vagas, o diagnóstico tardio e a falta de alguns materiais. O estímulo para a ação, referido preferencialmente pelos profissionais, foi a abordagem informal na prática diária. Identificaram-se, ainda, a necessidade de elaborar estratégias de intervenção capazes de aprimorar a conduta dos profissionais de enfermagem e o levantamento dos problemas considerados imprescindíveis para percepção das crenças dos profissionais, a fim de se implementar efetivamente as estratégias que devem alterar positivamente a situação observada.As microorganisms acquired resistance against antimicrobial agents, multiresistant strains appeared which are difficult to treat. Hence, the total adhesion of health professionals to the precaution measures used in care for patients with multiresistant microorganisms has become essential, with a view to avoiding their dissemination in the hospital environment. This descriptive transverse study was carried out at a philanthropic health institution in the interior of Minas Gerais, Brazil and aimed to evaluate the adhesion of nurses, nursing technicians and auxiliaries to prevention measures used in care for patients with these multiresistant microorganisms. Data were collected in October and November 2003 and were subject to qualitative and quantitative analysis. BARDINs (1977) content analysis method was used. Descriptive statistics was used with a view to the quantitative analysis of some data, which were interpreted on the basis of the meaning attributed by ROSENSTOCK (1974a). The Health Belief Model (HBM) allowed us to identify the physical, cognitive and psychological obstacles that justify some professionals non-adhesion to the prevention measures oriented towards patients with Multiresistant Bacteria (MRB). As a result of these evaluations, it was identified that nursing professionals adequately perceived the seriousness of diseases caused by MRB, that most of the interviewees linked up the gravity of diseases caused by MRB with difficult treatment or higher mortality rates, while others associated it with the inexistence of treatment. With respect to disease susceptibility, professionals demonstrated a rather limited knowledge about the theme. They perceived themselves as susceptible to MRB, although only some professionals managed to identify the groups that are most susceptible to infection by MRB. A favorable institutional influence was observed when verifying that the institution provides its professionals with the necessary conditions to use the Specific Isolation Protocol. Professional behavior in relation to Individual Protection Equipment (IPE) usage revealed controversies, since many of them mentioned frequent usage, although they admitted that some professionals do not use this equipment in a strict way, for different reasons, among which the most frequent were: the belief that they will not contract the disease, late diagnosis, or due to resistance, that is, without any justification ... they do not use it because they do not want to .... It was observed that many professionals choose not to adhere totally to the precaution measures. They are not used to washing their hands or scrubbing them with alcohol as frequently as they should, although the material is available. They believe that benefits of adhesion are: protection, prevention of infection/diseases, avoiding dissemination and their safety. With respect to obstacles, they mainly mentioned the lack of beds, late diagnosis and the lack of some kinds of material. As a stimulus towards action, professionals prefer the informal approach in daily practice. We also identified the need to elaborate intervention strategies capable of improving nursing professionals behavior and surveyed the problems considered essential to perceive professional beliefs, with a view to the efficient implementation of strategies that should positively change this situation.
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Yeung, Suk-ching Stephenie. "The effectiveness of educational programs to improve the knowledge and compliance of healthcare workers towards standard precautions /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38297279.
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SAINT, DIZIER SUFFYS ISABELLE ATAIN KOUADIO PHILIPPE. "RESPECTS DES PRECAUTIONS STANDARDS EN MEDECINE D'URGENCE PRE-HOSPITALIERE A PROPOS D'UNE ENQUETE EFFECTUEE AUPRES DES PROFESSIONNELS /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2000_SAINT_DIZIER_SUFFYS_ISABELLE.pdf.
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Wu, Chia Jung. "Effectiveness of a specific infection control education program for Taiwanese nursing students." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16541/.
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The purpose of the study The purpose of this research project was to develop and test an educational program for preparing Taiwanese nursing students for clinical practice. Study background The SARS outbreak revealed that health care professionals were ill-prepared for coping with the disease epidemic in terms of the rapid transmission of the infection, the high mortality and morbidity rate among health care workers, and the significant impacts on the public and health care personnel. Frontline nurses were the group at highest risk of becoming infected, as they are the health care personally that provide direct health care to infected patients. However, to date the ability of Taiwanese frontline nurses to respond to such a disease epidemic has not been examined. Study design This research project incorporated a three phase design, presented in the form of two separate studies. A small qualitative exploratory study was undertaken to validate the assumptions emerging from international literature regarding the preparedness nurses in managing an infection outbreak. The information gained was used to construct an infection control education program (Study I). A quasi-experimental design, using pre- and post-tests and experimental and control groups was then used to test the effectiveness of the education intervention (Study II). Participants A purposive sampling technique was used in the qualitative exploratory study, whereby six Taiwanese nurses who had provided direct nursing care to patients with SARS were interviewed. A convenience sampling approach was utilised in the quantitative study, which aimed to test the effectiveness of educational intervention. This, second study, had 175 participants in total, 80 in the experimental group and 95 in the control group. All participants were enrolled in the first semester of their fourth year in a five-year nursing program in two selected junior nursing colleges. The education intervention The purpose-designed standard and additional precautions (SnAP) program was the intervention. The experimental group received a SnAP program which consisted of 16 hours of classes over 16 weeks. The control group received a conventional education program. Data collection and instrument Data were collected at three time points during the study (baseline, four months, six month) using validated instrument. The reliability and validity of the instrument was established in a pilot study with a Taiwanese population prior to the present study. Data analysis t-tests and chi-square analyses were performed to assess any differences across demographic variables and baseline outcome variables between the experimental and control groups. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine the scores of the intervention and control groups across three time points. Results The data revealed that, at six months following the education program, there was a statistically significant improvement in the knowledge (F [2,180] =13.53, p=0.001) and confidence (F [2,94] =4.88, p= 0.01) of infection precautions in the intervention group compared to the control group. Also, the means of knowledge and confidence in intervention group showed a consistently increased across three time points; whereas, the mean of confidence relating infection control management in the control group resulted a drop at time 3. Although the application skills relating to infection control procedures did not show a statistically significant change during this period (F [2, 174] = 2.54, p=0.081), there were minor improvements in these scores at the six-month follow-up assessment. Conclusion The SnAP program had a positive impact on Taiwanese nursing students' readiness for clinical placement and potential outbreak of disease epidemics. Participation increased their knowledge about infection control precautions, their ability to properly use these specific precautions, and their confidence in solving infection-related issues in clinical practice.
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Adams, E., Julia Dodd, Andrea Clements, and S. Raja. "Trauma Informed Care as a Universal Precaution: Practical Applications for Behavioral Medicine Practitioners and Researchers." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7332.
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Godeau, Emmanuelle. "Etudiants, sexualite, sida : connaissances, attitudes, comportements sexuels et precautions face au sida ; une enquete chez les etudiants toulousains." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU31228.
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Felix, Adriana Maria da Silva. "Fatores individuais, laborais e organizacionais associados à adesão às precauções-padrão de profissionais de enfermagem em uma instituição privada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-19012012-103351/.
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As Precauções- Padrão (PP) são medidas fundamentais para proteger pacientes e profissionais da área da saúde (PAS) da aquisição de microorganismos patogênicos. Entretanto, a adesão às PP é insatisfatória e vários motivos são descritos para essa baixa adesão. OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores individuais, laborais e organizacionais associados com a adesão às PP de profissionais de enfermagem de uma instituição privada localizada na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal realizado com uma amostra de 291 profissionais de enfermagem, distribuídos proporcionalmente entre enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares que trabalhavam em setores críticos, semi-críticos e emergência. Os dados foram coletados no período de outubro de 2010 a janeiro de 2011. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um instrumento com questões socio demográficas e escalas de Likert com 5 opções de respostas, segundo o referencial teórico Modelo Explicativo da Adesão às Precauções- Padrão. RESULTADO: 78,0% (226/291) dos profissionais de enfermagem responderam usar as PP na assistência a todos os pacientes. A análise multivariada mostrou que a adesão às PP foi associada a fatores individuais, expressa por profissionais mais jovens; fatores laborais, expressa por menor percepção de obstáculos e ter recebido treinamento; e fatores organizacionais, expressa por maior percepção de clima de segurança institucional. CONCLUSÕES: As intervenções planejadas para a melhoria da adesão às PP devem ser voltadas não somente para treinamentos em serviço, mas também para ações de redução de barreiras e melhoria do clima de segurança institucional.Standard Precautions (SP) are key measures to protect patients and health professionals (HP) from the acquisition of pathogenic microorganisms. However, adherence to the SP is unsatisfactory and several reasons are described for this low adherence. OBJECTIVE: To analyze individual, organizational and labor factors associated with adherence to the SP of nursing professionals from a private institution located in the city of São Paulo. METHOD: Cross-sectional study carried out with a sample of 291 nursing professionals, proportionally distributed among nurses, nursing technicians and nursing auxiliaries who work in critical, semi-critical and emergency care areas. Data were collected between October 2010 and January 2011. For data collection an instrument with sociodemographic questions and Likert-type scales with 5 response options was used, according to the theoretical framework of the Explanatory Model of Adherence to Standard Precautions. RESULT: 78.0% (226/291) of the nursing professionals answered using the SP in the care to all patients. Multivariate analysis showed that adherence to SP was associated with individual factors, expressed by younger professionals; labor factors, expressed by lower perception of obstacles and having received training; and organizational factors, expressed by a greater perception of institutional safety climate. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions designed to improve the adherence to SP should target not only in-service training, but also actions to reduce barriers and improve the institutional safety climate.
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Pereira, Fernanda Maria Vieira. "Adesão às precauções-padrão por profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em terapia intensiva em um hospital universitário do interior paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-19012012-105417/.
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As Unidades de Terapia Intensiva atendem pacientes críticos, que demandam cuidados de alta complexidade. Com isso, a freqüente realização de procedimentos invasivos favorece a exposição do profissional e dos pacientes a riscos biológicos. Para diminuir os riscos associados ao trabalho dos profissionais que atuam nessas unidades, é imprescindível utilizar medidas preventivas durante a assistência das quais destacamos as precauções-padrão. Objetivos: Avaliar os fatores individuais, relativos ao trabalho e organizacionais relacionados à adesão às precauções-padrão por profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em terapia intensiva em um hospital universitário do interior paulista. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de dezembro de 2010 a junho de 2011. A população de estudo constituiu-se por 178 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem - enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem- que atuavam na assistência a pacientes em terapia intensiva, de duas unidades distintas da instituição. Os instrumentos para a coleta de dados foram escalas psicométricas do tipo Likert desenvolvidas por Gershon et al. (1995), traduzidas e validadas por Brevidelli e Cianciarullo (2009), somando 57 questões divididas em 10 escalas, que compreendem fatores individuais, do trabalho e organizacionais. A análise estatística foi feita por meio do software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), versão 15.0., utilizando-se estatística descritiva e teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: A maior parte dos profissionais foi do sexo feminino 171 (79,2) com predomínio da categoria de auxiliar de enfermagem com 94 (52,8%). Obteve-se que 79 (44,4%) dos profissionais trabalhavam 50 horas ou mais durante a semana. Na escala de adesão às precauções-padrão obteve-se um escore de 4,45 (DP=0,27) classificado como intermediário para as duas unidades. Houve correlação quando comparada com fatores individuais, para Escala de Personalidade de Risco (r=- 0,169; p=0,024) e fatores relativos ao trabalho representada pela Escala de Obstáculos para Seguir as precauções-padrão (r=-0,359; p=0,000). Para a unidade B os fatores organizacionais com a Escala de Clima de Segurança (r=0,243; p=0,014) apresentaram correlação estatisticamente significante quando comparados com a Escala de Adesão. Conclusão: Para as unidades A e B de terapia intensiva, a adesão às PP foi intermediária entre enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem, ou seja, não ocorreu em sua totalidade. O comportamento individual, a identificação de obstáculos e a organização do trabalho são aspectos que devem ser revistos, pois fatores individuais, relativos ao trabalho e organizacionais influenciaram na adesão às precauções-padrão por profissionais que atuam em terapia intensiva.Introduction: Intensive Care Units serve critically ill patients requiring highly complex care. Thus, frequent invasive procedures promote the professional and the patients exposure to biological hazards. To reduce the risks associated with the work of professionals working in these units, it is essential to use preventive measures for the assistance of which we highlight the standard precautions. Objectives: To assess the individual factors related to work-related and organizational adherence to standard precautions for nurses working in intensive care at a university hospital in the interior of São Paulo. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, developed at the Hospital das Clinicas of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo in the period of December 2010 to June 2011. The study population consisted of 178 professionals of the nursing staff - nurses, technicians and nursing assistants who worked in patient care in intensive care, two distinct units of the institution. The instruments for data collection were the psychometric Likert scales developed by Gershon et al. (1995), translated and validated by Brevidelli and Cianciarullo (2009), totaling 57 questions divided into 10 scales, which include individual factors, and organizational work. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 15.0., Using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation test. Results: Most professionals were 171 females (79.2) with a predominance of the category of nursing assistant with 94 (52.8%). It was found that 79 (44.4%) of the professionals were working 50 hours or more during the week. On a scale of adherence to standard precautions we obtained a score of 4.45 (SD = 0.27) classified as intermediate for the two units. There was a correlation when compared with individual factors to Risk Personality Scale (r =- 0.169, p = 0.024) and factors related to the work represented by the scale of Obstacles to follow the standard-precautions (r =- 0.359, p = 0.000). For the B unit the organizational factors with Safety Climate Scale (r = 0.243, p = 0.014) showed statistically significant when compared with the adherence scale. Conclusion: For the A and B intensive care units, adherence to SP was intermediate between nurses, technicians and nursing assistants, or did not occur in its entirety. The individual behavior, identification of obstacles and work organization must be reviewed because individual factors, related to work and organizational influence on adherence to standard precautions by professionals working in intensive care.
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Gebreselassie, Fasil Taye. "Investigating the Compliance with Universal Precautions among Health Care Providers in Tikur Anbessa Central Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3888_1280431366.
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This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance.
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Ramsey, Priscilla W., and L. Lee Glenn. "Nurses' Body Fluid Exposure Reporting, HIV Testing, and Hepatitis B Vaccination Rates: Before and After Implementing Universal Precautions Regulations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7543.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mandatory universal precautions changed nurses' body fluid exposure and reporting rates, hepatitis B vaccination rates, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing rates. Random cross-sectional surveys of nurses in Tennessee were conducted in 1991 and 1993 (n = 145 in 1991; n = 143 in 1993). The questionnaire in both surveys included frequency of body fluid exposures and reporting in the past year, and whether or not the respondent had received the hepatitis B vaccine or had been HIV tested. Findings indicated that self reported needlestick injuries decreased by 69%, and other sharps injuries decreased by 81%. Only 4.1% of all exposure incidents reported on this anonymous survey were reported to employee health officials, as required. Body fluid exposure incidents were the most common form of exposure (81%) and the most underreported. Hepatitis B vaccinations significantly increased (61.4% to 82.5%), with a nonsignificant increase in HIV testing (47.2% to 55.6%) from 1991 to 1993. Findings of this study suggest that the universal precautions regulatory mandate has been effective in increasing nurses' compliance to universal precautions. Body fluid contacts were significantly underreported and showed no decrease between 1991 and 1993.
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Glenn, L. Lee, and P. W. Ramsey. "Universal Precautions Compliance and Exposure Frequency to Patient Body Fluids in Nurses Employed By Urban and Rural Health Care Agencies." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1995. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7546.
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Previous studies have suggested that health care workers may differ with respect to universal precautions knowledge, compliance, practice setting barriers, or exposure to patient body fluids in rural and urban areas. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there are rural/urban differences in the degree of precaution taken by health care workers to prevent the spread of blood borne pathogens, specifically human immunodefiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). A random sample of rural and urban registered and licensed practical nurses in Tennessee was surveyed. The respondents completed two instruments that assessed self‐reported universal precautions knowledge, precautions, and practice barriers.
No measurable differences in universal precautions knowledge, compliance, or barrier scores between the two groups were found; yet rural nurses were 2.7 times as likely to be exposed to patient body fluids than urban nurses (P<0.005). The conclusion was that rural nurses were as experienced and as knowledgeable about universal precaution techniques as their urban peers, but their knowledge was not translated into practice to the same degree. Two possible explanations offered are (1) rural nurses are more likely to be acquainted with, and thus trusting of, their patients, and (2) the lower seroprevalence of human immunodefiency virus and hepatitis B virus in rural areas may lead to complacency.
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Ribeiro, Patricia Helena Vivan. "Adaptação e validação de um instrumento para verificação de fatores associados à adesão às precauções-padrão entre cirurgiões-dentistas que atuam na rede básica de saúde." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/83/83131/tde-18072011-132537/.
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Os acidentes com presença de material biológico são uma realidade na prática odontológica. A utilização de medidas preventivas como a adoção das Precauções Padrão (PP) é essencial. Na vivência profissional na área da saúde, verifica-se certa hesitação dos cirurgiões-dentistas (CD) no que diz respeito à adesão de práticas seguras. Diante desse quadro, surgiu a seguinte indagação: que fatores podem associar-se aos níveis de adesão às PP, a fim de prevenir a exposição desses profissionais a material biológico? Desse modo, este estudo constituiu-se de uma investigação metodológica quantitativa com o objetivo de adaptar e validar um instrumento para verificação de fatores associados à adesão às PP entre CD. O instrumento compôs-se de 49 itens distribuídos em 5 dimensões. O processo de validação do instrumento seguiu as seguintes etapas: adaptação do instrumento para as situações que envolvem riscos aos cirurgiões-dentistas por meio da análise semântica e análise de conteúdo, as quais foram realizadas por um comitê de juízes. O instrumento adaptado foi aplicado entre os meses de maio a dezembro de 2008 para 224 cirurgiões-dentistas que atuavam na Rede Básica de Saúde dos municípios de Apucarana, Arapongas, Cambé, Ibiporã, Londrina e Rolândia, na região Norte do Estado do Paraná. Para análise das propriedades psicométricas, realizou-se validação de construto por meio de análise fatorial exploratória e teste de confiabilidade. Resultados da análise fatorial confirmaram itens divididos em três domínios: obstáculo para seguir PP; conhecimento da transmissão ocupacional do HIV e clima de segurança. A consistência interna dos domínios estimada pelo alfa de Cronbach variou de 0,73 a 0,88. Estes resultados evidenciam que o instrumento poderá ser utilizado por pesquisadores para avaliar os fatores de influência na adesão às PP entre os CD, considerando-se sua validade e confiabilidade. Em relação a análise descritiva exploratória dos itens, a dimensão Clima de segurança foi a que obteve a menor pontuação média (3,43 ± 0,62), enquanto a dimensão Obstáculo para seguir PP tanto quanto a dimensão Conhecimento da transmissão ocupacional do HIV apresentou pontuações bastante próximas, de (4,10 ±0,76) e (4,05 ±0,70), respectivamente. Estes resultados possibilitaram concluir que o CD tem uma percepção média em relação aos fatores individuais e aos relativos ao trabalho e uma percepção baixa dos fatores organizacionais, situação que pode favorecer a exposição destes profissionais a riscos desnecessários.Accidents with biologic materials are customary in dental practice. Preventive measures such as the adoption of Standard Precautions are essential. In professional experience in healthcare some hesitation of the dentists on the adoption of safe practices has been verified. Therefore, the following quest aroused: what factors can be associated to the Standard Precautions levels of adhesion, in order to prevent the exposure of these professionals to biologic materials? Thus, this study proposes a quantitative methodological investigation in order to adapt and validate an instrument for the verification of factors associated with the adhesion to the Standard Precautions among dentists. The instrument was composed of 49 items distributed in 5 dimensions. The process of validation of the instrument involved the following steps: instrument matching for the situations that involve risk to the dentists through semantic and subject analysis which were carried out by a committee of judges. The adapted instrument was applied from May to December, 2008 to 224 dentists who worked at the public health system in the North of Paraná State in the following cities: Apucarana, Arapongas, Cambé, Ibiporã, Londrina and Rolândia. To analyze the psychometrical properties, a construct validation was performed through exploratory factor analysis and reliability test. Factor analysis results confirmed items divided into three areas: objection in following the Standard Precautions, knowledge about occupational transmission of HIV and safety atmosphere. The internal consistency of the domains which were estimated by the Cronbach\'s alpha varied from 0,73 to 0,88. These results show that the instrument can be used by researchers to evaluate the factors that influence the adhesion to the Standard Precautions among dentists, considering its validity and reliability. Regarding descriptive exploratory analysis of the items, the dimension of security atmosphere was the one that had the lowest average score (3.43 ± 0.62), while the objection to follow standard precautions as far as the knowledge about occupational transmission of the HIV virus presented very close scores of (4.10 ± 0.76) and (4.05 ± 0.70), respectively. These results allow the conclusion that dentists has an average perception concerning to individual and work-related factors and a low perception of organizational factors, which might facilitate the exposure of these professionals to unnecessary risk. The exploratory descriptive analysis of the items made it possible to conclude that not only the individual and organizational factors but also the ones related to work had a simultaneous association with the adhesion to the Standard Precautions among the dentists.
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Harford, Charlotte Anstice. "The implementation and enforcement of the obligation under the international law of armed conflict to take precautions in attack (1980-2005)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2415/.
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Existing international legal literature recognizes that parties to armed conflicts and individual combatants are legally required not only to refrain from deliberately attacking non-combatants and civilian objects, but also to take care to ensure (to the extent feasible) that such persons are not killed or injured, and such objects not destroyed or damaged, by accident or incidentally during military operations. This thesis looks at the practical application of this latter principle during a twenty-five year period following the entry into force of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. It contends that although the rules in this area are not easily susceptible to judicial enforcement, they are nevertheless sufficiently flexible and realistic to be capable of effective implementation without detriment to military effectiveness. Examination of the practice of parties to various conflicts during the period under review suggests that if and to the extent that belligerents are ready to devote time and resources to training, leadership, internal accountability procedures, and to the provision of appropriate military equipment, they can, so long as they are not too impatient for quick results, comply with the Protocol I rules on precaution in attack without the need for combatants to take unreasonable risks for the sake of enemy non-combatants. Efforts to enforce the law externally have, however, met with mixed results, revealing more about the selectivity of international justice than about its effectiveness as a tool for ensuring fair treatment for victims and alleged violators of the rules on precautions in attack. The most potentially effective form of enforcement of these rules appears set to remain, for the time being at least, the influence over belligerents which some third party states and other international actors retain, but are perhaps sometimes hesitant to exercise in the interests of promoting respect for the law of armed conflict.
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Toffano, Silmara Elaine Malaguti. "Adesão às precauções-padrão de profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital universitário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/83/83131/tde-18072011-133027/.
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As Precauções-Padrão (PP) são consideradas como as principais medidas de prevenção à exposição com material biológico potencialmente contaminado e a adesão as PP contribui significativamente para reduzir esses riscos. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever e comparar os escores de adesão às PP de profissionais de enfermagem que atuavam nas unidades de internação de um hospital universitário. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, comparativo e quantitativo, realizado em um hospital de ensino do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A amostra de 290 sujeitos foi calculada e sorteada segundo um plano amostral estratificado (alfa =0,01; número de preditores = 3, sendo, tempo de exercício na profissão, carga horária semanal, categoria profissional, effect size = 0,08, poder 0,99). Critérios de inclusão: exercer no mínimo seis meses de trabalho na função de enfermeiro, técnico ou auxiliar de enfermagem na instituição; estar lotado na unidade selecionada para a realização do estudo; prestar assistência direta aos doentes. Critérios de exclusão: exercer exclusivamente atividades administrativas; estar em férias, licença-saúde ou afastamento. Utilizou-se um formulário contendo variáveis demográficas e a escala psicométrica de adesão às PP, desenvolvido por Gershon et al. (1995), traduzida e validada por Brevidelli e Cianciarullo (2009), no total de 13 ítens, cujas opções variam segundo uma escala Likert de cinco pontos. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre 01 de setembro de 2009 a 31 de março de 2010 e os profissionais abordados e entrevistados em seu próprio turno de trabalho. A análise dos dados foi efetuada por meio do software Social Package for Social Science (SPSS), versão 15.0. Participaram do estudo 256 profissionais de enfermagem, sendo 178 (69,5%) auxiliares de enfermagem, 27 (10,5%) técnicos e 51 (19,9%) enfermeiros. A confiabilidade da escala de adesão às PP, cujo resultado de 0,70, foi considerado satisfatório. Os resultados apontaram que 152 (59,4%) profissionais apresentaram escores médios altos para a adesão às PP, igual ou acima de 4,5; 98 (38,3%) escores intermediários, entre 3,5 a 4,49 e 06 (2,3%) baixos, ou seja, menores que 3,5. Verificou-se que 50 (19,5%) informaram ter menos de 05 anos na profissão, 83 (32,4%) entre 05 e 10 anos e a maioria, 123 (48,0%), mais que 10 anos na profissão. A análise dos escores de adesão às PP e tempo na profissão mostrou fraca correlação (r=0,629; p=0,395). A análise dos escores de adesão às PP dos profissionais de saúde segundo a carga horária semanal também apontou que houve fraca correlação (r = - 0,070; p = 0,266). Entre profissionais expostos ou não a material biológico não houve diferenças nos escores de adesão às PP. Os resultados apontaram alta e intermediária adesão às PP dos profissionais de enfermagem, entretanto, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os escores segundo a categoria profissional, tempo na profissão, carga horária semanal ou setores de trabalho ou exposição prévia ao material biológico.The Standard Precautions (SP) are considered as key measures for preventing exposure to potentially contaminated biological material adhesion to the PP and contributes significantly to reducing these risks. This study aimed to describe and compare the scores of adherence to the SP of nurses who worked in inpatient units of a university hospital. This is a cross-sectional, comparative and quantitative, carried out in a teaching hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The sample of 290 subjects was calculated and drawn in a plane stratified sample (alpha = 0.01, 3 = number of predictors, being, exercise time in the profession, weekly workload, professional category, effect size = 0.08; power 0.99). Inclusion criteria: exercise at least six months working in the role of nurse, technician or nursing assistant in the institution was packed in the unit selected for the study, provide direct care to patients. Exclusion criteria: exercise exclusive administrative activities; be on vacation, sick leave or removal. We used a form containing demographic and psychometric scale for adherence to the SP, developed by Gershon et al. (1995), translated and validated by Brevidelli and Cianciarullo (2009), totaling 13 items, whose options vary according to a five-point Likert scale. Data collection was conducted between September 1, 2009 to 31 March 2010 and discussed the pros and interviewed in their own shift. Data analysis was performed using the software Social Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. The study included 256 nurses, of which 178 (69.5%) nursing assistants, 27 (10.5%) technicians and 51 (19.9%) nurses. The reability scale adhesion to SP, which results of 0.70, was considered satisfactory. The results showed that 152 (59,4%) professionals had higher mean scores for adherence to SP equal to or above 4.5, 98 (38.3%) scores intermediate between 3.5 and 4.49 and 06 (2 3%) low , less than 3.5. It was found that 50 (19.5%) reported having less than 05 years in the profession, 83 (32.4%) between 05 and 10 years and the majority, 123 (48.0%), more than 10 years in the profession. The mean score for adherence to SP and length of service showed a weak correlation (r=0,629; p=0,395). Analysis of the scores of compliance with standard precautions for health professionals according to weekly working hours also pointed out that there was a weak correlation (r = - 0,070; p = 0,266). Among workers exposed to biological material or not there were differences in scores for adhesion to SP. The results showed high, intermediate, and high adhesion to SP nursing professionals, however, no significant statistically differences between scores by professional category, length of service, weekly or sectors of work or exhibition prior to the biological material.
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Cope, Afton D., and L. Lee Glenn. "Unsafe Injection Procedures and Staff Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7485.
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The study by Rehan et al. [1] was evaluated for support of the conclusion was by the data. The deviations from recommended practices were infrequent and not shown to be clinically significant. Although a strong study, the conclusion that world-wide education programs are needed is not warranted.
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Sten, Henrik, and Daniela Hellman. "Sjuksköterskestuderandes kunskaper och följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner : en litteraturstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-7972.
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Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskestuderandes kunskaper om och följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner. Vidare var syftet att beskriva faktorer som bidrar till sjuksköterskestuderandes följsamhet respektive oföljsamhet avseende basala hygienrutiner. Metoden var en deskriptiv litteraturstudie. Artikelsökningen har skett via databaserna Medline via Pubmed och Cinahl, sökning har även skett manuellt. Huvudresultatet visade att sjuksköterskestudenter har generellt goda teoretiska kunskaper om vårdhygien och basala hygienrutiner. Dock finns faktorer som minskar följsamheten till vårdhygien och basala hygienrutiner. Sjusköterskestudenterna har få positiva förebilder som utför korrekta basala hygienrutiner. Hög arbetsbelastning och stress minskar utförandet av basala hygienrutiner. Ytterligare faktorer som bidrar till minskad följsamhet var studenternas vilja att bli accepterade som en i vårdlaget och rädslan att relationen mellan student och handledare försämras. Goda förebilder för sjuksköterskestudenterna kan öka följsamheten till basala hygienrutiner, samt lärarledda målinriktade utbildningar inom vårdhygien och basala hygienrutiner. Slutsatsen av studien är att sjuksköterskestudenter har generellt goda teoretiska kunskaper om vårdhygien och basala hygienrutiner, dock att följsamheten till detta inte alltid följs på grund av olika faktorer. Samt att det behövs mer utbildning om basala hygienrutiner för sjuksköterskestudenter.The aim of this literature review was to describe nursing students’ knowledge about standard precautions and infection control. Furthermore the aim was to describe contributing factors to nursing student’s compliance and noncompliance to standard precautions and infection control. The chosen method for this study was a descriptive review. Scientific articles were searched in the databases Pubmed and Cinahl. Manual search was also conducted. The main results of the study showed that nursing students generally have good theoretical knowledge about standard precautions and infection control. There are however factors that reduce the compliance to standard precautions and infection control. Nursing students have few positive role models that perform correct standard precautions. Heavy workload and stress reduce the performance of standard precautions. Additional factors that reduce the compliance are the students’ intentions to become accepted as members of the nursing team, and the fear of the relationship between the student and the mentor would deteriorate. Good role models and teacher-led targeted education interventions for the students can increase the compliance to standard precautions. The conclusion of this study is that nursing students’ generally have good theoretical knowledge about standard precautions and infection control, there are however factors that reduce the compliance. More educations about hygiene are necessary for nursing students.
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Abdalmajid, Mohammed Babekir Elmalik. "An application of factor analysis on a 24-item scale on the attitudes towards AIDS precautions using Pearson, Spearman and Polychoric correlation matrices." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8765_1184324798.
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The 24-item scale has been used extensively to assess the attitudes towards AIDS precautions. This study investigated the usefulness and validity of the instrument in a South African setting, fourteen years after the development of the instrument. If a new structure could be found statistically, the HIV/AIDS prevention strategies could be more effective in aiding campaigns to change attitudes and sexual behaviour.
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Trew, Noel. "Dead letter law arising from strategic choices : the difficulty of achieving accountability for the 'jus in bello' rules on proportionality and precautions in attack." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33168.
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The jus in bello proportionality rule establishes an upper boundary on how much collateral damage combatants can cause whilst striking a lawful target and its associated rule on precautions in attack compels them to take all feasible measures to properly understand the situation on the ground and to mitigate civilian harm. Proportionality and precautions in attack have been codified in API for over forty years, but in that time, it has been difficult to hold troops and their leaders accountable for breaches of these rules. In this study, I examine several reasons for why these rules have been difficult to apply ex post by considering the strategic motivations of state officials and prosecutors. Specifically, I propose a game-theoretic model which describes the decisions that state officials and prosecutors have historically made, and I explore what changes to this model would prompt these actors to behave differently. The model was developed using insights gained from legal case studies, archival research and a series of interviews with relevant actors. It suggests, inter alia, that to induce state officials to support a stricter liability standard for unlawful attacks, they must either ascribe much more value to legitimacy than to the success of future military operations, or they must perceive the success of future military operations to be unaffected by the possibility of losing criminal or civil adjudication. State officials may perceive losing a civil case based on state liability as being less likely to affect the success of future military operations compared with criminal liability against individual troops. Therefore, state officials may be inclined to support a stricter civil liability standard, if they believed it would help the state to secure greater legitimacy.
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Van, der Berg Lindy Sheryldene. "An investigation into the knowledge and practice of undergraduate nursing students regarding universal precautions and their fear of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2675.
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Magister Curationis - MCurBackground: Health care workers, more specifically, nursing students are at increased risk of occupational injury and exposure to blood borne pathogens. Compliance with universal precautions (UP) will minimise risk or transmission of HIV and HBV (Hepatitis B virus) according to the Department of Health of South Africa. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of universal precautions amongst nursing students and their fear of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens. Rationale: The rationale for the study was to investigate what the studentss knowledge and practice of UP were, to see if this could be a possible contributing factor to occupational exposure. Research design: The study was a quantitative, cross sectional survey using a questionnaire that included one open ended question. Participants: The participants for the study were the undergraduate nursing students in year levels two to four (n = 253) who and were selected by means of stratified random sampling. Procedures: A questionnaire was administered to the participants by the researcher. Analysis of the data collected was done through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0) and content analysis. Results: The researcher established that there is indeed a lack of knowledge regarding UP and that the students’ self reported practice of UP is poor. No statistically significant correlation between knowledge and practice of UP were found. There is underreporting of occupational exposures to staff at the School of Nursing. The majority of students reported a moderate to severe fear for occupational exposures and contributing factors raised by them are reality in the clinical facilities.
South Africa
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Juskevicius, Luize Fábrega. "Precauções específicas para transmissão de microorganismos: elaboração e validação de instrumento para contribuir na redução da vulnerabilidade individual." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7141/tde-12052017-162011/.
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Introdução: A propagação das infecções em serviços de saúde pode ocorrer devido ao não cumprimento das precauções padrão e precauções específicas por parte dos profissionais da assistência a saúde, indivíduos e visitantes. Estudos demonstraram baixa adesão às medidas de precaução pelos profissionais da assistência a saúde, o que pode ter relação com os aspectos do comportamento humano, como a falsa percepção de um risco invisível e a subestimação do compromisso individual nas taxas de infecções relacionadas à assistência a saúde. Com relação aos indivíduos e familiares a orientação inadequada, que se restringe apenas em dizer o que deve ou não ser feito pelo familiar e indivíduo, não esclarece o objetivo principal das precauções, fazendo com que a adesão aos procedimentos não ocorra ou ocorra de maneira inadequada. A partir da década de 1980, teóricos em saúde coletiva propuseram o conceito de vulnerabilidade para ser utilizado como quadro de referência para apoiar o manejo de agravos em saúde. No presente estudo, o conceito de vulnerabilidade foi utilizado como referencial teórico para a abordagem dos aspectos que envolvem o conhecimento e engajamento do indivíduo nas situações que requerem precauções específicas. Objetivo: elaborar e validar com especialistas um roteiro de orientação escrito sobre precauções específicas para indivíduos adultos, tendo como quadro de referência o conceito de vulnerabilidade. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo do tipo metodológico. O estudo foi aplicado em três fases sequenciais: a coleta de dados por meio de aplicação de um questionário dirigido aos indivíduos, a elaboração do roteiro de orientação aos profissionais de saúde e a validação desse material. O estudo foi desenvolvido em dois hospitais, sendo um deles universitário público de nível assistencial secundário e o outro um hospital geral privado com atendimento a convênios de saúde. Participaram do estudo indivíduos adultos que se encontravam em situação de precauções específicas para a transmissão de doenças durante a internação, no período do estudo. Foram convidados a participar como juízes na validação profissionais de saúde com conhecimento reconhecido na área de prevenção de transmissão de doenças ou na temática de vulnerabilidade. O Índice Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) de 0,75 foi utilizado como critério para validação dos tópicos desenvolvidos no instrumento de orientação. Resultados: foram entrevistados 39 indivíduos, em média sete dias após a instituição das precauções específicas. A maior parte estava em precaução para contato. Menos da metade sabia que necessitava de algum cuidado específico; dentre estes, menos da metade sabia como se transmitia seu agravo. O roteiro educacional foi desenvolvido de modo a proporcionar maior conhecimento nos aspectos usualmente negligenciados pelos profissionais e estimular o cuidado centrado na individualidade. Todos os itens tiveram um índice de validade de conteúdo acima de 75%. Conclusão: o roteiro educacional apresenta potencial para instrumentalizar os profissionais da assistência à saúde para a elaboração de ações educativas para indivíduos adultos em precauções específicas. Espera-se que este roteiro possa ser aplicado rotineiramente pelos profissionais nos serviços de saúde, visando a minimizar os efeitos indesejados decorrentes das situações de precauções específicas para transmissão de doenças.Introduction: The spread of infections in health services may occur due to health care professionals, patients and visitors noncompliance with standard precautions and specific precautions. Studies have shown low adherence from health care professionals to precautionary measures, which may be related to aspects of human behavior, such as false perception of an invisible risk and underestimation of the individual commitment in reference to infections rates related to health care. With regard to patients and families, inadequate guidance - which is limited only to saying what the family member and patient should or should not do - does not clarify the main purpose of the precautions, hindering adherence to precautions or making them occur inappropriately. From the 1980s on, public health theorists proposed the concept of vulnerability to be used as a framework to support health hazard management. In this study, the concept of vulnerability will be used as a theoretical framework to address the aspects concerning the patients knowledge and engagement in situations that require specific precautions. Purpose: to develop and validate with experts a guidance reference in writing on specific precautions for adult patients, using the concept of vulnerability as a referential framework. Method: this is a methodological study design, which will be implemented in three sequential phases: data collection by means of a survey to patients, development of a guidance instrument and validation of this material. The study will be developed in two hospitals, one of them, a state university hospital of secondary care level and the other, a private general hospital covering health insurance plans. Patients participating in the study were adults under specific precautions concerning transmission of diseases during hospitalization at the time of the study. Health professionals with recognized expertise in diseases transmission prevention or on the topic of vulnerability were invited to participate as judges for validation. The Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.75 was used as a criterion for validation of the topics developed in the guidance tool. Results: Thirty-nine patients were interviewed, on average seven days after the imposition of specific precautions. Most were under contact precautions. Less than half knew they needed some special care; among these, less than half knew how their hazard was transmitted. The educational guide was developed to provide more knowledge on the aspects usually neglected by professionals and to foster care centered on the patient\'s individuality. All items had a content validity index above 75%. Conclusion: the educational guide has the potential to enable health care professionals for the development of educational activities for adults under specific precautions. This guide is expected to be applied routinely by professionals in health services, in order to minimize the undesirable effects of the cases of specific precautions to disease transmission.
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Claflin, Ray III. "CURRENT TIME SCALES AND CHALLENGES: GPS 1999 WNRO AND THE YEAR 2000." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608442.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaThis paper describes the current internationally recognized atomic time scales of International Atomic Time (TAI), Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and Global Positioning System (GPS) Time as well as solar based Universal Time. The concept of Leap Seconds and the differences between the time scales are discussed. A brief history of the international agreements that created organizations responsible for maintaining these time scales is provided. A brief review of the GPS 1999 (Week Number Roll Over) WNRO with its potential GPS user problems is provided. Prudent personal precautions are proposed for the Year 2000 (Y2K) Rollover.
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Mengal, Muhammad Hashim. "Infectious disease control knowledge and practice among health care workers in Bolan Medical College Hospital Quetta Pakistan." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27097.
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Background Hospital-acquired infections are significant cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients worldwide. Healthcare workers during job are exposed to blood borne pathogens through contact with infected body parts, blood and body fluids. World health organization (WHO) estimated that globally about 2.5% of HIV and 40% of hepatitis viral infected cases are among health workers due to exposures. The most important mechanism of spread of these pathogens is through contaminated hands of the healthcare workers. Standard precautions measures are essential to prevent and control healthcare associated infection among healthcare workers and patients. In developing countries despite the development of detailed guideline for infection control the knowledge of standard precautions is low and not properly applied. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and practice of health care workers regarding standard precautions and hand hygiene to infectious disease control. Aim The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of health care workers regarding hand wash and standard precautions to control infectious diseases in BMCH. In addition create awareness among participants and encourage them to practice regularly hand hygiene and standard precautions to control or reduce nosocomial infections in health care facilities Methods The study design is cross-sectional evaluation of healthcare worker knowledge and practices about standard precautions and hand hygiene for infectious disease control. A questionnaire administered to health care workers (doctors and nurses). The questionnaire was divided in two parts and the first part concerns demographic information, asking knowledge and practice. The second part asked opinions about risk and prevention of HAIs. The questionnaire was developed with consultation of other studies of the same kind. It has been pre tested and is finalized for survey. The ethical approval was given by hospital superintendent and informs consent from all study participants. Statistic analysis was done on Excel and statistical software SPSS version 20. Data was described in numbers, percentages and Chi Square test done for association among categorical variables, significant level was considered P= <0.05. Results Two hundred questionnaires were distributed to HCWs in BMCH and 169 completely fill questionnaire were returned. The male gender respondents were 42% and female respondents were 58%. The basic questions about knowledge of hand hygiene and standard precautions were answered well in both categories; about 73% were with sufficient knowledge. The practice of hand hygiene and standard precautions was not satisfactory among both categories; about 47% found with good practice. Differences found in sub groups, young age none trained doctors and nurses answered wrong and shown lack of knowledge. This study found an association of age, profession and job experience with knowledge and practice regarding hand hygiene and standard precautions. Open handed questions described well the major issue regarding HAIs and participants emphasized on risk and prevention methods. Conclusions The respondents were HCWs (doctors and nurses) of both sex and this study found that majority of HCWs have good knowledge and practice about control of HAIs but difference were found in age groups, sex and profession. Above half of the HCWs were not trained for infection control in health facilities, thus getting training of infection control is important but more important is implementation of it during practice.
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Lopes, Letícia Pimenta. "Staphylococcus aureus em profissionais de enfermagem e as interfaces com a adesão às precauções-padrão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-28012016-144814/.
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Introdução: Staphylococcus aureus é um importante patógeno responsável por diversas infecções no ambiente hospitalar com elevada morbi-mortalidade. Os profissionais de saúde, sobretudo os de enfermagem, apresentam elevado risco de colonização por meio do contato direto com indivíduos suscetíveis ou pelo contato com fômites em suas atividades laborais. Com isso, esses profissionais podem disseminar esses microrganismos tanto no ambiente hospitalar como na comunidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a colonização por Staphylococcus aureus em profissionais de enfermagem e a adesão às precauções-padrão. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em clínica médica e em unidades especializadas em prestação de cuidados a pessoas com HIV/aids de um hospital escola do município de Ribeirão Preto. A população foi composta por 100 profissionais de enfermagem que prestam cuidados direto aos pacientes dessas unidades. Foram coletadas amostras de saliva, de secreção nasal e um swab do telefone celular dos profissionais. A coleta ocorreu no período de abril de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015, em três momentos, nos meses zero, quatro e oito. A obtenção dos dados demográficos, profissionais e individuais foi feita por meio de um questionário estruturado. Para avaliar a adesão dos profissionais às precauções-padrão, foram aplicadas dez escalas psicométricas do tipo Likert, já traduzidas e validadas para o português. As amostras coletadas foram encaminhadas e processadas pelo Laboratório de Microbiologia e Sorologia do referido hospital. Resultados: Dos 100 profissionais de enfermagem, 43,0% estavam colonizados por Staphylococcus aureus nas amostras de saliva e/ou de secreção nasal; 36,0% eram Staphylococcus aureus sensível à oxacilina e 7,0% resistente à oxacilina. A prevalência foi de 32,0% na secreção nasal, 1,0%, na saliva e 11,0%, nas amostras de saliva e de secreção nasal. Observou-se que 93,0% dos Staphylococcus aureus apresentaram resistência à penicilina, 43,0%, à eritromicina e 39,5%, à clindamicina. Nenhuma das amostras coletadas da base do telefone celular dos profissionais apresentou Staphylococcus aureus. Os profissionais apresentaram escores médios altos para a Escala de Adesão às Precauções-padrão e Escala de Personalidade de Risco. Não houve diferença significante ao comparar a média dos escores das escalas entre o grupo de colonizados e não colonizados. Armazenamento da escova dental em compartimento fechado/protegido (RP=2,07; IC95%=1,07-3,80) foi um fator de risco para a colonização. Enquanto que, o conhecimento sobre as PP (RP=0,53; IC95%=0,44-0,64) e participação em treinamento sobre as PP (RP=0,52; IC95%=0,43-0,64) apresentaram-se como um fator de proteção para a não colonização. Conclusão: A cavidade nasal foi um importante sítio de colonização quando comparada à cavidade oral, sendo um sítio relevante e indicado para a coleta em estudos que investigam a prevalência de colonização por Staphylococcus aureus. O conhecimento sobre precauções-padrão e a participação em treinamentos foram fatores associados à proteção para a não colonização. No entanto, um dos fatores determinantes para a adesão às precauções-padrão é a percepção de suscetibilidade do profissional de adquirir e disseminar esses microrganismosIntroduction: Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen responsible for several infections in hospitals with high morbidity and mortality rates. Health professionals, especially nurses, are at increased risk of colonization through direct contact with susceptible individuals or by contact with fomites in their work activities. As a consequence, these professionals can disseminate these microorganisms both in the hospital and in the community. Objective: To assess colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in nursing professionals and the adherence to standard precautions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in an outpatient clinic and in specialized units that provide care to people with HIV/Aids, in a teaching hospital of Ribeirão Preto. The population consisted of 100 nursing professionals who provide direct care to patients of these units. Samples of saliva, nasal secretions and a swab from the mobile phone of professionals were collected. The collection took place from April 2014 to February 2015 on three occasions, in months zero, four and eight. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic, occupational and personal data. To assess the adherence of professionals to standard precautions, ten Likert-type psychometric scales, translated and validated for Portuguese, were applied. The collected samples were forwarded to and processed by the Microbiology and Serology Laboratory of the hospital. Results: Of the 100 nursing professionals, 43% were colonized with Staphylococcus aureus in saliva samples and/or nasal secretions; 36% were oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and 7.0% oxacillin-resistant. The prevalence was 32% in nasal secretion, 1% in saliva and 11% in saliva samples and nasal discharge. It was observed that 93% of Staphylococcus aureus were penicillin-resistant strains, 43% resistant to erythromycin and 39.5% to clindamycin. None of the samples collected from the base of the mobile phone of the professionals presented Staphylococcus aureus. Professionals had high mean scores for the Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale and the Risk Personality Scale. There was no significant difference when comparing the average scores of scales between the colonized and non-colonized groups. Storing the toothbrush in a closed/protected space (PR=2.07; CI95%=1.07-3.80) was a risk factor for colonization. Knowledge of the SP (PR=0.53, CI95%=0.44-0.64) and participation in training on SP (PR=0.52, CI95%=0.43-0.64) were a protective factor for non- colonization. Conclusion: The nasal cavity was an important colonization site compared to the oral cavity, the nasal site is relevant and recommended for collection in studies investigating the prevalence of colonization for Staphylococcus aureus. Knowledge of the standard precautions and participation in training on standard precautions were protective factors for non-colonization. However, one of the determining factors for adherence to standard precautions is the perceived susceptibility of professional to acquire and disseminate these microorganisms
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Valim, Marília Duarte. "Adaptação cultural e validação do Questionnaries for knowledge and compliance with standard precaution para enfermeiros brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-09012015-114413/.
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As precauções-padrão preconizadas pelo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention e ratificadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, são medidas que minimizam a exposição ocupacional a material biológico potencialmente contaminado e previnem as infecções relacionadas à assistência em saúde. No entanto, constata-se que a adesão a essas medidas é problema dentre os profissionais de enfermagem e instrumentos para estudar a adesão de enfermeiros a essas medidas foram construídos para apoiar intervenções. Considerando-se que a adaptação e validação de um instrumento utilizado em diferentes culturas garante a sua maior confiabilidade e validade e que a viabilidade de um instrumento fidedigno, para aferir conhecimento e adesão de enfermeiros às precauções-padrão, se faz necessário no contexto brasileiro, este estudo teve por objetivos adaptar para enfermeiros brasileiros e validar o questionário de adesão às precauções-padrão e o questionário de conhecimento sobre as precauções-padrão (Questionnaires for Knowledge and Compliance with Standard Precaution).Trata-se de estudo metodológico, cujo processo de adaptação dos questionários seguiu as etapas: tradução inicial; síntese e consenso das traduções; realização do comitê de especialistas; retrotradução; validação semântica e pré-teste da versão final. O processo de adaptação contou com uma amostra de 42 enfermeiros de uma unidade de emergência vinculada a um hospital de ensino do interior de São Paulo, sendo que 12 enfermeiros participaram da validação semântica e 30 do pré- teste. O processo de validação foi realizado com uma amostra aleatória de 121 enfermeiros, sendo 91 pertencentes a estabelecimentos de saúde de alta complexidade e 30 enfermeiros pertencentes a estabelecimentos de saúde de média complexidade de outro município do interior de São Paulo (sendo um hospital filantrópico, um hospital privado e uma unidade de pronto atendimento vinculada a um plano de saúde). Para o Questionário de Adesão às Precauções-Padrão, a consistência interna foi calculada pelo alfa de Cronbach e a estabilidade pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse. A validade de construto convergente foi calculada pela correlação com a percepção de clima de segurança organizacional e a validade de construto divergente por meio da correlação com a menor percepção de obstáculos, para seguir as precauções-padrão. A validade de construto por grupos conhecidos foi calculada entre enfermeiros que relataram ter recebido e enfermeiros que relataram não ter recebido treinamento e entre as diferentes instituições estudadas. A presença de efeito máximo e mínimo (floor and ceiling) foi avaliada. Para o Questionário de Conhecimento sobre as Precauções-Padrão foi calculada a concordância pelo coeficiente Kappa e a estabilidade foi avaliada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse. A validade de construto entre grupos conhecidos foi calculada entre enfermeiros com maior e menor titulação e enfermeiros que receberam e que não receberam treinamento sobre as precauções-padrão. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os questionários estão compreensíveis, fáceis de responder e adequados ao português do Brasil. O pré-teste confirmou a versão obtida pela validação semântica. O questionário de adesão apresentou consistência interna de 0,80 e estabilidade de 0,97. A validade de construto convergente e divergente evidenciaram forte correlação com a maior percepção de clima de segurança (r=0,614) e com a menor percepção de obstáculos, (r=0-537). A validade de construto entre grupos conhecidos revelou maior adesão entre os enfermeiros que receberam treinamento (p=0,028) e que os participantes pertencentes aos estabelecimentos de alta complexidade apresentaram maior adesão quando comparados aos demais estabelecimentos (p=0,006). Foi verificado efeito máximo e mínimo no Questionário de Adesão às Precauções-Padrão, o que compromete a responsividade do instrumento; porém, auto-relatos de adesão são frequentemente superiores aos índices constatados em estudos observacionais. Com relação ao Questionário de Conhecimento sobre as Precauções-Padrão, as respostas dos enfermeiros se mostraram concordantes e a estabilidade foi de 0,91, o que confirma a capacidade do instrumento de detectar possíveis alterações em características na amostra estudada. A validade por grupos conhecidos não evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os enfermeiros pela titulação e presença de treinamento (p=0,706 e p=0,209, respectivamente). Os resultados evidenciam que o Questionário de Adesão às Precauções-Padrão obteve índices psicométricos satisfatórios, o que confirma a hipótese de que o instrumento afere o construto adesão. O Questionário de Conhecimento sobre as Precauções-Padrão revelou boa concordância e estabilidade. Conclui-se que os questionários adaptados e validados são fidedignos e podem ser utilizados para medir a adesão e o conhecimento de enfermeiros brasileiros às precauções-padrão e subsidiarão a proposição de medidas intervencionistas, visando a saúde do trabalhador e a segurança do pacienteThe standard precautions, established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and ratified by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, are measures that minimize the occupational exposure to potentially contaminated biological material and prevent healthcare-related infections. As verified, however, compliance with these measures is a problem among nursing professionals and tools to study the nurses\' compliance with these measures have been constructed to support interventions. Considering that the adaptation and validation of a tool used in different cultures guarantees its greater reliability and validity and that the feasibility of a reliable tool to verify nurses\' knowledge and compliance with the standard precautions is necessary in the Brazilian context, the objectives in this study were to adapt for Brazilian nurses and validate the Questionnaires for Knowledge and Compliance with Standard Precaution. In this methodological study, the adaptation process of the questionnaires followed a number of phases: initial translation; synthesis and consensus of the translations; expert committee; back translation; semantic validation and pretest of the final version. The adaptation process involved a sample of 42 nurses from the emergency service of a teaching hospital in a city from São Paulo state, 12 of whom participated in the semantic validation and 30 in the pretest. The validation process was accomplished with a random sample of 121 nurses, 91 were located in high complexity healthcare institutions and 30 from intermediate healthcare institutions in another city from São Paulo state (including one non-for-profit hospital, one private hospital and the emergency service of a health insurance). For the Questionnaire for Compliance with Standard Precaution, the internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach\'s alpha and the stability using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. The convergent construct validity was calculated through the correlation with the perceived organizational safety climate and the divergent construct validity through the correlation with the lesser perception of obstacles to compliance with the standard precautions. The construct validity using the known-groups method was calculated among nurses who indicated they had received and nurses who indicated they had not received training and among the different institutions under analysis. The presence of floor and ceiling effects was assessed. For the Questionnaire for Knowledge about Standard Precaution, the agreement was calculated using the Kappa coefficient and stability was assessed through the Intraclass Correlation Coeficient. The construct validity among known groups was calculated between nurses with higher and lower degrees and nurses who did and did not receive training about the standard precautions. The obtained results show that the questionnaires are understandable, easy to answer and appropriate to Brazilian Portuguese. The pretest confirmed the version obtained in the semantic validation procedure. The internal consistency of the compliance questionnaire equaled 0.80 and the stability 0.97. The convergent and divergent construct validity showed a strong correlation with a greater perceived safety climate (r=0.614) and a lesser perception of obstacles (r=0-537). The construct validity among known groups revealed greater compliance among the nurses who received training (p=0.028) and that the subjects at the high complexity healthcare institutions showed higher compliance levels when compared to the other institutions (p=0.006). Floor and ceiling effects were found in the Questionnaire for Compliance with Standard Precaution, which compromises the responsiveness of the tool; nevertheless, self-reported compliance levels are frequently higher than the indices found in observation studies. As regards the Questionnaire for Knowledge about Standard Precaution, the nurses\' answers demonstrated agreement and the stability corresponded to 0.91, which confirms that tool\'s ability to detect possible alterations in characteristics of the study sample. The validity among known groups did not show a statistically significant difference among the nurses according to the degree and presence of training (p=0.706 and p=0.209, respectively). The results show that the Questionnaires for Compliance with Standard Precautions obtained satisfactory psychometric coefficients, which confirms the hypothesis that the tool verifies the compliance construct. The Questionnaire for Knowledge about Standard Precaution revealed good agreement and stability coefficients. In conclusion, the adapted and validated questionnaires are reliable and can be used to measure the compliance and knowledge of Brazilian nurses about the standard precaution and will support the proposal of intervention measures directed at occupational health and patient safety
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Огорілко, Ю. "Умови та підстави застосування запобіжних заходів." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60235.
Full textAbstract:
З прийняттям Конституції України були закріплені правові гарантії
свободи та особистої недоторканності кожної людини, що повинні
відповідати міжнародно-правовим стандартам. Стаття 5 Конвенції про захист
прав людини та основних свобод визнає право кожного на свободу та
особисту недоторканність. Нікого не можна позбавити свободи інакше ніж
відповідно до процедури, встановленої законом. У зв’язку з цим актуального
значення набуває проблема підстав застосування запобіжних заходів, що
мають на обвинуваченого (підозрюваного) певний психологічний вплив та
обмежують його свободу з метою запобігання можливості ухилитися від
дізнання, попереднього слідства чи суду, протидіяти встановленню істини у
кримінальній справі та зайняття подальшою злочинною діяльністю.
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Hanzlíková, Zuzana. "Studie protipovodňových opatření v lokalitách Husovice a Židenice na Svitavě v km 6,000 – 9,000." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240244.
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Diploma thesis deals with a suggestion of flood protection measures on the Svitava river in km 6,000 – 9,000. Solved locality is found in Brno, particularly in city parts of Husovice and Židenice. Thanks to used joined 1D and 2D model were made hydraulic calculations for peak water stages Q1, Q5, Q20 a Q100. The outputs of hydraulic calculations were used afterwards for creation of maps of flood danger and drawing documentation of flood protection measures.