Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Précipitations extrêmes'
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Sebille, Quentin. "Modélisation spatiale de valeurs extrêmes : application à l'étude de précipitations en France." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1244/document.
Full textExtreme precipitation in France are responsible for flooding events that cause people's deaths and billions of euros in material damage. Measuring the risk associated to these rare meteorological events is possible thanks to the extreme value theory which allows the estimation of such catastrophic scenarios. This thesis focus on three risk measures involving joint probabilities and spatial prediction methods related to geostatistics.In a first time, several spatial models for extreme values built on annual maxima are evaluated in a comparative study in the form of an article. This comparison is performed using simulated data from real annual maxima of precipitation in France. It is also based on two criteria linked to risk measures: the hundred years return level and the extremal coefficient. One particular model is presented in details: the one of Reich and Shaby (2012). This model is implemented under a R package entirely dedicated to its estimation and simulation procedures.In a second time, exceedances of spatial daily data are modelled in order to estimate a conditional failure probability. Several estimators of this measure are proposed, based on the one hand on parametric methods involving Pareto processes and on the other hand on non parametric approaches. The temporal dependence in extremes is also considered with care when estimating this probability.Along this thesis, the methods are applied on daily data of precipitation in France
Dutheil, Cyril. "Impacts du changement climatique dans le Pacifique Sud à différentes échelles : précipitations, cyclones, extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS402.
Full textIn this thesis we are interested in the South Pacific climate changes, at the end of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario (i.e. the most extreme scenario equivalent to a radiative forcing increase of 8.5W.m-2), at several spatial scales ((1) Pacific, (2) Southwest Pacific, (3) and New Caledonia) and in its impacts. The climate projections of the CMIP5 models include many biases (e.g. double ITCZ, strong intermodel variability of SST change patterns) in this region that we reduced by using a regional atmospheric model (Weather Research and Forecast). (1) At this scale we are interested in the future of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Climate change simulations showed a possible drying (-30%) of SPCZ driven by circulation changes. (2) We are interested here in the future of the Southwest Pacific cyclogenesis. Climate change simulations have shown a decrease of cyclone intensity, an increase of cyclonic precipitation, and a possible collapse of the cyclones number (-50%) due to an increase of vertical wind shear. (3) And then we focused on the evolution of the New Caledonian climate. Climate change simulations showed a decrease of rainfall (-20%) in average, with very strong contrasts across regions (East coast vs West coast), as well as a doubling of the heat waves number. Finally, we showed the interest of these regional simulations for impact studies applied to ecosystems
Colmet-Daage, Antoine. "Les impacts du changement climatique sur les pluies et les inondations extrêmes de bassins versants méso-échelles méditerranéens." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG020/document.
Full textNorthern mediterranean meso-scale river catchments are submitted to extremes floods events linked to intense convective precipitation and local hydrologic features. The Mediterranean region is known to be one of the most affected areas by global warming, and it is likely that changes can be expected in the hydrological cycle. The aim of this CIFRE thesis is to assess the climate change impacts on extreme precipitation events using a so-called “futurization” method, in which a transfer function is built by comparing the quantiles of distribution for both present and future climate precipitation. The climate change impact on extreme precipitation events is assessed over high-resolution EMCORDEX simulations. The focus is on the Orbieu catchment located in southwestern France. The futurization method is applied to six major events of precipitation that trigger flash floods. The hydrological impacts of those future statistical counterpart precipitation events are therefore assessed through a conceptual event-based hydrological model. An assessment of soil moisture changes under climate change is performed and coupled to the hydrological impact quantification. The conceptual hydrological model chosen, have been motivated by its future operational applications. The consequences of that choice are assessed through a comparison to a physically based hydrological model. It has been implemented through the hydrological functioning caracterisation of the Orbieu catchment supported by several field campaigns
Jalbert, Jonathan. "Développement d'un modèle statistique non stationnaire et régional pour les précipitations extrêmes simulées par un modèle numérique de climat." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU032/document.
Full textPrecipitation extremes plays a major role in flooding events and their occurrence as well as their intensity are expected to increase. It is therefore important to anticipate the impacts of such an increase to ensure the public safety and the infrastructure sustainability. Since climate models are the only tools for providing quantitative projections of precipitation, flood risk management for the future climate may be based on their simulations. Most of the time, the Extreme value theory is used to estimate the extreme precipitations from a climate simulation, such as the T-year return levels. The variance of the estimations are generally large notably because the sample size of the maxima series are short. Such variance could have a significant impact for flood risk management. It is therefore relevant to reduce the estimation variance of simulated return levels. For this purpose, the aim of this paper is to develop a non-stationary and regional statistical model especially suited for climate models that estimates precipitation extremes. At first, the non-stationarity is removed by a preprocessing approach. Thereafter, the spatial correlation is modeled by a Bayesian hierarchical model including an intrinsic Gaussian Markov random field. The model has been used to estimate the 100-year return levels over North America from a simulation by the Canadian Regional Climate Model. The results show a large estimation variance reduction when using the regional model
Jalbert, Jonathan. "Développement d'un modèle statistique non stationnaire et régional pour les précipitations extrêmes simulées par un modèle numérique de climat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26565.
Full textHa, Minh Truong. "No precipitation or heavy precipitation : how can we make regional climate models more reliable over Euro-Mediterranean?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS187.
Full textThe Euro-Mediterranean area has been identified as a hot-spot for climate change with higher probability of occurrence of extreme events conducive to floods and droughts. However, models tend to simulate too often light precipitation and to underestimate heavy precipitation, making them unreliable for the estimation of future extreme events over this region. The motivation of this PhD project is to better understand and model the processes leading to these extremes, by considering their spatial variability linked to very diverse conditions, and to better estimate the answer of these processes to climate change. I first analyze the triggering of precipitation based on the relationship between precipitation, IWV and tropospheric temperature from different ensembles of the regional climate simulations over Europe from 0.44° to convective-permitting (CP) resolution to assess the impact of resolution and convection parameterization in representing precipitation triggering. Then I used a small ensemble of simulations with the parameterization of deep convection switched off at a coarser resolution than the CP ensemble, this aims to disentangle the impact of higher resolution and explicit convection in CP simulations. Finally, I investigated the evolution of precipitation triggering processes in a warming climate using an ensemble of CP simulations. The results show that CP ensemble presents a lower occurrence of weak precipitation and more intense extreme events. To explain this tendency, I determine the critical value of water vapor (IWVcv) over which the precipitation occurrence picks up for different bins of temperature and I compare the values obtained for the different ensembles. I show that lower frequency of precipitation in CP simulations can be explained by higher IWVcv and lower probability to exceed IWVcv over the areas with vigorous convection. The explicit convection plays a more important role in simulating precipitation frequency, while the impact of higher resolution varies with different models. In addition, over the high mountain, model resolution has a larger impact in simulating IWVcv because dynamical processes linked to orography play an important role in triggering convection. Over the plains, higher resolution has a larger impact at low temperature bins but at high temperature, the impact of deep explicit convection is greater. Over the sea, IWVcv is not impacted by model resolution because precipitation triggering depends on large scale convergence over there. In a warming climate, the distribution of IWVcv is expected to shift towards higher temperature and water vapor, this leads to a less often but stronger convection in the future projections
Zahar, Yadh. "Modélisation spatiale et temporelle des précipitations extrêmes et érosives en Tunisie centrale en vue de l'aménagement des petits bassins hydrologiques." Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE2015.
Full textThe research work presented in this thesis addresses two essential methodological themes: the study of extreme rainfalls, and the analysis of the rainfall erosivity in central tunisia. The first part of the study, devoted to the statistical analysis of the rainfall series, has highlighted the following aspects: the good fit between gumbel's and montana's laws at the seasonal and annual series of maxima for various time lags ranging from 30 minutes to 24 hours and the link between the b perameter of montana's law and the gradex ratio of the daily autumnal and annual rainfalls, as well as the independence of this parameter vis-a-vis the return intervals. The statistical analysis of extreme rainfalls may thus be well characterized using the three parameters that are the decenial rainfall on a daily basis,the daily gradex and the b parameter of montana's law. These three parameters are estimated from the rainfall series and have ben mapped. Such maps present the advantage of being generated from recent data collected over the study area. The practical application of part one of the study has finally consisted in providing a regionally valid methodology of aid to planners in predetermining extreme rainfalls on an hourly basis at any given point and for durations ranging from 30 minutes to 24 hours. Part two is devoted to the analysis of rainfall erosivity. The methodological procedure has been based on a stochastic rainfall generator and on the rainfall-erosivity model of wischmeier. It was observed that the distribution of the r inde of rainfall erositivy in relation of rainfall parameters is especially strong with the 30 minutes intensities because of their short duration. The maximum erosive event in the year is often extremely erosive, such that the sum of the extreme episodes over long periods accounts for over 50% of the measured erosion. These episodes are most commonly observed in spring, and especially in autumn
Berthou, Ségolène. "Sensibilité des précipitations extrêmes au couplage sous-mensuel atmosphère-océan en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : approche par la modélisation climatique régionale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066477/document.
Full textEvery year in autumn, heavy precipitation events (HPEs) occur in the northwestern Mediterrranean. This thesis uses coupled atmosphere-ocean regional climate modeling to tackle the sensitivity of these events to sea surface temperature (SST) changes coming either from model biases or from the oceanic mixed layer response to atmospheric forcing. Two case studies show the particular sensitivity of moisture convergence zones to SST changes. The use of synthetic indexes of precipitation changes and SST changes in the upstream zones shows a linear relationship between the two indexes in several regions (Cévennes, the region of Valencia, Calabria) in the modeling platforms MORCE and CNRM-RCSM4. Furthermore, we show that the HPEs in the region of Valencia are often preceded by a Mistral event which cools the upstream zone whithin 5 days before the HPEs. In turn, this cooling tends to reduce the intensity of the HPE
Berthou, Ségolène. "Sensibilité des précipitations extrêmes au couplage sous-mensuel atmosphère-océan en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : approche par la modélisation climatique régionale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066477.
Full textEvery year in autumn, heavy precipitation events (HPEs) occur in the northwestern Mediterrranean. This thesis uses coupled atmosphere-ocean regional climate modeling to tackle the sensitivity of these events to sea surface temperature (SST) changes coming either from model biases or from the oceanic mixed layer response to atmospheric forcing. Two case studies show the particular sensitivity of moisture convergence zones to SST changes. The use of synthetic indexes of precipitation changes and SST changes in the upstream zones shows a linear relationship between the two indexes in several regions (Cévennes, the region of Valencia, Calabria) in the modeling platforms MORCE and CNRM-RCSM4. Furthermore, we show that the HPEs in the region of Valencia are often preceded by a Mistral event which cools the upstream zone whithin 5 days before the HPEs. In turn, this cooling tends to reduce the intensity of the HPE
Pujol, Nicolas. "Développement d’approches régionales et multivariées pour la détection de non stationnarités d’extrêmes climatiques. Applications aux précipitations du pourtour méditerranéen français." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20090.
Full textAt the same time as the global warming context, the vulnerability in front of extreme hydrological events is in constant increase, notably in France. If the effect of the climate change on the maximal temperatures is turned out, its impact on the regime of strong rains is not established, and we wonder, for some years, about the perception of an increasing number of extreme events: badly mastered urbanization, excessive media coverage or climate change? In this context, the objective of this thesis is double. In the first place, to define statistical tools allowing the regional study of the stationnarity of climatic extremes. Indeed, the climate change is a large-scale phenomenon which should have an impact at the regional scale. Secondly, to study the stationnarity of the intense Mediterranean precipitations. Two approaches are proposed here. The first one allows to detect significant local changes at the regional scale. The second consists in looking for a regional tendency which is common to all the stations of a same zone. This second method is based on the use of multivariate copula which allow to take formally into account the spatial dependence of the data. The estimation by maximum likelihood method is then realized via the genetic algorithms. So, 92 precipitation series of the French Mediterranean region are examined. An increase of annual maxima is observed on a meridian band going from the Ariège to the Corrèze, and also in the Massif Central, Cevennes and the mountains of Roussillon
Sanabria, Janeet Margarita. "Variabilité interannuelle du régime des pluies et des événements extrêmes ENSO le long du versant Pacifique Péruvien : mécanismes de contrôle à grande échelle." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30143.
Full textFour strong El Niño events took place within the last five decades (1972/1973, 1982/1983, 1997/1998 and 2015/2016) recorded as strong in the Niño 3.4 region. They can exhibit significant differences in their evolution associated with a distinct rainfall anomaly evolution along the PPB (Peruvian Pacific Basin), which illustrates the strong nonlinearity of the ENSO teleconnection on the rainfall in this area. These extreme rainfalls have harmful impacts on the population and productive sectors due to floods and landslides which are trigged by them. Yet the key climatic circulation pattern for their different evolution and magnitude are still unknown. Here we show that different rainfall patterns during these events are associated with moisture transport originated from different large-scale moisture sources. For example, in the 1983 -1998 (2016) events appear as related with strong (weak to moderate) moisture coming from the Pacific warming (also coming from Atlantic Ocean through the Amazon basin). Characteristic of these moisture transports is due to an atmospheric response opposite between the 1983-1998 events (that are similar) and 2016 event experiencing out-of-phase moisture transport patterns. Although these rainfalls are linked to the moisture arrival from those sources, the moisture amount entering the PPB can be also influenced by regional atmospheric circulation of upper level winds (100 to 300 hPa) leading to different enhanced moisture transport associated with different rainfall anomalies in the North-Centre PPB. The interplay of large-scale and regional circulation and Pacific moisture transport explains the Ep mode associated with rainfall in the north-Centre PPB. The high dispersion of rainfall in highlands (Cp mode) during the moderate (extremes) El Niño appears as linked to low-middle (high level) moisture transport from the Amazon (Pacific) reaching highlands
Fumière, Quentin. "Impact du changement climatique sur les précipitations extrêmes dans le sud-est de la France : apport des modèles résolvant la convection profonde." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30239.
Full textThe Mediterranean region and more particularly the South-East of France are affected by intense rainfall episodes during the autumn. Determining the future evolution of these events is a major scientific and societal challenge. The objective of this PhD thesis is to study at very high resolution and at climate scales the past representation and future evolution of these intense rainfall events. The approach here is based on the analysis of simulations of a family of explicit deep convection regional climate models (cprcms, 2-3 km) and on the exploitation of a new database of kilometric and hourly precipitation observations : comephore. The evaluation of the cprcms revealed a high added-value of explicit convection models compared with parameterized convection models (12.5 km) for the representation of daily and especially sub-daily extreme precipitation. The robustness of this added value has been showed to changes in cnrm-arome configurations (version, domain and model driving).The added value was also verified in 4 other rcm/cprcm pairs from the cordex fps-convection program. The study of precipitation changes based on 10-year simulations of the four cprcms did not provide a significant response of change in extreme precipitation. It is very natural climate variability is likely to dominate the future response of extreme precipitation over periods of 10 years, which implies that even at the end of the 21st century and in a scenario with high green house-gases emissions, it is likely that some decades will be wetter and others less so than decades of the current climate. It is therefore necessary to extend the simulations to increase the robustness of multi-model results. In addition, the 10-year change results with cnrm-arome are not representative of the changes over 30 years. The 30-year scenario simulation with cnrm-arome according to the rcp8.5 projection for the end of the century suggests an increase in extreme daily and especially hourly precipitation in the Cévennes and more particularly in Roussillon (+15% per degree of warming). In scenario mode, it was possible to show that cprcms can significantly change the rain response to climate change simulated by standard resolution rcms. This work is the first intensive scientific exploitation of the arome model in climate mode. The results obtained open up many possibilities for its future use to study climate at very high resolution and in particular extreme events
Abu-Awwad, Abdul-Fattah. "Sur l’inférence statistique pour des processus spatiaux et spatio-temporels extrêmes." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1079/document.
Full textNatural hazards such as heat waves, extreme wind speeds, and heavy rainfall, arise due to physical processes and are spatial or spatio-temporal in extent. The development of models and inference methods for these processes is a very active area of research. This thesis deals with the statistical inference of extreme and rare events in both spatial and spatio-temporal settings. Specifically, our contributions are dedicated to two classes of stochastic processes: spatial max-mixture processes and space-time max-stable processes. The proposed methodologies are illustrated by applications to rainfall data collected from the East of Australia and from a region in the State of Florida, USA. In the spatial part, we consider hypothesis testing for the mixture parameter a of a spatial maxmixture model using two classical statistics: the Z-test statistic Za and the pairwise likelihood ratio statistic LRa. We compare their performance through an extensive simulation study. The pairwise likelihood is employed for estimation purposes. Overall, the performance of the two statistics is satisfactory. Nevertheless, hypothesis testing presents some difficulties when a lies on the boundary of the parameter space, i.e., a ∈ {0,1}, due to the presence of additional nuisance parameters which are not identified under the null hypotheses. We apply this testing framework in an analysis of exceedances over a large threshold of daily rainfall data from the East of Australia. We also propose a novel estimation procedure to fit spatial max-mixture processes with unknown extremal dependence class. The novelty of this procedure is to provide a way to make inference without specifying the distribution family prior to fitting the data. Hence, letting the data speak for themselves. In particular, the estimation procedure uses nonlinear least squares fit based on a closed form expression of the so-called Fλ-madogram of max-mixture models which contains the parameters of interest. We establish the consistency of the estimator of the mixing parameter a. An indication for asymptotic normality is given numerically. A simulation study shows that the proposed procedure improves empirical coefficients for the class of max-mixture models. In an analysis of monthly maxima of Australian daily rainfall data, we implement the proposed estimation procedure for diagnostic and confirmatory purposes. In the spatio-temporal part, based on a closed form expression of the spatio-temporal Fmadogram, we suggest a semi-parametric estimation methodology for space-time max-stable processes. This part provides a bridge between geostatistics and extreme value theory. In particular, for regular grid observations, the spatio-temporal F-madogram is estimated nonparametrically by its empirical version and a moment-based procedure is applied to obtain parameter estimates. The performance of the method is investigated through an extensive simulation study. Afterward, we apply this method to quantify the extremal behavior of radar daily rainfall maxima data from a region in the State of Florida. This approach could serve as an alternative or a prerequisite to pairwise likelihood estimation. Indeed, the semi-parametric estimates could be used as starting values for the optimization algorithm used to maximize the pairwise log-likelihood function in order to reduce the computational burden and also to improve the statistical efficiency
Poinsotte, Patrice. "Pluie, crue et inondation maximale probable en Versilia (Toscane, Alpes Apuane) : une nouvelle méthode d'évaluation des aléas pluvio-hydrologiques extrêmes." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOL009.
Full textThe prospect of this work is building a new methodology for flood management and damage mitigation with accepted standards, especially on risk map implementation. The objectives are to implement into models and tools a new synthetic approach based on the local-storm Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) and Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). These concepts are devoted to hazard mitigation and thermodynamic improvement in the Apuane Alps. Research is done in the field of regionalisation in hydrology, in the field of extreme rainfalls and discharges evaluations. First results have been obtain and are conform to the Mediterranean meteorology. The quantification and localization of maximum hazard, at watershed scale, gives a good estimation of the objectives of protection against floods. Thus, the methodology gives effective answers to help decision-makers and engineers to develop solutions in order to resolve specific problems in flood risk prevention
Cantet, Philippe. "Impacts du changement climatique sur les pluies extrêmes par l'utilisation d'un générateur stochastique de pluies." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20232.
Full textRecent studies showed difficulties to detect the trends on rainfall extreme phenomenon. That is why; an original approach is proposed to estimate the impacts of climate change on extreme rainfall by using an hourly rainfall stochastic generator. Climate evolution is detected from the generator parameterisation. Compared to usual methods, the generator parameters are estimated by average, and not by extreme, values of daily climatic characteristics. At the beginning, we focus on the modelisation of phenomena which influence the asymptotic behaviour of the generator. Based on the copula theory, the dependence between some generator variables is modelised and lead to a better regeneration of the extreme precipitation depth. Then a study shows the generator has a robust behaviour according to available data while it proposes a good estimation of rainfall quantiles. Simulations permit us to choose an adapted trend test and to show the modelisation of the studied phenomenon is of great importance in the relevance of the parameter stationarity rejection. A method is created to test a regional trend in a homogenous climatic zone from the construction of “regionalized” chronicles. From the daily information of 139 rain gauge stations, the stationarity of generator parameters was studied in metropolitan France between 1960-2003. Tests were performed from a local approach and from a regional one. A regional approach seems better to take into account a real change and to reduce the sampling problem. Changes observed on average rainfall characteristics are amplified when working with extreme events. The observed trends occur mainly between December and May when the rainfall occurrence increased during the four last decades in the most zones. Up to now, the taking into account of climate change does not lead to a big change in the quantiles estimation, when compared to their estimation under a hypothesis of stationary climate. However extreme rainfalls seem to be more frequent on the whole French territory except in the Mediterranean area. Besides, we propose an application by combining the climate model predictions and the rainfall generator. According to these results, it seems, for example, the heavy precipitation will increase in the Lorraine northern and in the Cevennes eastern during the 21st century
Kieffer, Weisse Anne. "Étude des précipitations exceptionnelles de pas de temps court en relief accidenté (Alpes francaises) : méthode de cartographie des précipitations extrêmes : relations avec le contexte topographique : utilisation de l'information au pas de temps de la journée." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0082.
Full textMaloku, Kaltrina. "Génération de séries temporelles infra-journalières de précipitations surfaciques moyennes partout en Suisse en combinant un générateur stochastique de précipitations journalières et une cascade aléatoire multiplicative." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU023.
Full textContinuous hydro-meteorological simulation is a powerful approach for generating the long-time series of river discharge required for flood risk analysis. This approach requires long precipitation time series as inputs, which can be generated by a stochastic weather generator (WGEN). For small catchments (10 - 1,000 km²), where a lumped hydrological model is relevant and the hydrological response can be rapid, sub-daily mean areal precipitation (MAP) scenarios are required.To answer these objectives, this PhD thesis investigates the potential of a hybrid sub-daily WGEN consisting of two stochastic models for that purpose. The first model, GWEX, is dedicated to generating daily time series. It models precipitation occurrences with a Markov chain and precipitation amounts with a heavy-tailed distribution adapted to extreme events. The second model disaggregates the daily scenarios to hourly resolution.In this PhD, we propose a new disaggregation model based on the microcanonical multiplicative random cascade (MRC) approach, where the properties of the cascade generator depend continuously on the temporal scale, the precipitation intensity, and a so-called precipitation asymmetry index, introduced to account for the temporal pattern of the local precipitation sequence. We compare this MRC model with previous versions based on a similar approach. The performance of the models is assessed by disaggregating daily observations from 81 rain gauge stations across Switzerland. The overall performance of this MRC model is very satisfactory at different temporal resolutions. Accounting for precipitation asymmetry significantly improves the reproduction of autocorrelation, which previous models based on this approach have struggled with.We evaluate the performance of the hybrid WGEN to generate mean areal precipitation (MAP) time series for different spatial scales ranging from 10 to 1,000 km². The parameters of GWEX and MRC are estimated on the observed MAP time series extracted from CombiPrecip, an hourly gridded precipitation product of MeteoSwiss based on radar and rain gauge measurements with a spatial resolution of 1 km². The performance of the model is tested for an ensemble of locations and spatial scales in Switzerland by generating long precipitation scenarios and comparing their statistics with the observed ones. The results show a satisfactory performance of the model for different spatial and temporal scales.Finally, we compare different approaches for obtaining the parameters of the sub-daily WGEN over Switzerland. Initially, different mapping models based on kriging and thin plate splines are considered for interpolation of the at-site parameter estimates obtained from the rain gauge data. The mapping models give very accurate results. Then, the possibility of estimating parameters from CombiPrecip data is investigated. Multiple and long scenarios are generated for an ensemble of locations and different precipitation characteristics are estimated on the scenarios to compare both approaches. Both approaches are generally equivalent, although some differences can be observed with marked seasonal and regional variations.The hybrid model shows satisfactory performance in different evaluation contexts. It is parsimonious and parameters can be robustly estimated, leading to a strong spatial and seasonal coherence. The model is easy to implement with fast estimation and simulation procedures, facilitating end-user applications
Ceresetti, Davide. "Structure spatio-temporelle des fortes précipitations : application à la région Cévennes Vivarais." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551316.
Full textHarader, Elizabeth. "L'impact du changement climatique sur les événements hydrologiques extrêmes des petits bassins versants méditerranéens : le cas du bassin versant du Lez." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30010/document.
Full textThe Mediterranean region of southern France experiences extreme autumn rainfall, sometimes leading to violent flash floods. The evolution of these floods under the influence of climate change is a key question for the Mediterranean region, where a rapidly growing population puts human lives at stake. The difference in scale between the resolution of climate model outputs and hydrological impacts is a challenge for the study of flash floods in a future climate. The goal of this doctoral thesis is to propose a methodology adapted to the study of climate change impacts on flash floods in the small Mediterranean catchments of southern France. The Lez catchment near Montpellier was selected for a case study. Early results suggest that the intensity of flash floods may increase in the Lez catchment in a future climate. However these results are heavily dependent on the choice of the climate model used to simulate changes in precipitation and the evolution of future soil conditions, which were not taken into account in this study
Driouech, Fatima. "Distribution des précipitations hivernales sur le Maroc dans le cadre d'un changement climatique : descente d'échelle et incertitudes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0065/document.
Full textIn the context of climate change, it is important to improve climate information concerning countries that may be negatively impacted by global warming such as Morocco. Indeed, various studies of future projections, including IPCC ones, are mainly based on the outputs of low resolution climate models that do not allow accessing the regional and local scales. The first part of this work focuses on the study and analysis of observed climate evolution and trends in Morocco through a set of climate indices. Moroccan rainfall is characterized by a high interannual variability and more frequent droughts have occurred since the early 1980s. Furthermore, a clear change is shown in the distribution of precipitation during the period 1961-2008. It consists in a shift towards warmer and drier conditions. The assessment of future climate changes is done, firstly, using a variable resolution version of the global GCM ARPEGE-Climat with high resolution over Morocco (50km). The examination of this version capability shows the ability of the model to well reproduce the large scale circulation as well as the interannual variability of Moroccan rainfall despite an underestimation of its amount. A reduction of winter rainfall over the whole country is projected by the model for 2021-2050. In the region located west of the Atlas Mountains, the reduction could concern the wettest part of the year (ONDJFM). The changes in rainfall characteristics may also occur through a decrease in the number of wet days and the number of heavy precipitation events and by more persistent droughts. Furthermore, an increase of mean temperature is projected at annual and seasonal scales. The outputs of ten RCMs of the FP6-ENSEMBLES (ENSEMBLES) project are used to assess the uncertainties associated to future climate change. The changes issued from ARPEGE-Climat are in the range covered by the ten RCMs. Most of the models agreed on a reduction of winter precipitation associated with a decrease in the number of heavy precipitation events and an increase in the number of maximum consecutive dry days. The evaluation of a statistical downscaling approach that uses large scale fields such as North Atlantic weather regimes to construct local scenarios of future climate change shows the deficiency of this approach in the case of Moroccan winter precipitation. This result is obtained by both ARPEGE-Climat and the ENSEMBLES RCMs. The quantile-quantile correction method extended to weather regimes and applied to the outputs of ARPEGE-Climat confirms the sign of the changes despite a slight reduction of their amplitudes. The assessment of potential impacts on hydrology done using the hydrological model GR2M and the climate scenarios issued from ARPEGE-Climat shows a future reduction of the Moulouya watershed discharges. This is due to the combination of a rainfall decrease and an enhanced potential evapotranspiration induced by increasing temperature. Finally, a dynamical downscaling achieved using the limited area model ALADINClimat with very high resolution (12km) on the northern half of the country allows a further assessment of future climate changes and related uncertainties. The projections issued from ARPEGE-Climat are generally confirmed both in terms of average and of extremes
Penot, David. "Cartographie des événements hydrologiques extrêmes et estimation SCHADEX en sites non jaugés." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU022/document.
Full textSince 2006, at EDF, extreme flood estimations are computed with the SCHADEX method (Climatic-hydrological simulation of extreme floods). This method relies on a MEWP probabilistic model (seasonal rainfall distribution using a weather pattern concept) and on a stochastic simulation to cross rainy events hazard and catchment saturation states. Simulation approaches, as SCHADEX, have shown good performances to estimate extreme flood distributions. However, the use of SCHADEX method without data for a considered catchment (rain, temperature, runoff) remains a main issue. This thesis suggests an adaptation of the method in ungauged context, trying to keep the key points of the SCHADEX method: - spatial and probabilistic structure of rainfall conditioned by weather patterns. - a cross of rainfall and catchment saturation hazards by stochastic simulation. This work is limited to a daily step to address the issue of regionalization with a maximum of data. The approach is then structured around four main points: - regionalize punctual daily extreme precipitations and construct maps of return period rainfalls. Evaluate the contribution of a weather type classification for the regionalization of extreme rainfall distributions and qualify the SPAZM interpolator for the estimation of extreme rainfall. - wonder about the construction of an areal rainfall and in particular about the impact of its construction choices on the estimation of extreme precipitations. - develop a regional stochastic simulation method to estimate a distribution of daily runoffs which crosses rainy events and catchment saturation hazards. - study the transposition from a daily runoff distribution to a peak flow distribution. The main contributions of this thesis are: - taking into account the weather types improves the description of spatial patterns of extreme precipitations. - information provided by the SPAZM rainfall interpolator proves to be valuable for the estimation of extreme rainfall in ungauged site. - a sensitivity analysis of the calculation of the areal rainfall based on the number of stations used (comparison SPAZM and Thiessen areal rainfalls) gives an indication of the estimation bias. - the SAMPO rainfall generator used to study the areal reduction factor of extreme precipitation and implement a correction model for high quantiles of SPAZM areal rainfall. - a simplified method of stochastic simulation similar to SCHADEX method (cross between a rainfall hazard and a catchment saturation hazard) is developed to produce a distribution of daily flows in ungauged site. - finally, preliminary work provides a way for the transition to the peak flow distribution using a hydrograph generator adapted to the sequence of daily simulated runoffs. All these developments and conclusions are detailed and justified in the thesis.STAR
Djerboua, Abdelatif. "Prédétermination des pluies et crues extrêmes dans les Alpes franco-italiennes : prévision quantitative des pluies journalières par la méthode des analogues." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0030.
Full textSpecq, Damien. "Prévisibilité des fortes précipitations aux échéances infra-saisonnières sur le Pacifique Sud-Ouest tropical." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0089.
Full textNumerical subseasonal forecasting has met growing interest in the last decade, in the wake of the Subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction project and its forecast database. This is due to recent and significant progress in two directions: a better understanding of the sources of predictability at subseasonal timescales, and a better representation of these phenomena in numerical models. However, the ability to forecast specific climate events beyond two weeks remains quite limited and sporadic. Yet, in the southwest tropical Pacific (110°E-200°E ; 30°S-0°), rainfall is expected to exhibit some subseasonal predictability, thanks to the influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) - which is the main driver of subseasonal climate variability at the global scale - and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) - which provides low-frequency signals. The aim of this thesis is to document the subseasonal predictability of heavy rainfall periods in the southwest tropical Pacific with state-of-the-art S2S forecasting systems. A verification framework is applied to six systems from the S2S database on a common 18-year reforecast period (1996-2013) in the austral summer season (December-January-February), when heavy rainfall is the most frequent in the region of interest. Then, two approaches are developed in order to improve the verification scores compared to those obtained initially. On the one hand, various multimodel combination methods are implemented and improve deterministic and probabilistic forecast quality. On the other hand, statistical forecasts are produced using the dynamical models' output variables. The underlying assumption of this statistical-dynamical approach is that numerical models are better at forecasting large-scale climate drivers affecting rainfall, such as ENSO and the MJO, than rainfall itself. Provided that it includes both calibration of forecast precipitation along with ENSO and MJO information, this approach leads to a significant improvement of probabilistic forecasts of heavy rainfall events. Beyond a systematic evaluation with verification scores, this thesis also assesses the ability to forecast specific heavy rainfall events several weeks in advance. For this purpose, the emphasis is laid on referenced events that occurred in New Caledonia (163°E-169°E ; 23°S- 18°S). Located in the southern part of the domain, this archipelago exhibits limited subseasonal predictability of precipitation in the S2S systems. Their specific performance on the selected single events is evaluated in light of the large-scale ENSO and MJO context. This large-scale context also enables to identify windows of opportunity, when there is increased confidence that heavy precipitation will actually occur if forecast
Haruna, Abubakar. "Améliorer l'estimation des aléas de précipitations grâce aux relations Intensité-Durée-Aire-Fréquence (IDAF). Application à une zone à la topographie complexe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU002.
Full textIn an era marked by increasingly volatile weather patterns and their profound impact, reliable prediction of extreme precipitation across multiple scales has never been more challenging. Despite its pivotal significance, accurate prediction remains a formidable challenge, especially in mountainous regions that are particularly susceptible to extreme precipitation hazards. As a result, more robust and efficient tools are needed for reliable prediction.Intensity-Duration-Area-Frequency (IDAF) relationships summarize the main statistical characteristics of extreme precipitation. They are used for areal rainfall hazard quantification, storm characterization, and early warning system development. While Intensity-Duration--Frequency (IDF) relationships for point precipitation have been extensively studied, IDAF relationships, accounting for the area of accumulation, have received far less attention and to our knowledge only for extremes.This thesis aims to model the IDAF relationships for the whole range of non-zero precipitation in topographically complex areas (with application in Switzerland) where robust and flexible models are required due to the strong spatio-temporal variability of precipitation. The key novelty is that IDAF relationships are developed for the whole range of non-zero precipitation intensities, not just extremes. In addition to its usual application, the marginal distributions from the relationships can be utilized in stochastic weather generators.Four objectives were identified and carefully addressed. First, we identified a parsimonious three-parameter model within the extended generalized Pareto distribution (EGPD) family to model the distribution of non-zero precipitation intensities. Second, we build regionalization models based on three regionalization approaches to improve the robustness and reliability of daily precipitation estimates. The first relies on a fast algorithm that defines distinct homogeneous regions based on upper tail similarity, the second is based on the region-of-influence approach, and the third is a spatial approach based on Generalized Additive Model. All the regional models offered improved robustness and reliability in prediction compared to the local model (without regionalization). The GAM-based method was better in the upper tail, while the ROI method performed better in the bulk of the distribution.Third, we developed IDF relationships using all non-zero rainfall intensities for 30 min to 72 hr, making efficient use of available information. Three approaches were considered, the first is based on precipitation scale invariance, the second relies on the general IDF formulation, and the last is purely data-driven, employing empirically determined relationships to model the IDF relationships. The best results were shown by the model based on the data-driven approach. It reproduced the known space and time variability of extreme rainfall across Switzerland, catchment-level IDF curves were generated from it for operational use, and the daily marginal distributions derived from the models are intended to be used in a stochastic weather generator currently developed for operational use.Finally, we constructed IDAF relationships based on a data-driven approach for 1 to 72 hr and 1 to 1,089 km2 at each pixel, utilizing a radar-reanalysis product. The model allowed us to characterize areal precipitation hazards for a continuum of spatio-temporal scales. Overall, the results provided insights into the seasonal and regional patterns of precipitation hazards in Switzerland, highlighting the importance of considering multiple spatio-temporal scales when assessing extreme precipitation hazards. For short durations (e.g. 1 hr), the highest levels are almost exclusively observed in summer, while for the daily scale, the highest levels are observed during autumn, particularly in Ticino, a region identified as the most exposed to extreme precipitation across all scales
Kodja, Domiho Japhet. "Indicateurs des évènements hydroclimatiques extrêmes dans le bassin versant de l'Ouémé à l'exutoire de Bonou en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG014/document.
Full textThis research aims to characterize the indicators relating to extreme hydroclimatic events in Ouémé Watershed at Bonou’s outlet. To achieve this objective, climatological data (daily rain, daily temperatures, potential daily evapotranspiration), hydrometric data (daily flows), reanalysis data (atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, West African Monsoon Indices), the ocean surface temperature on the Cotonou coast and land use mapping data of 1986, 2000, 2015 are used. The analysis of the hydroclimatic variability revealed that during the 1951-2015 period, the study area is marked by two breaks stationarity (1968 and 1987) which divided the series into three sub-periods. The rainfall variability reveals a regression of 18 % (in the south), 16 % (in the center) and 15.8 % (in the north) between the first sub-period (1951-1968) and the second sub-period (1969-1987), while the last sub-period (1988-2015) is marked by a rainfall recovery of 15 % (in the south), 16.3 % (in the center) and 15.7 % (in north) relative to the previous sub-period (1969-1987). This is not without consequences on the hydrological dynamics of the study area. In this sense, it is noted that there is a regression of 49.27% of the average annual flows between the 1951-1968 and 1969-1987 sub-periods and a 65 % increase between the 1969-1987 and the 1969-1987 sub-periods. 1988-2015. In the last sub-period (1988-2015), the results also reveal an increase in the indicators of extreme hydroclimatic events likely to cause floods Ouémé Watershed at Bonou’s outlet. The results shows that daily maximum rainfall has an occurrence of 2 years, 5 years, 10 years for strong rainfall events; 20 years, for very heavy rain events, 50 years and over for extremely heavy rain events in the study area. The maximum flow rates in 24 hours at the sametime as the return periods. The maximum flow rates of 50th quantiles occur every two years (02 years), the maximum flows corresponding to the hydrologically strong events, very strong occur every 10 years and the extremely high flows have an occurrence centennial. The conditions of atmospheric, oceanic, continental surface, wind speed, relative humidity, and geographic factors are all elements that interact in the spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall in the study area. The Rainfall of the basin is also influenced by the monsoon flow (north of the study area), to which the southeastern grain lines are associated and are responsible for the stormy rains and showers that generate flooding in the area. In addition, the current climatic context and land-use dynamics are determinants that amplify the occurrence of floods in the study area. The reasearch indicates that the rain-flow conceptual model, of the Rural Engineering with four parameters and the daily time step (GR4J), overestimates the flows observed during the low water period and the sub-peaks. The efficiency and performance criteria NSE, RMSE and KGE, highlighted and calculated on high water flow rates, gave better results in calibration than in validation. Better KGE values range from 83 to 85 % calibration and from 56 to 68 % validation, which gives the GR4J model the efficiency and performance to reproduce extreme flows of floods in the study area. The GR4J can therefore be used as a decision to support tool for updating hydrological standards in the study area. In order to future study about extreme climatic events, this research assessed output projection data from regional climate models from the African CORDEX Program that could be used for hydrological projections in future work in Ouémé Watershed at Bonou’s outlet
Koch, Erwan. "Outils et modèles pour l'étude de quelques risques spatiaux et en réseaux : application aux extrêmes climatiques et à la contagion en finance." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10138/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at developing tools and models that are relevant for the study of some spatial risks and risks in networks. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first one is a general introduction containing the state of the art related to each study as well as the main results. Chapter 2 develops a new multi-site precipitation generator. It is crucial to dispose of models able to produce statistically realistic precipitation series. Whereas previously introduced models in the literature deal with daily precipitation, we develop a hourly model. The latter involves only one equation and thus introduces dependence between occurrence and intensity; the aforementioned literature assumes that these processes are independent. Our model contains a common factor taking large scale atmospheric conditions into account and a multivariate autoregressive contagion term accounting for local propagation of rainfall. Despite its relative simplicity, this model shows an impressive ability to reproduce real intensities, lengths of dry periods as well as the spatial dependence structure. In Chapter 3, we propose an estimation method for max-stable processes, based on simulated likelihood techniques. Max-stable processes are ideally suited for the statistical modeling of spatial extremes but their inference is difficult. Indeed the multivariate density function is not available and thus standard likelihood-based estimation methods cannot be applied. Under appropriate assumptions, our estimator is efficient as both the temporal dimension and the number of simulation draws tend towards infinity. This approach by simulation can be used for many classes of max-stable processes and can provide better results than composite-based methods, especially in the case where only a few temporal observations are available and the spatial dependence is high
Colin, Jeanne. "Étude des événements précipitants intenses en Méditerranée : approche par la modélisation climatique régionale." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1357/.
Full textThe climatic variability of intense rainfall events in the Mediterranean is studied using the limited area climate model ALADIN-Climate, whose ability to simulate these events in South-East France is explored. Several sensitivity studies are conducted to assess the impact of various configuration parameters on the model's skill to downscale such extreme events : coupling with a Mediterranean sea model, use of the spectral nudging technique, size of the domain of integration and horizontal resolution. These studies are either performed within the so-called Big-Brother Experiment framework or through hindcast simulations driven by the ERA-40 reanalysis. The increase of resolution (from 50 to 12. 5 km) is found to be the only parameter affecting the modeling of extreme precipitation. The added value of the higher resolution on the way ALADIN-Climate simulates High Precipitation Events (HPE) in South-East France is carefully studied. Comparisons of ALADIN-Climate's skills to those of two State-of-the-art statistical methods of downscaling and detection of these events -- DSCLIM (Boé et al. , 2006) and "CYPRIM" (Nuissier et al. , 2011) -- show that with a resolution of 12. 5 km, the model offers better results than the first method and appears to be at least as good as the second one, therefore it constitutes an appropriate numerical tool to explore the climatic variability of the HPE. A climate change scenario (A1B) is then performed with this tool for the end of the XXe century and we assess the simulated changes affecting HPE in future climate. Several methods are proposed to analyse and display the results, suggesting an increase of both the frequency and intensity of the HPE
Caillaud, Cecile. "Sensibilité climatique des systèmes précipitants intenses : approche par la modélisation climatique à très haute résolution sur le nord-ouest de la Méditerranée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INPT, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023INPT0111.
Full textThe Mediterranean Heavy Precipitation Events (HPEs) that affect the northwestern Mediterranean every fall are high-impact weather events. The study of their evolution on climate scales is therefore of great importance and remains a challenge for the climate modelling community. For some years now, it has been possible to use kilometre-scale regional climate models (Convection- Permitting Regional Climate Models or CP-RCMs, 1-3 km) in which deep convection is explicitly simulated. These models make it possible to get closer to the spatio-temporal scales involved and open up new perspectives in terms of analysis. The aim of this thesis is to determine the response of northwestern Mediterranean HPEs to human-induced climate change, using this new generation of climate models combined with an object-oriented approach. The tracking of heavy precipitation systems is applied to observational datasets, to simulations carried out with the CNRM-AROME CP-RCM and to simulations of the first ensemble of CP-RCMs available as part of the international CORDEX FPS Convection programme over a common domain covering the north-western Mediterranean. The first part of this thesis is devoted to evaluating the performance of CP-RCMs in comparison with high-resolution reference observation data. The added value of CP-RCM compared with regional models with coarser resolution (12-15 km) is demonstrated for precipitation extremes, particularly at hourly time steps. The object-oriented approach also shows that, despite a few residual biases, CP-RCMs are capable of correctly representing the principal properties of heavy precipitation systems, both in terms of number and position over the entire domain, and in terms of duration, intensity, surface area, volume, speed and severity over the French Mediterranean, where observations enable these properties to be assessed in detail. The good performance of these models lends greater confidence to their future projections. The second part focuses on the future evolution of Mediterranean HPEs using the object-oriented approach applied to mid and end-of-century simulations of the CP-RCMs ensemble in scenario mode to study changes in the properties of heavy precipitation systems in a warmer climate. At the end of the century, and according to a scenario of high emissions, certain changes are found in most of the simulations and can be described as robust. For example, an increase in the frequency of fall heavy precipitation systems over a large part of the domain, particularly from central Italy to the northern Balkans, is accompanied by a doubling of the areas affected by these events. Over the French Mediterranean region, the models agree on an increase in the intensity, surface area and volume of precipitating systems. However, even with this new generation of models, significant uncertainties remain, particularly for changes in frequency over southeastern France, probably due to differences in the synoptic conditions imposed by the CP-RCMs driving models. Similarly, the ensemble projects a wide range of possible changes in the properties of systems, particularly for the most intense ones and even when standardised by the corresponding regional warming. While CP-RCMs are the appropriate modelling tools for studying precipitation extremes, efforts must be continued to produce larger, better constructed ensembles, probably supplemented by machine learning methods, in order to provide useful climate information at scales relevant to adaptation policies
Gado, Moubarak. "Modèle par éléments discrets multi physique du comportement des matériaux métalliques sous sollicitations thermo mécaniques extrêmes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0707/document.
Full textThe work of this thesis concerns the development of a model using the discrete element method, for the thermo-mechanical behavior of an aluminum alloy and its microstructural evolution when exposed to conditions of large deformations and/or high deformation rates (Friction StirWelding or FSW). Friction stir welding is a recent welding process invented in 1991 by "The welding Institute" (TWI). This process is different from the others by its ability to weld material in the viscous state, without reaching the melting point. The principle is relatively simple and similar to a milling process except that the cutting tool is replaced by a rotary tool composed of a pin and a shoulder. This process is of great interest in the aircraft industry because it offers the possibility to weld aluminum alloys 2XXX and 7XXX series, known to be difficult to weld by other processes. Since friction stir welding is a recent process, it still remains a subject of active research, to better understand certain issues such as material flow, influence of process parameters (rotation speed, tool shape, ...) and the modification of the microstructure. This last point is particularly important for structural hardening alloys such as those of the 2XXX and 7XXX series. For these aluminum alloys, the mechanical properties are highly dependent on their state of precipitation, which is itself influenced by the heat generated during thewelding. The optimization ofwelding parameters in order to obtain good mechanical properties requires the prediction of precipitation state along thewelded joint. Thework of this thesis is to develop required models at the scale of microstructure allowing to predict the modification of material properties related to the process parameters
Sun, Xun. "Analyse propabiliste régionale des précipitations : prise en compte de la variabilité et du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934476.
Full textThao, Nguyen Thi Phuong. "Analyse statistique et analyse spatiale des valeurs extrêmes de précipitation : application de cette méthode pour cartographie des caractéristiques pluviométriques de la région Cévennes-Vivarais." Grenoble INPG, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPG0034.
Full textNguyen, Thi Phuong Thao. "Analyse statistique des valeurs extrêmes de précipitation : application dans la région Cévennes-Vivarais." Phd thesis, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756447.
Full textMonette, André. "L'étude des changements appréhendés des précipitations extrêmes sur la province du Québec en utilisant un ensemble de multi-MRC." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5090/1/M12583.pdf.
Full textRoy, Philippe. "Analyse et validation des extrêmes et de la variabilité des températures et de la précipitation du modèle régional canadien du climat." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1831/1/M10760.pdf.
Full textSanabria, Quispe Janeet Margarita. "Variabilité interannuelle du régime des pluies et des événements extrêmes ENSO le long du versant Pacifique Péruvien : mécanismes de contrôle à grande échelle." Thesis, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30143/document.
Full textFour strong El Niño events took place within the last five decades (1972/1973, 1982/1983, 1997/1998 and 2015/2016) recorded as strong in the Niño 3.4 region. They can exhibit significant differences in their evolution associated with a distinct rainfall anomaly evolution along the PPB (Peruvian Pacific Basin), which illustrates the strong nonlinearity of the ENSO teleconnection on the rainfall in this area. These extreme rainfalls have harmful impacts on the population and productive sectors due to floods and landslides which are trigged by them. Yet the key climatic circulation pattern for their different evolution and magnitude are still unknown. Here we show that different rainfall patterns during these events are associated with moisture transport originated from different large-scale moisture sources. For example, in the 1983 -1998 (2016) events appear as related with strong (weak to moderate) moisture coming from the Pacific warming (also coming from Atlantic Ocean through the Amazon basin). Characteristic of these moisture transports is due to an atmospheric response opposite between the 1983-1998 events (that are similar) and 2016 event experiencing out-of-phase moisture transport patterns. Although these rainfalls are linked to the moisture arrival from those sources, the moisture amount entering the PPB can be also influenced by regional atmospheric circulation of upper level winds (100 to 300 hPa) leading to different enhanced moisture transport associated with different rainfall anomalies in the North-Centre PPB. The interplay of large-scale and regional circulation and Pacific moisture transport explains the Ep mode associated with rainfall in the north-Centre PPB. The high dispersion of rainfall in highlands (Cp mode) during the moderate (extremes) El Niño appears as linked to low-middle (high level) moisture transport from the Amazon (Pacific) reaching highlands