Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Précipitations (Météorologie) – Mesure'
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Yahyaoui, Abdelaziz. "Variabilité spatiale et modélisation statistique des précipitations du Maroc cisatlasique et transatlantique." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE2034.
Full textThe title given to the whole work is spatial variability and statistical modelisation of rains in cisatlasic and transatlantic Morocco it is based on the data given by 16 stations from 1958 to 1987. Four different parts will be developped : - The first deals with the area which will be studied, the meteorological context, the problems raised and data used in the work. -The second part deals which the annual data after criticizing the series using the doublesmass, principal components and regression residues methods. The lacks in the data were filled by the regional vectors method. The second subdivision of this part is a statistical modelisation of the annual series by the law of Gauss which seems appropriate to explain the annual distribution over the different Moroccan stations. When the average of the annual rains is low, the distribution is normal-root. The principal components exhibits sets of stations characterised by coherent time and spatial variations. - The third deals with the monthly rains. A statistical approach of the quantity of rain higher than o,1 mn by the fuller law and also the study of the average, regimes and gradex. - The fourth part deals with the study of the daily rains approched by the fuller law (montly maxima) and the gumbel's law for the annual maxima the final results are shown in the general conclusion. The illustration is composed of : 12 maps, 98 bibliographical references, 33 drawings, 8 tables and 10 riders
Laadoua, Abdelhak. "Les variations spatio-temporelles des précipitations au Maroc septentrional." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10162.
Full textGhanmi, Hanen. "Estimation des courbes intensités-durées-surfaces-fréquences (IDAF) de la région de Tunis dans un contexte multifractal." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0042.
Full textOur goal is to study the properties of scales invariance of rainfall observed in Tunis and their impact on the IDF and IDAF curves, a prerequisite to the design of hydraulic structures. Time series of rainfall observed in Tunis were analyzed. Several observations have been made: several regimes of scale invariance, a significant change in the fractal dimension of the support of microscale rain during the last century, non- conservative character of the regime microscale. The ‘universal multifractal’ model characterizes the statistical properties by three parameters. Taking into account the intermittent and non-conservative nature of the process of fine-scale rainfall leads to obtaining parameters in accordance with the results recently published on the properties of fine scale precipitation. The establishment of IDF curves that characterize the probability of intense events requires having observation in fine resolution (5 mn) and long periods (50 years). A regionalization relationship applied to daily data collected from DGRE on 40 raingauges in the Greater Tunis, combined with the assumption of simple scale invariance has enabled us to develop IDF curves of raingauges in the region Greater Tunis. The IDAF curves were then constructed from quantiles maps deducted from IDF curves on the one hand, from the approach proposed by De Michele in 2011 on the other
Ba, Mamoudou Bocar. "Estimation des précipitations au Sahel par imagerie satellitaire." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30130.
Full textChamsi, Nizar. "Estimation des précipitations à partir de la réflectivité radar dans les systèmes convectifs tropicaux." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30134.
Full textGottardi, Frédéric. "Estimation statistique et réanalyse des précipitations en montagne : utilisation d'ébauches par types de temps et assimilation de données d'enneigement, application aux grands massifs montagneux français." Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0011.
Full textThe estimation of snow storage and precipitation, essential for managing hydroelectric reservoirs of EDF, still remains subject to considerable uncertainties. EDF-DTG currently seeks to develop some tools for robust interpolations, able to provide a reliable estimate of precipitation and snow water equivalent at any point in mountainous areas. The developed tools are essentially based on the ground sensor network of DTG, which measures precipitations, snow depth and water equivalent over French mountains. In the long term, these tools should make it possible to progress towards a better spatial vision of the daily or “event” precipitation, as well as of the snow cover on the ground, based on measurements taken all over the basins requiring an operational hydrological forecast
Benard, Pierre. "Etude numérique à forte résolution des bandes précipantes associées à un système frontal dans une onde barocline forcée par cisaillement." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30209.
Full textPhilippon, Nathalie. "Une nouvelle approche pour la prévision statistique des précipitations saisonnières en Afrique de l'Ouest et de l'Est : méthodes, diagnostics (1968-1998) et applications (2000-2001)." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOL015.
Full textA new approach for West and East African seasonal rainfall forecasting, based on continental and atmospheric forcing predictors and the 1968-1998 homogeneous period is developed. CRU and CRC precipitation databases, NCEP/NCAR reanalyses are used for diagnoses. The West African rainy seasons are preceded by Moist Static Energy field anomalies. An inter-season memory involving soil moisture, vegetation, then MSE over Guinea is found. The East African ones are related to atmospheric dynamics signals: Indian monsoon and Walker type circulation for the short rains, Congo basin air mass intrusion and subtropical stationary waves for the long rains. A 27% explained variance gain is obtained with multiple regression, discriminant analysis and neural networks models fed with these predictors. The 2000-2001 Sahelian rainy seasons real-time forecasts made with these models were correct
Lecocq, Jean. "Validation d'un radar météorologique bande C pour l'étude des précipitations sahéliennes : problèmes de mesure et pripriétés d'échantillonnage spatial." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20034.
Full textBakam, Victor. "Les fluctuations pluviométriques en Afrique centrale : étude régionale." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL12037.
Full textThe problems about research in tropical climatology are mainly the lwo density of observations post, the inequal spatial repartition of measurements and the very bad quality of some series, because of the importance of missing datas. The value of results and conclusions depend of the exactness in reviewer of existing datas and their spatial repartition. In central africa, the study of rainfall comming from the best stations in the period going from 1946 to 1985 shows the evolution and the main climatic change seen at continental and planet scale in the second half of the twentieth century. The main componment analysis allows a global approch of rainfall evolution and spatial organisation of rainfall field variability. The maps show the spatial organisation of rainfall variability field, and the graphs of annual score s on factorial axes give pictures of the chronologic rainfall flucturations. These rainfall fluctuations in the region are in closely accordance with the diversity of the physical milieu; otherwise, there is a relation between the rainfall diminution and the activity of the two actions center which deal with the spatial organisation of rainfield. The final result is a general rainfall deficiency irrelevant to the weakening of st. Helena anticyclone and the reinforcement of harmattan winds comming from sahara. In the north, the faillure of rainfall is more important than in the south. If the trend observes since 1970 continues, the monthly rainfall means which caracterise african intertropical rainfall regimes should be modified. Mainly if the normal rainfall period runs from 1970 to 2000, according to the 30 years wmo recommandations
Kebe, Cheikh Mouhamed Fadel. "Relation entre les intégrales spatio-temporelles de la couverture nuageuse et la pluie au sol aux latitudes tropicales : implications pour la mesure des précipitations depuis l'espace." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30266.
Full textGodart, Angélique. "Les précipitations orographiques organisées en bandes dans la région Cevennes-Vivarais : caractérisation et contribution au régime pluviométrique." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10178.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the study of a particular kind of shallow convection in the Cévennes area. This shallow convection is associated with orographic banded rainfall. Even if their intensity is small, they impact on hydrology since their duration. We hope to understand process linked with this rainfall and to evaluate their contribution to the rainfall regime in the area. The first step consists on the elaboration of a data base of orographic banded rainfall events. Indeed, until now, only 20h of orographic banded rainfall have been observed. This data base is built thanks to dynamical and rainfall criteria and then completed with linear and non-linear statistic methods. Next, the atmospheric conditions propice to the triggering of shallow convection are identified with radiosoundings, ERA40 reanalysis and numerical simulations (with MesoNH). Finally, the contribution of this rainfall is evaluated by comparing the accumulation of rainfall over the data base to the accumulation of rainfall over the whole period 1976-2005. Despite incertainties, this contribution is not negligible and suggests the interest to develop an observatory network to better observe the shallow orographic banded convective events
Guillon, Romain. "Prévision à brève échéance des fortes précipitations par l'activité électrique le 19 septembre 2000 dans la région marseillaise." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00084657.
Full textNoel, Thomas. "Interactions entre microphysique et dynamique dans les lignes de grains d'Afrique de l'Ouest." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600073.
Full textThe rainfall variability due to squall lines directly affects West African populations. The African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) campaign was designed in order to get a better knowledge of this phenomenon and was therefore based on a large field experiment in 2006. In this context the radar RONSARD was deployed. Allowing us to retrieve wind fields and polarimetric classifications. The main interest of this study is to combine the use of observations, polarimetric classification from RONSARD and modeling using a microphysical retrieval model. This model was originally developped for the Europeans fronts, was adapted to tropical conditions, and squall line's intensity. The microphysical model allowed us to perform retrievals that are in agreement withe RONSARD observations. For a realistic restitution of convective and stratiform part of a squall line, we showes that at least two species of precipitating ice (graupel and snow) are necessary. We highlighted the competition between water vapor deposition on the precipating ice and condensation of water vapor into liquid clouds droplets in forming precipating ice, and the role of these in the formation of rain. The microphysical model has allowed us to identify important processes in the formation of precipitation, especially the condensation of water vapor into liquid clouds, melting, riming and the accretion of liquid cloud by rain. The use of a diagnostic micophysics and of a radiative transfer model enabled to link the ice content to the brightness temperatures, but also to establish a relationships between microphysicals processes, brightness temperatures and integrated water content
Coelho, Afrânio de Araujo. "Mesure aéroportée de la distribution dimensionnelle des gouttelettes d'eau en nuage." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30013.
Full textPires, Filho António de Padua Cunha. "Systèmes ondulatoires atmosphériques associés à la convection pendant l'expérience TOGA-COARE." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30030.
Full textCreutin, Jean-Dominique. "Validation et étalonnage d'images de télédétection à l'aide de mesures ponctuelles selon une approche géostatique : application à la mesure des précipitations et de l'insolation." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686393.
Full textDuchiron, Bertrand. "Variabilité interannuelle de la pluviométrie dans l'espace riverain de l'océan indien." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070022.
Full textThe interannual variability of rainfall in the coastal areas of the Indian ocean was analysed for the period 1946-1975 and regionalized then we establish statistical forcasting models of rainfall from oceano-atmospheric circulation indicators. A set of 130 well-spatially-distributed stations were selected from a pluviometric database. Missing values were statistically replaced and the output dataset was validated. Multivariate analyes (PCA and clustering analysis) were applied on these data to extract 21 homogeneous pluviometric regions. Times series are strongly correlated over a lag period ranging from 1 to 3 months with some atmospheric and oceanic anomaly indices recorded over the Indian and Pacific oceans. .
Arnaud, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude stochastique markovienne des précipitations dans le bassin Adour-Garonne." Toulouse, INPT, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985INPT004H.
Full textFéral, Laurent. "Analyse et modélisation des champs de précipitation pour l'optimisation des liaisons micro-ondes terre/espace." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30167.
Full textTurner, Sandra. "Nouvelle paramétrisation sous-maille et sous-nuageuse des précipitations." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2640/.
Full textWith increasing computing power, the horizontal resolution of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models has been improving and today has reached resolutions of 1 to 5 km. Yet, clouds and precipitation are still produced by subgrid scale processes for most cloud types such as cumulus and stratocumulus. Subgrid scale parameterizations for water vapor condensation have been used for many years based on a prescribed probability density function of relative humidity spatial variability within the grid, hence providing a diagnostic of the cloud fraction and the cloud water content. Therefore, a new parameterization is developed, based on a prescribed probability density function of cloud water variability and a threshold value of liquid water content for droplet collection to derive a rain fraction within the model grid, which is different than the cloud fraction. Cloud water content is no longer uniformly distributed in the whole grid volume or in the cloud fraction, but can be concentrated in spots with the splitting of cloud water into two parts of high and low cloud water content within the grid. The rain is then only produced in the high cloud water content region, so the subgrid precipitating parameterization is also called subcloud. The development of the parameterization follows an analysis of microphysical data collected during two field campaigns, one dedicated to precipitating stratocumulus (DYCOMS-II) and the other to precipitating fair weather cumulus (RICO). To supplement observed microphysics distributions, LES (Large Eddy Simulation) simulations were conducted with two idealized cases from the two campaigns. The new subcloud parameterization was implemented in the ICE3 microphysics scheme in the MESO-NH research model. The two idealized cases of RICO and DYCOMS-II were used to test the new parameterization in a SCM (Single Column Model) framework. This parameterization was also tested in a 3-D framework in the MESO-NH model using the same physics as the AROME NWP model (2. 5 km), displaying the improvement from its use for real cases of precipitating cloud systems over France. In all real and idealized cases, this new subcloud parameterization increases rain water content in low cloud water content conditions, decreases rain evaporation during sedimentation, and shows better agreement of surface precipitation against observations. A real case also shows that it is not systematically producing more rain. This new parameterization is also not computationally expensive, and can be easily implemented in any bulk microphysics scheme
Arnaud, Yves. "Caractérisation des nuages précipitants en fonction de leur structure spatiale et de leur évolution temporelle en milieu sahélien à partir d'images météosat." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30018.
Full textCiteau, Jean. "Les satellites météorologiques, une approche nouvelle de la connaissance du climat au Sahel." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30176.
Full textMarand, Colette. "Contribution à l'étude hydro-pluviométrique du massif vosgien." Montpellier 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON30005.
Full textWith the object of working out hydrological schedules at the level of small basins on mountain versants, a good knowledge of rainfalls is absolutely necessary. The putting into shape of a model elaborated from plain successive correlations between rainfalls and the smoothed altitude allows to predict the yearly rainfall value for any point of the space. This also allows to perform an area rainfall on the vosges mountains as well as on its borders. The model could be checked for various time spaces : a year, a season, a month. Owing to the too littel number of measuring stations, a thermal model founded upon real altitude could only be sketchded : however, it enables to calculate the evapotranspiration on four side basins (chosen in the high vosges area) which hydrological schedule is also determined. This study leads to the main characteristics of the running-downs from the vosges summit area
Yessad, Karim. "Effets de résolution dans le modèle PERIDOT : analyse diagnostique par divergences de flux." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30120.
Full textFontin, Mickaël. "Contribution à la génération de séries synthétiques de pluies, de débits et de températures." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT117H.
Full textCazenave, Frederic. "Variabilité et structure des précipitations au Sahel, apport des radars météorologiques et des réseaux hertziens commerciaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU032.
Full textIn West Africa, rainfall is an essential element for the economic growth of countries and their populations. Driven by a monsoon regime, rainfall is concentrated from May to October. Depending on their intensity and their spatial and temporal distribution, they can lead to the development of rain-fed agriculture, but also lead to food, economic and human losses when they cause severe flooding. In the context of current and future climate change, the region is expected to be more frequently affected by extreme events. This thesis contributes to provide elements to improve the quality of precipitation estimates in a poorly instrumented region of the world. Measurements from the MIT weather radar, deployed during the AMMA 2006-2007 campaign in Niamey, are treated following two methodological approaches in order to extend quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) beyond the AMMA-CATCH rain gauge network. Rainfall measurement is also addressed using the telecommunication links of cell phone operators. For the first time in West Africa, the method is validated on a microwave link northeast of Ouagadougou by comparison with a rain gauge and Xport radar. Over the two months under consideration, 95% of the cumulative rainfall was estimated using this method, with a low number of false alarms or non-detections. At the scale of the event, the results are mixed depending on the events.Furthermore, in order to document the icy microphysics of mesoscale convective systems (MCS) in the Sahel, the polarimetric measurements of the Xport radar were also used to validate the particle identification algorithm (HID). The estimated solid particle distributions, in terms of graupels and aggregates, were compared with in situ measurements acquired during instrumented flights performed during the Megha Tropics pre-validation campaign in Niamey in August 2010. Synthetic variables, obtained by a T-matrix modeling from shape and density characteristics measured by the airborne probes during the flights, confirmed these results
Kacou, Modeste Huberson Ahiba. "Analyse des précipitations en zone sahélienne à partir d'un radar bande X polarimétrique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2560/.
Full textThis PhD work is on Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) based on Active Remote-Sensing in Africa. As part of the Megha-Tropiques Satellite Ground Validation (MTGV) field campaigns a X-band dual-polarization Doppler radar was deployed in Sahel, West-Africa : during 2010 in Niamey, Niger and during 2012-2013, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Altogether 200 convective systems were observed jointly by the radar and by a network of rain gauges. Based on this data set, a comparative study of several rainfall estimators that use X-band polarimetric radar data is presented. In tropical convective systems as encountered in Sahel, microwave attenuation by rain is significant and QPE at X-band is a challenge. Here, four algorithms based on the combined use of reflectivity, differential reflectivity and differential phase shift are evaluated against rain gauges. The comparisons are carried out for a range of space-time scales. Several comparison methods are proposed. Classical statistical scores are used to evaluate the rainfall time series derived from the radar by comparison with the rain gauges. The spatial structure of the fields and the frequency distributions of the rain rates are also compared. These are important parameters to consider when the rain-fields are to be used for hydrological applications or for satellite validation. The results show that the best performances are for the estimator based on the differential phase shift (KDP); another acceptable solution is the estimation based on the specific attenuation (AH). The overall agreement between the radar derived rainfields and the gauges is high. This PhD work confirms that X-band polarimetric radar is a (relatively) cost effective and quality option for monitoring hydro-meteorological risks in the Tropics
Norrant, Caroline. "Tendances pluviométriques indicatrices d'un changement climatique dans le bassin méditerranéen de 1950 à 2000 : Etude diagnostique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10063.
Full textPoinsotte, Patrice. "Pluie, crue et inondation maximale probable en Versilia (Toscane, Alpes Apuane) : une nouvelle méthode d'évaluation des aléas pluvio-hydrologiques extrêmes." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOL009.
Full textThe prospect of this work is building a new methodology for flood management and damage mitigation with accepted standards, especially on risk map implementation. The objectives are to implement into models and tools a new synthetic approach based on the local-storm Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) and Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). These concepts are devoted to hazard mitigation and thermodynamic improvement in the Apuane Alps. Research is done in the field of regionalisation in hydrology, in the field of extreme rainfalls and discharges evaluations. First results have been obtain and are conform to the Mediterranean meteorology. The quantification and localization of maximum hazard, at watershed scale, gives a good estimation of the objectives of protection against floods. Thus, the methodology gives effective answers to help decision-makers and engineers to develop solutions in order to resolve specific problems in flood risk prevention
Charron, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques acides en zones rurales : étude des relations sources-récepteur et des moyens de mesure adaptés." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1244.
Full textWorks presented in this thesis deal with acid deposition in rural areas and are a part of the MERA (MEsure des Retombées Atmospheriques) program. Two aims have been developed, study of samplers for S02 and particulate S042 and source-receptor relationship analyses. A field intercomparison has been conducted including four S02 and particulate S042- samplers: a bubbling method (AbSO2), two denuder/filter pack systems, a filter pack. Their detection limits and absorption efficiency for SO 2 have also been evaluated. Good agreement within 10 % was found between the two denuder/ filter pack systems. The AbSO2 have underestimated S02 and particulate S042- in comparison with the other methods. Source-receptor relationship influencing acidifying compounds have been studied at a rural site, Morvan. Three receptor-oriented models, the Ashbaugh et al. One, the Seibert et al. One and the Stohl one, have been compared through S042 N03-, NH4' ions measured in raie. Each has been revealed as efficient tool. The Seibert et al. Model was selected and applied to W ions measured in precipitation, SO2 and particulate S042-. The influence of the long range transport in atmosphere has been shown. Areas of high anthropogenic emissions (Polish-Czech-. German border area and the region from north of France to north of Germany) have been identified responsible for high concentration events. Quantitative relationship have been established. Database have been studied for the « warm » (March to August) and « cold » (September to February) seasons separatly. Atrnospheric chemistry and meteorology have been revealed influencing source-receptor relationship
Brenot, Hugues. "Potentiel de la mesure GPS sol pour l'étude des pluies intenses méditerranéennes." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012085.
Full textHammouda, Ali. "Connaissance et modélisation des précipitations pour l'hydrologie urbaine à travers l'exemple de l'agglomération nancéienne." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10111.
Full textThne first part of this study is devoted to charcterization of local pluviometry in urban area. We have suggested a methodology based on a definition of the shower which takes into account the spatial development of rain to characterize the maximal average intensity, and we have carried out a classification of the rainy events registered on nancy urban area according to the most significant pluviometric characteristics in relation to the objectives which are pursued. The second part is devoted to the passage of punctual rain to the average aerial rainfall. The interpolation of rainfall fields is carried aout from two different approaches : the kriging, and the research of epicentre. We have determined each time the limits of application and the errors of reckoning of these interpolation techniques when used for the calculation of rainfall fields. The third part is devoted to a study of the potential use of radar rainfall measurment of nancy associated to the network of rain gauges in the urban area. A comparison between the data of the radar an the rain gauges is made. The amphasis is laid on the coherence between the spatial structure of rainfall which is observed by the radar and the one which is given by rain gauges. A tool of visualization of radar pictures is elaborated
Ducrocq, Véronique. "Etude de l'énergétique de bandes précipitantes simulées à l'aide du modèle PERIDOT." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30205.
Full textNeppel, Luc. "Le risque pluvial en région Languedoc-Roussillon : caractérisation de l'aléa climatique." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20144.
Full textGaudart, Jean. "Analyse spatio-temporelle et modélisation des épidémies : application au paludisme à P. falciparum." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20692.
Full textDa, Silva Rocha Paz Igor. "Quantification de l'hétérogénéité des précipitations et mesure radar bande-X pour améliorer les prévisions des inondations." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1025/document.
Full textThe focus of this thesis was to bring a nonlinear geophysical approach to urban hydrology. It aimed the study of rainfall non-linearity scaling and intermittency, achieving a stochastic very short-range forecast (nowcast) method, as well as its application to hydrological processes in (semi-) urban environments. The overall hydrological modelling part concerned the Bièvre Valley, which is a 110 km2 semi-urbanized area in the southwest of Paris region. Therefore, three different studies were performed within this area using two hydrological models: the conceptually-based semi-distributed model InfoWorks CS over the total Bièvre catchment, and the physically-based fully-distributed model developed at École des Ponts ParisTech called Multi-Hydro over two sub-catchments. The main goals were to better understand the impacts of spatio-temporal variability of rainfall data by using two products (the Météo-France C-band radar data with a resolution of 1 km x 1 km x 5 min; and the ENPC DPSRI X-band radar data at a 250 m x 250 m x 3.41 min resolution) as input to the models, and to identify the capacities of each model to deal with better resolution data, such as the X-band one. Then, the obtained results demonstrate that the reliability of the hydrological simulations are intrinsically dependent on rainfall data features. Moreover, the X-band radar data could measure higher peaks of rainfall rates and the fully-distributed model was more sensitive to better resolution rainfall data. Afterwards, different weather rainfall radar data from completely different sites (Brazil, France, Japan) were statistically analysed and compared in order to improve the general comprehension of rainfall scaling behaviour. In addition, the Intersection Theorem was applied to highlight the impacts of spatial variability of a virtual rain gauge network. The latter was generated by considering the location of each Bièvre Valley sub-catchment mass centre. Thus, it was possible to identify that the fractality of the virtual network led to an important information loss of the rainfall fields, biasing their statistics. This indicates that the common process (largely found in literature) of radar data calibration using rain gauges should be properly take into account this fractality. Finally, a new stochastic nowcast approach was proposed, using the continuous in scale cascade Universal Multifractals (UM) model. This method was applied to weather rainfall radar data from the Brazilian Amazon region and Paris. Although it is still under development and needs some improvements, the first results obtained with this forecast model presented here in this thesis are really encouraging and once more corroborate to the need of high spatio-temporal resolution data to cope flash floods
Guilloteau, Clément. "Approche physico-statistique de la désagrégation des précipitations satellite dans les Tropiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30216/document.
Full textRainfall variability involves a wide range of scales: from the millimeter-scale associated with microphysics to the synoptic scale of the global atmospheric circulation. No existing observation system is able to cover all these scales by itself. Satellite-based observation systems are currently the most efficient systems to resolve the large spatial and temporal scales: from mesoscale meteorology to the synoptic scale. This thesis is dedicated to the exploration of satellites ability to resolve spatial scales from 100km to 2km and temporal scales from 24h to 15 min (in order to resolve the diurnal cycle). The chosen approach is both physical and statistical (or deterministic and probabilistic). The idea is that the deterministic approach can resolve the large scales, but several factors limit its relevance when dealing with fine scales: -The limited resolution of the instruments. -The number of orbiting instruments that limits temporal sampling. -The dynamic nature of fine scale variability. At fines scales, most of the errors in rainfall estimation from satellite comes from not perfectly localizing the precipitating cells. The first objective of this thesis is to identify precisely the lowest limit in scale where the deterministic approach is appropriate. The implementation of the physical-statistical approach relies on an existing multisensor estimate of daily precipitation at a 1° resolution: the TAPEER algorithm developed as part of the Megha-Tropiques mission. The chosen method is a hybrid physical disaggregation and stochastic downscaling via a multiscale representation. The result is an ensemble of high-resolution probable realizations of the rain intensity field. The ensemble is constrained by a high resolution rain detection mask derived from meteosat-SG infrared images at 3km resolution (one image every 15 minutes). The uncertainty associated with the final estimation is handled through the ensemble dispersion. Every realization is generated so that its statistical properties (frequency distribution of the intensities, autocorrelation function) mimic those of the true rain field. The generated fields and the proposed technique contribute to hydrological applications for instance by improving the runoff associated to high precipitation rates in models. Using several realizations is a way to study uncertainty propagation through a model
Cantet, Philippe. "Impacts du changement climatique sur les pluies extrêmes par l'utilisation d'un générateur stochastique de pluies." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20232.
Full textRecent studies showed difficulties to detect the trends on rainfall extreme phenomenon. That is why; an original approach is proposed to estimate the impacts of climate change on extreme rainfall by using an hourly rainfall stochastic generator. Climate evolution is detected from the generator parameterisation. Compared to usual methods, the generator parameters are estimated by average, and not by extreme, values of daily climatic characteristics. At the beginning, we focus on the modelisation of phenomena which influence the asymptotic behaviour of the generator. Based on the copula theory, the dependence between some generator variables is modelised and lead to a better regeneration of the extreme precipitation depth. Then a study shows the generator has a robust behaviour according to available data while it proposes a good estimation of rainfall quantiles. Simulations permit us to choose an adapted trend test and to show the modelisation of the studied phenomenon is of great importance in the relevance of the parameter stationarity rejection. A method is created to test a regional trend in a homogenous climatic zone from the construction of “regionalized” chronicles. From the daily information of 139 rain gauge stations, the stationarity of generator parameters was studied in metropolitan France between 1960-2003. Tests were performed from a local approach and from a regional one. A regional approach seems better to take into account a real change and to reduce the sampling problem. Changes observed on average rainfall characteristics are amplified when working with extreme events. The observed trends occur mainly between December and May when the rainfall occurrence increased during the four last decades in the most zones. Up to now, the taking into account of climate change does not lead to a big change in the quantiles estimation, when compared to their estimation under a hypothesis of stationary climate. However extreme rainfalls seem to be more frequent on the whole French territory except in the Mediterranean area. Besides, we propose an application by combining the climate model predictions and the rainfall generator. According to these results, it seems, for example, the heavy precipitation will increase in the Lorraine northern and in the Cevennes eastern during the 21st century
Lascaux, Franck. "Simulations numériques d'épisodes de précipitations intenses documentés lors de la campagne de mesures MAP (mesoscale alpine programme)." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30228.
Full textHeavy rainfalls frequently occur on the southern side of the Alps, resulting in casualties and millions of US dollars worth of damage. Improving the understanding and forecasting of these events is one of the central objectives of current operational meteorology. In 1999, the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) provided detailed documentation on several major rain events. In this study, some of these events are simulated using the French non-hydrostatic model, Meso-NH. We first focus on the sensitivity of the forecasting of a strong convective event to the microphysical scheme used in the model, and to the initial conditions. The study is then broadened to two other MAP events. It appears clearly that different flow regimes generate different microphysical behaviour of the clouds
Tridon, Frédéric. "Mesure des précipitations à l'aide d'un radar en bande X non-cohérent à haute résolution et d'un radar en bande K à visée verticale. Application à l'étude de la variabilité des précipitations lors de la campagne COPS." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777843.
Full textDezetter, Alain. "Modélisation globale de la relation pluie débit : application en zone de savanes soudanaises (Nord-Ouest de la Côte-d'Ivoire)." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20173.
Full textGaussiat, Nicolas. "Mesure du contenu en eau et en glace des nuages en phase mixte par radars multifréquences." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30216.
Full textDiop, Cheikh Abdoulahat. "La structure multimodale de la distribution de probabilité de la réflectivité radar des précipitations." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3089/.
Full textA set of radar data gathered over various sites of the US Nexrad (Next Generation Weather Radar) S band radar network is used to analyse the probability distribution function (pdf) of the radar reflectivity factor (Z) of precipitation, P(Z). Various storm types are studied and a comparison between them is made: 1) hailstorms at the continental site of Little Rock (Arkansas), 2) peninsular and coastal convection at Miami (Florida), 3) coastal convection and land/sea transition at Brownsville (Texas), 4) tropical maritime convection at Hawaii, 5) midlatitude maritime convection at Eureka (California), 6) snowstorms from winter frontal continental systems at New York City (New York), and 7) high latitude maritime snowstorms at Middleton Island (Alaska). Each storm type has a specific P(Z) signature with a complex shape. It is shown that P(Z) is a mixture of Gaussian components, each of them being attribuable to a precipitation type. Using the EM (Expectation Maximisation) algorithm of Dempster et al. 1977, based on the maximum likelihood method, four main components are categorized in hailstorms: 1) cloud and precipitation of very low intensity or drizzle, 2) stratiform precipitation, 3) convective precipitation, and 4) hail. Each component is described by the fraction of area occupied inside P(Z) and by the two Gaussian parameters, mean and variance. The absence of hail component in maritime and coastal storms is highlighted. For snowstorms, P(Z) has a more regular shape. The presence of several components in P(Z) is linked to some differences in the dynamics and microphysics of each precipitation type. The retrieval of the mixed distribution by a linear combination of the Gaussian components gives a very stisfactory P(Z) fitting. An application of the results of the split-up of P(Z) is then presented. Cloud, rain, and hail components have been isolated and each corresponding P(Z) is converted into a probability distribution of rain rate P(R) which parameters are µR and sR2 , respectively mean and variance. It is shown on the graph (µR ,sR2) that each precipitation type occupies a specific area. This suggests that the identified components are distinct. For example, the location of snowstorms representative points indicates that snow is statistically different from rain. The P(R) variation coefficient, CVR = sR/µR is constant for each precipitation type. This result implies that knowing CVR and measuring only one of the P(R) parameters enable to determine the other one and to define the rain rate probability distribution. The influence of the coefficients a and b of the relation Z = aRb on P(R) is also discussed
Jubertie, Fabien. "Les excès climatiques dans le Massif Central français : l'impact des temps forts pluviométriques et anémométriques en Auvergne." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00188307.
Full textLa disposition du relief auvergnat favorise une plus grande fréquence des temps forts pluviométriques sur les bordures montagneuses occidentale et méridionale de la région, tandis que l'espace intérieur (Limagnes, vallées de la Loire et de l'Allier entre autres) n'est que rarement concerné par les fortes chutes d'origines océanique et méditerranéenne. Toutefois, en raison d'une plus grande vulnérabilité des bas-pays urbanisés, les excès sont nettement plus nombreux dans les bassins qu'en montagne. Ces bassins sont, en plus, parfois affectés par des transferts de crues issus des espaces montagnards.
L'analyse des systèmes perturbés générant les temps forts est effectuée soit d'une manière classique par l'étude des cartes isobariques ou encore par utilisation de l'imagerie satellitaire et radar. L'imagerie radar s'avère déterminante pour comprendre l'évolution des systèmes cévenols et orageux. Bien sûr, les excès les plus graves se produisent lorsque les temps forts touchent directement les espaces urbains ou lorsque les transferts de crues les plus importants atteignent les bassins.
L'ensemble du travail aboutit sur une identification de onze territoires possédant des caractères originaux au niveau des vulnérabilités, de la fréquence et de la nature des temps forts ainsi que de l'importance des excès.
Pierre, Amandine. "Ajustements du biais de mesure de précipitation solide et effets sur les bilans hydrologiques en milieu forestier boréal." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40168.
Full textThis work joins two complementary research projects and contributes to improve the knowledge on solid precipitation measurements and hydrological modelling strategy in the boreal forest environment. All the data used in this work comes from the Montmorency Forest, which is the teaching and research forest of Université Laval located in Quebec. The uncertainty related to flows forecast by hydrological models depends on the choice of the model, but are also linked to the quality of incoming meteorological data. This work aims first to quantify uncertainties related to solid precipitation measurements, then to propose an innovative method of adjustment and finally to establish a hydrological modelling strategy for the boreal forest environment. The development of a large meteorological database, including data from two world reference instruments, was done thanks to the Neige site deployed since 2014. Regarding uncertainties related to the solid precipitation undercatch phenomenon, five deterministic approaches from the literature are first evaluated. Results show that the initial bias is 30% on average and there is still an overestimation of the solid precipitation quantity after a deterministic adjustment. A probabilistic approach is developed and results show that the bias is divided by 5 on average. Finally, sensitivity analysis of hydrological models’ parameters, and their performance facing different solid precipitation quantities, is done on a set of 20 conceptual models based on the hydrological database of the catchment area called the HautMontmorency. This study highlights that the snow water equivalent measurement bias of the snowpack could influence the quality of water balances in the catchment under certain conditions. A deep sensitivity analysis of hydrological models showed that an adjustment of the solid precipitation was required prior to their calibration. The originality of this thesis depends on the exceptional studied sites, the quality of technicians work and the collaboration of numerous public and private partners.
Ringard, Justine. "Estimation des précipitations sur le plateau des Guyanes par l'apport de la télédétection satellite." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0010/document.
Full textThe Guiana Shield is a region that is characterized by 90% of a primary rainforest and about 20% of the world’s freshwater reserves. This natural territory, with its vast hydrographic network, shows annual rainfall intensities up to 4000 mm/year; making this plateau one of the most watered regions in the world. In addition, tropical rainfall is characterized by significant spatial and temporal variability. In addition to climate-related aspects, the impact of rainfall in this region of the world is significant in terms of energy supply (hydroelectric dams). It is therefore important to develop tools to estimate quantitatively and qualitatively and at high spatial and temporal resolution the precipitation in this area. However, this vast geographical area is characterized by a network of poorly developed and heterogeneous rain gauges, which results in a lack of knowledge of the precise spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation and their dynamics.The work carried out in this thesis aims to improve the knowledge of precipitation on the Guiana Shield by using Satellite Precipitation Product (SPP) data that offer better spatial and temporal resolution in this area than the in situ measurements, at the cost of poor quality in terms of precision.This thesis is divided into 3 parts. The first part compares the performance of four products of satellite estimates on the study area and attempts to answer the question : what is the quality of these products in the Northern Amazon and French Guiana in spatial and time dimensions ? The second part proposes a new SPP bias correction technique that proceeds in three steps: i) using rain gauges measurements to decompose the studied area into hydro climatic areas ii) parameterizing a bias correction method called quantile mapping on each of these areas iii) apply the correction method to the satellite data for each hydro-climatic area. We then try to answer the following question : does the parameterization of the quantile mapping method on different hydro-climatic areas make it possible to correct the precipitation satellite data on the study area ? After showing the interest of taking into account the different rainfall regimes to implement the QM correction method on SPP data, the third part analyzes the impact of the temporal resolution of the precipitation data used on the quality of the correction and the spatial extent of potentially correctable SPP data (SPP data on which the correction method can be applied effectively). In summary, the objective of this section is to evaluate the ability of our method to correct on a large spatial scale the bias of the TRMM-TMPA 3B42V7 data in order to make the exploitation of this product relevant for different hydrological applications.This work made it possible to correct the daily satellite series with high spatial and temporal resolution on the Guiana Shield using a new approach that uses the definition of hydro-climatic areas. The positive results in terms of reduction of the bias and the RMSE obtained, thanks to this new approach, makes possible the generalization of this new method in sparselygauged areas
Thauvin, Valérie. "Etude de la répartition spatiale des précipitations en milieu sahélien à l'aide du réseau dense de pluviographes de l'expérience EPSAT-Niger : application à la détermination de la précision des moyennes surfaciques au pas de temps de l'évènement pluvieux." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20220.
Full textAlcoba, Kait Matías. "Contribution à l'observation des précipitations en Afrique avec un radar polarimétrique et des liens microondes commerciaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30238.
Full textWest Africa climate is driven by a monsoon regime: the precipitations are characterized by heavy rain rates which are organized into mesoscale convective systems. In a context of hydro-meteorological risks, the characterization of such systems at fine scales is important. Two type of ground precipitation observation by active microwave remote sensing are explored: a meteorological polarimetric radar and commercial microwave links. The first part is dedicated to the characterization of hydrometeors with X-band polarimetric radar data. The link between the observations and the hydrometeor characteristics can be made with physical models. The physical characteristics of hydrometeors can be retrieved with inversion of these physical models. We present a first inversion method permitting the retrieval of the hydrometeors density above the 0°C isotherm, with the simple modelization of the vertical profile of reflectivity. The second inversion method aims to produce maps of rainfall drop size distribution with polarimetric radar observables. In the proposed method we use all the information of a radar radial to estimate the size distribution of drops and, at the same time, correcting the attenuation. The second part is focused on the precipitation estimation with commercial microwave links from telecommunication companies. This promising method for ill-equipped regions, uses the rain induced attenuation between a pair of antennas composing a link to estimate rainfall. The principle of the method, the sources of uncertainties and the quantitative evaluation of a dataset in Niger are presented. Finally, we analyse different interpolation methods to create rainfall maps from commercial microwave links data
Akrour, Nawal. "Simulation stochastique des précipitations à fine échelle : application à l'observation en milieu urbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV014.
Full textPrecipitations are highly variable across a wide range of both spatial and temporal scales. This variability is a major source of uncertainty for the measurement and modeling, also for the simulation and prediction. Moreover, rainfall is an extremely intermittent process with multiple scale invariance regimes. The rain-field generator developed during the thesis is based on the fine-scale statistic modeling of rain by the mean of its heterogeneity and intermittency. The modeling originality partially rest on the analysis of fine-scale disdrometer data. This model differs from other existing models whose resolution is roughly a minute or even an hour or a day. It provides simulations with realistic properties across a wide range ofscales. This simulator produces time series with statistical characteristics almost identical to the observations both at the 15s resolution and, after degradation, at hourly or daily resolutions. The multi-scale properties of our simulator are obtained through a hybrid approach that relies on a fine scale simulation of rain events using a multifractal generator associated with a rain support simulation based on a Poissonian-type hypothesis. A final re-normalization step of the rain rate is added in order to adapt the generator to the relevant climate area. The simulator allows the generation of 2D water-sheets. The methodology developed in the first part is extended to the 2 Dimension case. The multi-scale 2D stochastic simulator thus developed can reproduce geostatistical and topological characteristics at the spatial resolution of 1x1 km2.This generator is used in the scope of the feasability study of a new observation system for urban area. The principle of this system is based on the opportunistic use of attenuation measurements provided by geostationary TV satellites which radio waves lay in the 10.7 to 12.7 GHz bandwidth. More specifically it is assumed that the SAT-TV reception terminals installed in private homes are able to measure such attenuations. At this stage of the study we do not have such observations. The study is therefore based on rainfall maps generated using the 2D generator in addition to a hypothetical sensor network. The considered observation system will allow to estimate precipitation fields (30 x 30 km2) with a spatial resolution of 0.5x0.5 km2