Dissertations / Theses: 'Precision optics'

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Varfalvy, Peter. "Precision ion optics of axisymmetric electric systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23430.

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A comprehensive computer package for the calculation and simulation of charged-particle dynamics in electromagnetic fields has been developed and tested. The program provides a user-friendly and flexible interface for visualizing particle dynamics using phase space diagrams, which are essential for complete understanding of a beam optics system. The program performs an accurate finite difference computation of a user-defined boundary value problem (in the form of a grid) followed by a high-order Runge-Kutta numerical integration of the equations of motion to evaluate the particle dynamics within the field. The program is unique in its combination of these flexible finite calculation techniques with the parallel processing of particle ensembles in order to display phase space diagrams. After extensive testing, the program has been used to design a low emittance ion source and an ion beam deceleration system for high-efficiency ion collection. The program has also been used to analyze a radiofrequency quadrupole collisional focusing system using ion mobility concepts.

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Chen, Yang. "Thermal Forming Process for Precision Freeform Optical Mirrors and Micro Glass Optics." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1267477993.

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Cooper, Peter. "Ultra precision physical micro-machining for integrated optics." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/391305/.

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This study looks at the application of physical micromachining techniques to integrated optics. These physical micromachining techniques were used to make structures which would be difficult or impossible to produce using conventional cleanroom based technologies. A tuneable Bragg grating was fabricated and characterized and was found to offer an enhanced power efficiency for tuning of 45 pm/mW for the transverse magnetic mode and 39 pm/mW for the transverse electric mode. This an improvement in the operating power efficiency of a factor of 90 over bulk thermally tuned Bragg gratings in silica. A dual cantilever device has also been demonstrated which can operate as a force sensor or variable attenuator. The response of the device to mechanical actuation was measured, and shown to be very well described by conventional fibre optic angular misalignment theory. The device has the potential to be utilized within integrated optical components for sensors or attenuators. An array of devices was fabricated with potential for parallel operation. The fabrication work features the first use of a dicing saw in plunge cutting mode to rapidly produce grooves which were free of chipping. A wire electro discharge unit was designed and built. This was retrofitted to a micromill to give capability to manufacture tools directly on machine. This work built upon previous machining research in the group to allow free form diamond tools to be fabricated. Tools formed by wire electro discharge machining of polycrystalline diamond were formed. A ring tool was created and proved to be able to machine ring structures in the ductile mode regime in germanium oxide glass with a surface roughness of Ra 4.9 nm. This is the first time that ductile mode machining has been achieved in glass with this type of tool. By using a XeF2 etch this was shown to be able to create the stuctures necessary for whispering gallery mode resonators. A number of exemplar micro disk structures have been researched in this work to test the concept and provide real examples. Firstly a phosphogermanate glass on silica resonator was fabricated. A germanium oxide glass disc was also fabricated using the silicon under-etch process. These trial optical devices have shown that physical machining provides a viable route for fabricating integrated optical elements.

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Tonnellier, Xavier. "Precision grinding for rapid manufacturing of large optics." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2009. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4510.

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Large scale nuclear fusion and astronomy scientific programmes have increased the demand for large freeform mirrors and lenses. Thousands of one metre class, high quality aspherical optical components are required within the next five to ten years. Current manufacturing process chains production time need to be reduced from hundred hours to ten hours. As part of a new process chain for making large optics, an efficient low damage precision grinding process has been proposed. This grinding process aims to shorten the subsequent manufacturing operations. The BoX R grinding machine, built by Cranfield University, provides a rapid and economic solution for grinding large off-axis aspherical and free-form optical components. This thesis reports the development of a precision grinding process for rapid manufacturing of large optics using this grinding mode. Grinding process targets were; form accuracy of 1 m over 1 metre, surface roughness 150 nm (Ra) and subsurface damage below 5 m. Process time target aims to remove 1 mm thickness of material over a metre in ten hours. Grinding experiments were conducted on a 5 axes Edgetek high speed grinding machine and BoX R grinding machine. The surface characteristics obtained on optical materials (ULE, SiC and Zerodur) are investigated. Grinding machine influence on surface roughness, surface profile, subsurface damage, grinding forces and grinding power are discussed. This precision grinding process was validated on large spherical parts, 400 mm ULE and SiC parts and a 1 m Zerodur hexagonal part. A process time of ten hours was achieved using maximum removal rate of 187.5 mm 3 /s on ULE and Zerodur and 112.5 mm 3 /s on SiC. The subsurface damage distribution is shown to be "process" related and "machine dynamics" related. The research proves that a stiffer grinding machine, BoX, induces low subsurface damage depth in glass and glass ceramic.

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Ananthasayanam, Balajee. "Computional modeling of precision molding of aspheric glass optics." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1239896471/.

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Novell, Sara T. "Design of Structural Stand for High-Precision Optics Microscopy." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2132.

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Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL) is home to the National Ignition Facility (NIF), the world’s largest and most energetic laser. Each of the 192 beamlines contains dozens of large optics, which require offline damage inspection using large, raster-scanning microscopes. The primary microscope used to measure and characterize the optical damage sites has a precision level of 1 µm. Mounted in a class 100 clean room with a raised tile floor, the microscope is supported by a steel stand that structurally connects the microscope to the concrete ground. Due to ambient vibrations experienced in the system, the microscope is only able to reliably reach a 10-µm level of precision. As NIF’s technology advances, there is a need to both increase optic measurement throughput and to measure damage sites at a higher level of precision. As a result, there is to be another microscope mounted into another clean room lab at LLNL. To assure the microscope can meet its specified level of precision, the stand on which it is mounted was designed to meet the rigorous Environmental Vibrational Criteria standards, or VC curves. Through the collection of random vibrational data using accelerometers and Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis, the stand was designed to meet the VC-C curve requirement of velocities below 12.5 µm/sec. Furthermore, the stand design was optimized to avoid resonance at common vibrational signatures throughout the frequency spectrum, placing its first natural frequency at a sufficiently high level to minimize amplification.

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Edgar, Gerard. "A precision interferometric optical heterogeneity mapping system." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602263.

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The object of this work was to design and build an instrument for mapping optical heterogeneities in fused silica blocks, with a sensitivity at least an order of magnitude better than any system currently available (prompted by a requirement of the Stanford Gravity Probe B project). The sources of inhomogeneities and the environment for containing these blocks to achieve measurements at this level are discussed with the implications for the instrument design. After a review of homogeneity testing methods, it was decided to develop an instrument system for use with several measurement methods. The most sensitive of these methods was selected to be fully developed in order to realise the measurement aim, the others being facilitated in the design. The design and development of a novel mechanically scanned heterodyne interferometric mapping system is described-following an error budget driven methodology. The critical 1mK thermally stable environment required for the liquid immersion measurement method employed, was exceeded by the design and development of a large computer controlled thermal enclosure to house the whole instrument system-sub-millidegree stabiliy achieved over periods of hours. Also described is the computer integration and software for execution and co-ordination of all measurements. The developed system meets the initial aim, being capable of an optical heterogeneity measurement sensitivity of 5 x 10-8 in refractive index in a 50mm thick sample. This was calibrated indirectly in a comparison with a Talystep surface profiling instrument. Further development work suggested could enhance this sensitivity by another factor of two.

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Hastings, Jeffrey Todd 1975. "Nanometer-precision electron-beam lithography with applications in integrated optics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29949.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003. Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-185). Scanning electron-beam lithography (SEBL) provides sub-10-nm resolution and arbitrary-pattern generation; however, SEBL's pattern-placement accuracy remains inadequate for future integrated-circuits and integrated-optical devices. Environmental disturbances, system imperfections, charging, and a variety of other factors contribute to pattern-placement inaccuracy. To overcome these limitations, spatial-phase locked electron-beam lithography (SPLEBL) monitors the beam location with respect to a reference grid on the substrate. Phase detection of the periodic grid signal provides feedback control of the beam position to within a fraction of the period. Using this technique we exposed patterns globally locked to a fiducial grid and reduced local field-stitching errors to a < 1.3 nm. Spatial-phase locking is particularly important for integrated-optical devices that require pattern-placement accuracy within a fraction of the wavelength of light. As an example, Bragg-grating based optical filters were fabricated in silicon-on-insulator waveguides using SPLEBL. The filters were designed to reflect a narrow-range of wavelengths within the communications band near 1550-nm. We patterned the devices in a single lithography step by placing the gratings in the waveguide sidewalls. This design allows apodization of the filter response by lithographically varying the grating depth. Measured transmission spectra show greatly reduced sidelobe levels for apodized devices compared to devices with uniform gratings. by Jeffrey Todd Hastings. Ph.D.

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Li, Likai. "Design, Fabrication and Metrology of Precision Molded Freeform Plastic Optics." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1412162892.

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Su, Lijuan. "EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THERMAL FORMING PROCESSES FOR PRECISION OPTICS." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1288024081.

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Bendek, Eduardo A. "High-Precision Astrometry Using a Diffractive Pupil and Advancements in Multi-Laser Adaptive Optics." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/238675.

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Detection of earth-size exoplanets using the astrometric signal of the host star requires sub-microarcsecond measurement precision. One major challenge in achieving this precision using a medium-size (< 2-m) space telescope is the calibration of dynamic distortions. A diffractive pupil can be used to generate polychromatic diffraction spikes in the focal plane, which encode the distortions in the optical system and may be used to calibrate astrometric measurements. The first half of this dissertation discusses the design and construction of a laboratory to test this concept. The main components of the system are a high stability star simulator, a diffraction limited off-axis optical system, and the data reduction algorithms to obtain the distortion map calibration. Currently, the laboratory is operational and first tests of distortion measurements have been done validating this concept to improve the astrometric accuracy of a telescope. The second part of this dissertation describes the use of the multi-laser guide star (LGS) system available at the 6.5 m MMT telescope to characterize GLAO performance and advance Laser Tomography Adaptive Optics (LTAO) technology. The system uses five range-gated and dynamically refocused Rayleigh laser beacons to sense the atmospheric wavefront aberration. Corrections are then applied to the wavefront using the 336-actuator adaptive secondary mirror of the telescope. So far, the system has demonstrated successful control of ground-layer aberration over a field of view (FoV) substantially wider than is delivered by conventional adaptive optics, yielding reduction in the width of the on-axis point-spread function from 1.07" to < 0.2" in H band. Both techniques can be combined to improve the astrometric accuracy of ground based telescopes, especially when using Multi-Conjugated Adaptive Optics (MCAO). A diffractive pupil can be used to calibrate the distortions induced by multiple Deformable Mirrors (DM), which is the main limitation to use this kind of AO system for high precision astrometric measurements.

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Dennison, Kaitlin, S. Mark Ammons, Vincent Garrel, et al. "An engineered design of a diffractive mask for high precision astrometry." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622011.

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AutoCAD, Zemax Optic Studio 15, and Interactive Data Language (IDL) with the Proper Library are used to computationally model and test a diffractive mask (DiM) suitable for use in the Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) on the Gemini South Telescope. Systematic errors in telescope imagery are produced when the light travels through the adaptive optics system of the telescope. DiM is a transparent, flat optic with a pattern of miniscule dots lithographically applied to it. It is added ahead of the adaptive optics system in the telescope in order to produce diffraction spots that will encode systematic errors in the optics after it. Once these errors are encoded, they can be corrected for. DiM will allow for more accurate measurements in astrometry and thus improve exoplanet detection. The mechanics and physical attributes of the DiM are modeled in AutoCAD. Zemax models the ray propagation of point sources of light through the telescope. IDL and Proper simulate the wavefront and image results of the telescope. Aberrations are added to the Zemax and IDL models to test how the diffraction spots from the DiM change in the final images. Based on the Zemax and IDL results, the diffraction spots are able to encode the systematic aberrations.

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Paul, Justin Reiford. "Construction and characterization of a neutral Hg magneto-optical trap and precision spectroscopy of the 61S 0 - 63P0 Hg199 clock transition." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3717608.

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In this dissertation I present theory and experimental results obtained in the Jones research group at the University of Arizona investigating the feasability of neutral Hg as a candidate for an atomic clock. This investigation includes laser-cooling and trapping of several neutral Hg isotopes as well as spectroscopy of the 61S0 - 6 3P0 doubly forbidden clock transition in neutral Hg199. We demonstrate precision spectroscopy of the ground state cooling/trapping transition of neutral mercury at 254 nm using an optically pumped semiconductor laser (OPSL). This demonstration exhibits the utility of optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSLs) in the field of precision atomic spectroscopy. The OPSL lases at 1015 nm and is frequency quadrupled to provide the trapping light for the ground state cooling transition. We get up to 1.5 W single-frequency output power having a linewidth of <10 kHz in the IR with active feedback. We frequency quadruple the OPSL in two external cavity stages to produce up to 120 mW of deep-UV light at 253.7 nm. I give a detailed characterization of the construction and implementation of the neutral Hg vapor cell magneto-optical trap (MOT). The trap can be loaded in as quickly as 75 ms at background vapor pressures below 10-8 torr. At reduced background pressure (<10-10 torr) the loading time approaches &sim;2 sec. We describe construction and stabilization of a laser resonant with the Hg199 clock transition and the methods employed to find and perform the experimentally delicate spectroscopy of the clock transition. We present experimental results and analysis for our initial spectroscopy of the 61S0 - 63 P0 clock transition in the Hg199 isotope of neutral mercury.

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Milton, Gareth Edward Mechanical &amp Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "An automated micro-grinding system for the fabrication of precision micro-scale profiles." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32285.

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Production of micro-scale components is an important emergent field. One underdeveloped area is the production of micro-scale 3D surfaces, which has important applications in micro-optics and fibre optic sensors. One particular application is the production of micro-lenses. With scales of less than 200 ??m these lenses can improve light coupling efficiencies in micro-optic systems. However, current lens production techniques have limitations in accuracy and versatility. Creating these surfaces through mechanical micro-grinding has the potential to improve the precision and variety of profiles that can be produced, thus improving transmission efficiencies and leading to new applications. This work presents a novel micro-grinding method for the production of microscale asymmetric, symmetric and axisymmetric curved components from brittle materials such as glasses. A specialised micro-grinding machine and machining system has been designed, constructed and successfully tested and is presented here. This system is capable of producing complex profiles directly on the tips of optical fibre workpieces. A five degree of freedom centring system is presented that can align and rotate these workpieces about a precision axis, enabling axisymmetric grinding. A machine vision system, utilising a microscope lens system and sub-pixel localisation techniques, is used to provide feedback for the process, image processing techniques are presented which are shown to have a sensing resolution of 300 nm. Using these systems, workpieces are centred to within 500 nm. Tools are mounted on nanometre precise motion stages and motion and infeed are controlled. Tooling configurations with flat and tangential grinding surfaces are presented along with control and path generation algorithms. The capabilities and shortcomings of each are presented along with methods to predict appropriate feed rates based on experimental data. Both asymmetric and axisymmetric flat and curved micro-profiles have been produced on the tips of optical fibres using this system. These are presented and analysed and show that the system, as described, is capable of producing high quality micro-scale components with submicron dimensional accuracy and nanometric surface quality. The advantages of this technique are compared with other processes and discussed. Further development of the system and technique are also considered.

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Moghaddas, Mohamad Amin. "Comparison of Computational Modeling of Precision Glass Molding of Infrared Lenses." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397599181.

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Thomas-Peter, Nicholas. "Quantum enhanced precision measurement and information processing with integrated photonics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7bd47582-d32f-4d07-9e90-4978c32cf14e.

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Photons have proven to be an effective test-bed for the fundamental concepts and elements of quantum-enhanced technologies. As systems become increasingly complex, however, practical considerations make the traditional approach of bulk optics and free-space propagation progressively more difficult. The major obstacles are the physical space necessary to realise and operate such a complex system, its stability, and maintaining low losses. In order to address these issues, quantum optical technologies can take a cue from their classical counterparts and look towards an integrated architecture to provide miniaturisation, greatly enhanced stability, less alignment, and low loss interfaces between different system components. In this thesis the feasibility of chip-based waveguides as a platform for metrology and information processing will be explored. In Part I, the necessary criteria for a metrology system to out-perform its classical counterpart will be investigated. It will be found that loss is a major barrier to this aim and, critically, that it is unlikely to have been achieved to date by any experiment which consumes resources of a fixed photon number. The issue of loss will be addressed by developing a scalable heralded source of a class of entangled photonic states which are both robust to losses and practically feasible to prepare. A novel tomographic technique will be developed to characterize these states and it will be explicitly demonstrated how it is possible to beat some bounds on classical performance without being able to out-perform a comparable classical system. Finally, a proof of principle demonstration of a waveguide-based interferometer with an integrated phase-shifter will be undertaken. It will be shown that the device preserves quantum interference, making it suitable for use in quantum-enhanced metrology applications. In Part II, integrated optics in the context of information processing will be discussed. First, a novel characterization technique will be developed which enables the behaviour of complex circuits to be predicted. The technique is independent of loss in the device being characterized. A method of simulating these circuits will be outlined that takes advantage of the computational speed-up available from parallelisation and sparse matrix operations. A key increase in complexity for integrated photonic systems will be demonstrated by showing quantum interference of three photons from two separate sources in eight spatial modes. The resulting interference has a visibility which beats all possible classical interference visibilities for similar circuits. Finally, a fully integrated waveguide-coupled photon-number-resolving detector will be developed and demonstrated. This proof of concept demonstration will show good resolution of different photon number events. The device will be modelled and routes to high efficiency operation will be explored.

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Fritioff, Tomas. "Precision Improvements of Penning Trap Mass Measurements Using Highly Charged Ions : Applications to solving current problems in fundamental physics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-616.

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In my thesis I describe the improvements of the Penning trap mass spectrometer SMILETRAP. The objective of these improvements have been to increase the reliability and the accuracy with which an atomic mass can be measured using highly charged ions. The improvements have been achieved by stabilizing both the electric and magnetic fields of the trap and by improving the technical performance of the trap system. As a result it has been possible to measure accurately the mass of several atoms ranging from hydrogen to mercury using charge states from 1+ to 52+. It was only possible to use the highest charge states after applying a successful cooling of these ions with Helium during the charge breeding. The technical improvements made a number of interesting accurate mass measurements possible. The measurements of the 3H, 3He, and 4He masses showed that the previously values were wrong. The mass difference between 3H and 3He which is the Q-value of the tritium beta decay has been determined to 18.588(3) keV. The Q-value of the double β-decay of 76Ge was measured at an accuracy of 50 eV. This value is indispensable for the evaluation the Heidelberg-Moscow experiment which aims at finding a possible neutrino-less decay which if present would be a violation of the standard model. The mass ratio of mCs/mp is used to determine the fine structure constant independent of QED calculations. The two decades old anomaly in the mass values of Hg was solved by the mass determination of 198Hg and 204Hg. The mass of 24Mg was measured at an uncertatinty of 0.6 ppb and will be used in the determination of the g-factor of a bound electron in a hydrogen like ions.

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Ammons, S. Mark, E. Victor Garcia, Maissa Salama, et al. "Precision astrometry with adaptive optics: constraints on the mutual orbit of Luhman 16AB from GeMS." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622006.

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ELTs equipped with MCAO systems will be powerful astrometric tools in the next two decades. With sparse-field precisions exceeding 30 uas for V > 18, the ELTs will surpass even GAIA's per-epoch precision for faint stars (V > 12). We present results from an ongoing astrometry program with Gemini GeMS and discuss synergies with WFIRST and GAIA. First, we present a fit to the relative orbit of the individual L/T components of Luhman16 AB, the nearest brown dwarf binary known. Exploiting GeMS' wide field of view to image reference stars, we are able to track the relative motion to better than 0.2 mas. We find that a mutual Keplerian orbit with no perturbing planets fits the binary separation to within the measurement errors, ruling out companions down to 14 earth masses for certain orbits and periods.

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Pathak, P., O. Guyon, N. Jovanovic, et al. "A High-precision Technique to Correct for Residual Atmospheric Dispersion in High-contrast Imaging Systems." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622414.

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Direct detection and spectroscopy of exoplanets requires high-contrast imaging. For habitable exoplanets in particular, located at a small angular separation from the host star, it is crucial to employ small inner working angle (IWA) coronagraphs that efficiently suppress starlight. These coronagraphs, in turn, require careful control of the wavefront that directly impacts their performance. For ground-based telescopes, atmospheric refraction is also an important factor, since it results in a smearing of the point-spread function (PSF), that can no longer be efficiently suppressed by the coronagraph. Traditionally, atmospheric refraction is compensated for by an atmospheric dispersion compensator (ADC). ADC control relies on an a priori model of the atmosphere whose parameters are solely based on the pointing of the telescope, which can result in imperfect compensation. For a high-contrast instrument like the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics (SCExAO) system, which employs very small IWA coronagraphs, refraction-induced smearing of the PSF has to be less than 1 mas in the science band for optimum performance. In this paper, we present the first on-sky measurement and correction of residual atmospheric dispersion. Atmospheric dispersion is measured from the science image directly, using an adaptive grid of artificially introduced speckles as a diagnostic to feedback to the telescope's ADC. With our current setup, we were able to reduce the initial residual atmospheric dispersion from 18.8 mas to 4.2 in broadband light (y- to H-band) and to 1.4 mas in the H-band only. This work is particularly relevant to the upcoming extremely large telescopes (ELTs) that will require fine control of their ADC to reach their full high-contrast imaging potential.

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Phelps, Gretchen. "MAGNETO-OPTICAL EFFECTS AND PRECISION MEASUREMENT PHYSICS: ACCESSING THE MAGNETIC FARADAY EFFECT OF POLARIZED ³HE WITH A TRIPLE MODULATION TECHNIQUE." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/15.

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This work is comprised of the study of two magneto-optical phenomena: the Kerr effect and the Faraday effect. Neutron physics experiments often utilize polarized neutrons, and one method to generate or guide polarized neutrons involves the use of a system of magnetic super-mirrors. Experience shows that the magnetization of the super-mirror may decay with time; therefore, we implemented the surface magneto-optical Kerr effect (SMOKE) to study the temporal behavior of the magnetization of a magnetized remnant super-mirror sample, where a sensitivity of 0.1 mrad was obtained. Unique to our set-up was the method in which the various magnetization directions were probed. The sample was magnetized prior to insertion into the set-up, and a high precision rotational stage was used to manually rotate the sample to effectively generate a reversal of the magnetic field. Multiple samples from a larger super-mirror specimen were tested, in which no change in the magnetization was detected for one month after sample magnetization. Further studies could increase the sensitivity of the experiment, potentially rendering the method as an application for real-time magnetization monitoring. Polarized 3He nuclei are often used as an effective polarized neutron target at various laboratories, including Jefferson Lab, through the use of spin-exchange optical pumping in a glass cell constructed of GE-180. Utilizing the nuclear spin optical rotation to measure the Faraday effect of polarized 3He would develop a new procedure for polarization monitoring, establish a powerful tool to diagnose the wall properties and thicknesses of the cells used, and the determination of the frequency independent magnetic component of the polarizability would ultimately lead to the extraction of the spin polarizability of 3He. Furthermore, this study has the future implications of being the pioneer experiment for terrestrial dark matter studies. A new triple modulation technique was devised, where a sensitivity of 60 nrad was obtained, and the first ever extraction of the Verdet constant of GE-180 was recorded, an important factor in wall thicknesses and diagnostic investigations for Jefferson Lab. However, a measurement of the nuclear spin optical rotation of a polarized 3He target was not realized, as the measured polarization suggests a Faraday rotation just below the 60 nrad threshold. Nevertheless, the devised triple modulation method proves to be a very sensitive probe in Faraday effect studies, and additional examination of the polarized target for the production of a larger polarization, should yield a measurement of the nuclear spin optical rotation of polarized 3He.

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Jovanovic, N., C. Schwab, O. Guyon, et al. "Efficient injection from large telescopes into single-mode fibres: Enabling the era of ultra-precision astronomy." EDP SCIENCES S A, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625827.

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Photonic technologies off er numerous advantages for astronomical instruments such as spectrographs and interferometers owing to their small footprints and diverse range of functionalities. Operating at the diffraction-limit, it is notoriously difficult to efficiently couple such devices directly with large telescopes. We demonstrate that with careful control of both the non-ideal pupil geometry of a telescope and residual wavefront errors, efficient coupling with single-mode devices can indeed be realised. A fibre injection was built within the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics (SCExAO) instrument. Light was coupled into a single-mode fibre operating in the near-IR (J-H bands) which was downstream of the extreme adaptive optics system and the pupil apodising optics. A coupling efficiency of 86% of the theoretical maximum limit was achieved at 1550 nm for a diffraction-limited beam in the laboratory, and was linearly correlated with Strehl ratio. The coupling efficiency was constant to within <30% in the range 1250-1600 nm. Preliminary on-sky data with a Strehl ratio of 60% in the H-band produced a coupling efficiency into a single-mode fibre of similar to 50%, consistent with expectations. The coupling was >40% for 84% of the time and >50% for 41% of the time. The laboratory results allow us to forecast that extreme adaptive optics levels of correction (Strehl ratio >90% in H-band) would allow coupling of >67% (of the order of coupling to multimode fibres currently) while standard levels of wavefront correction (Strehl ratio >20% in H-band) would allow coupling of >18%. For Strehl ratios <20%, few-port photonic lanterns become a superior choice but the signal-to-noise, and pixel availability must be considered. These results illustrate a clear path to efficient on-sky coupling into a single-mode fibre, which could be used to realise modal-noise-free radial velocity machines, very-long-baseline optical/near-IR interferometers and/or simply exploit photonic technologies in future instrument design.

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Huang, Lei, Chenlu Zhou, Mali Gong, Xingkun Ma, and Qi Bian. "Development of a novel three-dimensional deformable mirror with removable influence functions for high precision wavefront correction in adaptive optics system." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622017.

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Deformable mirror is a widely used wavefront corrector in adaptive optics system, especially in astronomical, image and laser optics. A new structure of DM-3D DM is proposed, which has removable actuators and can correct different aberrations with different actuator arrangements. A 3D DM consists of several reflection mirrors. Every mirror has a single actuator and is independent of each other. Two kinds of actuator arrangement algorithm are compared: random disturbance algorithm (RDA) and global arrangement algorithm (GAA). Correction effects of these two algorithms and comparison are analyzed through numerical simulation. The simulation results show that 3D DM with removable actuators can obviously improve the correction effects.

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Calixto, Gustavo Moreira. "Desenvolvimento de um posicionador eletronico para estruturas micrometricas." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259190.

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Orientador: Hugo Henrique Hernandez Figueroa Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T14:40:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calixto_GustavoMoreira_M.pdf: 3030225 bytes, checksum: 2cce1022194aa1eebe73e869b225e650 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento de um posicionador eletrônico para estruturas micrométricas e controlado através da porta paralela de um computador. O equipamento desenvolvido é controlado por um software, onde o usuário pode posicionar objetos com passos tridimensionais e micrométricos. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, visto que o equipamento pode ser aplicado em experimentos onde o posicionamento fino é necessário. Abstract: This work has the goal to present the development of an electronic positioned for micrometric structures, controlled with a parallel port. The developed equipment is controlled by a software who the user can adjust objects with tridimensional and micrometric steps. The obtained results have been satisfactory, where the equipment might be applied in precise positioning experiments. Mestrado Telecomunicações e Telemática Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

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Abney, Joshua. "STUDIES OF MAGNETICALLY INDUCED FARADAY ROTATION BY POLARIZED HELIUM-3 ATOMS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/57.

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Gyromagnetic Faraday rotation offers a new method to probe limits on properties of simple spin systems such as the possible magnetic moment of asymmetric dark matter or as a polarization monitor for polarized targets. Theoretical calculations predict the expected rotations of linearly polarized light due to the magnetization of spin-1/2 particles are close to or beyond the limit of what can currently be measured experimentally (10−9 rad). So far, this effect has not been verified. Nuclear spin polarized 3He provides an ideal test system due to its simple structure and ability to achieve high nuclear spin polarization via spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP). To maximize the expected signal from 3He, a SEOP system is built with a modern narrowband pumping laser and a 3He target designed to use with a multipass cavity. Additionally, a sensitive triple modulation apparatus for polarimetry is utilized and further developed to detect Faraday rotations on the order of nanoradians. This works presents the results of the measurement of the magnetic Faraday effect.

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Yan, Meng, Lei Huang, Qi Bian, Chenlu Zhou, Xingkun Ma, and Mali Gong. "Location-grouping algorithm based on limited actuators deformable mirror for high precision wavefront aberration correction in adaptive optics system." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622051.

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The aberration in the center position of wavefront can be corrected well when the deformable mirrors (DM) used in high-resolution adaptive optics system of telescope. However, for the defocus and spherical aberration of telescope, the four corners of the wavefront cannot be corrected well. A novel correction method with different levels and regions of deformable mirror is proposed to solve this problem. The control elements of wavefront in four corners are divided. And every four or five DM units in one corner is in a group. Compared with conventional correction method, the location-grouping method showed significant advantages in correction of different order aberrations.

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26

Wang, He. "From few-cycle femtosecond pulse to single attosecond pulse-controlling and tracking electron dynamics with attosecond precision." Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4393.

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Doctor of Philosophy Department of Physics Zenghu Chang The few-cycle femtosecond laser pulse has proved itself to be a powerful tool for controlling the electron dynamics inside atoms and molecules. By applying such few-cycle pulses as a driving field, single isolated attosecond pulses can be produced through the high-order harmonic generation process, which provide a novel tool for capturing the real time electron motion. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the state of the art few-cycle near infrared (NIR) laser pulse development, which includes absolute phase control (carrier-envelope phase stabilization), amplitude control (power stabilization), and relative phase control (pulse compression and shaping). Then the double optical gating (DOG) method for generating single attosecond pulses and the attosecond streaking experiment for characterizing such pulses are presented. Various experimental limitations in the attosecond streaking measurement are illustrated through simulation. Finally by using the single attosecond pulses generated by DOG, an attosecond transient absorption experiment is performed to study the autoionization process of argon. When the delay between a few-cycle NIR pulse and a single attosecond XUV pulse is scanned, the Fano resonance shapes of the argon autoionizing states are modified by the NIR pulse, which shows the direct observation and control of electron-electron correlation in the temporal domain.

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Mei, Ying. "Error analysis for distributed fibre optic sensing technology based on Brillouin scattering." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278660.

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This dissertation describes the work conducted on error analysis for Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR), a distributed strain sensing technology used for monitoring the structural performance of infrastructures. Although BOTDR has been recently applied to many infrastructure monitoring applications, its measurement error has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The challenge to accurately monitor structures using BOTDR sensors lies in the fact that the measurement error is dependent on the noise and the spatial resolution of the sensor as well as the non-uniformity of the monitored infrastructure strain conditions. To improve the reliability of this technology, measurement errors (including precision error and systematic error) need to be carefully investigated through fundamental analysis, lab testing, numerical modelling, and real site monitoring verification. The relationship between measurement error and sensor characteristics is firstly studied experimentally and theoretically. In the lab, different types of sensing cables are compared with regard to their measurement errors. Influences of factors including fibre diameters, polarization and cable jacket on measurement error are characterized. Based on experimental characterization results, an optics model is constructed to simulate the Brillouin back scattering process. The basic principle behind this model is the convolution between the injected pulse and the intrinsic Brillouin spectrum. Using this model, parametric studies are conducted to theoretically investigate the impacts of noise, frequency step and spectrum bandwidth on final strain measurement error. The measurement precision and systematic error are then investigated numerically and experimentally. Measurement results of field sites with installed optical fibres displayed that a more complicated strain profile leads to a larger measurement error. Through extensive experimental and numerical verifications using a Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR), the dependence of precision error and systematic error on input strain were then characterized in the laboratory and the results indicated that a) the measurement precision error can be predicted using analyzer frequency resolution and the location determination error and b) the characteristics of the measurement systematic error can be described using the error to strain gradient curve. This is significant because for current data interpretation process, data quality is supposed to be constant along the fibre although the monitored strain for most of the site cases is non-uniformly distributed, which is verified in this thesis leading to a varying data quality. A novel data quality quantification method is therefore proposed as a function of the measured strain shape. Although BOTDR has been extensively applied in infrastructure monitoring in the past decade, their data interpretation has been proven to be nontrivial, due to the nature of field monitoring. Based on the measurement precision and systematic error characterization results, a novel data interpretation methodology is constructed using the regularization decomposing method, taking advantages of the measured data quality. Experimental results indicate that this algorithm can be applied to various strain shapes and levels, and the accuracy of the reconstructed strain can be greatly improved. The developed algorithm is finally applied to real site applications where BOTDR sensing cables were implemented in two load bearing piles to monitor the construction loading and ground heaving processes.

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Grosse, Jens [Verfasser], Marco [Akademischer Betreuer] Scharringhausen, Hansjörg [Gutachter] Dittus, and Claus [Gutachter] Braxmaier. "Thermal and Mechanical Design and Simulation for the first high precision Quantum Optics Experiment on a Sounding Rocket / Jens Grosse ; Gutachter: Hansjörg Dittus, Claus Braxmaier ; Betreuer: Marco Scharringhausen." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121173071/34.

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Gené, Mola Jordi. "Fruit detection and 3D location using optical sensors and computer vision." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669110.

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Per tal de satisfer les necessitats alimentàries d’una població mundial creixent, és necessari optimitzar la producció agrícola, incrementant la productivitat i la sostenibilitat de les explotacions. Per aconseguir-ho, es preveu que els sistemes automàtics de detecció i localització de fruits seran una eina essencial en la gestió de les plantacions fructícoles, amb aplicacions directes a la predicció de la collita, el mapat de la producció i la recol·lecció automatitzada. Malgrat els avenços aconseguits en àmbits com la robòtica o la visió per computador, la localització 3D de fruits continua essent un repte que ha de fer front a problemes com la identificació de fruits oclosos per altres òrgans vegetatius, o la possibilitat de treballar en diferents condicions d’il·luminació. La present tesi pretén contribuir en el desenvolupament de noves metodologies de detecció i localització de fruits mitjançant la combinació de sensors de base fotònica i d’algoritmes de visió artificial. Per tal de minimitzar els efectes produïts per unes condicions d’il·luminació variable, es proposa l’ús de sensors actius que treballen en l’espectre de llum infraroja. En concret, s’han testejat sensors LiDAR (light detection and ranging) i càmeres de profunditat (RGB-D) basades en el principi de temps de vol (time-of-flight), els quals proporcionen els valors d’intensitat de llum reflectida pels diferents elements mesurats. D’altra banda, per minimitzar el número d’oclusions s’han estudiat dues estratègies: (1) l’aplicació forçada d’aire; (2) la utilització de tècniques d’escaneig des de diferents punts de vista, com ara Structure-from-Motion (SfM). Els resultats obtinguts demostren que les dades d’intensitat proporcionades pels sensors actius LiDAR i RGB-D són de gran utilitat per la detecció de fruits, el que suposa un avanç en l’estat de l’art, ja que aquesta capacitat radiomètrica no havia estat estudiada anteriorment. D’altra banda, les dues estratègies testejades per minimitzar el número de fruits oclosos han demostrat incrementar el percentatge de fruits detectats. De totes les metodologies estudiades, la combinació de xarxes neuronals profundes amb tècniques de SfM és la que presenta més bons resultats, amb percentatges de detecció superiors al 90% i menys d’un 4% de falsos positius. Para satisfacer las necesidades alimentarias de una población mundial creciente, es necesario optimizar la producción agrícola, incrementando la productividad y la sostenibilidad de las explotaciones. Para conseguirlo, se prevé que los sistemas automáticos de detección y localización de frutos serán una herramienta esencial en la gestión de las plantaciones frutícolas, con aplicaciones directas a la predicción de cosecha, al mapeado de la producción y a la recolección automatizada. A pesar de los avances conseguidos en ámbitos como la robótica o la visión artificial, la localización 3D de frutos continua siendo un reto que debe de hacer frente a problemas como la identificación de frutos ocluidos por otros órganos vegetativos, o la posibilidad de trabajar en distintas condiciones de iluminación. La presente tesis pretende contribuir en el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías de detección y localizacion de frutos mediante la combinación de sensores de base fotónica y de algoritmos de visión artificial. A fin de minimizar los efectos producidos por unas condiciones de iluminación variable, se propone el uso de sensores activos que trabajan en espectros de luz infrarroja. En concreto, se han testeado sensores LiDAR (light detection and ranging) y cámaras de profundidad (RGB-D) basadas en el principio de tiempo de vuelo (time-of-flight), los cuales proporcionan valores de intensidad de la luz reflejada por los objetos escaneados. Por otra parte, para minimizar el número de oclusiones se han estudiado dos estrategias: (1) la aplicación forzada de aire; (2) la utilización de técnicas de escaneo desde distintas perspectivas, tales como Structure-from-Motion (SfM). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los datos de intensidad proporcionados por los sensores LiDAR y RGB-D son de gran utilidad para la detección de frutos, lo que supone un avance en el estado del arte, ya que esta capacidad radiométrica no había estado estudiada anteriormente. Por otra parte, las dos estrategias testeadas para minimizar el número de oclusiones han demostrado incrementar el porcentaje de detección. De todas las metodologías estudiadas, la combinación de redes neuronales profundas con técnicas de SfM es la que presenta mejores resultados, con porcentajes de detección superiores al 90% y con menos de un 4% de falsos positivos. To meet the food demands of an increasing world population, farmers are required to optimize agriculture production by increasing crop productivity and sustainability. To do so, fruit detection and 3D location systems are expected to be an essential tool in the agricultural management of fruit orchards, with applications in fruit prediction, yield mapping, and automated harvesting. Despite the latest advances in robotics and computer vision, the development of a reliable system for 3D fruit location remains a pending issue to deal with problems such as the identification of occluded fruits and the variable lighting conditions of agricultural environments. The present thesis aims to contribute to the development of new methodologies for fruit detection and location by combining optical sensors and artificial intelligence algorithms. In order to minimize variable lighting effects, it is proposed the use of active sensors that work in the infrared light spectrum. In particular, light detection and ranging sensors (LiDAR) and depth cameras (RGB-D) based on the time-of-flight principle were evaluated. These sensors provide the amount of backscattered infrared light reflected by the measured objects. With respect to minimizing the number of fruit occlusions, two different approaches were tested: (1) the application of forced air flow; and (2) the use of multi-view scanning techniques, such as structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry. The results have demonstrated the usefulness of the backscattered intensity provided by LiDAR and RGB-D sensors for fruit detection. This supposes an advance in the state-of-the-art, since this feature has not previously been exploited. Both of the strategies tested to minimize fruit occlusions showed an increase in the fruit detection rate. Of all the tested methodologies, the combination of instance segmentation neural networks and SfM photogrammetry gave the best results, reporting detection rates higher than 90% and false positive rates under 4%.

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30

Oliveira, Robson Alves de. "Avaliação da replicagem de moldes torneados com ferramenta de diamante usando prensagem a quente em polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-19032007-145448/.

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Neste trabalho, diferentes tipos de microestruturas foram geradas por torneamento com ferramenta de diamante de ponta única e microendentação para serem replicadas através da prensagem a quente. Testes foram realizados para ser avaliada a geração destas microestruturas por dois métodos distintos: microdeformação e microusinagem, planejados para observar a replicação gerada por marca de endentação Vickers (piramidal) e, remoção de material (torneamento com ferramenta de diamante de ponta única). Uma revisão no processo de manufatura aplicada para a replicação de microestruturas é apresentada. Os materiais usados como molde e réplica foram o cobre eletrolítico e o polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), respectivamente. Inicialmente, a usinabilidade do cobre eletrolítico foi avaliada sob diferentes condições de corte, a fim de determinar parâmetros apropriados de torneamento para obter um fino revestimento de superfície final (rugosidade). Observou-se que para avanços (f) de 10 mícrons por revolução e profundidade de corte (ap) de 5 mícrons, a superfície apresentou um baixo valor de rugosidade, isto é, 2,81 nm para rugosidade média (Ra) e 13,4 nm para rugosidade teórica (Rt). Além disso, observou-se que a microestrutura do material mostrou-se de fundamental papel na rugosidade, por conta da recuperação elástica dos grãos devido a anisotropia da estrutura policristalina do cobre. As microestruturas geradas para a replicagem foram: a) lente esférica, b) perfil senoidal e sulcos concêntricos. Os resultados mostraram que é viável a reprodução, com boa conformidade das microestruturas, por meio de prensagem a quente. Observou-se que as bordas e as superfícies finas com rugosidade em torno de 10 nm rms foram bem replicadas. In this work, different types of microstructures were generated by single point diamond turning and microindentation for will replicated through the hot embossing. Tests were carried to evaluate the generation these microstructures by two distinct methods: micro-deformation and micro-machining, planned to observe the replication of the mark generated by the Vickers indenter (Pyramidal) and the latter by material removal (single point diamond turning). A review on several manufacturing processes applied to replication of microfeatures, is presented. The materials used as mould and replication workpiece were electroless copper and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), respectively. Initially, the machinability of electroless copper was evaluated under different cutting conditions to determinate appropriate turning parameters to obtain very fine surface finish (roughness). It was observed that for f = 10 microns of revolution (feed rate) and ap = 5 microns (depth of cut), the surface presented the roughness lowest value, i.e., 2,81 nm to medium roughness (Ra) and 13,4 nm to theoretical roughness (Rt). Moreover, it was observed that the microstructure of the material plays a fundamental role on roughness, because of the elastic recovery of grains due to the anisotropy of the polycrystalline structure of copper. The microfeatures generated were the following: a) spherical lens, b) sinusoidal profile and concentrical grooves. The results showed that it is feasible to reproduce, with good agreement, the microfeatures by means of hot embossing. It was observed that thin edges and fine surfaces with roughness around 10 nm rms were well replicated.

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31

Lee, Dicky. "Optical parametric oscillators and precision optical frequency measurements." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38369.

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32

Huang, Run. "High Precision Optical Surface Metrology using Deflectometry." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581252.

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Software Configurable Optical Test System (SCOTS) developed at University of Arizona is a highly efficient optical metrology technique based on the principle of deflectometry, which can achieve comparable accuracy with interferometry but with low-cost hardware. In a SCOTS test, an LCD display is used to generate structured light pattern to illuminate the test optics and the reflected light is captured by a digital camera. The surface slope of test optics is determined by triangulation of the display pixels, test optics, and the camera. The surface shape is obtained by the integration of the slopes. Comparing to interferometry, which has long served as an accurate non-contact optical metrology technology, SCOTS overcomes the limitation of dynamic range and sensitivity to environment. It is able to achieve high dynamic range slope measurement without requiring null optics. In this dissertation, the sensitivity and performance of the test system have been analyzed comprehensively. Sophisticated calibrations of system components have been investigated and implemented in different metrology projects to push this technology to a higher accuracy including low-order terms. A compact on-axis SCOTS system lowered the testing geometry sensitivity in the metrology of 1-meter highly aspheric secondary mirror of Large Binocular Telescope. Sub-nm accuracy was achieved in testing a high precision elliptical X-ray mirror by using reference calibration. A well-calibrated SCOTS was successfully constructed and is, at the time of writing this dissertation, being used to provide surface metrology feedback for the fabrication of the primary mirror of Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope which is a 4-meter off-axis parabola with more than 8 mm aspherical departure.

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33

Raghavan, V. P. "High precision laser radar tracking device /." Online version of thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11453.

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34

Li, Ziyuan. "Optical supercavity and precision ring laser measurements." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5532.

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A variety of discoveries, inventions and new experimental and theoretical results characteristic of high-precision devices are discussed in connection with the Canterbury ring laser and with optical supercavities in general. Cavity losses of a few ppm define one fundamental limit for precision measurements. We report a ringing phenomenon in the responses both of the Canterbury ring cavity and of commercial (Newport SR-130) supercavities under excitation by an external laser, whenever the laser frequency and the cavity resonance cross in time. The temporal waveform or ringing profile for any cavity is defined by two parameters. We invent an efficient, inexpensive and competitive "ringing" method for measuring losses of supercavities, and demonstrate its accuracy of 1 ppm. It was found that the asymmetry in the output profile of a scanning Fably-Perot interferometer is much more significant than formerly realised, despite the long history of such interferometers. For the output profile of a scanning Fabry-Perot cavity to have an asymmetry of less than 5%, for instance, the cavity resonance scanning time should be more than 100 times the cavity decay time. Another method for measuring the cavity loss by simply scanning the cavity is presented with a resolution of and system bias of 1 ppm and 4 ppm respectively. Backscattering of a few ppm at the supermirrors induces significant beat frequency pulling in a cavity. A totally novel method based on the measurement and Fourier analysis of the instantaneous beat frequency is presented to determine the frequency pulling and related fundamental parameters for our ring laser. The origins of the beat frequency shifts induced by the dispersion of the laser medium and by mode competition are discussed. A new method is presented to stabilize the beat frequency by using a transverse magnetic field, in view of the empirical observation of such an effect. Its theoretical origin is shown here to be a significant puzzle, since such an effect seems to be forbidden by time-reversal and parity selection rules for any matter-radiation interaction effect for any polarisation state of the ring, in any multipole of interaction and even with allowance for the possible partial orientation of the plasma by the applied field. A detailed account of the construction and operation of the Canterbury ring laser facility is given. Our results from the Canterbury ring laser itself demonstrate a precision of frequency resolution of 11 µHz (a fraction 2.32 x 10-20 of the He-Ne laser frequency, corresponding to a sensitivity of 1.6 x 10-7 ΩE in earth rotation measurement). This is of the same order as the quantum limit for beat frequency linewidths, given the present losses of our ring laser, and is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the sensitivities of existing laser gyroscopes.

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35

Gregoriou, Gregorios. "Precision determination of surface topography using fibre optic sensors." Thesis, Brunel University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295731.

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Evans, Christopher James. "Absolute figure metrology of high precision optical surfaces." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.552738.

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Phase measuring interferometers can provide extremely repeatable comparisons between reference and test surfaces. This thesis explores the limits to which the accuracy of measurement of flat, spherical and aspheric optical surfaces can be made to approach that repeatability. Analysis of conventional methods for separating errors in flats (the three flat test) shows that the systematic differences between repeated measurements can be predicted from the shape of the surfaces and a plausible estimate of relocation errors. Errors introduced by distortion are analysed. New methods for separation of errors associated with the reference surface and test part are introduced, together with a new method for visualising the errors. When aspheres are measured with respect to a spherical reference, non-common path errors may be substantial. A software correction method, based on the use of Zernike polynomials, is introduced for errors associated with the imaging system of the interferometer. Further errors arise from non-common path use of multi-element transmission spheres. The errors can be estimated using ray trace code, and corrections made. The uncertainties are, however, higher than required for future optical systems. Thus the concept for a next generation interferometer, not subject to the limitations identified in this work, is introduced

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Kovalchuk, Evgeny. "Optical parametric oscillators for precision IR spectroscopy and metrology." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15759.

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In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wird ein Dauerstrich Optisch Parametrischer Oszillator (cw OPO) vorgestellt, der speziell für die hochauflösende Dopplerfreie Molekülspektroskopie und Metrologie entwickelt wurde. Der kontrollierte Zugang zu jeder beliebigen Wellenlänge im breiten Emissionsspektrum von OPOs wie auch das präzise Abstimmen seiner Ausgangsfrequenz über zu untersuchende molekulare und atomare Übergänge stellten lange Zeit Probleme dar, deren Lösung die Grundzielsetzung dieser Arbeit war. Das im Laufe dieser Arbeit entwickelte System hat diese Ziele vollständig erreicht, was durch verschiedene Messungen und Anwendungen demonstriert wurde. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein neues OPO-Design mit einem Intracavity-Etalon entwickelt und aufgebaut, wobei der OPO auf dem Konzept eines einfach-resonanten cw OPOs mit resonanter Pumpwelle basiert. Die OPO-Ausgangsstrahlung zeigt sehr gute Langzeitstabilität und Spektraleigenschaften, welche durch direkte Frequenzvergleichsmessungen mit einem optischen Methan-Frequenzstandard im Infraroten bestimmt wurden. Eine Idler-Linienbreite von 12 kHz und ein Modensprung-freier Betrieb des OPOs über einen Zeitraum von einigen Tagen wurde beobachtet. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass ein OPO zu einer hochstabilen optischen Referenz phasengelockt und somit seine Frequenz sehr genau kontrolliert und durchgestimmt werden kann. Als erste erfolgreiche Anwendung eines OPOs in der Dopplerfreien Spektroskopie wurde ein Aufbau zur Frequenz-Modulationsspektroskopie in Methan realisiert. Weiterhin, wurde der entwickelte cw OPO mit einem femtosekunden optischen Frequenzkamm kombiniert, um eine neue Idee für eine kohärente Verbindung zwischen dem sichtbaren und dem infraroten Spektralbereich zu realisieren. Als erste Demonstration dieser Technologie wurde ein direkter absoluter Frequenzvergleich zwischen einem Jod-stabilisierten Laser bei 532 nm und einem Methan-stabilisierten Laser bei 3390 nm durchgeführt. This thesis presents a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (cw OPO), specially developed for high-resolution Doppler-free molecular spectroscopy and metrology. The basic objective was to solve the long-standing problem of controlled access to any desired wavelength in the wide emission range of OPOs, including the ability to precisely tune the output frequency over the molecular and atomic transitions of interest. The system implemented during this work fully achieves these goals and its performance was demonstrated in various measurements and applications. For this aim, a new design for the OPO cavity with an intracavity etalon was implemented, extending the concept of a cw singly resonant OPO with resonated pump wave. The newly developed device demonstrates very good long-term stability and spectral properties, which were determined in direct beat frequency measurements with a methane infrared optical frequency standard. Thus, an idler radiation linewidth of 12 kHz and mode-hop-free operation of the OPO over several days were observed. Furthermore, it was shown that an OPO can be phase locked to a highly stable optical reference and thus much more precisely controlled and tuned. As the first successful application of OPOs in Doppler-free spectroscopy, a frequency modulation spectroscopy setup for detection of sub-Doppler resonances in methane was implemented. Furthermore, the developed cw OPO was integrated with a femtosecond optical frequency comb to realize a new concept for a coherent link between the visible and infrared spectral ranges. As a first demonstration of this technique, a direct absolute frequency comparison between an iodine stabilized laser at 532 nm and a methane stabilized laser at 3390 nm was performed.

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Urso, Marcelo Souto. "Desenvolvimento de um medidor de comprimento de onda de precisão." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-20022014-175054/.

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Este trabalho original descreve o desenvolvimento e construção de um medidor comprimento de onda de precisão para feixes de laser. O primeiro estágio do dispositivo baseia-se na atividade óptica de um cristal de quartzo natural e fornece uma precisão de uma parte em 104. O segundo estágio, o qual não foi concluído, envolve o uso de um Vernier Fabry-Pérot, montado com espaçadores de zerodur, que pode aumentar a precisão da medida para algumas partes em 107. This original work reports on the development and construction of a precision laser beams wavemeter. The first part of the instrument is based on the optical activity of a natural quartz crystal and provides an accuracy of one part in 104. The second part, that was not concluded, employs a Fabry-Pérot Vernier, assembled with zerodur spacers, which increases the accuracy to a few parts in 107

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Cotter, Joseph paul. "A precision test of relativity using coherent optical phenomena." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487714.

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The Lorentz symmetries lie at the heart of all modem physics. However, recent theoretical investigations into physics ics beyond the standard model have proposed a violation to these symmetries. One manifestation of Lorentz violation consistent with current observational evidence and therefore permitted by these theories is a small frame dependancy in the speed of Ught. Such a violation is investigated here.

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40

Kim, Jung-Won 1976. "High-precision optical and microwave signal synthesis and distribution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42230.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-148). In this thesis, techniques for high-precision synthesis of optical and microwave signals and their distribution to remote locations are presented. The first topic is ultrafast optical pulse synthesis by coherent superposition of mode-locked lasers. Timing and phase synchronization of ultrabroadband Ti:sapphire and Cr:forsterite mode-locked lasers is studied. Subfemtosecond (<0.4 fs) timing synchronization over 12 h is demonstrated. In addition to the timing lock, phase synchronization to a local oscillator with subfemtosecond accuracy (<0.5 fs) over 1000 s is achieved. Drift-free subfemtosecond timing and phase synchronization enables a phase-coherent spectrum over 1.5 octaves that has a potential to generate single-cycle optical pulses at 1 pm. The second topic is long-term stable microwave signal synthesis from mode-locked lasers. Although mode-locked lasers can produce ultralow-noise microwave signals as a form of optical pulse trains, the transfer of stability from optical to electronic domain is a highly non-trivial task. To overcome the limitations of conventional photodetection, an optoelectronic phase-locked loop based on electro-optic sampling with a differentially-biased Sagnac-loop is proposed. Long-term (>1 h) 3-mrad level phase stability of a 10.225 GHz microwave signal extracted from a mode-locked laser is demonstrated. The third topic is timing stabilized fiber links for large-scale timing distribution. Precise optical timing distribution to remote locations can result in synchronization over long distances. In doing so, acoustic noise and thermal drifts introduced to the fiber links must be canceled by a length-correction feedback loop. A single type-II phase-matched PPKTP crystal is used to construct a compact and self-aligned balanced optical cross-correlator for precise timing detection. (cont.) Using this correlator, a 310 m long fiber link is stabilized with long-term sub-10 fs accuracy. The final topic is photonic analog-to-digital conversion of high-frequency microwave signals. Sampling of high-frequency (>10 GHz) microwave signals is challenging due to the required aperture jitter below 100 fs. An optical subsampling down- converter for analog-to-digital conversion of narrowband high-frequency microwave signals is studied. The measured signal to noise-and-distortion ratio of 1-Mbps signals at 9.5 GHz carrier frequency is 22 dB over 2 MHz bandwidth. By integrating the demonstrated techniques, large-scale femtosecond-precision timing distribution and synchronization systems can be implemented. by Jungwon Kim. Ph.D.

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Panilet, Panipichai Jinnu. "Calibration of prepared environment for optical navigation." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-26387.

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The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate accuracy and precision of the machine vision system used to calibrate a prepared environment foroptical navigation. Rotationally independent optimized colour reference labels (symbols) creates an environment. Any number of symbols can be used. A symbol carries 8–bit (0 to 255) information, which can be designed for different values by using Matlab algorithms. An optical navigation system enters into the environment and captures thesymbols. The symbols are then decoded to determine the geographical positions of the symbols from reference position of the system by using Matlab algorithms. Then, the system is moved to a known position and the same set of symbols are captured, decoded and located. The process is repeated for several positions of the system to find precision and accuracy. Finally, the results are analysed.

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Tchikanda, Serge William. "Modeling for high-speed high-strength precision optical fiber drawing." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20051.

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Masterson, Rebecca A. (Rebecca Ann). "Dynamic tailoring and tuning for space-based precision optical structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30335.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-236). Next-generation space telescopes in NASA's Origins missions require use of advanced imaging techniques to achieve high optical performance with limited launch mass. Structurally-connected Michelson interferometers meet these demands, but pose specific challenges in the areas of system dynamics and controls, uncertainty management and testing. The telescope optics must meet stringent positional tolerances in the presence of environmental and on-board disturbances, resulting in heavy demands on structural dynamics and control. In addition, fully integrated system tests are cost-prohibitive due to the size and flexibility of the system coupled with the severe differences between the on-orbit and ground testing environments. As a result, the success of these missions relies heavily on the accuracy of the structural and control models used to predict system performance. In this thesis, dynamic tailoring and tuning are applied to the design of precision optical space structures to meet aggressive performance requirements in the presence of parametric model uncertainty. Tailoring refers to changes made to the system during the design, and tuning refers to adjustments on the physical hardware. Design optimizations aimed at improving both performance and robustness are considered for application to this problem. It is shown that when uncertainty is high and performance requirements are aggressive, existing robust design techniques do not always guarantee mission success. Therefore, dynamic tuning is considered to take advantage of the accuracy of hardware performance data to guide system adjustments to meet requirements. (cont.) A range of hardware tuning techniques for practical implementation are presented, and a hybrid model updating and tuning methodology using isoperformance analysis is developed. It is shown that dynamic tuning can enhance the performance of a system designed under high levels of uncertainty. Therefore, robust design is extended to include tuning elements that allow for uncertainty compensation after the structure is built. The new methodology, Robust Performance Tailoring for Tuning creates a design that is both robust to uncertainty and has significant tuning authority to allow for hardware adjustments. The design methodology is particularly well-suited for high-performance, high-risk missions and improves existing levels of mission confidence in the absence of a fully integrated system test prior to launch. In the early stages of the mission the design is tailored for performance, robustness and tuning authority. The incorporation of carefully chosen tuning elements guarantees that, given an accurate uncertainty model, the physical structure is tunable so that system performance can be brought within requirements. It is shown that tailoring for tuning further extends the level of parametric uncertainty that can be tolerated at a given performance requirement beyond that of sequential tailoring and tuning, and is the only design methodology considered that is consistently successful for all simulated hardware realizations. by Rebecca Ann Masterson. Ph.D.

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Sudhakar, Swathi [Verfasser]. "Germanium nanospheres as high precision optical tweezers probes / Swathi Sudhakar." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236994094/34.

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Wang, Huan. "Crop assessment and monitoring using optical sensors." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38224.

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Doctor of Philosophy Department of Agronomy V. P. Vara Prasad Crop assessment and monitoring is important to crop management both at crop production level and research plot level, such as high-throughput phenotyping in breeding programs. Optical sensors based agricultural applications have been around for decades and have soared over the past ten years because of the potential of some new technologies to be low-cost, accessible, and high resolution for crop remote sensing which can help to improve crop management to maintain producers’ income and diminish environmental degradation. The overall objective of this study was to develop methods and compare the different optical sensors in crop assessment and monitoring at different scales and perspectives. At crop production level, we reviewed the current status of different optical sensors used in precision crop production including satellite-based, manned aerial vehicle (MAV)-based, unmanned aircraft system (UAS)-based, and vehicle-based active or passive optical sensors. These types of sensors were compared thoroughly on their specification, data collection efficiency, data availability, applications and limitation, economics, and adoption. At research plot level, four winter wheat experiments were conducted to compare three optical sensors (a Canon T4i® modified color infrared (CIR) camera, a MicaSense RedEdge® multispectral imager and a Holland Scientific® RapidScan CS-45® hand-held active optical sensor (AOS)) based high-throughput phenotyping for in-season biomass estimation, canopy estimation, and grain yield prediction in winter wheat across eleven Feekes stages from 3 through 11.3. The results showed that the vegetation indices (VIs) derived from the Canon T4i CIR camera and the RedEdge multispectral camera were highly correlated and can equally estimate winter wheat in-season biomass between Feekes 3 and 11.1 with the optimum point at booting stage and can predict grain yield as early as Feekes 7. Compared to passive sensors, the RapidScan AOS was less powerful and less temporally stable for biomass estimation and yield prediction. Precise canopy height maps were generated from a CMOS sensor camera and a multispectral imager although the accuracy could still be improved. Besides, an image processing workflow and a radiometric calibration method were developed for UAS based imagery data as bi-products in this project. At temporal dimension, a wheat phenology model based on weather data and field contextual information was developed to predict the starting date of three key growth stages (Feekes 4, 7, and 9), which are critical for N management. The model could be applied to new data within the state of Kansas to optimize the date for optical sensor (such as UAS) data collection and save random or unnecessary field trips. Sensor data collected at these stages could then be plugged into pre-built biomass estimation models (mentioned in the last paragraph) to estimate the productivity variability within 20% relative error.

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Coulson, Michael P. "Precision analogue techniques for a silicon on glass ambient light sensor." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711607.

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Melconian, Dan G. "A positron detector for precision beta decay experiments from a magneto-optic trap." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ61469.pdf.

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Coyle, Laura Elizabeth. "Precision Alignment And Calibration Of Optical Systems Using Computer Generated Holograms." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332847.

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As techniques for manufacturing and metrology advance, optical systems are being designed with more complexity than ever before. Given these prescriptions, alignment and calibration can be a limiting factor in their final performance. Computer generated holograms (CGHs) have several unique properties that make them powerful tools for meeting these demanding tolerances. This work will present three novel methods for alignment and calibration of optical systems using computer generated holograms. Alignment methods using CGHs require that the optical wavefront created by the CGH be related to a mechanical datum to locate it space. An overview of existing methods is provided as background, then two new alignment methods are discussed in detail. In the first method, the CGH contact Ball Alignment Tool (CBAT) is used to align a ball or sphere mounted retroreflector (SMR) to a Fresnel zone plate pattern with micron level accuracy. The ball is bonded directly onto the CGH substrate and provides permanent, accurate registration between the optical wavefront and a mechanical reference to locate the CGH in space. A prototype CBAT was built and used to align and bond an SMR to a CGH. In the second method, CGH references are used to align axi-symmetric optics in four degrees of freedom with low uncertainty and real time feedback. The CGHs create simultaneous 3D optical references where the zero order reflection sets tilt and the first diffracted order sets centration. The flexibility of the CGH design can be used to accommodate a wide variety of optical systems and maximize sensitivity to misalignments. A 2-CGH prototype system was aligned multiplied times and the alignment uncertainty was quantified and compared to an error model. Finally, an enhanced calibration method is presented. It uses multiple perturbed measurements of a master sphere to improve the calibration of CGH-based Fizeau interferometers ultimately measuring aspheric test surfaces. The improvement in the calibration is a function of the interferometer error and the aspheric departure of the desired test surface. This calibration is most effective at reducing coma and trefoil from figure error or misalignments of the interferometer components. The enhanced calibration can reduce overall measurement uncertainty or allow the budgeted error contribution from another source to be increased. A single set of sphere measurements can be used to calculate calibration maps for closely related aspheres, including segmented primary mirrors for telescopes. A parametric model is developed and compared to the simulated calibration of a case study interferometer.

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He, Peng. "Design and Fabrication of Nonconventional Optical Components by Precision Glass Molding." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408548156.

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Idowu, Ade. "Dynamic metrology of error motions in precision spindles using optical metrology." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3688.

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Knowledge of the accuracies of air bearing spindles in the sub-micrometre to nanometre range is required for the design, commissioning and operation of ultra-precise machine tools, measurement systems and other machines employing high precision rotational motion. In order to verify the dynamic performance of a spindle, measurement is required of its error motions in the unwanted five degrees of freedom (one axial, two tilts and two radial motions). Presentation of these error motions (eg in the form of polar charts) can then be used to provide critical spindle metrology data including total, asynchronous and average error motion rosette profiles and their average and peak values. This thesis describes a metrology system based on optical interferometry for measuring such unwanted error motions in three degrees of freedom involving motion along the spindle axis (axial rectilinear displacement and tilts about orthogonal axes), incurred with rotation of a precision air spindle over its specified speed-range. The system is not sensitive to orthoaxial translations which may be measured using alternative methods. Possible alternative techniques for measuring any of the degrees of freedom include an array of proximity sensors, (one for each translational degree of freedom and a further one for each of the other rotational degrees of freedom), to measure the run-out of an artefact. Proximity sensors based upon capacitive or optical fibre back-scatter techniques each offer the required single degree-of-freedom non-contacting capability and bandwidth. In the current work, a Fizeau interferometer is used to monitor the motion of the spindle of a vertical axis ultra-precision facing machine using a test-artefact. This is a mirror with less than one fringe departure from planarity from which interferogram. fringe-patterns are captured, digitised and analysed synchronously as the spindle rotates. The issue of the prediction of the dynamic form and motions of the observed interferograrn arises and the earlier theory is extended to optimise the set-up, including provision of automatic servo- alignment of the optical axis with the axis of the spindle. Measurement interferograrn data is sampled at selected angular incremental positions of spindle-rotation and image processing techniques used to filter the fringe pattern, enabling measurement of spindle tilt and axial displacement. Issues of sampling with respect to the anticipated spatial angular frequency of the spindle run-out are considered with respect to the speed/frequency capability of data-acquisition and processing arrangements. Essentially, with a spindle rotating at typical machining speeds of 300- 3000 rev/min, for consistent error motions, the resolution of an error plot is principally a function of observational time. It is foreseen that the system will be applicable in research and production-support in ultra-precision machining production processes and in rotational metrology.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Precision optics'

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