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Journal articles on the topic 'Preclinical pharmacokinetics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Song, Wei, Meilin Liu, Junjun Wu, Hong Zhai, Yong Chen, and Zhihong Peng. "Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Triptolide: A Potential Antitumor Drug." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 2 (2019): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666180816141506.

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Background:Triptolide, a bioactive component in Tripterygium wilfordii extracts, possess strong antiproliferative activity on all 60-National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer cell lines. However, the widespread use of triptolide in the clinical practice is greatly limited for its multi-organ toxicity and narrow therapeutic window. All the toxic characteristics of triptolide are associated with the pharmacokinetics especially its distribution and accumulation in the target organ.Methods:The literature review was done using PubMed search, SciFinder and Google Scholar databases with specific keyword

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2

Milan, Laznicek, Laznickova Alice, Cozikova Dagmar, and Velebny Vladimir. "Preclinical pharmacokinetics of radiolabelled hyaluronan." Pharmacological Reports 64, no. 2 (2012): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70784-3.

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3

Clarke, Stephen J., Philip J. Beale, and Laurent P. Rivory. "Clinical and Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Raltitrexed." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 39, no. 6 (2000): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200039060-00004.

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4

Sparreboom, Alex, Olaf van Tellingen, Willem J. Nooijen, and Jos H. Beijnen. "Preclinical pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and docetaxel." Anti-Cancer Drugs 9, no. 1 (1998): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001813-199801000-00001.

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5

Tsun, Chang. "Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics of pirmenol." American Journal of Cardiology 59, no. 16 (1987): H15—H19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(87)90139-1.

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6

García-Quintanilla, Laura, Andrea Luaces-Rodríguez, María Gil-Martínez, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Drugs in Age-Related Macular Degeneration." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 8 (2019): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11080365.

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Intravitreal administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies has become the standard treatment for Age-Related Macular Degeneration; however, the knowledge of their pharmacokinetics is limited. A comprehensive review of the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic data that were obtained in different studies with intravitreal bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept has been conducted. Moreover, the factors that can influence the vitreous pharmacokinetics of these drugs, as well as the methods that were used in the studies for analytical determination, have been ex

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7

Holt, Jonathon D. S., David Cameron, Nicola Dias, et al. "The Sheep as a Model of Preclinical Safety and Pharmacokinetic Evaluations of Candidate Microbicides." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 7 (2015): 3761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.04954-14.

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ABSTRACTWhen developing novel microbicide products for the prevention of HIV infection, the preclinical safety program must evaluate not only the active pharmaceutical ingredient but also the product itself. To that end, we applied several relatively standard toxicology study methodologies to female sheep, incorporating an assessment of the pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and local toxicity of a dapivirine-containing human vaginal ring formulation (Dapivirine Vaginal Ring-004). We performed a 3-month general toxicology study, a preliminary pharmacokinetic study using drug-loaded vagina

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8

Pasipanodya, Jotam, and Tawanda Gumbo. "An Oracle: Antituberculosis Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Correlation, and Clinical Trial Simulations To Predict the Future." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 1 (2010): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00749-10.

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ABSTRACTAntimicrobial pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) science and clinical trial simulations have not been adequately applied to the design of doses and dose schedules of antituberculosis regimens because many researchers are skeptical about their clinical applicability. We compared findings of preclinical PK/PD studies of current first-line antituberculosis drugs to findings from several clinical publications that included microbiologic outcome and pharmacokinetic data or had a dose-scheduling design. Without exception, the antimicrobial PK/PD parameters linked to optimal effect were

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9

Grigoleit, H. G., and P. Grigoleit. "Pharmacology and preclinical pharmacokinetics of peppermint oil." Phytomedicine 12, no. 8 (2005): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.10.007.

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10

Heglund, I. F., Å. A. Michelet, W. F. Blazak, K. Furuhama, and E. Holtz. "Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and General Toxicology of Iodixanol." Acta Radiologica 36, no. 399_suppl (1995): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185195036s39909.

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11

Yim, Dong-Seok, Suein Choi, and Soo Hyeon Bae. "Predicting human pharmacokinetics from preclinical data: absorption." Translational and Clinical Pharmacology 28, no. 3 (2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.12793/tcp.2020.28.e14.

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12

Lobert, Sharon, and Christian Puozzo. "Pharmacokinetics, Metabolites, and Preclinical Safety of Vinflunine." Seminars in Oncology 35 (June 2008): S28—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2008.01.007.

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13

Zheng, Jenny Jingwen, Kenneth K. Chan, and Franco Muggia. "Preclinical pharmacokinetics and stability of isophosphoramide mustard." Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 33, no. 5 (1994): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00686268.

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14

Dorr, Robert T., James D. Liddil, Mary Kay Klein, and Evan M. Hersh. "Preclinical pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of imexon." Investigational New Drugs 13, no. 2 (1995): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00872858.

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15

Zheng, Jenny Jingwen, Kenneth K. Chan, and Franco Muggia. "Preclinical pharmacokinetics and stability of isophosphoramide mustard." Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 33, no. 5 (1994): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800050071.

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16

Lee, Francis Y. F., Richard Smykla, Kathy Johnston, et al. "Preclinical efficacy spectrum and pharmacokinetics of ixabepilone." Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 63, no. 2 (2008): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-008-0727-5.

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17

Yim, Dong-Seok, Soo Hyeon Bae, and Suein Choi. "Predicting human pharmacokinetics from preclinical data: clearance." Translational and Clinical Pharmacology 29, no. 2 (2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12793/tcp.2021.29.e12.

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18

Shekunova, E. V., M. A. Kovaleva, M. N. Makarova, and V. G. Makarov. "Dose Selection in Preclinical Studies: Cross-Species Dose Conversion." Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products 10, no. 1 (2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-19-28.

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One of the major obstacles to effective translational medicine is the challenge of translating animal research results into clinical studies. Scientific literature mainly addresses the selection of the drug dose at initiation of clinical trials (Phase 1). Appropriate selection of doses is also essential for preclinical toxicology and pharmacology studies. Some basic principles that are used when translating dosages from animal models to humans are applicable to selection and justification of doses when planning and conducting preclinical studies. The paper provides an overview of the main meth

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19

Cozzolino, Mario, Felix Funk, Viatcheslav Rakov, Olivier Phan, and Isaac Teitelbaum. "Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide." Current Drug Metabolism 15, no. 10 (2015): 953–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200216666150206124424.

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20

Gandhi, Yash, Timothy Eley, Aberra Fura, Wenying Li, Richard J. Bertz, and Tushar Garimella. "Daclatasvir: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacokinetics." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 57, no. 8 (2018): 911–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40262-017-0624-3.

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21

Fletcher, Nicholas, Aditya Ardana, and Kristofer J. Thurecht. "Preclinical Imaging of siRNA Delivery." Australian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 10 (2016): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16079.

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Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is emerging as a class of therapeutic with extremely high potential, particularly in the field of oncology. Despite this growing interest, further understanding of how siRNA behaves in vivo is still required before significant uptake into clinical application. To this end, many molecular imaging modalities have been utilised to gain a better understanding of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of administered siRNA and delivery vehicles. This highlight aims to provide an overview of the current state of the field for preclinical imaging of siRNA delivery.

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22

Voak, Andrew A., Andy Harris, Jose Miguel Coteron-Lopez, et al. "Pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic relationships of liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine in experimental visceral leishmaniasis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (2021): e0009013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009013.

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Background There is a continued need to develop effective and safe treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Preclinical studies on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-infective agents, such as anti-bacterials and anti-fungals, have provided valuable information in the development and dosing of these agents. The aim of this study was to characterise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the anti-leishmanial drugs AmBisome and miltefosine in a preclinical disease model of VL. Methodology / Principal findings BALB/c mice were infected with L. donovani (MHOM/ET/67/HU3)

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23

Song, Jin Sook, Hyeong Jin Rho, Jong Shik Park, et al. "Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of PDE-310, a Novel PDE4 Inhibitor." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 26, no. 2 (2011): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-065.

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24

Singh, Sonu. "Preclinical Pharmacokinetics: An Approach Towards Safer and Efficacious Drugs." Current Drug Metabolism 7, no. 2 (2006): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920006775541552.

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25

Witjes, J. A., J. L. J. Vriesema, A. G. van der Heijden, G. J. Peters, and J. A. Schalken. "Pharmacokinetics of Intravesical Gemcitabine: A Preclinical Study in Pigs." European Urology 44, no. 5 (2003): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0302-2838(03)00372-5.

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26

Vriesema, Jessica, Jack Schalken, and Fred Witjes. "Pharmacokinetics of intravesical gemcitabine - a preclinical study in pigs." European Urology Supplements 1, no. 1 (2002): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(02)80478-x.

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27

Ponce, Rafael A., Jennifer E. Visich, Jane K. Heffernan, et al. "Preclinical Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Recombinant Human Factor XIII." Toxicologic Pathology 33, no. 4 (2005): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230490966247.

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28

Yim, Dong-Seok, and Suein Choi. "Predicting human pharmacokinetics from preclinical data: volume of distribution." Translational and Clinical Pharmacology 28, no. 4 (2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.12793/tcp.2020.28.e19.

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29

Zeng, Kui, Karin Emmons Thompson, Chaela S. Presley, Duane D. Miller, and Charles R. Yates. "Preclinical pharmacokinetics of the radiomitigator KZ-41 in rats." Xenobiotica 41, no. 11 (2011): 1006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498254.2011.603387.

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30

Hilmer, S. N. "PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF FRAILTY AND POLYPHARMACY: PRECLINICAL INSIGHTS." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (2017): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.4751.

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31

Greig, N. H., E. De Micheli, H. W. Holloway, et al. "The experimental Alzheimer drug phenserine: preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 102, s176 (2000): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.00311.x.

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32

Chang, Ya-Ning, and Tung-Hu Tsai. "Preclinical Transplacental Transfer and Pharmacokinetics of Fipronil in Rats." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 48, no. 10 (2020): 886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000088.

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33

Serebryakova, E. A., S. G. Gasan, G. A. Badun, A. E. Zolotarev, N. A. Oborotova, and N. I. Zimakova. "Preclinical pharmacokinetics of alkylating component of anticancer drug testiphenon." Pharmacological Research 31 (January 1995): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1043-6618(95)86429-6.

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34

Puranik, Amrutesh S., Ganesh Halade, Sandeep Kumar, et al. "Cassia auriculata: Aspects of Safety Pharmacology and Drug Interaction." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep237.

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Safety pharmacology studies help in identifying preclinical adverse drug reactions. We carried out routine safety pharmacology with focus on cardiovascular variables and pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction studies on rats fed with standardized traditional hydro-alcoholic extract and technology-based supercritical extract ofCassia auriculatafor 12 weeks. Our studies indicate that both these extracts are pharmacologically safe and did not show any significant adverse reactions at the tested doses. The traditional hydro-alcoholic extract did not show any significant effect on pharmacokinetics;

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35

Catalán-Latorre, Ana, Amparo Nácher, Virginia Merino, Octavio Díez, and Matilde Merino Sanjuán. "A preclinical study to model taurine pharmokinetics in the undernourished rat." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 7 (2018): 826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518000156.

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AbstractMalnutrition is a common feature of chronic and acute diseases, often associated with a poor prognosis, including worsening of clinical outcome, owing, among other factors, to dysfunction of the most internal organs and systems affecting the absorption, metabolism and elimination of drugs and nutrients. Taurine is involved in numerous biological processes and is required in increased amounts in response to pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the behaviour of taurine in well-nourished (WN) rats and to analyse the influence of protein–energy undernutrition on t

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36

Patel, Harilal, Prakash Patel, Chandrakant Bhatt, et al. "Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Cholecalciferol in Dogs from 2 Different Oral Formulations Using Corrective Measures to Overcome Interference from Endogenous Cholecalciferol." Drug Research 67, no. 07 (2017): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-101527.

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AbstractThe aim of the preclinical investigation was to obtain single dose pharmacokinetics in dogs from 2 different oral cholecalciferol formulations using corrective measures to overcome the interference of endogenous cholecalciferol. 6 dogs were fasted overnight and the following day received 60 000 IU dose cholecalciferol [reference, Eris®, vs. test, Sunbless®] by oral dosing. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (baseline establishment) and after dosing on day 1 up to 28 days. The serum samples were extracted using protein precipitation/solid phase extraction and analysed to determine ch

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37

Gu, Yi, Yang Sai, Jian Wang, et al. "Preclinical pharmacokinetics, disposition, and translational pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of savolitinib, a novel selective cMet inhibitor." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 136 (August 2019): 104938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.016.

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38

Hope, William W., Joanne Goodwin, Timothy W. Felton, Michael Ellis, and David A. Stevens. "Population Pharmacokinetics of Conventional and Intermittent Dosing of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Adults: a First Critical Step for Rational Design of Innovative Regimens." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 10 (2012): 5303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00933-12.

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ABSTRACTThere is increased interest in intermittent regimen of liposomal amphotericin B, which may facilitate use in ambulatory settings. Little is known, however, about the most appropriate dosage and schedule of administration. Plasma pharmacokinetic data were acquired from 30 patients receiving liposomal amphotericin B for empirical treatment of suspected invasive fungal infection. Two cohorts were studied. The first cohort received 3 mg of liposomal amphotericin B/kg of body weight/day; the second cohort received 10 mg of liposomal amphotericin B/kg at time zero, followed by 5 mg/kg at 48

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39

Gong, Zipeng, Ying Chen, Ruijie Zhang, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of Two Alkaloids after Oral Administration ofRhizoma CoptidisExtract in Normal Rats and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/845048.

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A comparative pharmacokinetic study of berberine and palmatine after oral administration ofRhizoma Coptidisextract (96 mg/kg, containing berberine 22 mg/kg and palmatine 5 mg/kg based on body weight) was performed in normal and postinflammation irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) rats, induced by intracolonic instillation of acetic acid and restraint stress. Quantification of berberine and palmatine in rat plasma was achieved by using a sensitive and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method. Plasma samples were collected at 13 different time points and the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by WinNonlin so

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40

Zou, Peng, Nan Zheng, Yanke Yu, et al. "Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of MI-219, a Novel Human Double Minute 2 (HDM2) Inhibitor and Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 15, no. 2 (2012): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j34s4n.

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Purpose. The two purposes of this study were evaluating preclinical pharmacokinetics of MI-219 and predicting clearance (CL) and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) of MI-219 in humans. Methods. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Human CL of MI-219 was predicted using allometric scaling (SA), multi-exponential allometric scaling (ME), rule of exponents (RoE), single species scaling, two-term power equation (TTPE), physiologically based in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), and fu corrected intercept method (FCIM). In vitro assays were conducted

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41

Kumar, Devendra, Neerja Trivedi, and Rakesh Kumar Dixit. "Preclinical Study to Evaluate the Effect of Polyherbal Formulation on Metformin: Potential Herb-drug Interaction." Natural Products Journal 9, no. 1 (2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210315508666180507152031.

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metformin in rats. Methods: The present study was conducted to determine the beneficial outcomes of PHF along with metformin by studying herb-drug interactions. PHF was prepared by five indigenous herbs, Those are being used traditionally as antidiabetic in India. PHF doses (100 mg/kg/day) were administered to Sprague-Dawley rats by an oral route of different groups for multiple weeks except for control. Metformin (100 mg/kg) was orally administered at

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42

Jiang, Li-Juan, Michelle Wang, and Yat Sun Or. "Pharmacokinetics of EDP-420 after Ascending Single Oral Doses in Healthy Adult Volunteers." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 5 (2009): 1786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01270-08.

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ABSTRACT EDP-420 (EP-013420, S-013420) is a first-in-class bicyclolide (bridged bicyclic macrolide) currently in clinical development for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. It has good preclinical pharmacokinetic properties across multiple species and potent in vitro and in vivo activity against respiratory tract infection pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae, atypical organisms (e.g., Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila), and multidrug-resistant streptococci. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of an orally administered EDP-420

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43

Herbst, Roy S., Kenneth R. Hess, Hai T. Tran, et al. "Phase I Study of Recombinant Human Endostatin in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, no. 18 (2002): 3792–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.11.061.

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PURPOSE: Endostatin, a 20-kd fragment of collagen XVIII, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. We evaluated recombinant human endostatin (rh-Endo) in a phase I trial designed to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and serum markers of angiogenesis in patients with solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients were enrolled onto a dose-finding trial of rh-Endo administered as an intravenous bolus over a 20-minute period once daily. Three patients each were treated at dose levels of 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 600 mg/m2/d, and seven patients were treated at 300 mg/m2/d. Treatment consisted

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44

Campesi, Ilaria, Giorgio Racagni, and Flavia Franconi. "Just a Reflection: Does Drug Repurposing Perpetuate Sex-Gender Bias in the Safety Profile?" Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 8 (2021): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14080730.

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Vaccines constitute a strategy to reduce the burden of COVID-19, but the treatment of COVID-19 is still a challenge. The lack of approved drugs for severe COVID-19 makes repurposing or repositioning of approved drugs a relevant approach because it occurs at lower costs and in a shorter time. Most preclinical and clinical tests, including safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, were already performed. However, infective and inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19 are linked with hypoalbuminemia and downregulation of both phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, which can occ

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45

Porzio, Stefano. "Application of population pharmacokinetics for preclinical safety and efficacy studies." Bioanalysis 5, no. 16 (2013): 2053–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.13.147.

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England, Christopher G., Emily B. Ehlerding, Reinier Hernandez, et al. "Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution Studies of 89 Zr-Labeled Pembrolizumab." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 58, no. 1 (2016): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.177857.

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47

Pourpak, Alan, Ross O. Meyers, Betty K. Samulitis, et al. "Preclinical antitumor activity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of imexon in mice." Anti-Cancer Drugs 17, no. 10 (2006): 1179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cad.0000236305.43209.f0.

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48

Codd, Ellen E., Hanna H. Ng, Claire McFarlane, et al. "Preclinical Studies on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Toxicology of Oxfendazole." International Journal of Toxicology 34, no. 2 (2015): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581815569582.

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A 2-week study in rats identified target organs of oxfendazole toxicity to be bone marrow, epididymis, liver, spleen, testis, and thymus. Female rats had greater oxfendazole exposure and exhibited toxicities at lower doses than did males. Decreased white blood cell levels, a class effect of benzimidazole anthelmintics, returned to normal during the recovery period. The no observed adverse effect level was determined to be >5 but <25 mg/kg/d and the maximum tolerated dose 100 mg/kg/d. The highest dose, 200 mg/kg/d, resulted in significant toxicity and mortality, leading to euthanization o

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49

Gaudreault, Jacques, David Fei, Jeriza Rusit, Pamela Suboc, and Vanessa Shiu. "Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Ranibizumab (rhuFabV2) after a Single Intravitreal Administration." Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 46, no. 2 (2005): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.04-0601.

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Bischoff, E. "Vardenafil preclinical trial data: potency, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and adverse events." International Journal of Impotence Research 16, S1 (2004): S34—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901213.

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