To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Preconditions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Preconditions'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Preconditions.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Rewitzky, Ingrid Moira. "Modelling the algebra of weakest preconditions." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23363.
Full textAbstract:
In expounding the notions of pre- and postconditions, of termination and nontermination, of correctness and of predicate transformers I found that the same trivalent distinction played a major role in all contexts. Namely: Initialisation properties: An execution of a program always, sometimes or never starts from an initial state. Termination/nontermination properties: If it starts, the execution always, sometimes or never terminates. Clean-/messy termination properties: A terminating execution always, sometimes or never terminates cleanly. Final state properties: All, some or no final states of α from s have a given property.
2
Allison, Brian. "The preconditions of covenantal behavioural change." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.
Full text
3
McKoski, Nancy Lacy. "Preconditions for the politics of rhetoric in composition." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1287412498.
Full text
4
Shaparenko, S. "Socio-economic preconditions for the development of energy networks." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80962.
Full textAbstract:
Матеріал присвячено актуальним питанням розвитку електричних мереж в світі.<br>Материал посвящен актуальным вопросам развития электрических сетей в мире.<br>The material is devoted to topical issues of electric networks development in the world.
5
Poberezhny, Roman, and Roman Nesterenko. "The main preconditions for the formation of sustainable entrepreneurship." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/37418.
Full text
6
Campello, Antonio da Cunha. "Managerial preconditions for implementing major changes in corporate processes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34840.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates whether management behaviour impairs major changes in corporate processes. The focused areas were new complex product development process and business process re-engineering in post-privatisation companies. Several surveys were carried out in Brazil, North America, and Europe involving companies either that deal with new complex product development or companies that have experienced a privatisation process. An aircraft manufacturer company, located in Brazil, was selected as the case study company. The author selected top 10 preconditions to succeed in a Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) endeavour and observed their evolution in the case study company. The most important contribution of this thesis is related to the identification of a pattern in the case study company to deal with major changes in corporate process. The investigations at the case study company indicated that if the top ten BPR pre-conditions to succeed evolve, it is likely to have success in the BPR activities. The achieved results are compared with an extensive literature review, which covers topics such as cultural change, management behaviour, business process re-engineering, new product development, integrated product development, concurrent engineering, privatisation process, and organisational changes.
7
Pettersson, Maria. "Legal preconditions for wind power implementation in Sweden and Denmark." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2006. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2006/12.
Full text
8
Martins, Nathalia. "The birth of a revolution : preconditions for successful revolutionary movements." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1448.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.<br>Bachelors<br>Sciences<br>Political Science
9
Crack, Angela. "The structural preconditions for the emergence of transnational public spheres." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415484.
Full text
10
Кобушко, Ігор Миколайович, Игорь Николаевич Кобушко, Ihor Mykolaiovych Kobushko, and Sergiy Panchenko. "Preconditions and economic expediency of offshore areas implementation in Ukraine." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8143.
Full text
11
Ivaschenko, D. Y., T. O. Pinchuk, Д. Ю. Іващенко, and Т. О. Пінчук. "Influence of information phenomena on the preconditions of aviation accidents." Thesis, National aviation university, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50497.
Full textAbstract:
1. Extreme and aviation psychology in the context of technological achievements of the information age: Proceedings of the VII scientific-practical conference March 28-29, 2012. -K .: NAU, 2012. - 128p.
2. Kurlin V.I. Information traps - the basis for the formation of complex emergency situations. - K . NAU,: 2012. - from 12-14.
3. Bodrov V.A. Information stress. - M .: Scientific opinion. 2000. - 352p.<br>The paper deals with the awareness of the importance of aviation safety and efficiency is a major driver of its ongoing development. The aviation community must constantly work to improve safety around the world. The processing of information by an human operator is an important part of its reliable operation as well as aviation safety.<br>Стаття присвячена важливості авіаційної безпеки та її вдосконаленню, як головній рушійній силі сучасних тенденцій розвитку. Авіаційна спільнота повинна постійно працювати над підвищенням безпеки у всьому світі. Слід також зазначити, що обробка інформації оператором-людиною є важливою частиною надійної його функціонування, а також авіаційної безпеки.
12
Hallgren, Christoffer. "Meteorological Investigation of Preconditions for Extreme-Scale Wind Turbines in Scandinavia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-200001.
Full textAbstract:
During the last three decades, the hub height of wind turbines has increased from 24 to 162 meters and with an increasing demand for break-through innovations in green energy production it seems likely that this trend will continue. The meteorological preconditions for extreme-scale wind turbines are investigated for Scandinavia using 33 years of reanalysis data from MERRA (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications). Second degree polynomials are fitted to the wind and temperature profiles and evaluated at 100, 200 and 300 m above ground level (AGL). The spatial and temporal variation of average wind speed and median wind power density is studied. Simple metrics such as the wind shear and risk of icing, measured as occasions with temperature below freezing, are used to give an idea of the loads on the wind turbines. Winter is the windiest season, and generally the wind speed is highest over sea and in the Scandinavian mountain range. Going from 100 to 300 m AGL the average wind speed increases with 1 m/s over sea and 2 m/s over land. During night the wind speed increases over land but decreases over sea compared to daytime values. On average the wind shear is about 3.6 times larger in the 50-100 m layer than in the 100-300 m layer. The calculated wind field at 100 m AGL has been compared with results from the MIUU-model, developed at the Department of Meteorology, Uppsala University. The general features are captured but there are important discrepancies between the coast and the mountains in the northern part of Sweden. MERRA data has been validated in different ways, for example by comparing with measured wind speed and temperature profiles. The temperature profiles are in good agreement while the wind profiles differ significantly. It is also shown that MERRA data is not internally consistent in the mountain range, causing a large uncertainty. In future studies, the risk of icing could be explored further. Also, the distribution of sound from extreme-scale wind turbines could be investigated.<br>Under de senaste tre decennierna har navhöjden för vindkraftverk ökat från 24 till 162 meter och med en ökande efterfrågan på banbrytande innovationer inom produktion av grön energi är det troligt att denna trend kommer att fortsätta. De meteorologiska förutsättningarna för extremskaliga vindkraftverk i Skandinavien undersöks baserat på 33 års återanalysdata från MERRA (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications). Andragradspolynom anpassas till vind- och temperaturprofilerna och evalueras på höjderna 100, 200 och 300 meter över markytan. Variationen i rummet och med tiden av medelvindhastigheten och medianen av vindenergiintensiteten studeras. Enkla mått som vindskjuvningen och risken för nedisning, mätt som antalet tillfällen då temperaturen understiger fryspunkten, används för att ge en uppfattning om risken för belastningarna på vindkraftverken. Vintern är den årstid då det blåser mest och i allmänhet är vindstyrkan högst över hav och i fjälltrakterna. Förflyttar man sig från 100 till 300 m över markytan ökar medelvindhastigheten med 1 m/s över hav och med 2 m/s över land. Under natten ökar vinden över land men minskar över hav i jämförelse med värdena under dagen. I medeltal är vindskjuvningen 3.6 gånger större i 50-100 m skiktet jämfört med 100-300 m skiktet. Det beräknade vindfältet på 100 m över markytan har jämförts med resultat från MIUU-modellen, utvecklad vid institutionen för meteorologi, Uppsala universitet. De allmänna dragen är samma men det finns viktiga avvikelser mellan kusten och fjälltrakterna i norra Sverige. MERRA-data har validerats på olika sätt, till exempel genom att jämföra med uppmätta vind- och temperaturprofiler. Temperaturprofilerna visar god överensstämmelse men det är signifikanta skillnader mellan vindprofilerna. Det visas också att MERRA-data inte är konsistent i fjälltrakten, vilket medför en stor osäkerhet. I framtida studier kan risken för nedisning studeras utförligare liksom ljudutbredningen från extremskaliga vindkraftverk.
13
Fichtl, Severin Andreas Thomas-Morus. "Developmental learning of preconditions for means-end actions from 3D vision." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227931.
Full textAbstract:
Specifically equipped and programmed robots are highly successful in controlled industrial environments such as automated production lines. For the transition of robots from such controlled uniform environments to unconstrained household environments with a large range of conditions and variations, a new paradigm is needed to prepare the robots for deployment. Robots need to be able to quickly adapt to their changing environments and learn on their own how to solve their tasks in novel situations. This dissertation focusses on the aspect of learning to predict the success of two-object means-end actions in a developmental way. E.g. the action of bringing one object into reach by pulling another, where the one object is on top of the other. Here it is the “on top” relation that affects the success of the action. Learning the preconditions for complex means-end actions via supervised learning can take several thousand training samples, which is impractical to generate, hence more rapid learning capabilities are necessary. Three contributions of this dissertation are used to solve the learning problem. 1. Inspired by infant psychology this dissertation investigates an approach to intrinsic motivation that is based on active learning, guiding the robot's exploration to create experience useful for improving classification performance. 2. This dissertation introduces histogram based 3D vision features that encode the relative spatial relations between surface points of object pairs, allowing a robot to reliably recognise the important spatial categories that affect means-end action outcomes. 3. Intrinsically encoded experience is extracted into symbolic category knowledge, encoding higher level abstract categories. These symbolic categories are used for knowledge transfer by using them to extend the state space of action precondition learning classifiers. Depending on the actions and their preconditions, the contributions of this dissertation enable a robot to achieve success prediction accuracies above 85% with ten training samples instead of approximately 1000 training samples that would otherwise be required. These results can be achieved when (a) the action preconditions can be easily identified from the used vision features or (b) the action preconditions to be learnt rest upon already existing knowledge, then it is possible to achieve these results by reusing the existing knowledge. This dissertation demonstrates, in simulation, an alternative to handcoding the knowledge required for a robot to interact with and manipulate objects in the environment. It shows that rapid learning, grounded in autonomous exploration, can be feasible if the necessary vision features are constructed and if existing knowledge is consistently reused.
14
IAKOVLEV, Gennadii. "With whom should they make the pact ? : preconditions for pacted transitions." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/72978.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date : 12 November 2021; Examining Board : Dorothee Bohle (European University Institute); Hanspeter Kriesi (European University Institute); Vladimir Gelman (European University at Saint Petersburg); Claudius Wagemann (Goethe University of Frankfurt)<br>This dissertation investigates why some attempts at pacted transitions from non-democratic rule fail while others succeed. Using a mixed-methods design, the research determines the composition and characteristics of opposition organizations that enable pacting. The thesis draws on a data set compiled by the author comparing forty-five attempts at negotiations that resulted in three different outcomes: (1) an agreement was concluded, but one of the parties failed to comply with its provisions; (2) an agreement was concluded, and the parties followed through on the terms (successful negotiations), but it did not lead to democratization, and (3) an agreement was concluded, leading to democratization (a successful pact leading to democratization). The QCA analysis shows that almost always, only those negotiations that include an opposition with strong organizational capacity succeed and end up with democratization. In addition to the existing theoretical explanation that pacted transitions only happen in party regimes, my analysis shows that the strong organizational power of the opposition can be drawn from trade unions or the Church participating in negotiations, even if the initial regime is personalistic. All negotiations that included trade unions ended up with democracy. Likewise, all attempts at negotiations where the Church was present never failed, even if they did not always lead to democratization. The two paired comparisons using the most similar design approach show the two ways in which attempts at a pact can succeed (or fail). One path—shown by the paired comparison of the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions during the Arab Spring) —indicates that the presence of a strong trade union can facilitate a successful pacted transition even when the rest of the opposition is poorly organized. The second path — exemplified through a paired comparison of the Ukrainian revolutions of 2004 and 2014 — indicates how the organizational capacity of the opposition movement can determine different outcomes even when the society and the interactions of actors are identical.
15
Häggqvist, Susann. "Working Conditions and Development at School. Preconditions for Pupil and Personnel Collaboration." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industrial Economics and Management, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3727.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The principal aim of this dissertation is empirically todevelop and test a collaboration model for how to operatesystematically with the work environment at school. Ontheoretical grounds, a case is made that collaboration betweendifferent groups (various professions and pupils) should beinvestigated despite different conditions, qualifications andages.School Environment 2000is a model for theongoing monitoring of the work environment at school. It isdesigned for integration into school-based activities, and itsmaterial offers an opportunity for any stakeholder involved toparticipate in activities concerning conditions at school. TheSchool Environment 2000have been used by pupilsand personnel (totally 2,383) at 36 schools in 8 municipalitiesin Sweden. Three of the four studies are follow-up studies; thefourth study had matched control schools. All studies usedquestionnaires; the fourth were completed with other methods asdiaries, observations and interviews. The result showed that amajority of pupils specified both sickness-related andpsychosocial reasons for absence from school. The second(pupils) and third (personnel) study show associations betweenthe work environment and ill-health, especially by females.Among women, all the items describing self-reported complaintscorrelated significantly with the Work at school index and Workclimate index. In the fourth study, in which a work environmentintervention was tested, the participants adopted a morelimited concept than that contained in School Environment2000-questionnaire. A clear desire was expressed, for morestructure and order in school work. The participants attainedin the intervention program, compared with the controller, weremore engaged in greater collaboration with others, had becomemore active in managing problems and conflicts, had greaterinternal effectiveness and perceivedfacilitating factors inwork for change as depending less on personal attributes andbehaviours of personnel. The discussion focus the need forfollowup changes and their effects on health; collaboration topromote objective and subjective scope for action; andcollaboration for goal fulfilment. Special care must beconsidered pupils work environment. The school situation is agood time for learning how to create a good work environmentand to prevent ill-health.</p><p><b>Key Words:</b>Work Environment Management, collaboration,school, pupil, employee, participation, evaluation, health,stress.</p>
16
Kraus, Kateryna Mykolaivna. "PRECONDITIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF APPLICATION OF VIRAL MARKETING BY SMALL TRADE ENTERPRISES." Thesis, Полтава : ПУЕТ, 2015. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3527.
Full text
17
Knut, R. P. "Histological preconditions for the development of complications in hernioplasty using prolene allografts." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18651.
Full text
18
Barsk, Emilia. "Preconditions for implementing the trust reform through the lens of professional teachers." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185640.
Full textAbstract:
In 2018 the trust delegation assigned by the Swedish government presented an inquiry called “Discretion grows by trust – Trust-based steering and leadership of the welfare sector” (Medtillit växer handlingsutrymmet – Tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning av välfärdssektorn), which also is called the trust reform. The recommendations presented in the document were to counterthe negative consequences of New Public Management (NPM) on the work of professionals in the Swedish public sector by incorporating seven principles into the organizations: Citizenfocus, holistic approach, discretion, support, knowledge, openness and trust. One of the firstareas of the public sector to be re-organised according to NPM-principles was that of education,which had profound effects both on the organization of the education system and the role of theteachers, especially secondary school teachers. By interviewing secondary school teachers from public schools in two municipalities and by using the categories understand, will and can of implementation theory, the prerequisites for implementing the trust reform among this group of professionals are examined. The main opportunities are that many of the principles werep revalent in the work of the teachers already, meaning that it is not foreign for them to work with them. None of the principles were either deemed unimportant by the teachers, as they expressed a will to develop them if they were not prevalent, but also had a will to develop other aspects of the principles even if they were prevalent. The main challenges were posed by their perception of can, and that many of the principles could not be developed with the tools they had at the present.
19
Bavuso, Irene. "The sixth and earlier seventh centuries : preconditions of the rise of the emporia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b0f77d19-e741-40a1-9af9-99dce539cbc9.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis assesses the sixth-/early seventh-century socio-economic roots of the eighth-century transmarine system connecting England and the Continent through major coastal trading sites (emporia). Part 1 discusses socio-economic developments in the coastal areas of Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, and the Pas-de-Calais, through a close investigation of fifth- to early seventh-century archaeological evidence. The inclusion of later written sources has been fundamental to recognise that the two shores of the Channel were connected in a more complex network than previously assumed, beyond the major emporia. These areas are then considered comparatively: after challenging substantivist approaches that assume an overwhelming importance of gift-exchange in sixth-century England, Part 2 stresses the role of transmarine traffic and exploitation of natural resources in the socio-economic development of coastal areas. The examination of sixth-century written sources has also proved rewarding to reconsider the sixth-century political relationships between Franks and Anglo-Saxons. The role of kings, churches and laymen in the later transmarine network (seventh/eighth centuries) is then discussed by including the Thames Valley, the estuaries of the rivers Seine and Loire, and the Rhine Delta, examined through the written sources. One crucial question is the role of political actors in the development of a cross-Channel system of exchange. In this regard, scholars have mainly focused on the period when this system was already in place, pointing to a pivotal role of kings and political institutions for its establishment, or to the later appropriation by elites of a coastal area already integrated in the maritime network, but detached from political power. This thesis argues that a close link existed between elites and coastal areas before the emporia; thus, although kings were not the driving stimulus for the establishment of trading sites, the transmarine traffic fostered the socio-economic development of the coastal communities.
20
Carruthers, Samanthan Jane. "Latent preconditions of medication administration errors : development of a proactive error-management tool." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/623/.
Full textAbstract:
latrogenic injury has been found to occur in around 10% of UK hospital admissions, equating to the harm of approximately 850,000 patients each year. The Department of Health has made repeated calls for NHS research to learn from proactive error management techniques (EMTs) employed within other 'safety-critical' organisations (DOH 2000,2001). The aim of this research was to develop a valid and reliable proactive measure of latent organisational failures (EMT) for use in secondary care using a psychological theory of organisational accidents (Reason, 1990,1997). This theory purports that errors occur as a result of a complex interaction between unsafe acts and systemic organisational weaknesses known as latent failures. This tool will be used to measure and monitor organisational safety in health care and predict the likelihood of medication administration errors (MAEs). Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted in study I with qualified nurses from several general medical wards and senior managers from Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. Using error vignettes, participants were asked to discuss their perceptions of error causation. Additional qualitative data was collected using clinical observations and incident report review. Using thematic content analysis, ten latent workplace and organisational causes of MAEs were identified, consistent with psychological error theory and error causes evidenced within other safety-critical industries (Reason, 1997; Groeneweg, 1992; Helmreich, 2000; Colla et al., 2005), including team functioning, human resources, culture and training. In ternis of Reason's organisational accident model, combining three pools of independent qualitative data afforded an in-depth exploration of latent error causes at an individual (e. g. unsafe practices), workplace (e. g. team functioning) and organisational level (e. g. use of policies and protocols). Study 2 was conducted to conceptualize identified latent preconditions of MAE within a proactive questionnaire measure; the Organisational Safety Questionnaire (OSQ). Revisiting qualitative data collected in Study 1, this study explored the ways in which each latent organisational failure would manifest at a hospital ward level. One hundred and forty-five safety indicators were generated based on these manifestations of poor safety. Pilot studies to test the face validity of indicators and content analysis to remove less commonly endorsed items led to refinement of the tool to 82 items. Given several notable drawbacks to using NHS formal incident reporting systems as an outcome measure, study 3 was conducted to develop an independent measure of MAEs against which to test the predictive validity of the OSQ (the Drug Round Behaviour questionnaire; DRBQ). This study explored the types of MAEs which can arise in secondary care as a direct or indirect result of the ten latent preconditions. Using the qualitative data obtained in study 1, a 27-item measure of 10 types of MAE (NCC MERP, 1995) was developed which was not reliant upon adverse patient outcomes and intended to also capture near misses. After a pilot study was conducted to improve the construct and face validity of the tool, 13 items which reflected 7 types of MAE had good face validity and were retained for study 4. The final study was conducted to measure the validity and reliability of the OSQ. The 82-item OSQ was administered to qualified and unqualified nurses working in 54 clinical areas across 2 two Bradford hospitals. Analysis revealed that the OSQ was relevant for all qualified nurses working in 34 of these clinical areas. Although developed as 10 subscales representing 10 latent preconditions of MAE, factor analysis yielded only one overall construct from 28 items named 'organisational safety'. However, these items reflected 8 of the 10 proposed predictors of MAE which supports their role in the occurrence of MAE. The 28-item OSQ had good internal consistency and concurrent validity (with an independent 9-item measure of local safety culture; Vogus & Sutcliffe, 2007). While the OSQ was significantly predictive of MAEs measured by the DRBQ, it did not significantly predict formally reported incidents. However, this may have been an artefact of low statistical power which may have been improved with a larger sample. Finally, high safety risk wards said they were less likely to formally report their errors than lower risk wards, yet all wards reported a similar number of incidents. It is proposed that high risk wards report a comparatively smaller percentage of the errors which actually occur compared to lower risk wards due to poorer safety cultures. Interestingly, high safety risk wards admitted making significantly more MAEs on the DRBQ than 'safer' wards suggesting the DRBQ was a more sensitive measure of the actual number of drug administration errors occurring on wards. The Organisational Safety Questionnaire represents a novel, valid and reliable proactive measure of safety which is not currently available in health care which would be useful in measuring the effects on systems interventions and other organisational changes. This thesis has explored and identified latent organisational causes of medication administration errors in secondary care and used methodological techniques used in other safety-critical industries to develop a valid and reliable measure of organisational safety which was successful in predicting medication administration errors. Findings are discussed in terms of the benefit of rigorous qualitative methods in this type of research and the direction of future research which could examine the generaliseability of the tool to other health care professionals or fields of medicine
21
Emilsson, Erik Örjan. "Before "the European miracles" : four essays on Swedish preconditions for conquest, growth and voice /." Göteborg : Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, Göteborgs universitet, 2005. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00004617/01/nybok.pdf.
Full text
22
Skytt, Bernice. "First-line Nurse Managers' Preconditions for Practise : The Important Interplay between Person and Organization." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8314.
Full text
23
GÅRDSTEDT, JOHAN, NOA JULIN, and JOHANNES TÖRNQVIST. "A study of the preconditions for asustainable implementation of a digitalhealth system in Uganda." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-136807.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the preconditions for an implemented and 100% financed aid project within the healthcare in Uganda. The project is a digital medical record system developed with ICT to facilitate and improve the different tasks performed in the healthcare. Focus has been on future development and how to properly adapt the system to fit the preconditions in order to achieve self-sufficiency and less reliability on support from abroad. Research has been made on how the preconditions found in Uganda can be utilized for a sustainable project. The main source of information for this thesis comes from conducted field studies in Uganda consisting of observations at a health clinic, general observations of the country, its inhabitants and interviews with experts within the field of ICT4D in Uganda. Conclusions from the results points out modern technology as a less important key-factor in the achievement of a sustainable ICT-project within the healthcare in Uganda.<br>Syftet med denna undersökning är att utreda förutsättningarna för ett implementerat och 100% finansierat biståndsprojekt inom sjukvården i Uganda. Projektet är ett digitalt journalsystem utvecklat med ICT för att underlätta och förbättra de olika uppgifter som utförs inom vården. Fokus har legat på framtida utveckling och hur man korrekt kan anpassa systemet efter förutsättningarna i syfte att uppnå självförsörjning och självständighet. Undersökning har gjorts för att förstå hur förutsättningarna som finns i Uganda bäst kan utnyttjas för ett hållbart projekt. Den främsta informationskällan för denna avhandling kommer från genomförda fältstudier i Uganda bestående av observationer vid en vårdcentral, allmänna iakttagelser av landet, dess invånare och intervjuer med experter inom området ICT4D i Uganda. Slutsatser av resultaten pekar ut modern teknik som en mindre viktig nyckelfaktor för att uppnå ett hållbart ICT-projekt inom sjukvården i Uganda.
24
Kulachek, Y. V. "Prediction and preconditions of a complicated course of traumatic injury of the small intestine." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18166.
Full text
25
Tillmar, Malin. "Swedish tribalism and Tanzanian agency : preconditions for trust and cooperation in a small-business context /." Linköping : Dept. of Management and Economics [Ekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2002. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2002/man58s.pdf.
Full text
26
Jerolleman, Alessandra. "Governance Changes in Four Urban School Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Preconditions for Adopting Reforms." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/403.
Full textAbstract:
There is an almost universal belief that our school system is failing to educate its students. At the same time there is little agreement regarding what the problems are and how to correct them. Many urban school districts are turning to drastic reform measures, oftentimes attempting one major reform after another. This paper will address the question of whether cities which have opted to significantly change their educational system share any common characteristics related to this decision. In particular this paper will focus on four cities: Boston, Chicago, New Orleans, and Philadelphia. Given the current problems with education, and the difficulty of sustaining reforms, this question is highly relevant at the present moment.
27
Bronnvall, Emma. "Nyanlända och lärande – goda förutsättningar och utmaningar Refugee Children and Learning – good Preconditions and Challenges." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-28962.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBakgrundBronnvall, Emma (2016). Nyanlända och lärande – goda förutsättningar och utmaningar. Refugee Children and Learning – good Preconditions and Challenges. Specialpedagogprogrammet, Skolutveckling och ledarskap, Lärande och samhälle, Malmö högskola.Det empiriska materialet grundar sig på fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med specialpedagoger och SVA-lärare som möter nyanlända elever i sitt dagliga arbete på skolor. Syfte och frågeställningarSyftet med studien är att undersöka vad som för nyanlända barn och ungdomar ses som goda förutsättningar och vad som ses som utmaningar för lärande. Följande frågeställningar ligger till grund för att uppnå syftet: Vad ses som goda förutsättningar för lärande och hur dessa skapas? Vad ses som hinder och svårigheter för lärande och på vilket sätt påverkar dessa hinder inhämtning av kunskap och lärande?Metod och teoriStudien grundar sig på en kvalitativ ansats och en tematisk analys. Intervjuerna har analyserats med koppling till Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska teori samt Maslows behovshierarki.Resultat och specialpedagogiska implikationerStudien visade på olika goda förutsättningar och utmaningar för lärande. Goda förutsättningar ansågs vara tidigare skolbakgrund där eleverna hade kunskap i skolans ämnen sedan tidigare och kunde läsa och skriva på sitt modersmål, möjlighet till parallell språkinlärning och möjlighet att läsa samtliga skolämnen, en fungerande och samarbetande organisation med struktur och rutiner kring kartläggning och studiehandledning. Utmaningar för lärande ansågs vara trauma hos eleverna, tidsbrist för både elever och lärare, utebliven kartläggning och ett monokulturellt synsätt hos verksam personal. Det visade sig att det hade betydelse vilken skola eleverna hamnade på då vissa skolor hade bättre förutsättningar för lärande och andra stod för mer utmaningar. Min förhoppning med studien är att medvetandegöra vad som hjälper de nyanlända eleverna i lärandesituationer. Men också att visa på vad som gör arbetet svårare.Nyckelordbehovshierarki, interkulturell, kartläggning, monokulturell, nyanlända, studiehandledning, trauma, utvecklingsekologi.
28
Ollé, Vila Aina 1991. "From simple to complex multicellularity : on the preconditions, design spaces and the evolution of neural agents." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668741.
Full textAbstract:
Les grans transicions evolutives han transformat profundament la manera com la informació s'organitza i es transmet, a vegades en la forma d'un nou nivell jeràrquic que conté entitats que prèviament es comportaven com unitats individuals. Un cas particular important involucra l'emergència de la multicel·lularitat, sobre la qual en la última dècada s'han fet grans avenços tant des d'una perspectiva teòrica com experimental. Tot i així, fins avui hi ha hagut pocs avenços en la integració de les diferents aproximacions. En aquesta tesi, dos exemples d'esforç integratiu es presenten en termes d'anàlisi de morfoespais de l'univers de possibilitats que comporta la multicel·lularitat. Un dels morfoespais està basat en dimensions que tenen en compte la biologia del desenvolupament, la física i la cognició, mentre l'altre està basat en una aproximació evodevo enriquida amb una dimensió ecològica. Entre el ric repertori de casos d'estudi que poden incloure aquests espais, també es presenten dues rutes poc explorades: (a) les precondicions associades a la formació de proto-organismes i (b) els trade-offs associats a agents cognitius simples que duen a terme tasques de processament d'informació. Aquestes dues aproximacions il·lustren com els models teòrics poden aportar una sèrie de regles generals per entendre els orígens de la complexitat multicel·lular.<br>The major evolutionary transitions deeply transformed the way information is organized and transmitted, sometimes in the form of a new hierarchical level containing lower, previously individual entities. A specially important case study involves the emergence of multicellularity and in the last decade major advances have been taking place both theoretically and experimentally. However, little integration of the different approaches has been achieved. Here two instances of such integrative effort are presented in terms of a morphospace analysis of the universe of multicellularity. One based on the developmental-physical-cognitive dimensions and the second grounded in a evodevo approach enriched with the ecological dimension. Within the rich repertoire of case studies included in these spaces, two rather unexplored avenues are also presented: (a) the preconditions associated to proto-organism formation and (b) the trade-offs associated to evolved, simple cognitive agents performing information-processing tasks. Both illustrate how theoretical models can provide guidelines to understand the origins of multicellular complexity.
29
Mabena, Simon Malikhanye. "An analysis of the impact of FDI in developing countries based on preconditions, absorptive capacity and benefits." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30623.
Full textAbstract:
The growth of FDI inflow to developing countries is increasing, so have the questions of why some developing countries have succeeded in attracting and absorbing FDI benefits. These countries are seen to have found the right fit between the FDI attraction and the developmental agenda. Profound questions about the true value of FDI to host countries are addressed in this study. While FDI attraction may be justified on the basis of FDI benefits by foreign firms, it still remains critical to establish whether these benefits are automatic. As an attempt to answer these questions, this dissertation uses both firm level and country level data to investigate the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on developing countries.Interesting findings emerge from this study. The findings are in form of an interrelated structure setting, the study showed that technology, skills transfer and employment benefits via FDI take place only when the host country has the sufficient level of human capital, infrastructure and good local firms. And that the country must have stable political environment, consistent macroeconomic policy and good institutions in order to continue attracting FDI.<br>Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>unrestricted
30
Ippaso, Robert A., and rai@thenaturalsource com. "The strategic intent of entrepreneurs within entrepreneurially led companies and the preconditions for their success or failure." Swinburne University of Technology, 2002. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060109.100055.
Full textAbstract:
The study is the result of a 'journey of discovery'. The fruits of an analytical and purposely open-minded
process, which sought neither to prove nor disprove some pre-existing theory, regarding
either the nature or influencing drivers of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship; but rather progress
through a subjective review of past and current thinking on the topic. Only then, armed with that
insight, proceeded to both test and possibly re-discover the underlying evolutional and constituent
realities of this most elusive of subjects.
The desired resultant goal of this process is to help define a methodology by which to better identify
the principle traits that make up successful entrepreneurial companies and most importantly, the
individual entrepreneur(s) that lead them. Should such benchmarks show reliability of purpose, they
would certainly help provide both the Institutional and Venture Capital community with a better and
more insightfid understanding and evaluational mechanism of venture ready Entrepreneurs thereby
leading to a streamlining of their funding processes.
This process of discovery commenced by drawing on existing literature and defining what was to be
one of the principal subject matters for analysis - the nature of entrepreneurship itself and
specifically whether entrepreneurship was an 'art' or a 'science'? Was it learned or instinctive? And
whether its existence could actually be formulated, and thereby predicted.
The results of this initial process were revealingly rather ambiguous. For while alluding to the
existence of a workable methodology by which to deliver an insight into the potential success or
failure of an entrepreneurial venture, the contention that a commonality of entrepreneurial
characteristics and predispositions existed were almost entirely dismissed. As a result, the
subsequent research sought to test this perception and to identify the key constituent characteristics
and motivars of the successful entrepreneur.
To do so, a multi-dimensional entrepreneurial model was formulated and, in turn, tested through the
development of a three tiered qualitative analysis methodology. Firstly, one that encompassed a
relatively broad-based pool of approximately 45 entrepreneurs from pre-selected Small Medium
Enterprises. From this number 12 subjects were in turn further tested utilising pre-defined
methodologies; with four of them actually subjected to in-depth one on one interviews and
subsequent analysis.
Contrary to conventional thought, the evaluational amalgam of this qualitative process significantly
revealed a reliably high degree of commonality of specific traits among entrepreneurial subjects
reviewed. In addition, an exciting and valuable insight into the mind of the entrepreneur was
revealed; one that within the study is described as the 'third dimension' of entrepreneurial
motivation, and one that the author contends could unlock the door to an even deeper understanding
of this most elusive of subject matters and form a strong basis for further research.
31
Kim, Bi Hwan. "The liberal-communitarian debate and the preconditions for a viable political theory in a technologically advanced world." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388412.
Full text
32
Dickhout, Michael G. (Michael Gordon) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Ripe moments: preconditions for the resolution of protracted social conflict - Zimbabwe's road to Lancaster House re-examined." Ottawa, 1991.
Find full text
33
Tamašauskaitė, Živilė. "Interneto savireguliacija Lietuvoje ir jos teisinės prielaidos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060321_091727-24711.
Full textAbstract:
Magistriniame darbe analizuojami alternatyvaus valstybės reguliavimui modelio – savireguliacijos - pritaikymo interneto erdvėje aspektai. Siekiama pagrįsti arba paneigti interneto savireguliacijos idėją, pateikiant Europos valstybių interneto savireguliacijos kodeksų pavyzdžius bei Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų teismų sprendimuose įtvirtintos savireguliacijos bendrąsias tendencijas.<br>The aim of this study is to analyse the suitability of self-regulation mechanism to alter internet regulation executed by the state. In order to motivate or to negate the idea of internet self-regulation, analysis is based on the internet codes of conduct in European countries as well as on the basic internet self-regulation tendencies embedded in the decisions of the courts in the United States of America. The status of the subjects - internet service providers, internet content providers and consumers - participating in the internet self-regulation process is defined in the third part of the study. Finally, the author is concerned with the possibility to embody internet self-regulation model in Lithuania and with the problems of this embodiment.
34
Scott, Hannah. "Never Again: an investigation into the preconditions likely to predict genocide and their application to Sudan and Rwanda." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5254.
Full textAbstract:
Genocide and politicide are recurrent phenomena in modern history, with forty-one cases occurring since 1955. Without a solution to this problem of genocide, this century looks set to be just as bleak as the last. This thesis is a step toward a better understanding of the preconditions and acceleratory factors that allow a civil war to develop into genocide or politicide. It identifies conditions under which governments or rival authorities choose a strategy of genocide during or following civil war. The approach this thesis adopts is that multiple conditions coming from both within and outside the country influence the likelihood that a civil war will develop into genocide. Each precondition, examined by this thesis, is interpreted in terms of its likely effects on authorities’ choices about whether to resort to mass killing in conflict situations. It applies the model to Rwanda and Sudan. This thesis proposes that states commit genocide when they cannot win at war or succeed in a position of power without the destruction of civilian populations. In order to overcome their position of weakness and extend their position of power a state or non-state power resorts to genocide/politicide. The model identifies the enduring characteristics of regimes and societies that are less time dependent, as well acceleratory factors, which have a more immediate effect on the escalation of the violent conflict/political upheaval into genocide.
35
Riether, Nina [Verfasser]. "On the profoundness and preconditions of social responses towards social robots : experimental investigations using indirect measurement techniques / Nina Riether." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1049523539/34.
Full text
36
Lindqvist, Angelica. "Scorched Earth: Ensuring Non-Repetition of the Past : The truth commission establisher's effect on preconditions for direct political impact." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-314716.
Full text
37
Stanevičius, Nerijus. "Besimokančios organizacijos kūrimo/si, prielaidos ir trukdžiai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080929_133028-56082.
Full textAbstract:
Šiuo tyrimu buvo siekta apibendrinti besimokančios organizacijos skatinimo mokytis prielaidas ir galimybes, analizuoti nuostatas išreikštas teisiniuose dokumentuose apie besimokančių organizacijų poreikius. Taip pat norėta atskleisti besimokančios organizacijos aplinką, kūrimo trukdžius, atskleisti organizacijos narių (darbuotojų ir darbdavių) požiūrį į vieną esminių besimokančios organizacijos kūrimosi prielaidų: mokymosi prieinamumo, mokymosi poreikių tenkinimo organizacijoje aspektu. Kadangi besimokanti organizacija stebi aplinką, supranta naujovių svarbą, nuolat atsinaujina, įdarbina asmenis, nusiteikusius išmokti naujų darbo metodų, įgyti naujų įgūdžių, sudaro galimybę darbuotojams adaptuotis ir keistis, skatina žinių troškimą, smalsumą, kiekvienam padeda rasti ir išnaudoti mokymosi galimybes, kuria mokymosi rėmimo sistemas, organizacijos vadovus traktuoja kaip pavaldinių tobulėjimo skatintojus, pripažįsta ir vertina tuos vadovus, kurie rūpinasi savo pavaldinių tobulėjimu, mokosi iš sėkmių ir nesėkmių, bendram mokymuisi vienija tiekėjus ir vartotojus, šalina mokymosi kliūtis, užtikrina mokymąsi visose organizacijos grandyse, todėl tyrimas, kuriame dalyvavę besimokantieji atsakė į pateiktus klausimus labiausiai išryškėjo tokia tendencija, kad skatinimas tobulintis labai pozityviai ir galimybę kelti kvalifikaciją ir siekti karjeros yra svarbiausia. Matyti poreikis kuo ilgiau išsilaikyti darbo rinkoje.
Darbo rinkos reikalavimai yra svarbiausias indikatorius kuriant ar... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>It was reached to sum up the studying organization’s stimulation learning preconditions and possibilities, analyse attitudes expressed in juristical documents about studying organizations needs.
Also, it was wanted to reveal studying organization’s environment establishment preconditions, organization’s members (workers and employees) attitude to the one of the main studying organization’s establishment preconditions: learning accessabilitie’s, learning meet the requirements in organization aspect.
Whereas the studying organization follows environment, understands the importance of latest inventions, often renews, employs persons, who want to learn new work’s methods, to get new skills. It gives an opportunity for workers to adapt and change, makes learning’s sponsors systems, eliminates studying troubles, guarantees learning in all links of organization. So, the research in which learners took part in asked to the given questions, mostly showed the tendency, that stimulation to improve very positive and opportunity to get upper qualification and seek after career is the most important.
The requirements of the job’s market are the basic indicator making or renewing professional learning context of the programmes. In all programmes is prevised English languages and information technologies learning, it is brought a module of business training. Leaders are also lack of knowledge and skills doing jobs. The didactics features of Andragogas activity are shown in activity forms of... [to full text]
38
Alexandre, Salles. "Contemporary financial globalisation in historical perspective : dimensions, preconditions and consequences of the recent and unprecedented surge in global financial activity." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/2629.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this thesis is financial globalisation in historical perspective, and its key contribution is to demonstrate the J-curve as an alternative depiction of financial globalisation since the classical Gold Standard period. As a preliminary and essential step, some definitions and clarifications on globalisation are provided in a literature review. Then, fundamental issues are considered to assess financial globalisation, so that both the goals and the boundaries of the thesis are clearly stated. Throughout the historical period in debate, there were two waves of financial globalisation: the first one occurring during the 1870-1914 period, and the second lasting from the end of the Bretton Woods agreements until the present day. The dominant approach in economics asserts that the degree of commercial and financial integration corresponds over time to a U-shaped pattern, i.e. markets presented high levels of integration during the forty years before WWI. Then, this integration collapsed in the years between the wars, recovering gradually after the Bretton Woods agreements until it reached again in the 1990s the same pre-1914 level of integration. The thesis approaches this model focusing on the financial side. Then, according to the U-curve, contemporary financial globalisation is not unprecedented. This thesis proposes an alternative view. In contrast to the mainstream U-curve, the empirical data provided indicates that today’s financial integration is unprecedented and more pervasive in some key financial markets than it was during the pre-1914 era. The empirical evidence provided proposes that a J-shaped pattern is a more appropriate way to interpret how financial markets have evolved since the late 19th century. The Jshape suggests that in some financial achieved a huge surge from the 1990s to 2005, surpassing the previous level of integration. So, in these markets, contemporary financial globalisation is unprecedented from the 1990s onwards. The J-curve does not mean that all financial markets became more globalised during the late 20th century in comparison to the Gold Standard era, but only some that presented the U-shape from 1870 to 1995. Qualitative aspects of the J-curve are examined. The different institutional frameworks underlying each historical period are discussed revealing that new institutional arrangements, policy changes, technological advances in ICT and a wide range of financial innovations are the key driving forces that have spurred today’s financial globalisation to higher levels than in the past. Finally, the last chapter assesses the key macroeconomic implications of this new era for the world economy.
39
Essman, Carl. "Social preconditions of collective action among NGO:s : A social network analysis of the information exchanges between 55 NGO:s in Georgia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118567.
Full textAbstract:
Individual shortcomings and the need for resources stimulates organizations desire to establish collaborative relations with each other. An organization tends to prefer to collaborate with other familiar organizations. The information available to an organization about its peers is necessary for its ability to appreciate the suitability of potential partners as well as their capabilities and ability to contribute to a successful collaborative relation. In a three stage analytical process, social network analysis and statistical network modelling is applied to investigate the correlation between patterns of communication and the extent to which organizations establish collaborative relationships. With a theoretical framework of resource dependence theory and social capital, data on information exchanges, resource exchanges and common advocacy among humanitarian 55 organizations is mapped. The first analytical stage explicates the structures of the collected information exchanges and evaluates the prevalence of coordination facilitating communication structures. The second stage appreciates the extent of inter-organizational involvement in collaborative relationships. The third step combines these results to demonstrate the covariance between the prevalence of coordination facilitating structures and extent of collaborative relations. The results indicate that the collected information exchanges exhibit few coordination facilitating structures and the organizations are only to a very limited extent engaged in collaborative relationships with each other. While consistent with previous research on the importance of communication for coordination, these observations illustrate the negative consequences of lacking communication. This analysis contributes with added empirical experiences to solidify our understanding of organizational behavior in inter-organizational interaction and tendencies to establish collaborative relations.
40
Малиш, Ніна Григорівна, Нина Григорьевна Малыш та Nina Hryhorivna Malysh. "Дослідження передумов ускладнення епідеміологічної ситуації з гострих кишкових інфекцій та інфекцій дихальних шляхів". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65490.
Full textAbstract:
Гострі кишкові інфекції встановленої етіології та гострі кишкові інфекції невстановленої етіології домінують у структурі гострих кишкових інфекцій у Сумській області. З підвищенням середньомісячних показників температури повітря та опадів, слід очікувати зростання інцидентності на гострі кишкові інфекції встановленої етіології, сальмонельоз. Рівні інцидентності на епідемічний паротит, краснуху, кір варіюють у широких межах, від 0,2 до 104,2. Між показниками щеплення проти краснухи та епідемічного паротиту і рівнями їх захворюваності встановлені прямі кореляційні зв’язки.
41
Nofer, Michael [Verfasser], Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Hinz, and Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Benlian. "The Value of Social Media for Predicting Stock Returns - Preconditions, Instruments and Performance Analysis / Michael Nofer. Betreuer: Oliver Hinz ; Alexander Benlian." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1110980035/34.
Full text
42
Ana, Cavalcanti. "A refinement calculus for Z." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ee9c7207-01f6-4bac-8ed1-c354a2551f9c.
Full textAbstract:
The lack of a method for developing programs from Z specifications is a difficulty that is now widely recognised. As a contribution to solving this problem, we present ZRC, a refinement calculus based on Morgan's work that incorporates the Z notation and follows its style and conventions. Other refinement techniques have been proposed for Z; ZRC builds upon some of them, but distinguishes itself in that it is completely formalised. As several other refinement techniques, ZRC is formalised in terms of weakest preconditions. In order to define the semantics of its language, ZRC-L, we construct a weakest precondition semantics for Z based on a relational semantics proposed by the Z standards panel. The resulting definition is not unexpected, but its construction provides evidence for its suitability and, additionally, establishes connections between predicate transformers and two different relational models. The weakest precondition semantics of the remaining constructs of ZRC-L justify several assumptions that permeate the formalisation of Morgan's refinement calculus. Based on the semantics of ZRC-L, we derive all laws of ZRC. Typically the refinement of a schema in ZRC begins with the application of a conversion law that translates it to a notation convenient for refinement, and proceeds with the application of refinement laws. The conversion laws of ZRC formalise the main strategies and rules of translation available in the literature; its set of refinement laws is extensive and includes support for procedures, parameters, recursion, and data refinement. Morgan and Back have proposed different formalisations of procedures and parameters in the context of refinement techniques. We investigate a surprising and intricate relationship between these works and the substitution operator that renames the free variables of a program, and reveal an inconsistency in Morgan's calculus, Back's approach does not suffer from this inconsistency, but he does not present refinement laws. We benefit from both works and use a model based on Back's formalism to derive refinement laws similar to those in Morgan's calculus. Furthermore, we derive additional laws that formalise Morgan's approach to recursion. Three case studies illustrate the application of ZRC. They show that ZRC can be useful as a technique of formal program development, but are by no means enough to ascertain the general adequacy of its conversion and refinement laws. Actually, since Z does not enforce a specific style of structuring specifications, it is likely that new laws will be proved useful for particular system specifications: two of our case studies exemplify this situation. Our hope is that ZRC and its formalisation will encourage further investigation into the refinement of Z specifications and the proper justification of any emerging strategies or techniques.
43
Hassléus, Moa. "”Jag tänker att det inte är en särart, jag tänker att det är, det är bara undervisning utomhus” : En kvalitativ fallstudie om vilka förutsättningar som krävs för att bedriva utomhuspedagogik i NO." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72869.
Full textAbstract:
Outdoor teaching has been given attention which might be natural, but it ap-pears to be problematic to get functioning. The aim to this study is to seek knowledge about preconditions needed to get outdoor teaching in science func-tioning and the requirements of the teacher. The method of the data collection in the study are qualitative interviews and a selection of teachers working at a school with outdoor teaching profile has been done. The respondents appear to have unanimous thoughts about outdoor teaching due to the result. Precon-ditions when it comes to outdoor teaching in science are shown to be connected to the organization of outdoor teaching. The outdoor teaching organization is shown to be successful if the learning environments are well planned and if there are available materials to use. An example of successful learning envi-ronment is an outdoor classroom where an “ordinary” classroom indoors has been moved outdoors. In the result of the study it appears that barriers to out-door teaching can be that the environment nearby the school isn’t suited, but it is shown that environments can be adjusted. A conclusion of the study is that barriers can be overcome if preconditions to outdoor teaching are being worked with.
44
Caveney, Nicholas. "The material preconditions for engagement in the police : a case study of UK police culture and engagement in times of radical change." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-material-preconditions-for-engagement-in-the-police(a7341d92-0f68-4da0-a831-8d51a37bdada).html.
Full textAbstract:
This work takes the model of a climate of organisational engagement provided by Kahn (1990) as the theoretical basis for renewed research within the context of UK policing. It is argued that the fiscal, structural and political environment of UK policing has changed to such an extent as to both render some aspects of classic police cultural commentary out-dated, but also create an environment in which material job resources, such as equipment and the allocation of officers, are of crucial importance to police officer psychology. It is argued that this emphasis on material job resources is a necessary development of Kahn’s (1990) original theory of the preconditions for engagement due to the context of the policing environment which exhibits instances of physical danger, distinct from Kahn’s (1990) original case setting. The application of a critical realist research paradigm to a comparative study of employee engagement in two contrasting police forces produces a model that modifies Kahn’s (1990) psychological preconditions for engagement. To create the conditions in which officers can fully engage in their roles, policing organisations must provide a benchmark level of material job resources as a precursor to furnishing an environment in which officers feel psychological safety, availability and meaningfulness. Without these benchmark material resources it is argued that officers cannot psychologically engage in their work. Collectively it is argued that both the material and psychological preconditions form the climate of engagement that predicts in role personal engagement. In pursuit of study for a professional Doctorate in Business Administration the work then reflects upon this theoretical development in context, suggesting a number of HRM interventions which may be particularly applicable to achieving improved engagement within the organisational setting.
45
Kyeyune, Robinah. "Identifying the preconditions of implementation of change : a focus on teachers' articulation of constraints on innovation in English language education in Uganda." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318108.
Full text
46
Deutscher, Charles J. H. "Privatizing peacekeeping : the regulatory preconditions for an international legal regime on the use of private military firms in United Nations peace operations /." View online via SSRN, 2008. http://ssrn.com/AbstractID=1224653.
Full text
47
Arons, Elin, and My Slagarp. "Patienten och den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan : - förutsättningar och hinder för en vårdande relation i somatisk slutenvård." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-315907.
Full textAbstract:
Bakgrund: Genom en vårdande relation vinner sjuksköterskan patientens tillit. Skapandet av denna relation ser olika ut varje gång och kräver anpassning efter patient och situation. Syfte: Undersöka förutsättningar samt hinder för en vårdande relation mellan patienten och den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan i somatisk slutenvård. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ deskriptiv intervjustudie, med semi-strukturerade intervjuer som följde en intervjuguide. Åtta sjuksköterskor rekryterades via snöbollsurval. Datan analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Förutsättningarna för att en vårdande relation skulle skapas var bland annat att det fanns tillräckligt med tid, att sjuksköterskan hade en empatisk personlighet, ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt och att patienten hade intresse av att bygga en relation. Det som kunde förhindra den vårdande relationen var bristande kontinuitet, stressig miljö, bristande kommunikation, bristande förtroende från patienten eller om patienten var instabil eller kognitivt nedsatt. Slutsats: Brist på erfarenhet gjorde det svårt för sjuksköterskorna att skapa vårdande relationer. Då sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de hade stöd från kollegor minskade stressen, vilket gjorde det lättare att tidigare lära sig skapa vårdande relationer. Vidare forskning behövs för att undersöka vad för stöd nyutexaminerade behöver för att underlätta skapandet av vårdande relationer i början av sina yrkesliv.<br>Background: Nurses gains patients trust through caring relationships. The relation-building process is different each time and demand adjustments to the patient and the situation. Aim: To explore the preconditions and barriers to create caring relationships, among newly graduated nurses in somatic inpatient. Methods: The study is a qualitative descriptive interview study, with semi-structured interviews, following an interview guide. Eight nurses were recruited through snowball selection. Data was analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results: Conditions needed to create caring relationships were, among others, the access of time, that the nurse had an empathetic personality, a person-centered approach and that the patient had an interest in the relationship. Factors that challenged the caring relationship were lack of continuity, stressful environment, lack of communication, lack of trust from the patient or if the patient were instable or had a cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Lack of experience made it difficult to establish caring relationships. God support from colleges decreased stress among the nurses, which made it easier to create caring relationships. Further research of what kind of support that is needed among newly examined nurses to facilitate caring relationships is needed.
48
Bergström, Louise, and Lisa Hjälsten. "Förutsättningar för avgränsning av bilfri zon : Exemplifierat i Gävle stad." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27432.
Full textAbstract:
Bilfria zoner är en planeringsstrategi som eftersträvar en hållbar stadsmiljö med fokus på att reducera bilanvändningen i människors vardag. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka vilka förutsättningar som har tagits i beaktande vid avgränsning av bilfria zoner för att få fram hur bilfria zoner ska avgränsas i svenska städer. Målet med studien var att identifiera vilka förutsättningar som är betydelsefulla vid avgränsning av bilfri zon. Därefter applicerades förutsättningarna i Gävle för att exemplifiera var det är möjligt och mest optimalt för Gävle kommun att införa en bilfri zon. Studien utfördes med två metoder för att få fram vilka förutsättningar som ska finnas vid avgränsning av bilfria zoner. Först utfördes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av fyra befintliga och planerade bilfria zoner genom en induktiv ansats på plandokument, rapporter, vetenskapliga artiklar, böcker och organisationers hemsidor. De befintliga och planerade bilfria zonerna var gågatan Ströget, Helsingfors, Oslo och stadsdelen Vauban. Därefter genomfördes fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer. De intervjuade var trafikplanerare från Gävle kommun, Sundsvalls kommun, Umeå kommun och Eskilstuna kommun. Förutsättningar som framkom från innehållsanalysen och intervjuerna visades i tematiserade tabeller för att kunna jämföra förutsättningarna som framkommit från de två metoderna. Genom en jämförelse mellan innehållsanalysen och intervjuerna identifierades nio förutsättningar. Dessa nio förutsättningar är täthet, handel, offentliga byggnader, grönytor, mötesplatser, cykelstråk, kollektivtrafik, gångstråk och parkeringshus. Förutsättningarna applicerades på ett ortofoto över Gävle i ArcMap 10.6 för att exemplifiera var en bilfri zon är möjlig och mest optimal att implementera i Gävle stad. Appliceringen av förutsättningarna resulterade sig i ett område som centrerade sig till centrala Gävle.<br>Car-free zones are a planning strategy that strives for a sustainable urban environment, focusing on reducing car use in people's everyday lives. The purpose of this study has been to investigate what preconditions that have been taken into account when defining car-free zones, to find out how car-free zones are to be delimited in Swedish cities. The aim of the study was to identify which preconditions that are important when designing a car-free zone. Then the preconditions were applied in Gävle to exemplify where a car-free zone is possible and optimal for the municipality of Gävle. The study was carried out with two methods to determine the conditions for the delimitations of car-free zones. First, a qualitative content analysis of four existing and planned car-free zones was carried out through an inductive approach to planning documents, reports, scientific articles, books and organizations' websites. The existing and planned car-free zones were the pedestrian street Ströget, Helsinki, Oslo and the district Vauban. Thereafter four semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviewees were traffic planners from Gävle Municipality, Sundsvall Municipality, Umeå Municipality and Eskilstuna Municipality. Preconditions emerging from the content analysis and interviews were shown in themed tables to compare the preconditions emerged from the two methods. A comparison between the content analysis and the interviews identified nine preconditions. These nine preconditions are density, trade, public buildings, green spaces, meeting places, cycle paths, public transport, walk paths and multistory car parks. The preconditions were applied to an orthophoto of Gävle in ArcMap 10.6 to illustrate where a car-free zone is possible and most optimal to implement in Gävle city. The application of the preconditions resulted in an area that centered in central Gävle
49
Ketija, Danovska. "Reasons behind children drop out of primary schools with unequal socio-economic preconditions : A comparative case study of three primary schools in Babati Town Council, Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Utveckling och internationellt samarbete, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35520.
Full textAbstract:
One of the countries where the basic academic education is problematic to achieve is Tanzania. Despite the multiple attempts to increase enrolments and decrease dropouts through new partnerships and organizations, high level of drop out still occur in the country. Two research questions were composed in aim to understand why this drop out phenomenon still occur. First question: “Which individual/ collective factors contribute to that girls and boys in the age group between 7 and 13 drop out of primary schools?” and the second question: “What differences are there in the drop out causes between two more “privileged” and one more “marginalized” school?”. The answers to these questions were found through the field work in Babati Town Council, Tanzania. There primary data was gathered in form of semi-structured interviews with three headteachers from three different schools. Two privileged schools; Maisaka Primary School and Primary School Oyster bay, and one marginalized school; Kiongozi Primary School. Also interviews with nine parents/other guardians of dropouts were conducted. Gathered data was summarized in short case stories, narratives which later on were analyzed with in a theoretical framework. This theoretical framework consisted of six different theories. These theories are; Academic Mediation theory, General Deviance theory, Deviant Affiliation theory, Poor Family Socialization theory, Structural Strains theory and lastly a theory of Institutional Departure. The conclusion of the study is that, even though the schools are located in the same area a major difference in dropout rates and its causes are existing. At the marginalized school there is a high level of drop out and at more privileged schools no dropouts occur. Factors which play a major role for this existing difference are; childrens and parents commitment to school, family structure and background, family's socio-economic status, relationships in the family and of course quality of the school.
50
Duong, Thithuy Nga. "Ciblage de l'inflation et politique monétaire au Vietnam." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22020.
Full textAbstract:
Le ciblage de l’inflation est le cadre le plus récent de la politique monétaire dans le monde. Il est désormais largement choisi par les pays avancés ainsi que par les pays émergents. Cependant, deux questions principales sont encore en débat particulièrement dans les pays émergent et en développement. Ils s’agissent des avantages du ciblage d’inflation et du respect de conditions préalables afin d’assurer le succès de ce régime. Empiriquement, on conclut que le ciblage d’inflation est un cadre de politique monétaire réussie pour les pays émergents. En plus, il n'est pas nécessaire pour ces pays de satisfaire toutes les conditions préalables strictes avant de réussir à l'adopter. La situation budgétaire et l'indépendance de la banque centrale jouent un rôle plus important que les autres conditions et doivent être préparées en premier lieu. Concernant le Vietnam, par l'approche structurelle vecteur autorégressif (VAR), la thèse montre que la politique monétaire de la banque centrale n’est pas efficace. Donc, il permet de confirmer la nécessité du changement de stratégie monétaire par rapport au cadre actuel. Cependant, notamment parce que la banque centrale n’est pas indépendante, le Vietnam ne peut pas adopter le ciblage d’inflation dans un bref délai. Les recommandations du durcissement de la contrainte budgétaire et de l’augmentation l’indépendance de la banque centrale sont suggérées avant la mise en œuvre de sa stratégie de ciblage d’inflation<br>Inflation targeting (hereafter IT) is the newest monetary policy framework in the world. The practice of IT has been chosen by both advanced countries and emerging countries. However, two main issues are still under debate particularly in emerging and developing countries. They are the benefits of IT and preconditions to success adoption. Empirically, we showed that IT is considered as a successful monetary policy framework for emerging countries. In addition, it is not necessary for emerging markets to satisfy all stringent preconditions to successfully adopt IT. In practice, the fiscal situation and the central bank independence play a more important role than other conditions and need to be prepared first.Basing on Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR), the thesis concludes that Vietnamese monetary policy currently does not effectively control the inflation rate. Inflation targeting framework would be a solution to this. Nonetheless, this thesis concludes that at this moment in time Vietnam is not able to adopt the IT framework, as it still must prepare some of the preconditions required before official adoption. The recommendations of hardening the budget constraint and increase central bank independence in relationship with government are suggested before implementing IT strategy