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1
Sharasulova, Shirin. "The Subject Of A Qualitative Device In The Sentence Acts As A Secondary Predicate Object In Uzbek Language." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 05 (2021): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/volume03issue05-84.
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Adjectives are one of the three characteristic forms of a verb, and this form imposes a second set of functions and properties on its verb function and properties. This situation requires special attention and special research on quality. An adjective can express itself in the text because it has its own subject, object, etc., that is, it can form its own syntactic device - predicate. He himself remains the predicate of this predicate. It is part of another simple sentence with the adjective and the predicate of this content. That is why we have chosen to dwell on the syntactic function and semantic side of the adjective, which is the adjective of the part of the adjectives in the Uzbek language. Accordingly, this paper examines the arrival and semantic-syntactic properties of the owner of a qualitative device as an object of secondary predication.
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Nam, Jeesun. "Sur Une Construction N0N1-Ita en Coreen." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 14, no. 2 (1990): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.14.2.05nam.
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The purpose of this study is to describe a class of sentences containing a noun in -ita, which are equivalent to an adjectival predicate. This set of sentences is of the form N0 W N1-ita (where -ita can be translated as one of the uses of être in French). Indeed, for this type of sentence: Léa-nín motín il-e (yôlsông + pulman)-ita Léa-Top everything-Pc (passion + discontent)-ita (Léa is (passionate about + discontented with) everything) we observe that N1-ita answers to the question ôtôha-(how), and not to nuku(who)/muôs(what). Further, N1-ita allows for an indication of intensity or comparison, but N1 can take no modifiers. This kind of predicate, with a human subject (noted Nsp-ita), shares some fundamental properties with an adjectival predicate. From this point of view, it is different from other types of N -ita predicates, such as: Max-nîn (haksäng + honsu-sangthä)-ita Max-Top (student + coma-state)-ita (Max is (a student + in a coma)) i congi-nîn (semo-k'ol + pola-säk)-ita this paper-Top (triangle-form + violet-color)-ita This paper is of (triangular form + violet color)) The fact that Nsp-ita (like SC-cok-ita) resembles the derived adjectives N1-hata or N1-sîlôpta puts into question the current definition of -ita: if -ita, in Nsp-ita, is analyzed as a particle attached to a noun, we would have no adjective in -ita, but only nouns. Under the hypothesis of a support term (here, the adjective supporting the predicative noun), we whould have only the adjective (ita). Finally, if we analyze this kind of -ita as an adjectival suffix, the data Nsp-ita and SC-côk-ita would all make up the entire corpus of adjectives. We underline the fact that this problem is not a simple question of terminology when one is trying to set up a corpus of adjectives for constructing a lexicon-grammar, even though the present study is limited to the classification and description of the nouns that make up the predicate Nsp-ita.
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Vinogradova, Svetlana. "The Concept of the Relative Adjective." Prague Journal of English Studies 3, no. 1 (2014): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjes-2014-0018.
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Abstract This article aims to give a cognitive linguistic account of the dual nature of the concept of relative adjectives, and the specific character of their semantic processes. After a brief discussion of the adjectival character of the relative subclass, it will be argued that denominal relative adjectives belong to the class of predicate words (i.e., words denoting property and hence forming a predicate concept), while retaining, on the other hand, the substantive nature of the basic noun’s concept. Further, two subclasses of relative adjectives are contrasted in view of their cognitive processes: substancepredicate, denoting a certain substance of which an object is made, and argumentpredicate, denoting an object the relation to which becomes a property of another object. The substance-predicate group of relative adjectives will be analyzed as having the properties of qualitative adjectives, as they clarify their meanings in discourse due to the operation of profiling the landmark properties on the base of the trajector of the described object. On the other hand, the conceptual entity of argument-predicate relative adjectives can be described by means of the theory of conceptual integration. Argument-predicate adjectives in discourse form a new conceptual blend that is the result of mapping the mental spaces of the predicate concept and the concept of the described noun. The relation between the two objects that appears in the blend forms the context meaning of the adjective
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Winford, Donald. "Property Items and Predication in Sranan." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 12, no. 2 (1997): 237–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.12.2.04win.
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This paper revisits the long-standing controversy over whether so-called predicate adjectives like bigi 'big', bradi 'wide', etc. in Sranan (and other creoles) are truly adjectives or a subclass of verb. Using a variety of diagnostics, it concludes that such items are in fact verbal in their predicative function. Moreover, it argues that such items are best referred to as "property items" which display flexible categoriality, behaving like intransitive as well as transitive verbs, and also as adjectives which can either modify nouns or head adjectival phrases of degree. So-called predicate adjective structures in Sranan fall into two categories — those where property items function as intransitive verbs, and those involving predicate phrases in which the copula de precedes either adjectival phrases of degree or true adjectives, including those derived via reduplication from property items and others imported from Dutch. These conclusions apply more specifically to the variety of Sranan spoken as a native language by the majority of the African-descended population of Suriname. Another dialect of Sranan, associated primarily with non-native speakers, appears to treat property items in their predicative function as adjectives rather than verbs.
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Zhang, Keding. "A Cognitive Grammar approach to the SLocPAdjC in Mandarin Chinese." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 1, no. 2 (2014): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.1.2.04zha.
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SLocPAdjC (Locative subject + adjective-predicate construction) is an idiosyncratic construction in Mandarin Chinese. It has its own specific structural and cognitive properties which are different from those of other constructions. Its structural properties are that it has locative phrases as its subject and adjective phrases as its predicate without the help of any linking verb. In addition, only state adjectives, and not property adjectives, can normally occur in SLocPAdjC as predicates. As is observed from the Cognitive Grammar perspective, what the predicate describes in SLocPAdjC is not the subject proper, but a certain facet of the spatial region of the entity designated by the subject. This depends on two cognitive mechanisms. One is the spatial region profiling mechanism of the subject, and the other is the active zone activating mechanism of the predicate. The former means that the signified entity of the nominal phrase in the subject functions as the base. The postposition serves to profile a certain spatial region of the base and makes this region a prominent candidate for the predicate to describe. The latter means that the adjective in the predicate, based on the cognitive domain it belongs to, activates a certain facet of or in the spatial region as the active zone which eventually becomes the actual matter to be described by the predicate. What’s more important, the meaning of the SLocPAdjC in Mandarin Chinese resides in the joint function of the profiling mechanism of the subject and the activating mechanism of the adjective-predicate.
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Bücking, Sebastian. "How do phrasal and lexical modification differ? Contrasting adjective-noun combinations in German." Word Structure 2, no. 2 (2009): 184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750124509000403.
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In contrasting newly coined lexical and phrasal adjective-noun combinations as e.g. Blautee (‘blue_tea’) versus blauer Tee (‘blue tea’), the present paper argues in favour of a different semantic make-up of phrasal versus lexical modification in German. Whereas the former triggers direct modification along the lines of ordinary predicate modification, the latter involves a mediating free variable to be instantiated at the conceptual level. The analysis accounts for interpretational differences between phrasal and lexical adjectival modification in the cases of incompatible attribution and negation. Furthermore, the proposal made here supports the assumption of a particular naming function of lexical units. Additional evidence will be drawn from the observation that non-predicative adjectives and comparatives are ruled out in adjective-noun compounds and that adjectives projected word-internally contribute atemporal properties. Finally, it is shown that despite the particular naming function of lexical units a straightforward identification of lexical adjective-noun structures with kind-referring expressions is too strong a conclusion.
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Sebba, Mark. "Adjectives and Copulas in Sranan Tongo." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1, no. 1 (1986): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.1.1.07seb.
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Some linguists regard predicate adjectives in Sranan and other creole languages as stative verbs, one argument being the absence of a copula before such adjectives. An analysis by Seuren, on the other hand, treats predicate adjectives as true adjectives in Sranan: an underlying copula fails to surface before them. This paper argues for an analysis which treats Sranan predicate adjectives as a type of stative verb, and accounts for the appearance of the copula in a relatively small number of cases by positing the existence of "extent phrases" in Sranan. These may modify a verb or copula; except under certain conditions, they contain a quantifier and an adjective. This accounts not only for the appearance of copulas with predicate adjectives, but also for the "repetition" of the adjective as in o bradi a liba bradi? (how broad the river broad) 'How broad is the river?'
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Ollennu, Yvonne Akwele Amankwaa. "On Predication of Adjectives in Ga." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 2 (2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i2.11067.
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The adjective as a word class is elusive, as sometimes this distinct class is not easy to be identified in some languages though recent linguistics studies have claimed it exists in all languages. In Ga, a Kwa language of Niger Congo, the adjective class can be clearly defined. The Ga adjective class consists of both derived and underived forms. Adjectives are syntactically known to play the role of attribution, and/or predication and also found in comparative constructions. This paper investigates how adjectives in predicative positions in English are expressed in Ga and more especially when multiple ones serve as copula complement. It shows that adjectives in predication are expressed through verbs in Ga. The adjectives found in Ga are classified according to Dixon semantic classes. The data for this study were collected through questionnaire and follow up interviews from some native speakers. From the study, it came to light that verbs that occur in predicate positions as head of the verb phrases may have adjective equivalents but speakers prefer the verbs to the adjectives and there seems to be some number agreement with the nouns in subject position. When the adjective has no verb equivalent, natives make use of relative clauses and also make use of the adjectives. The study further revealed that when multiple adjectives are used in predicative position, though a restricted order was not established, there exist a preferred order for example, dimension adjectives occur before colour adjectives.
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Thompson, Sandra A., and Hongyin Tao. "Conversation, grammar, and fixedness." Chinese Language and Discourse 1, no. 1 (2010): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.1.1.01tho.
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The categoriality of ‘adjectives’ has been a favorite topic of discussion in functional Chinese linguistics. However, the literature leaves us with no clear picture of the ‘adjective’ category for Mandarin. In this paper, we take a usage-based approach to revisit the issue of adjectives in Mandarin. Our investigation of a corpus of face-to-face conversations shows that conversational Mandarin favors Predicate Adjectives over Attributive Adjectives. This pattern is explained by two facts: people primarily use Predicate Adjectives in conversation to assess the world around them, and these assessments (including reactive tokens) are a primary way for people to negotiate stance, alignment, and perspective, while Attributive Adjectives are used to introduce new participants into the discourse, which is a less prominent function in everyday conversation. We also argue that whether predicative or attributive, an understanding of adjectives in everyday Mandarin talk involves various facets of fixedness. This is substantiated by the fact that predicate vs. attributive positions attract different types of adjectives, kinds of collocation patterns, kinds of constructions, and pathways to lexicalization. Thus, this paper demonstrates that (1) interactional data can tell us much about the ‘psychological reality’ of the category ‘adjective’ for speakers; and (2) frequency and ongoing prefab creation are crucial to characterizing the categoriality and mental representation of ‘adjectives’ in Mandarin.
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Richardson, Kylie. "What secondary predicates in Russian tell us about the link between tense, aspect and case." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 26 (January 1, 2001): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.26.2001.143.
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In this paper I show that the different case marking possibilities on predicate adjectives in depictive secondary predicates in Russian constitute the uninterpretable counterpart of the interpretable tense and aspect features of the adjective. Case agreement entails that the predicate adjective is non-eventive, i.e., it occurs when the event time of the secondary predicate is identical to the event time of the primary predicate. The instrumental case, however, entails that the secondary predicate is eventive: some change of state or transition occurred prior to or during the event time of the primary predicate. I claim that case agreement occurs in conjoined tense phrases in Russian, while the instrumental case occurs in adjoined aspectual phrases. In English, secondary predication is sensitive both to the structural location of its antecedent and to the event structure of the primary predicate. I suggest that depictives with subject antecedents in English are true adjunction structures, while those with direct object antecedents occur in a conjoined aspectual phrase. This hypothesis finds support in the different movement and semantic constraints in conjunction versus adjunction phrases in both English and Russian.
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Sigiro, Elisten Parulian. "BENTUK DAN CIRI ADJEKTIVA BAHASA DAYAK NGAJU." MABASAN 10, no. 1 (2016): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mab.v10i1.80.
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The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative methods and techniques in this study reflect the reality on the facts (fact findings) that is in the field as it is. This research examines how the shape and characteristics of adjectives in BDNg. Thus, the researchers sought to describe objectively and accurately in accordance with the aspects of adjectives BDNg current conditions. In practice, this is done through two methods of data collection techniques, namely by using interview and documentation techniques. The findings of this research, that adjective BDNg can be marked by characteristic, namely (1) there is a possibility to join the particle beken 'not' and dia 'no' (2) can accompany a noun, or (3) may be accompanied by words labih 'more' , pangka 'most', tutu 'very', and labien 'very'. Meanwhile, based on variations in shape, adjectives can be distinguished BDNg its kind on the basis adjectives and adjectival derivative. Basic adjectives are adjectives that only consist of a single morpheme. Meanwhile, the derivative adjective derivative form BDNghave formed through the process of moving on word class and morphological processes, namely affixation, reduplication and compounding. Based their category, there is only one category of adjectives of adjectives BDNg, the adjectives predicative (adjectives that could occupy the position of the predicate in the clause). Furthermore, in its formation, adjectives BDNg formed through some process of affixation, reduplication and compounding.
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Буторин, Сергей Сергеевич. "PREDICATIVE QUALITATIVENESS CATEGORY IN KET: LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSING IT." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 3(29) (December 14, 2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-3-32-43.
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В статье рассматриваются основные разновидности семантической категории качественности, в частности, субкатегория предикативной качественности и языковые способы ее выражения с позиций функциональной грамматики. Показано, что в кетском языке выделяются три типа предикативной качественности: адъективно-предикативная, субстантивно-предикативная и глагольно-предикативная. Адъективно-предикативная качественность выражается адъективными предикатами (как правило, прилагательными); субстантивно-предикативная — предикатами-существительными, которые являются ядром составного именного сказуемого и определяются прилагательными; глагольно-предикативная — предикатами, представленными спрягаемыми глагольными формами. Определен основной инвентарь языковых средств, образующих качественные предикаты: непроизводные качественные прилагательные; производные относительные прилагательные, оформленные словообразовательным суффиксом =ту; каритивные прилагательные; неглагольные субстантивные предикаты, выражающие субстантивно-предикативную качественность; причастия или инфинитивы; субстантивированные комплексные модификаторы; сложнопроизводные прилагательные, оформленные суффиксом производных прилагательных =ту. В статье проанализированы неглагольные средства выражения предикативной качественности, т. е. предикаты, имеющие в качестве главного компонента слово, которое не принадлежит классу полнозначных глаголов, вне зависимости от того, содержится ли в составе сказуемого глагол-связка. Выявлены две ведущие стратегии кодирования качественных предикатов: личная стратегия, которая заключается в оформлении ядра неглагольного предиката показателями согласования с подлежащим по категориям лица, числа и класса (рода), и неличная стратегия, предполагающая использование суффикса =сʹ (ед. ч.) ~ =сʹ=ин (множ. ч.), допускающего согласование с подлежащим только по категории числа. Показано, что имеются некоторые случаи альтернативного кодирования неглагольных качественных предикатов посредством либо личной, либо неличной стратегии кодирования. Приводятся аргументы, подтверждающие, что грамматическая категория степеней сравнения у кетских качественных прилагательных отсутствует. Компаратив и суперлатив выражаются синтаксическими конструкциями, образованными на базе адъективных качественных предикатов. The paper deals with the basic types of qualitativeness category particularly predicative qualitativeness and the language means of expressing it from the standpoint of functional grammar approach. It is shown that three types of predicative qualitativeness are identified in Ket. These are adjective-predicative, substantive-predicative and verbal-predicative ones. Adjective-predicative qualitativeness is expressed by adjective predicates, substantive-predicative qualitativeness — by compound nominal predicates and verbal-predicative qualitativeness — by predicates including finite conjugated verb forms. The basic inventory of language means forming predicative qualitative predicates is identified. The inventory includes underived qualitative adjectives, derived relative adjectives formed by means of the derivative suffix =ту, caritive adjectives, nonverbal substantive predicates denoting substantive-predicative qualitativeness; participles or infinitives; substativized complex modifiers; compound adjectives derived by means of the suffix =ту forming adjectives. The paper analyzes non-verbal means of denoting predicative qualitativeness, i.e. the predicates having as a head a word which doesn’t belong to the class of autosemantic verbs irrespective of the fact whether there is a verbal copula in the predicate structure. Two principal strategies of coding qualitative predicates have been identified including a person and number coding strategy which involves marking the non-verbal predicate by the affixes showing agreement with the subject of the qualitative construction in the categories of person, number and class (gender) and non-personal coding strategy implying the use of the suffix =сʹ (singular) — =сʹ=ин (plural) which allows for agreement with the subject only in the category of number. It is shown that there are cases of alternative coding of non-verbal qualitative predicates using either a person and number coding strategy or a non-personal strategy. The evidence that the grammatical category of degrees of comparison is not found in Ket qualitative adjectives is provided. The comparative and superlative notions are expressed by the syntactic constructions formed on the basis of adjectival qualitative predicates.
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Satyawati, Made Sri. "Grammatical Analysis of Balinese Adjectives." International Journal of Linguistics 7, no. 3 (2015): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i3.7706.
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This study aims at describing the types of Balinese adjectives, constructions of adjective phrases, and syntactic functions of adjectives. Data was obtained from Balinese speakers living in the island of Bali using Balinese in their daily life. The form of Balinese adjectives is divided into monomorphemic and polymorphemic adjectives, and polymorphemic adjectives can be classified into adjectives with affixes, compound adjectives, and reduplicated adjectives. Meanwhile, adjective phrases in Balines can be constructed by adjectives + adverbs and adjectives + unique morphemes. Adjectives can be also as the base of derived verbs of intransitive, transitive, passive, and resultative passive. Syntactic functions of Balinese adjectives are as modifier of NP, as predicates of intransitive constructions, and used in comparative constructions as well. Balinese adjectives can be also reduplicated with or without affixes. Reduplicated adjectives without affixes are used as the predicate of sentences and have cross reference meaning to subject nouns they modify, in this case the suject nouns have plural meaning. Meanwhile, reduplicated adjectives with affixes <em>se-/-ne</em> do not modify subject nouns but they modify the actions stated by verbs of the sentences. It means combinationn affix <em>se-/-ne</em> has changed adjectives into adverbs of manner. Other uniqueness found in Balinese adjectives is the use of unique morphemes to result in adjective phrases. Balinese has many unique morphemes and each is used for particular adjectives and their uses are not possibly exchanged one to others complementarily.
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Gu, Yulan. "From Differentiation of the Expressive Effects to Conscious Use of Rhetorical Language." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, no. 3 (2018): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0903.22.
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The double predicate structures in English are examples of rhetorical use of language. The differentiation between the distinctive double predicate structure “verb + adjective” and the normal predicate structure “verb + adverb” and the subsequent choice in specific contexts is thus not only a matter of grammar rules on the surface, but, more substantively, a matter of conscious use of rhetorical language. The survey conducted among college English teachers in China into their differentiation between “verb + adjective” and “verb + adverb” showed that most respondents didn’t distinguish very well the differing expressive effects caused by the choice of the adjectives or the adjectives’ derivative adverbs in these two types of structures, and that the majority of the respondents had difficulty in making proper choices between them for specific contexts. Since the identification of a language structure is the prerequisite for its appropriate use, due attention in English teaching and learning should be paid to the delicate differences among similar language items and to their differing expressive effects to cultivate awareness and competence of conscious use of rhetorical language, enhancing overall language performance.
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Wang, Chen. "Contextually categorised adjective as predicate in Mandarin." Lingua 253 (April 2021): 103002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2020.103002.
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Hovhannisian, Anahit. "Semantic and Structural Characteristics of Impersonal Sentences with Introductory “it”." Armenian Folia Anglistika 2, no. 1-2 (2) (2006): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2006.2.1-2.012.
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The article aims to reveal the nature of sentences with introductory it where the predicative is expressed by an adjective (it is…). The introductory it is followed by a compound nominal predicate with a predicative expressed by an adjective while the conjunction that introduces an object clause. The semantic aspect of these constructions is of certain interest, but it is also important to see through what English patterns it is expressed. Unlike the sentence It is a house, where the grammatical subject it preserves its deictic meaning, the pronoun it in the abovementioned sentences is fully abstracted and specified by the object clause. The adjective following the construction it is… acts as an epithet which expresses the person’s opinion and evaluation of the given action and reality. The nature of the grammatical noun – logical noun and subject – predicate correlations is also specified.
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Alfieri, Luca. "The lexicalization of the adjective class as an innovative feature in the Indo-European family." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 56, no. 3 (2020): 379–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2020-0013.
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AbstractThe threefold division noun-verb-adjective is often considered a hallmark of the IE family from the remote PIE phase. However, Alfieri (2016, 2018, forth.) claims that this view is incorrect: while in Latin three major classes of lexemes are found (nouns, verbs and adjectives), in the Sanskrit language of the Rig Veda only two major classes are found (verbal roots and nouns) and the most typical “adjective” (i.e. the Quality Modifier) is a derived stem built on a verbal root meaning a quality. As a consequence, a deep and previously neglected typological change should be reconstructed in the IE family, namely the lexicalization of the adjective class and the change from a parts of speech (PoS) system “without” adjectives and quality concepts verbally encoded, which is still preserved in the RV, to a PoS system with “true” adjectives, which is found in Latin and in almost all other, especially modern and Western, IE languages. In this case, the data in Alfieri (2016, 2018, forth.) are confirmed focusing on the Quality Argument and the Quality Predicate, so as to show that the presence of a lexical class of adjectives is a common development that has come about independently in different branches of the IE family.
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Karasiński, Artur. "Albańskie odczasownikowe derywaty przymiotnikowe." Slavia Meridionalis 10 (August 31, 2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2010.010.
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Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbsThe aim of this article is the analysis of the Albanian adjective derivatives which are derived from verbs. The main assumption made by the author is the existence of structural isomorphism (parallelism in language elements system in which structuring of one level parallels or is made to parallel that of another) between the structure of the derivative and the structure of the sentence. The proposed model of the analysis is directed from content to form. All examined adjective derivatives derived from verbs are being analyzed with their noun context which displays their semantic structure. Nominal phrases containing adjective derivatives are interpreted as the representation of predicate–argument structures. The kind of relation between defined noun and derivational base of the adjective is a criterion of the division of Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbs. These main types of relations are:relation in which the base of an adjective represents basic predicate;relation in which the base of an adjective represents additional predicate.Classes which are the results of the main division are the subject to detailed description.
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RABADANOVA, S. A. "ADJECTIVE AS THE PREDICATE IN THE RUSSIAN AND KUMYK LANGUAGES." Historical and social-educational ideas 8, no. 2/2 (2016): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2016-8-2/2-187-191.
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Kardana, I. Nyoman, I. Gusti Ngurah Adi Rajistha, and Made Sri Satyawati. "The Predicate Category and Characteristics of Arguments in Balinese Sentences." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 5 (2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i5.11815.
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This study discusses about sentence structure of Balinese language. For the analysis, inductive approach is considered to be important for this study as every language has its particular characteristics described based on the inductive approach. Based on the analysis it was found that predicate of Balinese simple sentences may be filled by verb and non-verb, such as noun, adjective, number, adverb. The number and function of the argument is different among the different predicates. The predicate filled by noun, adjective, adverb, number, and intransitive verb requires one argument functioning as the subject of sentence. Two arguments are required by transitive verb especially mono transitive verb. The two arguments can be the subject and object, the subject and complement, or the subject and adverbial. Meanwhile, di-transitive verb requires three arguments and they can be the subject, indirect object, and direct object, or the subject, object, and complement.
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Bertinetto, Pier Marco, Luca Ciucci, and Margherita Farina. "Two types of morphologically expressed non-verbal predication." Studies in Language 43, no. 1 (2019): 120–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17013.ber.
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Abstract The morphological expression of non-verbal predication is a geographically widespread, although not very frequent, typological feature. This paper highlights the existence of two radically contrasting types of non-verbal predicative inflection. Construction A has already been described in the literature. It consists of attaching person-sensitive inflection markers to non-verbal predicates, possibly extending this treatment to adverbs and adverbial phrases (locational and temporal), pronouns and quantifiers. This type is well attested in Uralic, Turkic, and Paleosiberian, as well as in some Amazonian language families (most notably Chicham), but it has also been pointed out for some sparse languages of Oceania and Africa. Such non-verbal person inflections diachronically stem from incorporation of conjugated copula elements. Construction B, by contrast, is much rarer and is described here for the first time. It also consists of a dedicated morphological form of the non-verbal predicate (limited, however, to nouns and adjectives), but such form stands out as morphologically lighter than any other form to be found in nouns or adjectives in argument or attribute position. While the latter forms carry some kind of case marker, the noun/adjective predicate merely consists (or historically did) of the word’s root. This type of construction can be found in the small Zamucoan family and still survives in some Tupí-Guaraní languages. Diachronic inspection of Semitic indicates, however, that this predicative strategy was possibly adopted in some ancient varieties, although at later stages it intertwined with the expression of referential specificity. The paper compares the two construction types, highlighting similarities and differences.
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THAM, SHIAO WEI. "Change of state verbs and result state adjectives in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 3 (2013): 647–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226713000261.
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This paper investigates the derivational relationship between adjectives and verbs in Mandarin Chinese describing related state, change of state (COS) and caused COS meanings. Such paradigms have been observed in various languages to fall into two categories: One in which a word naming a property concept state constitutes the derivational base for the related COS verbs, and another in which a COS verb forms the basis from which the stative word – a ‘result state’ predicate – is derived. I show that in Mandarin, the distinction between morphological paradigms based on property-concept words versus eventive verbs is also found, but the actual derivational relations between verbs and adjectives are influenced by language-particular morphological properties of Mandarin. Specifically, I argue that a gradable property concept adjective systematically alternates to a related COS verb. This alternation, which can be tapped by degree modification and negation contexts, distinguishes adjectives from stative verbs, which do not have consistent COS counterparts, and from underived intransitive COS verbs, which do not have systematic stative counterparts. That is, I show that COS verbs do not lend themselves to the systematic derivation of result state adjectives. Rather, I argue that result state adjectives in Mandarin arise from conceptual-pragmatic factors: The nominal modified by such a result state adjective should be understood as describing a culturally or contextually salient class of entities.
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Afrianto, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, Nani Darmayanti, Farida Ariyani, and Jessamine Cooke-Plagwitz. "Clause and predicative constituents in an Austronesian language: Lampung language." Topics in Linguistics 21, no. 2 (2020): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2020-0010.
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Abstract This research is conducted qualitatively and aimed at patterning and describing clause and sentence structure in Lampung language through the configuration of its constituents. Regarding the constituents, Lampung has two types of clause: minor and major clauses. A minor clause is indicated by only one constituent, which is commonly a subject, predicate or adjunct. Regarding its function, it can be classified as vocative, shown by exclamation (Wuy!, Huy!); a greeting, as shown by an expression (tabikpun ngalam pukha); and an Arabic greeting (assalamualaikum). On the other hand, a major clause minimally consists of a subject and predicate, and apart from these there can also be an object, complement and adverbial. Furthermore, this research finds various categories that can act as predicative constituents: they are a verb/verbal phrase, adjective/adjective phrase, and noun/nominal phrase. Additionally, a copular verb (iyulah) and existential marker (wat) can also be the predicate. This research also reveals that in a sentence two or more clauses are connected by a conjunction, and then this conjunction becomes an indicator of dependent clauses. Also, a dependent clause can be found after the subject or the object of the independent clause.
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Piotrowska, Adrianna. "Związki przymiotnika "były" z rzeczownikami." LingVaria 14, no. 27 (2019): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.14.2019.27.25.
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Connectivity of the Adjective były ‘Former’ with NounsThe paper discusses the grammatical and semantic characteristics of the adjective były ‘former’, with a particular regard to its connectivity with nouns. The adjective były is an element of a nominal group, it connotes a noun on the right side, and cannot be used in the function of a predicate. It connects with certain groups of common nouns which denote people and artifacts, as well as with geographical names; it does not connect with names of animals or plants.
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Nakajima, Takashi. "Heads and layers in agglutination: A case in deadjectival psych verbs with -garu in Japanese." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (2021): 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0003.
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Abstract Using deadjectival psych verbs with -garu in Japanese, this study shows that agglutinative complex predicate formation is done by recursive application of Merge to roots and functional heads. This process creates a layered syntactic structure, with each layer providing the computational system with (i) specific semantic features, (ii) arguments, and (iii) phonetic form (PF) exponents at conceptual–intentional (CI)/sensory motor (SM) Interfaces. The whole amalgam of the root and the functional heads is interpreted as a “word” at PF. Following the general architecture of Distributed Morphology, I will show that the morpheme that derives deadjectival verbs -garu is underlyingly -k-ar-u (k-Copula-T), where k is “little” v that originates in the verbal root k-o “come” and ar- is a copula. They are now grammaticalized functional heads that extend adjectival roots. Crucially, this k is homophonous with “little” a, which makes -garu and the adjective-deriving morpheme -karu (k-Copula-T) parallel. k is voiced in -garu due to a structurally conditioned assimilation rule (Embick 2013). This analysis reveals the mechanisms of agglutinative predicate formation in a precise and detailed manner. Similarly, it gives natural solutions to some of the long-standing problems including how adjectives modify N such as utukusii dansaa “beautiful dancer,” which is ambiguous between attributive modification and a relative clause.
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Rech, Núbia. "A formação de construções resultativas no português brasileiro." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 49, no. 1 (2011): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v49i1.8637248.
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This paper aims mainly at investigating if there is the formation of resultative constructions with simple adjective in Brazilian Portuguese, since researchers disagree on the existence of these constructions in Romance Languages. To start this discussion, first I make a distinction between resultative, depictive and circumstantial constructions. Then, I relate some of their main characteristics, testing how they appear in sentences written in Brazilian Portuguese. Afterwards, I propose an extension of Folli and Ramchand (2001)’s analysis on the Portuguese. These authors use a structure of verb phrase that consists of three different projections, each one consisting in a subpart of the event: Cause, Process and Result. My hypothesis about the Brazilian Portuguese is that the verbs of causative alternation – as they imply change of state – are the head of Result projection and have as their complement an adjective small clause (SC), whose predicate indicates the telic aspect of event, forming a resultative construction. Following this perspective of analysis, I study the possibility of formation of adjective resultatives with atelic and telic verbs that admit causative alternation. I also approach – although briefly – other types of constructions that express results, whose secondary predicates are, respectively, a complex adjective phrase, a PP or a DP. In this paper, only the constructions resulting from verbal actions are considered. Thus, goal of motion constructions – in which prepositions indicate the following of movement and its ending – and resultative constructions with causative verbs are not considered. The results show that there are not resultative constructions in the Brazilian Portuguese equivalent to those found in Germanic Languages, in which an atelic verb becomes a telic verb by adding a resultative secondary predicate to the sentence.
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Darlina, Lien. "Derivational affixes in Japanese and Indonesian." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 2, no. 1 (2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v2i1.813.
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Japanese and Indonesian seen from morphological typology is an agglutinative language in which the morphological processes are done by affixation, ie by adding prefixes, suffixes and infixes. While the basic sequence sentence structure has a SOV sequence pattern for Japanese and SVO for Indonesian language. The predicate filled by the verb is capable of binding arguments in constructing the clause structure, so that there are verbs with one, two and three arguments, it depends on the type of verb. This study is a preliminary study of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs: the study of linguistic typology. The Theory of Linguistic Typology is used to analyze the formation of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs in which the verb serves as the core of the predicate to bind the argument in constructing the clause structure. From the perspective of linguistic typology, the results of the analysis show that (1) the basic form of Japanese derivative verb formers are adjectives (keiyoushi) and noun verbs, whereas Indonesian derivative verbs are derived from adjectives, nouns and pre-categorical. (2) The Japanese derivation affixes joining the adjective (keiyoushi) are -める meru, -まるmaru, -がるgaru’, -むmu and which joins the noun verb is -するsuru. While the derivational affix of the Indonesian language that joined the nouns are meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-, -i, per-i, per-kan, the affix that joins the adjective are meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-, -kan, per-i, dan –i and the affixes that join the pre-categorical are meng-, ter-, ber-, ber-an, -i,-kan.
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곽이빈. "A Study on the Temporal Continuous of Modern Chinese Adjective Predicate Sentence." JOURNAL OF CHINESE STUDIES ll, no. 57 (2017): 81–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26585/chlab.2017..57.004.
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Li, Wenchao. "On Middle Construction in Japanese." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 6 (2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n6p47.
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This study uncovers Japanese middle constructions based on the approach of “distributed morphology”. The findings reveal that adjunct is obligatory in Japanese middles. Two types of grammatical elements contribute to the adjunct: suffix and adverbs. The suffix yasui corresponds to English “able”. The case of the subject must be nominative, i.e., が. Once verbs are attached by the suffix yasui, their part of speech transits from verb into adjective. The new lexicon predicates an inherent property of the subject. Regarding middles with adjuncts rendered by adverbs, two subtypes are confirmed: the na-adjective formed adverb 簡単に kantan ni, and the i-adjective formed adverb よく yoku. The former is produced by the na-adjective 簡単 with the copular に. The latter is formed by the i-adjective よい with the predicate く ku. The mechanisms of the constructions rendered by the two are similar. Furthermore, unlike English middles, where non change-of-state verbs are ruled out, there is no distinct lexical category of middle verb Japanese. Rather, six groups of verbs are compatible: (a) motion verbs; (b) change-of-state verbs; (c) action verbs; (d) perception verbs; (e) stative verbs; and (f) accomplishment verbs. Crucially, such generosity does not result from the adjuncts. It is the “potential form” of verbs that enables psychological and perception verbs to be licensed in Japanese middles.
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Vanden Wyngaerd, Guido. "Aspects Of (Un)Boundedness." Tense and Aspect 12 (December 31, 1998): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.12.06van.
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Abstract Resultative predicates have the aspectual effect of telicizing an atelic activity verb. The function of the postverbal constituent in accomplishments has been taken to be one of providing an end point to the activity, or of a constituent that "measures out" the event denoted by the activity verb. In either case, it delimits the event by providing it with boundaries. Looking at resultative predicates, we observe that they are subject to the requirement that they denote a bounded scale. This requirement is argued to be empirically superior to an alternative restriction stating that the resultative must be a stage-level predicate. The boundedness requirement furthermore provides direct evidence against an approach that treats the resultative as an end point, and supports the claim that it is an event measure. One piece of evidence concerns the 'make + NP+Adjective' construction, in which the adjective denotes the final stage or end point in a change of state, exactly as in the resultative construction. In contrast to the resultative, however, the adjective can be unbounded, as it is not an event measure in this case. We argue that the boundedness requirement on resultative predicates follows directly from treating it as an event measure, since a measure must be bounded as a matter of conceptual necessity.
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Alotaibi, Yasir Hameed. "Depictives: An LFG Approach." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 3 (2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n3p188.
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The main aim of this paper is to discuss two issues in analyzing depictive constructions. The first issue is related to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), where there is an overlap between depictives and adverbs. This paper distinguishes between depictives in MSA, where the word in accusative case is adjective and adverbs, where the word in accusative case is a verbal noun. The second issue that is discussed in this paper is the syntactic analysis of depictives. In this regard, we contribute a new analysis within the Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) framework, in which depictives are analyzed as single adjuncts that modify participants in the main predicate in the same way as adjectives, when they function as modifiers, do.
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Aparicio, Helena, Ming Xiang, and Christopher Kennedy. "Processing gradable adjectives in context: A Visual World study." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 25 (January 12, 2016): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v25i0.3128.
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Both relative adjectives (RAs) like ‘big’ and absolute adjectives (AAs) like ‘empty’ are sensitive to the context: in the former case, the context determines how much size is required to count as big; in the latter, the context determines how much deviation from total emptiness is allowed to count as empty. Whereas it is generally agreed that the role of context with RAs is to fix the value of a threshold variable, the status of absolute adjective thresholds, and therefore the role of context in their interpretation, remains an object of debate. Some researchers have argued that all gradable adjectives have context-sensitive threshold variables that are assigned values by the same mechanisms (Lassiter & Goodman 2013). Others have claimed that AAs have fixed, endpoint-oriented meanings and that sensitivity to context arises from pragmatic reasoning about imprecision (Kennedy 2007; Syrett, Kennedy & Lidz 2009; van Rooij 2011; Burnett 2014; Qing & Franke 2014). In an eye-tracking Visual World experiment, we investigate RAs and AAs used as restrictive modifiers. We find that target identification is significantly faster for both types of adjectives when the visual context supports a restrictive interpretation of the predicate, although this effect is considerably delayed in the case of AAs. We conclude that for RAs, the target facilitation effect is driven by the lexical semantics of the predicate itself. However, it is argued that the extra processing cost observed with AAs results from pragmatic reasoning about imprecision.
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진화진. "Study of Adjective Predicate Sentence Organizing Condition in Modern Chinese for Korean Learners." Journal of Foreign Studies ll, no. 44 (2018): 143–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15755/jfs.2018..44.143.
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Quansheng, Qiao. "UN EMPLOI PARTICULIER DE LA PARTICULE ZHE DANS LE PARLER DE HONGTONG (SHANXI)." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 17, no. 2 (1988): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000304.
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The Hongtong district is located in the Southern part of the Shanxi province. This paper analyzes the different uses of the aspectual particle zhe in the Hongtong dialect, especially those which are different from Contemporary Standard Chinese.The aspectual particle zhe can follow a "Verb + Object" compound in which the object is a noun, an NP, a VP or a "Subject + predicate" construction. A resultative or directional complement can also be inserted between a verb/adjective and the particle zhe. Finally, the verb/adjective preceding zhe can be reduplicated.All these structures were already attested in the vernacular language of the Tang and Song periods.
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Trufanova, Irina V. "Negative Russian Pronoun Что". RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 11, № 4 (2020): 625–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2020-11-4-625-658.
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For the first time in linguistics, the article distinguishes negative pronouns of a pronoun-noun and pronoun-adjective. Their lexical meanings, grammatical features and syntactic functions are determined. A negative pronoun is a noun that means nothing (in Russian both - ничто and ничего ), a negative Russian pronoun что meaning whatever, none. Both pronouns function as the principle sentence component, mainly in negative genitive sentences or as a predicate in a two-memberSubject-Predicate sentence. Subject of a pronoun-noun, which is expressed by the noun of any lexico-grammatical category or infinitive, with a negative pronoun-adjective, which is an infinitive. Both negative pronouns function in rhetorical questions expressing negation in the affirmative form. Subject combined with a pronoun-noun could be expressed by a noun of any lexico-grammatical category or infinitive, with a negative pronoun-adjective что , which could also be formed by an infinitive. Both negative pronouns function in rhetorical questions expressing negation in the affirmative form. The meanings of both negative pronouns are syntactically limited (by the function of the predicate or the principle component of the negative genitive sentence) and structurally determined (be found in the construction with the dative of the authorizer). The meaning of a negative pronoun-adjective is also phraseologically confined, a negative pronoun is an adjective that is always used with the Russian words like проку, толку, выгоды, пользы, прибыли, добра . Three meanings stand out for a negative pronoun ничто : 1) ontological vacuum, nonexistence, absence of an object; 2) something insignificant, insignificant, not worthy of attention; 3) denial of the significance of a person, insignificance. A negative pronoun что is a noun that means something insignificant, insignificant, not worthy of attention (or (as it were) the absence of something/someone (for the authorizer)), or absence (of benefit). A negative pronoun что is an adjective that has one of the meanings of a negative pronoun-adjective никакой meaning none of the available or possible. Despite the indeclinability, a negative pronoun что expresses the noun-meanings of the nominative and genitive cases, while being a negative pronoun-adjective to denote the genitive case, either masculine or feminine. The data collected is retrieved from the National Corps of the Russian Language (NCRL). As the main methodological technique, the substitution method was applied. The theoretical basis of the article was the work on homocomplexes, functional homonyms, poly-functional words, the differentiation of homonymy and polysemy. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results allow us expand the linguistic understanding of the semantic and grammatical nature of the pronoun as well as the issue of pronoun syncretism in general, the differentiation of homonymy and polysemy of the classes of pronouns, as well as the varieties of genitive sentences. The data collected can be useful for lexicographic practice: compiling dictionaries of homonyms, grammatical homonyms, explanatory dictionaries, as well as to clarify the typology of one-member sentences. The relevance of the topic is determined by the necessity to establish the full list of pronouns in the Russian language, as well as the importance of studying the phenomena of functional homonymy, transition and syncretism and the importance of solving the problem of distinguishing homonymy and polysemy.
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허설영. "Consideration on Limitation on Appearance of ‘le₂’ : Focused on general 'verb/adjective' predicate sentence." JOURNAL OF CHINESE STUDIES ll, no. 52 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26585/chlab.2016..52.001.
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Tayalati, Fayssal, and Lieven Danckaert. "The syntax and semantics of Modern Standard Arabic resumptive tough-constructions." Folia Linguistica 54, no. 1 (2020): 197–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2020-2031.
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AbstractThis paper is concerned with a hitherto undiscussed type of tough-construction in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Our starting point is the observation that the tough-adjective in this construction invariably displays nominative masculine singular morphology, a pattern of ‘default’ agreement which does not seem to occur elsewhere in the grammar of MSA. At a semantic level, the relevant adjective is argued to form a complex predicate with a deverbal nominalization that acts as its complement: together, these two elements indirectly modify the subject noun phrase. To explain the default agreement pattern, we propose that MSA tough-constructions involve two distinct subjects, viz. a phonologically null expletive subject which controls agreement on the tough-adjective, and a Broad Subject which acts as the semantic subject of the whole construction. We show that there is independent evidence for the existence of both null expletives and Broad Subjects in MSA.
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Gerasimenko, Natalia. "Challenges of typyfing nominal infinitive sentences in modern Russian." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 21003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021021003.
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The present paper investigates nominal infinitive sentences in terms of their grammatical parsing. For this purpose, a structural-semantic method was applied. When performing structural analysis of a sentence, students often experience certain difficulties trying to distinguish its subject and predicate. The purpose of this work is to manage the challenges of defining subject and predicate in a sentence when learning Russian in school or university. Specifics of using an infinitive as a subject is substantiated; semantic groups of nouns that get in connection with infinitives are described. It was defined that in nominal infinitive sentences, the infinitive acts as a subject, while the noun performs a function of the main component of a copulative-nominative predicate. In most cases, an adjective relating to a noun that acts as a predicate is considered a part of that predicate. Nominal infinitive sentences have a limited group of special copulas functioning.
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SHIMADA, Koji, Jun-ichi ABE, Midori SHIBATA, and Hiroaki ITOH. "Cortical mechanisms involved in the comprehension of sentences with a noun-, verb- or adjective-predicate:." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 74 (September 20, 2010): 1EV138. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_1ev138.
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Vidova, Katerina. "THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE IN ENGLISH FUCTIONING AS A PREDICATIVE ADJUNCT AND ITS EQUIVALENTS IN MACEDONIAN." PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES 18, no. 2 (2020): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2020-18-2-236-252.
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This paper investigates the use of the present participle in English as a predicative adjunct and its Macedonian translation equivalents. The English present participle is widely used in a position after the predicate in a sentence. The research is focusedon the present participle used predicatively.The research is conducted on a corpus of sentences, excerpted from English and American literature and their Macedonian translation equivalents. Consequently, comparative and descriptive methods have been used to analyze the excerpted sentences. The results show that mostly the present participle and the present participle clauses having the role of the predicative adjunct are translated into Macedonian with a verbal adverb and clauses with verbal adverb functioning as adverbial manner clauses. However, there are also examples in which the present participle is translated with a verbal adjective, also having the function of adverbial manner clauses. Besides the present participle clauses translated into Macedonian with a verbal adverb and verbal adjective there are clauses with a verb in Present, clauses with a verb in Aorist, clauses with a verb in Imperfect, clauses with da-construction, clauses with prepositional phrases and temporal adverbial clauses.
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Zinina, Yulia Mikhailovna. "Compound nominal predicate in the publicistic style (on the material of the British online news resources)." Филология: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.2.35082.
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This article examines the compound nominal predicate in the modern English language for determination of its most commonly used structural components &ndash; copulative verbs and copular (nominal) part (copular components) in the publicistic style. A brief review is given on the compound nominal predicate, literary speech style, publicistic speech style, degree of development of the problem. The research material is comprised of the British online news resources &ndash; BBC News and The Guardian. The texts of news articles on various topics were selected for the period from January 2020 to January 2021. The scope of research material contains 60,000 words. Attention is focused on the copulative verbs, such as appear, become, get, go, grow, feel, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound. On the examples from texts, the author demonstrates the application of the listed copulative verbs in line with various copular components in the compound nominal predicate. The obtained results allow concluding that in the publicistic text, the most common copulative verbs in the compound nominal predicate are: become, remain, get, feel; the most common copular component in the compound nominal predicate is the adjective, noun, participle and dependent clause.
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Alotaibi, Yasir Hameed. "The Analysis of Verbless Sentences." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 6 (2019): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n6p226.
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This paper aims to discuss the analysis of verbless sentences in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) within the Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) framework. It discusses the previous analyses in transformational grammar and shows some problems in these analyses, arguing that LFG is more flexible and able to analyze this kind of sentences with fewer problems. This paper argues that verbless sentences in MSA should be divided into two types: the first is when the second part of a verbless sentence is an adjective, and in this type, we argue that the adjective should be analyzed as a predicate within the single-tier analysis. The second type is verbless sentences that contain a nonadjectival complement, and this type is analyzed as containing a null copula within the double-tier analysis.
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Lipski, John M. "Decreolization as emergent grammar(s)." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26, no. 2 (2011): 276–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26.2.03lip.
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A restructured variety of Spanish spoken by small communities of Afro-descendents in Bolivia differs from modern Spanish in exhibiting no noun-adjective agreement for gender or number. Only a few individuals continue to speak this most basilectal variety; the majority of speakers exhibit at least some gender and number concord, in a fashion that proceeds generally rightward, from determiners and other prenominal modifiers to head nouns, postnominal modifiers, and predicate nominatives/adjectives. Number concord (plural marking) usually appears before gender concord in mesolectal varieties, and occurs at a higher rate than gender concord across the entire range of Afro-Bolivian speakers. A variationist analysis based on a corpus of recorded material suggests that this gradual emergence of (feminine) gender and plural marking represents a systematic form of decreolization governed largely by structural principles, namely the stepwise activation of agreement projections. Decreolization is represented as a series of nested intermediate grammars, each of which properly contains the preceding one(s).
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Kobczenko, Natalia. "Сфера поширення напівпредикативного синтаксичного зв’язку". Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia 6 (20 квітня 2018): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7865.
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The paper deals with the analysis of syntactic connection between unattached phrases (with characterizing semantics, but without detailing semantics) and the structure of the basic sentence. The author proves that various structural-semantic types of unattached phrases have diff erent grammatical ways of connection with the basic sentence. The semipredicative syntactic connection occurs between an unattached component of properlyattribute semantics and any substantive of the basic sentence. Unattached adverbial modifiers and also unattached attributes of attribute-adverbial semantics and unattached appositions of characterizing-adverbial semantics join the predicative centre of the basic sentence with the determinative subordinate syntactic connection. And the syntactic connection in sentences with an unattached adjective component of dual-predicate (predicative attribute, duplexes) is a transitional between unitary and dual types.
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Scontras, Gregory, Judith Degen, and Noah D. Goodman. "Subjectivity Predicts Adjective Ordering Preferences." Open Mind 1, no. 1 (2017): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00005.
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From English to Hungarian to Mokilese, speakers exhibit strong ordering preferences in multi-adjective strings: “the big blue box” sounds far more natural than “the blue big box.” We show that an adjective’s distance from the modified noun is predicted not by a rigid syntax, but by the adjective’s meaning: less subjective adjectives occur closer to the nouns they modify. This finding provides an example of a broad linguistic universal—adjective ordering preferences—emerging from general properties of cognition.
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Hasan, Aveen Mohammed. "The Structure of Verbless Sentences in Northern Kurdish." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 23 (2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n23p86.
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In the study of syntax, a special attention is given to the verb as the main constituent in the structure of the predicate. However, there exists some constructions in which a noun, adjective or an adverb are the main constituents in the predicate. In Kurdish literature, there is a debate on the analysis of these verbless constructions. On one hand, they are considered nominal sentences which do not contain a verbal element. On the other hand, they are considered small verbal sentences in which the agreement markers on the predicate act as verbal element. The study is an attempt to analyse the structure of these verbless constructions within the framework of minimal program (Chomsky, 1995) in one of the widely spoken variety of Kurdish, Northern Kurmanji, Bahdinani subdialect. It contributes to resolve the existent debate in Kurdish linguistics concerning the structure of these constructions. Additionally, it contributes to the typological variation in the syntactic properties of these constructions in Kurdish.
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Farinde, Raifu O., and Happy O. Omolaiye. "Structural Variations of Adjective in English and Okpameri." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 1 (2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1201.07.
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Adjectives indicate grammatical property of language. They give more information about nouns. The usage of adjective in utterances varies in languages. These variations often pose problem to ESL learners. Predicating on Contrastive Analysis, the study generated Okpameri data from oral sources and participatory observation. English data were got from the English grammar texts. From the findings, the two languages are grammatically marked for pre/post modifying adjective, predicative adjective, degree of adjective and order of adjective. However, the grammatical structure and usage of these adjectives differ. While English adjectives often pre-modify the headword, Okpameri adjectives usually post-modify the headword. Also, while English distinguishes between the use of “beautiful” and handsome for feminine and masculine genders respectively, Okpameri language resorts to using uni-gender “shemilushe” which its equivalent translation in English is either “beautiful or handsome”. As in the case of degree of adjective, suffixes are attached to the root-word to form comparative and superlative adjectives of the two languages. It has been observed that English adjectival pre-modification is consistent. However, Okpameri adjectives function as pre/post-modifiers. The study, therefore suggests that language teachers, particularly English language experts, should adopt systematic approach to the teaching of adjectives as this will broaden the knowledge of Okpameri ESL learners.
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Schmitt, Cristina. "When 'stay' and 'become' are the same verb: the case of 'ficar'." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 14 (January 1, 1999): 227–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.14.1999.17.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper I investigate the properties of the copula-like verb 'ficar' in Brazilian Portuguese using Pustejovsky's generative lexicon (GL). The verb 'ficar' can be translated as 'stay' or 'become', depending on its complement. With locatives, only the STAY reading is possible. With adjectival complements, both BECOME and STAY readings are possible. I propose that 'ficar' takes an eventuality as its complement and I argue that there is no need to create multiple lexical entries for it, since the readings are the result of the possible combinations between the transition denoted by 'ficar' and the properties of the stative complements.
 
 I argue that the BECOME reading with adjectival predicates is the result of combining part of the qualia of the adjectival predicate with the TRANSITION of 'ficar'. The STAY readings of 'ficar'+adjective are the result of shadowing the transition. In the case of 'ficar'+locative, the BECOME reading is unavailable. Departing from the hypothesis that subevents have to be linked to arguments in order to be able to be modified by certain types of modifiers or be selected by certain types of heads, I argue that the transition, in the case of locative complements, is not associated to any argument because nothing in the qualia of the locative complement is compatible with a transition, given that there is not motion component in either 'ficar' or the locative. Unlinked to any argument, the TRANSITION can only be part of the 'constant' meaning of the verb, which explains why it is not available for modification.
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Díaz-Campos, Manuel, and Kimberly L. Geeslin. "Copula use in the Spanish of Venezuela." Spanish in Context 8, no. 1 (2011): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.8.1.04dia.
Full textAbstract:
This investigation extends the research on the use of Spanish copulas ser and estar in Venezuela to all [copula + adjective] contexts (see De Jonge 1993; Malaver 2000 for work on expressions of age). Findings reveal that resultant state, adjective class, predicate type, experience with the referent, susceptibility to change, socioeconomic level, age and frame of reference are included in the statistical model as strong predictors of estar. The analysis of the social factors shows that copula choice in Venezuelan Spanish does not show the typical S-curve pattern to strongly support an analysis of change in progress. The history of copula choice in the language suggests a development with long periods of stability and the strong conditioning of linguistic factors. Copula choice in Venezuelan Spanish shows signs that it is slowly advancing and that younger and older speakers are at different stages in this grammatical change.
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Barðdal, Jóhanna, and Thomas Smitherman. "The Quest for Cognates: A Reconstruction of Oblique Subject Constructions in Proto-Indo-European." Language Dynamics and Change 3, no. 1 (2013): 28–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-13030101.
Full textAbstract:
The enigma of the origin of non-canonical subject marking in the world’s languages has been met with two competing hypotheses: the Object-to-Subject Hypothesis and the Oblique Subject/Semantic Alignment Hypothesis (cf. Eythórsson and Barðdal, 2005). The present article argues in favor of the Oblique Subject/Semantic Alignment Hypothesis, presenting five sets of cognate predicates in the early/archaic Indo-European daughter languages that occur in the Oblique Subject Construction. These cognate sets have not figured in the earlier literature. Not only are they stem cognates, but they also occur in a cognate compositional predicate and argument structure construction, with a dative subject, the verb ‘be’ and an adjective, a noun, or an adverb. The discovery of these cognate data sets immediately invalidates the axiomatic assumption that non-canonical subject marking must originate in an earlier object status of these arguments. The data, moreover, form the input of a correspondence set, on which basis we reconstruct predicate-specific oblique subject constructions, a partial predicate-specific oblique subject construction, as well as a more abstract schematic dative subject construction for Proto-Indo-European, using the formalism of Sign-based Construction Grammar. The evidence presented here thus suggests that oblique subjects are inherited from an early proto-stage and do not represent an individual development in the Indo-European daughter languages.