Bibliographies: 'Predicting VO2max'

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Lotgering, F. K., P. C. Struijk, M. B. van Doorn, and H. C. Wallenburg. "Errors in predicting maximal oxygen consumption in pregnant women." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 2 (1992): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.562.

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This study was designed to determine the accuracy of estimated values of maximal heart rate (HRmax) and oxygen consumption (VO2) during pregnancy. We measured HR and maximal VO2 (VO2max) at rest and during cycle (CE) and treadmill exercise (TE) tests with rapidly increasing exercise intensities during gestation and after delivery. Pregnancy was found to affect the linear relationship of HR and %VO2max so that the intercept increases with advancing gestation and the slope decreases. Estimated maximal HR (HRmax, est), 220 - age (yr) x beats/min, overestimated measured HRmax by 8% (CE) and 5% (TE). For VO2max estimated by Astrand's nomogram (VO2max, est1) and by linear extrapolation of submaximal values of HR and VO2 to HRmax, est (VO2max, est2), individual errors were large (SD 17–28%). Mean VO2max, est1 overestimated measured VO2max by 20% during CE but not during TE (-2%) and elicited the erroneous impression that VO2max decreases during CE in pregnancy. Mean VO2max, est2 values were not significantly different from measured VO2max values. This apparent accuracy resulted from two opposing errors: 1) HRmax, est overestimated HRmax, and 2) above 70% VO2max the slope of the HR-%VO2max relationship was significantly reduced. Therefore neither method to estimate VO2max can replace the measurement of VO2max.

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Francis, Shelby L., Ajay Singhvi, Eva Tsalikian, Michael J. Tansey, and Kathleen F. Janz. "Cross-Validation of Single-Stage Treadmill Tests for Predicting Aerobic Fitness in Adolescents With Type I Diabetes." Pediatric Exercise Science 27, no. 3 (2015): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2014-0146.

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Purpose:Determining fitness is important when assessing adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Submaximal tests estimate fitness, but none have been validated in this population. This study cross-validates the Ebbeling and Nemeth equations to predict fitness (VO2max (ml/kg/min)) in adolescents with T1DM.Methods:Adolescents with T1DM (n = 20) completed a maximal treadmill test using indirect calorimetry. Participants completed one 4-min stage between 2.0 and 4.5 mph and 5% grade (Ebbeling/Nemeth protocol). Speed and grade were then increased until exhaustion. Predicted VO2max was calculated using the Ebbeling and Nemeth equations and compared with observed VO2max using paired t tests. Pearson correlation coefficients, 95% confidence intervals, coefficients of determination (R2), and total error (TE) were calculated.Results:The mean observed VO2max was 47.0 ml/kg/min (SD = 6.9); the Ebbeling and Nemeth mean predictions were 42.4 (SD = 9.4) and 43.5 ml/kg/min (SD = 6.9), respectively. Paired t tests resulted in statistically significant (p < .01) mean differences between observed and predicted VO2max for both predictions. The association between the Ebbeling prediction and observed VO2max was r = .90 (95% CI = 0.76, 0.96), R2 = .81, and TE = 6.5 ml/kg/min. The association between the Nemeth prediction and observed VO2max was r = .81 (95% CI = 0.57, 0.92), R2 = .66, and TE = 5.6 ml/kg/min.Conclusion:The Nemeth submaximal treadmill protocol provides a better estimate of fitness than the Ebbeling in adolescents with T1DM.

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Dexheimer, Joshua D., Shane J. Brinson, Robert W. Pettitt, E. Todd Schroeder, Brandon J. Sawyer, and Edward Jo. "Predicting Maximal Oxygen Uptake Using the 3-Minute All-Out Test in High-Intensity Functional Training Athletes." Sports 8, no. 12 (2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8120155.

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Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and critical speed (CS) are key fatigue-related measurements that demonstrate a relationship to one another and are indicative of athletic endurance performance. This is especially true for those that participate in competitive fitness events. However, the accessibility to a metabolic analyzer to accurately measure VO2max is expensive and time intensive, whereas CS may be measured in the field using a 3 min all-out test (3MT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between VO2max and CS in high-intensity functional training (HIFT) athletes. Twenty-five male and female (age: 27.6 ± 4.5 years; height: 174.5 ± 18.3 cm; weight: 77.4 ± 14.8 kg; body fat: 15.7 ± 6.5%) HIFT athletes performed a 3MT as well as a graded exercise test with 48 h between measurements. True VO2max was determined using a square-wave supramaximal verification phase and CS was measured as the average speed of the last 30 s of the 3MT. A statistically significant and positive correlation was observed between relative VO2max and CS values (r = 0.819, p < 0.001). Based on the significant correlation, a linear regression analysis was completed, including sex, in order to develop a VO2max prediction equation (VO2max (mL/kg/min) = 8.449(CS) + 4.387(F = 0, M = 1) + 14.683; standard error of the estimate = 3.34 mL/kg/min). Observed (47.71 ± 6.54 mL/kg/min) and predicted (47.71 ± 5.7 mL/kg/min) VO2max values were compared using a dependent t-test and no significant difference was displayed between the observed and predicted values (p = 1.000). The typical error, coefficient of variation, and intraclass correlation coefficient were 2.26 mL/kg/min, 4.90%, and 0.864, respectively. The positive and significant relationship between VO2max and CS suggests that the 3MT may be a practical alternative to predicting maximal oxygen uptake when time and access to a metabolic analyzer is limited.

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Doyle, J. Andrew, L. E. Floyd, C. E. Arnold, et al. "Accuracy Of Predicting Vo2max By The Extrapolation Method." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (2005): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00518.

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Doyle, J. Andrew, L. E. Floyd, C. E. Arnold, et al. "Accuracy Of Predicting Vo2max By The Extrapolation Method." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (2005): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00518.

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Kaminsky, L. A., M. H. Whaley, and G. B. Dwyer. "PREDICTING VO2max USING A MODIFIED BRUCE RAMPING PROTOCOL." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 14, no. 5 (1994): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199409000-00026.

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Materko, Wollner. "Stratification of the level of aerobic fitness based on heart rate variability parameters in adult males at rest." Motricidade 14, no. 1 (2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.12074.

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This study aimed to determine a model for stratifying the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) based on heart rate variability (HRV) parameters at rest. It was applied 70 young adult physically active male. After recording the resting tachogram with a heart rate monitor for 5 min, a maximal incremental test was performed to measure VO2max. Based on VO2max percentile, participants were divided into two groups of 35: high (HG) and low (LG) aerobic fitness group. Groups were compared according to: (1) VO2max; (2) Classical HRV parameters and the cardiac deceleration rate (CDR). HG presented significant higher VO2max than LG (48.61 ± 6.70 vs 34.62 ± 3.81 ml.kg-1.min-1). The HG higher values in the time domain HRV parameters, as well as in the high frequency contents in the frequency domain. Also, CDR index was significant higher for HG than LG (p<0.01). The model for predicting VO2max was obtained by backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression assuming as independent variables CDR and pNN50. This model presented 85.74% positive predictive value, 88.51% negative predictive value and 87.16% total accuracy. In conclusion, the use of the proposed model was able to stratify the level of aerobic fitness in young healthy adult males at rest.

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Hong, Sung Hyun, Hyuk In Yang, Dong-Il Kim, Tomas I. Gonzales, Soren Brage, and Justin Y. Jeon. "Validation of Submaximal Step Tests and the 6-Min Walk Test for Predicting Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Young and Healthy Participants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (2019): 4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234858.

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Background: This study aimed to test the validity of three different submaximal tests (i.e., 3-min step test with 20.3-cm step box height (3MST20), 3-min step test with 30-cm step box height (3MST30), and 6-min walk test (6MWT)) in estimating maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in young and healthy individuals. Methods: The 3MST20, 3MST30, 6MWT, as well as the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) were performed in 73 participants (37 men and 36 women; mean age: 30.8 ± 9.3 years). All participants visited the clinic three in a random order for anthropometric measurements, three submaximal tests, and the VO2max test. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to construct the VO2max prediction equations for each submaximal test. Results: The prediction equations developed based on multiple regression analyses for each submaximal tests were as follows: 3MST20: VO2max = 86.0 − 10.9 × sex (male = 1, female = 2) − 0.4 × age − 0.1 × weight − 0.1 × heart rate recovery at 30 s (HRR30s); 3MST30: VO2max = 84.5 − 10.2 × sex (male = 1, female = 2) − 0.4 × age − 0.1 × weight − 0.1 × HRR30s; and 6MWT: VO2max = 61.1 − 11.1 × sex (male = 1, female = 2) − 0.4 × age − 0.2 × weight − 0.2 × (distance walked·10−1). The estimated VO2max values based on formulated equations were 37.0 ± 7.9, 37.3 ± 7.6, and 36.9 ± 7.9 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 derived from the 3MST20, 3MST30, and 6MWT, respectively. These estimated VO2max values were not significantly different from the measured VO2max value, 37.3 mL∙kg−1∙min−1. The estimated VO2max based on the 3MST20, 3MST30, and 6MWT results explained 73.4%, 72.2%, and 74.4% of the variances in the measured VO2max (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The 3MST20, 3MST30, and 6MWT were valid in estimating VO2max in relatively young and healthy Asian individuals.

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Smouter, Leandro, André de Camargo Smolarek, William Cordeiro de Souza, Valderi de Abreu de Lima, and Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas. "CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS ASSOCIATED TO TEENAGERS’ FAT: VO2MAX CUTOFF POINT." Revista Paulista de Pediatria 37, no. 1 (2019): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;1;00017.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To associate the Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max) with body fat percentage (%BF), and to establish the best VO2max cutoff point for predicting risk %BF in teenagers. Methods: This study was carried out with 979 subjects aged 10 to 18.8 years, 556 (56.8%) girls. The 20 m shuttle run protocol determined the VO2max, which was analyzed in quintiles and in a numeric scale. Cutaneous fold equations determined the %BF, later classified as risk to health/obesity when >25 in girls and >20 in boys. Regression method was used - Odds Ratio (OR) and Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC curve) with α <5%. Results: From the total number of valid cases, 341 (65.6%) girls and 202 (53.2%) boys presented %BF of risk, and a larger proportion of %BF of risk was observed in the 1st quintile of the VO2max for both genders. There was inverse association between VO2max and %BF of risk from the 4th quintile (OR 1.84, 95%CI 1.05-3.24) until the 1st quintile (OR 4.74, 95%CI 2.44-9.19) for girls, and from the 2nd quintile (OR 2.99, 95%CI 1.48-6.00) until the 1st quintile (OR 5.60, 95%CI 2.64-11.87) for boys. As analytic highlights, VO2max Cutoff points for prediction of %BF of risk were ≤40.9 mL/kg-1/min-1 (AUC: 0.65; p<0.001) for girls and ≤44.8 mL/kg-1/min-1 (AUC: 0.66; p<0.001)for boys.. Conclusions: VO2max was inversely associated to the %BF, and VO2max cutoff points for prediction of %BF of risk are important results to generate action to fight early obesity.

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Scheer, Volker, Tanja I. Janssen, Solveig Vieluf, and Hans-Christian Heitkamp. "Predicting Trail-Running Performance With Laboratory Exercise Tests and Field-Based Results." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 1 (2019): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0390.

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Purpose: Trail running is a complex sport, and performance prediction is challenging. The aim was to evaluate 3 standard laboratory exercise tests in trail runners and correlate measurements to the race time of a trail competition evaluating its predictive power. Methods: Nine competitive male trail runners (mean age: 31 [5.8] y) completed 3 different laboratory exercise tests (step, ramp, and trail tests) for determination of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), vVO2max, ventilatory (VT) and lactate thresholds (LT), mechanical power output, and running economy (RE), followed by a 31-km trail race. Runners had previously participated in the same race (previous year) and finished in the top 2%. Finishing times (dependent value) were tested in multiple-regression analysis with different independent value combinations. Results: Linear-regression analysis revealed that variables measured during step and ramp tests significantly predicted performance. Step-test variables (speed at individual anaerobic threshold 16.4 [1.7] km/h and RE 12 km/h in %VO2max 65.6% [5.4%]) showed the highest performance prediction (R2 = .651, F2,6 = 5.60, P = .043), followed by the ramp test (vVO2max 20.3 [1.3] km/h; R2 = .477, F1,7 = 6.39, P = .04) and trail test (maximal power 3.9 [0.5] W/kg, VO2max 63.0 [4.8] mL O2·kg−1·min−1, vVT1 11.9 [0.7] km/h; R2 = .68, F3,5 = 3.52, P = .11). Adding race time from the preceding year to the step test improved the predictive power of the model (R2 = .988, F3,5 = 66.51, P < .001). Conclusions: The graded exercise test (VO2max, individual anaerobic threshold, and RE) most accurately predicted a 31.1-km trail-running performance. Combining submaximal intensities (individual anaerobic threshold and RE) with the previous year’s race time of that specific event increased the predictive power of the model to 99%.

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