Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prédiction génomique'
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Iragne, Florian. "Prédiction de réseaux d'interactions biomoléculaires à partir de données de la génomique comparée." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409871.
Full textHereil, Alexandre. "Génétique d'association et prédiction génomique de la tolérance au stress abiotique chez la tomate." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0374.
Full textAbiotic stresses, such as excessive salinity or nutrient deficiency, which often result in substantial yield losses, constitute significant challenges to global agriculture. These stresses are particularly detrimental in regions facing poverty, food insecurity and water scarcity. Improving the resilience of crops of high economic and nutritional value such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to abiotic stresses could offer significant benefits, both economically and in terms of public health. The aim of this thesis is to identify the genetic components of abiotic stress tolerance in tomato and to explore the potential of genomic prediction to improve these traits. In the first chapter, we looked at the genetic architecture of nitrogen deficiency tolerance. We used a comprehensive methodology that integrates QTL mapping with multiparental population, genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a diversity panel, and RNA-seq to identify candidate genes related to nitrogen metabolism. The next two chapters are devoted to the study of salt stress tolerance. We first studied several traits associated with sodium accumulation in various plant organs and developmental stages in a GWAS panel, which enabled us to identify QTLs and a key candidate gene involved in sodium transport within the plant. In addition, we have also studied the impact of salt stress on the root metabolome, characterising metabolites differentially regulated by salt stress and identifying biomarkers of salinity tolerance. QTLs and candidate genes linked to these target metabolites have been identified. In the following two chapters, we engaged GWAS and genomic prediction in multi-environmental analyses using a diversity panel grown under a range of environmental conditions. We have identified interaction QTLs - whose allelic effects vary according to environmental conditions - and compared different GWAS methodologies. Then we have evaluated the effectiveness of various genomic prediction models for improving tolerance to abiotic stress. Our results revealed several candidate genes that require further experimental validation to elucidate their functional roles and potential applicability in breeding programmes. Preliminary results from genomic prediction models highlight the interest of using these approaches to predict tolerance to abiotic stresses, although further validation in breeding populations is required
Colombani, Carine. "Modèles de prédiction pour l'évaluation génomique des bovins laitiers français : application aux races Holstein et Montbéliarde." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0078/document.
Full textThe rapid evolution in sequencing and genotyping raises new challenges in the development of methods of selection for livestock. By sequence comparison, it is now possible to identify polymorphic regions in each species to mark the genome with molecular markers called SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism). Methods of selection of animals from genomic information require the representation of the molecular genetic effects. Meuwissen et al. (2001) introduced the concept of genomic selection by predicting simultaneously all the effects of the markers. Then a genomic index is built summing the effects of each region. The challenge in genomic evaluation is to find the best prediction method to obtain accurate genetic values of candidates. The overall objective of this thesis is to explore and evaluate new genomic approaches to predict tens of thousands of genetic effects, based on the phenotypes of hundreds of individuals. It is part of the ANR project AMASGEN whose aim is to extend the marker-assisted selection, used in French dairy cattle, and to develop an accurate method of prediction. A panel of methods is explored by estimating their predictive abilities. The PLS (Partial Least Squares) and sparse PLS regressions and Bayesian approaches (Bayesian LASSO and BayesCπ) are compared with two current methods in genetic improvement: the BLUP based on pedigree information and the genomic BLUP based on SNP markers. These methodologies are effective even when the number of observations is smaller than the number of variables. They are based on the theory of Gaussian linear mixed models or methods of variable selection, summarizing the massive information of SNP by new variables. The datasets come from two French dairy cattle breeds (1172 Montbéliarde bulls and 3940 Holstein bulls) genotyped with 40 000 polymorphic SNPs. All genomic methods give more accurate estimates than the method based on pedigree information only. There is a slight predictive advantage of Bayesian methods on some traits but they are still too demanding in computation time to be applied routinely in a genomic selection scheme. The advantage of variable selection methods is to cope with the increasing number of SNP data. In addition, they are able to extract reduced sets of markers based of their estimated effects, that is to say, with a significant impact on the trait studied. It would be possible to develop a method to predict genomic values on the basis of QTL detected by these approaches
Carillier-Jacquin, Céline. "Etude de la prédiction génomique chez les caprins : faisabilité et limites de la sélection génomique dans le cadre d'une population multiraciale et à faible effectif." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0086/document.
Full textGenomic selection which is revolutionizing genetic selection in dairy cattle has been tested in several species like dairy goat. Key point in genomic selection is accuracy of genomic evaluation. In French dairy goats, gain in accuracy using genomic selection was questioning due to the small size of the reference population (825 males and 1 945 females genotyped). The aim of this study was to investigate how to reach adequate genomic evaluation accuracy in French dairy goat population. The study of reference population structure (Alpine and Saanen breeds) showed that reference population is similar to the whole population of French dairy goats. But the weak level of linkage disequilibrium (0.17 between two consecutive SNP), inbreeding and relationship between reference and candidate population were not ideal to maximize genomic evaluation accuracy. Despite their common origin, genetic structure of Alpine and Saanen breeds suggested that they were genetically distant. Two steps genomic evaluation (GBLUP, Bayesian) based on performances corrected for fixed effect (DYD, deregressed EBV) did not improve genetic evaluation accuracy compared to classical evaluations for milk production traits, udder type traits and somatic cells score classically selected in French dairy goat. Taking into account phenotypes of ungenotyped sires increased genomic evaluation from 3 to 47% depending on the trait considered. Adding female genotypes also improved genomic evaluation accuracies from 2 to 4% depending on the method (two steps or single step) and on the trait. When using gemomic evaluation directly based on female performances (single step), accuracy of genomic evaluation reach the level obtained from ascendance in classic evaluation which was not the case using two steps evaluations. Genomic evaluation accuracies were similar when using multiple-trait model, multi-breed or single breed evaluation. But accuracies derived from prediction error variances were better when using multi-breed genomic evaluations. Genomic selection is feasible in French dairy goats using single step multi-breed genomic evaluations. Accuracies could be slightly improved integrating major gene as αs1 casein especially when using « gene content » approach to predict genotypes of ungenotyped animals
Fu, Yu. "Analyse intégrative de données génomiques et pharmacologiques pour une meilleure prédiction de la réponse aux médicaments anti-cancer." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS560.
Full textIntegrated analysis of genomic and pharmacological data to better predict the response to targeted therapiesThe use of targeted therapies in the context of cancer personalized medicine has shown great improvement of patients’ treatment in different cancer types. However, while the therapeutic decision is based on a single molecular alteration (for example a mutation or a gene copy number change), tumors will show different degrees of response. In this thesis, we demonstrate that a therapeutic decision based on a unique alteration is not optimal and we propose a mathematical model integrating genomic and pharmacological data to identify new single predictive biomarkers as well as combinations of biomarkers of therapy response. The model was trained using two public large-scale cell line data sets (the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer, GDSC and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, CCLE) and validated with cell line and clinical data. Additionally, we also developed a new method for improving the detection of somatic mutations using whole exome sequencing data and propose a new tool, cmDetect, freely available to the scientific community
Enault, François. "Contribution à la prédiction de la fonction des gènes par l'analyse de leur contexte génomique et de leur co-évolution." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX22035.
Full textValéry, Christine. "Recherche de nouvelles protéines potentiellement marqueurs du mélanome et importance d'une approche de génomique fonctionnelle pour une stratégie de prédiction du risque." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2002AIX20665.pdf.
Full textCoutant, Charles. "Optimisation de la prise en charge des cancers du sein : développement de prédicteurs clinicopathologiques et génomiques." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066582.
Full textSeye, Adama Innocent. "Prédiction assistée par marqueurs de la performance hybride dans un schéma de sélection réciproque : simulations et évaluation expérimentale pour le maïs ensilage." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS078.
Full textMaize (Zea mays L.) is the most cultivated crop in the world. To exploit the strong heterosis for traits related to biomass, the genetic diversity of maize is structured into heterotic groups and cultivated varieties are mainly F1 hybrids obtained by crossing lines from complementary groups. The hybrid value can be decomposed as the sum of the General Combining Ability (GCA) of each parental line and the Specific Combining Ability (ASC) of the cross. In northern Europe, maize is often used as silage for animal feed and the breeding objective is to improve productivity while ensuring a good energetic value and digestibility of the silage. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) to estimate the importance of GCA and SCA in hybrid genetic variance for silage quality traits, (ii) to identify loci (QTL) involved in these traits and to study their colocalization with QTL for productivity traits, (iii) to evaluate the interest of genomic selection for the prediction of hybrid performances and (iv) to compare the prediction accuracies of two calibration designs either based on a factorial or on the conventional use of testers from the complementary group. As part of the SAM-MCR project, 6 biparental connected families were created in the "flint" and "dent" groups from 4 founder lines. In a first phase, 822 flint and 802 dent lines were genotyped for 20k SNPs and crossed according to an incomplete factorial to produce 951 hybrids which were phenotyped for quality traits and for productivity traits (studied by H. Giraud during her phD). Quality trait analysis showed a predominance of GCA over SCA and a negative correlation between digestibility traits and silage yield. Several multi-allelic QTLs were detected, most of them being specific to one group. Several colocalizations were found with yield QTL. Using cross-validation, we observed that the predictive ability of models based on detected QTLs was lower than that obtained by genomic predictions. Considering the SCA did not improve model predictive abilities for most of the traits. In a second phase, 90 lines were chosen per group: 30 were selected based on their genomic predictions for productivity and the energetic value and 60 were randomly sampled from the 6 families. These lines were crossed according to an incomplete factorial to produce 360 new hybrids: 120 from selected lines and 240 from randomly chosen lines. The 90 lines of each group were also crossed to two lines of the complementary group (testers). Hybrids from the selected lines were more productive but had a lower silage quality. We confirmed the good accuracy of the genomic predictions obtained in the initial factorial on the new hybrids evaluated in other environments and after selection. We also observed good correlations between GCA estimated in the factorial and in the testcross design. Different factorial and testcross designs were simulated by varying the proportion of dominance/SCA, the number of hybrids and the contribution of each line to the calibration set. Considering the same number of hybrids in the calibration set, the factorial was more efficient in terms of predictive ability and cumulative genetic gain (up to + 50%) than the testcross design for traits showing SCA and was similar for purely additive traits. The results of this thesis open new perspectives to revisit hybrid breeding schemes by replacing the evaluation of candidate lines, classically made on testcross, by the direct evaluation of hybrids resulting from an incomplete factorial. The implementation of such designs will require reorganizing the logistics of selection programs
Tran, Van Hung. "New genetic longitudinal models for feed efficiency." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0094.
Full textAlthough non-genetic and genetic approaches heavily improved feed efficiency in the last decades, feed cost still contributes to a large proportion of pork production costs. In addition, thelimited effi-ciency of feed use not only increases the environmental impact due to the waste of feed. Over the last decades, advances in high-throughput technologies for animal management,including automat-ic self-feeders, created a proliferation of repeated data or longitudinal data. The objective of this thesis was to develop new genetic models to better quantify the genetic potentialof animals for feed efficiency using longitudinal data on body weight (BW), feed intake and body composition of the animals. Data from 2435 growing Large White pigs from a divergent selectionexperiment for resid-ual feed intake (RFI) were used. In this population, males were weighted every week whereas fe-males and castrated males were weighted every month at the beginning of the test (10 weeks of age) and more often towards the end of the test (23 weeks of age). In a first step, different approaches investigated how to predict missing weekly BW for intermediate stages. For the tested period, a quasi linear interpolation based on the adjacent weeks is the best approach to deal with missing BW in our dataset. In a second step, different longitudinal models, such as random regression (RR) mod-els, structured antedependence models (SAD) and character process models, in which the covari-ances between weeks are accounted for, were compared. The comparison focused on best-fit to the data criteria (Loglikelihood, Bayesian Information Criterion), on variance components estimations (heritability estimates, genetic variances and genetic correlations between weeks) and on predictive ability (Vonesh concordance coefficients). The results showed that SAD is the most parsimonious model for feed conversion ratio (FCR) and for RFI, two measures of feed efficiency. The SAD model also provided similarpredictive abilities as the other models. A selection criterion combining the weekly breeding values was proposed for practical applications to selection. In addition, we evaluated the potential of genomic information to improve the accuracy of breeding value predictions for aver-age daily gain and residual feed intake, applying single step genomic approaches to the RR and SAD models. In our dataset, prediction accuracies was low for both traits, and was not much improved by genomic information. Finally, we showed that divergent selection for RFI had a major impact on the FCR and RFI profile trajectories in each line. In conclusion, this thesis showed that selection for trajectories of feed efficiency is feasible with the current available information. Further work is needed to better evaluate the potential of genomic information with these models, and to validate strategies to select for these trajectories in practice
Derrien, Thomas. "L'analyse comparée des génomes : applications à l'identification de nouveaux gènes canins." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656330.
Full textWicki, Marine. "Etude de plans de connexion entre populations génétiquement proches visant à accroître l'intérêt de la sélection génomique en petits ruminants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04866958.
Full textNumerous studies have shown that the accuracy of genomic predictions, and thus the efficiency of breeding programs, depend on the size and design of the reference population considered. This reference population is the set of animals for which genomic and phenotypic information is available. The larger the reference population, the better the quality of genomic predictions for the candidates to selection. Similarly, the greater the relatedness between the reference population and the candidates, the better the genomic predictions of selection candidates. In cases where the size of the reference population is limiting, as can be observed in sheep for example, it can be interesting to combine genomic evaluations from several populations. Studies have shown that this combination is beneficial when it involves genetically close populations. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the implementation of multi-racial or multi-population breeding programs, with the aim of increasing the efficiency of genomic selection for genetically close breeds and populations, particularly in small ruminants.To achieve this, we first used real data to study the pedigree and genomic structure of the Lacaune breed. This study confirmed the subdivision of the breed into two subpopulations of equivalent size, and the absence of genetic connections between them. The study did, however, show that the two sub-populations are still genetically close to each other. On the same dataset, we compared the quality of genomic predictions between the individual evaluations of each subpopulation and the combined evaluation of both populations. We showed that combining the evaluation was still beneficial, but the gains in accuracy were small. We also looked at SNP effect estimates according to the different reference populations considered. Estimates of the SNPs effects were very different between the two individual references. SNP effects were closer between the individual references and the combined reference, but there was still some difference, which we did not find in the genomic predictions.The second part of this thesis involved the same type of work, but carried out on populations presenting an opposite context: the Australian Merino and Dohne Merino breeds. The Merino breed is Australia's first breed, while the Dohne Merino breed does not yet have a sufficiently large reference population to perform genomic evaluation. However, the population structure analysis showed a high level of genetic connectedness between the two breeds, which are widely used in crossbreeding. In the end, this study showed that combined genomic evaluation was highly advantageous for the Dohne Merino breed, and is therefore promising for a possible transition to genomic selection for this breed.The final part of this thesis used stochastic simulations to study the consequences of the divergence of an original population into two sub-populations on the efficiency of genomic selection. These consequences are still compared within the framework of an individual vs. combined evaluation of these two sub-populations. We showed that the subdivision of the population into two subpopulations had a negative impact on genetic gain. This deterioration in genetic gain is all the greater when the separation is unbalanced (i.e. when one of the two sub-populations is small) and the evaluation is separate
Ali, Baber. "Prédiction et compréhension des interactions génotypes x environnements par des approches d'intégration multi-omique chez le maïs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB060.
Full textMaize breeding programs heavily rely on multi-environmental trials (MET) to evaluate the phenotypic (P) performance of hybrids under diverse field conditions. Within these trials, genotype by environment (GxE) interactions has substantial effect on phenotypic variability, and can sometimes exceed the main genetic effect (G). Therefore, predicting and understanding GxE interactions is of utmost importance to ensure genetic improvement of maize.Classical genomic prediction models, even the ones accounting for GxE component separately from G, do not consider the complexity of maize genome and how genomic regions respond differently to environmental stimuli. By assuming an infinitisemal model, they act as black boxes relying on statistical rather than biological relationships. Researchers have suggested that genome functional annotations and multi-omics information have potential to better explain the genotype phenotype relationship. Studies have shown that prioritizing genomic markers, i.e., SNPs, based on a prior biological or functional information can help improve predictive abilities of models. Similar results have also been reported in the studies accounting for multi-omics information, such as transcripts, proteins, and metabolites, in genomic prediction. However, most of these studies are either performed for a single experiment or a set of experiments within a single location. Their potential in capturing GxE interactions for complex quantitative traits in a large MET setting needs further validation.Therefore, this thesis aims to (i) evaluate the potential of genomic functional annotations to improve maize predictions by prioritizing those genomic regions that respond to environmental stimuli for a given trait, (ii) investigate the potential of multi-omics data to account for GxE while improving prediction of complex traits, and (iii) identify genes that are found to be associated with productivity traits and respond to environmental conditions to offer insights into the biology beyond GxE interactions.Our study uses a set of 244 maize hybrids evaluated for productivity traits in field trials carried out across Europe and Chile under contrasted watering regimes. Environmental covariates related to key developmental stages of plants in field were also obtained. In addition, gene ontology (GO) functional annotations for maize genome was obtained from publicly available databases. The same genotypes were also evaluated for ecophysiological traits, and transcriptomic and proteomic profiles were measured for contrasting watering regimes in controlled conditions on a platform.In Chapter 1, we illustrated that when the right GO terms are considered, biologically relevant SNPs can account for variance separately from the rest of the SNPs, ultimately improving predictions of both field productivity and platform ecophysiological traits.In Chapter 2, we were able to show that the omics data could increase predictive ability in comparison to genomic selection, in particular for the traits phenotyped in the controlled experiment in which the omics were measured. We also integrated ECs and multi-omics information within the same model, that according to our knowledge this was the first example in literature.In Chapter 3, transcriptome wide association study (TWAS) showed that omics measured in controlled platform conditions can help dissect the genetic architecture of grain yield measured in field MET. We also found that some of the significantly associated transcripts have already been reported in the literature to be associated with response to stress. Importantly, we observed that TWAS complements GWAS as it can improve resolution and detection power of association analysis.Overall, this thesis indicates that functional annotations and multi-omics are useful in understanding and predicting GxE interactions
Ly, Delphine. "Prédictions génomiques des interactions Génotype x Environnement à l'aide d'indicateurs agro-climatiques chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22669/document.
Full textIn a climate change context, assuring high and stable yield in more sustainable agricultural systems is a major challenge for plant breeding. We are aiming for future wheat varieties which will be heat and drought tolerant, and also productive in limited fertilization input environments. New prediction methods of the response to these stresses are needed to move forward. In this study, we first identified stresses that generated interactions between genotypes and environments (GxE) in our experimental trials and then developed a genomic model for adaptation to a particular environmental stress (Factorial Regression genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction ou FR-gBLUP), in our case drought. This model hypothesizes that the more individuals are genetically close, the more their response to a stress will resemble. We used cross-validations to measure prediction accuracy gains compared to an additive model and observed gains between 3.5% and 15.4%. Besides, simulation studies showed that the more the variance explained by the responses to the stress is important, the more the FR-gBLUP model will improve the additive model. Furthermore, fine characterization of the stresses limiting the plants’ growth is required to predict varietal responses to a particular stress. We focused on the particular case of nitrogen stress in France. By establishing crop model based stress indicators and comparing them to classical indicators, such as the management system or the available nitrogen, we pointed out the interest of crop model to characterize GxE interactions and to predict the genomic response to nitrogen stress, as long as the GxE interaction signal is strong enough. Beyond the potential applications of these methods for breeding or recommendation for varieties more adapted or tolerant to environmental stresses, this study also raises the interest of coupling eco-physiological and genetics approaches
Rio, Simon. "Contributions to genomic selection and association mapping in structured and admixed populations : application to maize." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS097.
Full textThe advent of molecular markers (SNPs) has revolutionized quantitative genetics methods by enabling the identification of regions involved in the genetic determinism of traits (QTLs) thanks to association studies (GWAS), or the prediction of the performance of individuals using genomic information (GS). The stratification of populations into genetic groups is common in animal and plant breeding. This structure can impact GWAS and GS methods through group differences in QTL allele frequencies and effects, as well as in linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNP and QTL.During this thesis, two maize diversity panels were used, presenting different levels of structuration: the "Amaizing Dent" panel representing the diversity of dent lines used in Europe and the "Flint-Dent" panel including dent, flint and admixed lines between these two groups.In GS, the impact of genetic structure on genomic prediction accuracy was evaluated in the first panel for productivity and phenology traits. This study highlighted the interest of a training population (TS) whose constitution in terms of genetic groups is similar to that of the population to be predicted. Assembling the different groups within a multi-group TS appears as an effective solution to predict a broad spectrum of genetic diversity. A priori indicators of genomic prediction accuracy, based on the coefficient of determination, were also evaluated and highlighted a variable efficiency depending on the group and the trait.A new GWAS methodology was then developed to study the heterogeneity of the allele effects captured by SNPs depending on the group. The integration of admixed individuals to such analyses allows to disentangle the factors causing the heterogeneity of allele effects across groups: local genomic difference (related to LD or group-specific mutation) or epistatic interactions between the QTL and the genetic background. This methodology was applied to the "Flint-Dent" panel for flowering time. QTLs have been detected as presenting group-specific effects interacting or not with the genetic background. QTLs with an original profile have been highlighted, including known loci such as Vgt1, Vgt2 or Vgt3. Significant directional epistasis has also been demonstrated using admixed individuals and supported the existence of epistatic interactions with the genetic background for this trait.Based on the existence of such heterogeneity of allele effects, we have developed two genomic prediction models named Multi-group Admixed GBLUP (MAGBLUP). Both model group-specific QTL effects and are suited to the prediction of admixed individuals. The first allows the identification the additional genetic variance created by the admixture (segregation variance), while the second allows the evaluations of the degree of conservation of SNP allele effects across groups. These two models showed a certain interest compared to standard models to predict simulated traits, but it was more limited on real traits.Finally, the interest of admixed individuals in multi-group TS was evaluated using the second panel. Although their interest has been clearly demonstrated for simulated traits, more variable results have been observed with the real traits, which can be explained by the presence of interactions with the genetic background.The new methods and the use of admixed individuals open interesting lines of research for quantitative genetics studies in structured population
Decaux, Olivier. "Recherche de marqueurs moléculaires prédictifs dans le myélome multiple." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=a4d718fc-b7de-449c-9ae3-781dce46ab7b.
Full textSurvival of patients with multiple myeloma is highly heterogeneous, from periods of a few months to more than 10 years. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis have demonstrated the prognostic impact of genetic abnormalities in myeloma. DNA chips provide a comprehensive analysis at the level of DNA or RNA. The first DNA chips aimed to analyze gene expression profiles and have been used successfully in cancer. We employed these techniques to study multiple myeloma. Our main objective was to develop predictive molecular markers in multiple myeloma. Our results (1) revealed that the clinical and biological heterogeneity of myeloma is associated with a molecular heterogeneity and provide explanations about severity of subtypes of myeloma. (2) identified a group of 15 genes whose expression is associated with survival and led us to propose a predictive score of survival. (3) revealed a possible novel mechanism of bortezomib resistance in myeloma patients mediated by REDD1 overexpression involving inhibition of mTOR activity. Genomics techniques are now mature and allow genome-wide DNA copy number abnormalities analyses as well as gene expression regulation. These tools should provide new insights into pathophysiology of multiple myeloma and lead to identification of new predictive markers. The challenge is now to transfer these results in clinical practice
Ben, Sadoun Sarah. "Optimisation du schéma de sélection chez le blé tendre : apport des prédictions génomiques et des caractères corrélés." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC014.
Full textBreeding consists in creating new varieties which combine qualities for several traits of agronomic interest to answer to the market demand. The objective of the phD was to propose strategies using genomic predictions to optimize bread wheat breeding programs in terms of genetic gain under economic constraint. In a first chapter, we tested methods aiming at improving genomic prediction accuracy of a trait that is expensive to measure using a correlated cheap trait, without increasing the budget allocated to phenotyping. We used a multi-trait genomic prediction models. We also developed an index called CDmulti to optimize the choice of a subset of lines to phenotype for two different correlated traits. We showed that multi-trait genomic predictions could be particularly interesting when lines of the validation set, or at least part of them, could be phenotyped for dough strength, which is correlated to bread-making quality and which is cheaper to phenotype. Indeed, this approach allowed to reduce the budget allocated to phenotyping without decreasing the genomic prediction accuracy of bread-making quality. In a second chapter, we developed a stochastic simulation pipeline to compare breeding scheme produce in silico, using genotyping and phenotyping of a reference population. One cycle lasts five years, including one year for crossing, one year for double haploids production, one year for seed multiplication, one year of selection based on either phenotypic value (PS strategy) or genomic predictions (GPS strategy), and one last year of phenotypic selection. For GPS strategy, we can mate the best lines of previous cycle at random or optimise mating using genomic predictions. We showed that GPS strategy with mating optimization is systematically significantly superior to other strategies for all tested parameters (trait heritability, budget, relative intensity of selection at two key steps). The efficiency of GPS strategy without mating optimization was similar to PS. However, the loss of genetic diversity was more intense for GPS strategies, with or without mating optimization. Some complementary modules will be added to this decision tool to simulate more realistic breeding schemes
Darde, Thomas. "Identification et classification de composés reprotoxiques par des approches de toxicogénomique prédictive." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B022/document.
Full textThe core aim of my thesis project is to develop predictive toxicology approaches based on the integration of massive toxicogenomics datasets using bioinformatics and biostatistics methodologies. Specific objectives include: (1) classification of chemicals based on toxicogenomics signatures, i.e. the set of genes whose expression is known to be positively or negatively altered after exposure to these compounds; (2) the association of the resulting classes with human disorders or deleterious phenotypes based on the well-known toxicants present in those classes; (3) the prediction of novel reprotoxicants and/or endocrine disruptors based on toxicogenomics signature similarities with known chemicals affecting testis development and function. The assembled toxicogenomics dataset contains 23,657 samples covering 7092 experimental conditions (one chemical, one dose, one exposure time, one tissue) for 541 chemicals in seven distinct tissues in the rat from 18 different studies. From this dataset, 3,022 experimental conditions corresponding to 452 distinct compounds are associated to a toxicogenomics signature containing more than ten genes showing an altered expression pattern after exposure. Using unsupervised classification methods, 95 chemical clusters were defined showing close toxicogenomics signatures. The phenotype association analysis using data extracted from de Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) allowed us to identify three clusters significantly enriched in known endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Currently, 22 compounds are being tested on a human cell line expressing the enzymes of steroidogenesis (NCI-H295R) to evaluate their potential endocrine disrupting effects. These researches allowed us to demonstrate the relevance of integrating massive toxicogenomics datasets to predict adverse effects of compounds tested in different organs. It is currently being pursued through the development of a novel repository, TOXsIgN. This resource provides a flexible environment to facilitate online submission, storage and retrieval of toxicogenomics signatures by the scientific community. Similarly, the current PhD project also yielded to the implementation of several tools dedicated to predictive toxicology and data visualization including the ReproGenomics Viewer (RGV)
Sun, Roger. "Utilisation de méthodes radiomiques pour la prédiction des réponses à l’immunothérapie et combinaisons de radioimmunothérapie chez des patients atteints de cancers Radiomics to Assess Tumor Infiltrating CD8 T-Cells and Response to Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy in Cancer Patients: An Imaging Biomarker Multi-Cohort Study Imagerie médicale computationnelle (radiomique) et potentiel en immuno-oncologie Radiomics to Predict Outcomes and Abscopal Response of Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy Combined with Radiotherapy Using a Validated Signature of CD8 Cells." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL023.
Full textWith the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy has profoundly changed the therapeutic strategy of many cancers. However, despite constant therapeutic progress and combinations of treatments such as radiotherapy and immunotherapy, the majority of patients treated do not benefit from these treatments. This explains the importance of research into innovative biomarkers of response to immunotherapyComputational medical imaging, known as radiomics, analyzes and translates medical images into quantitative data with the assumption that imaging reflects not only tissue architecture, but also cellular and molecular composition. This allows an in-depth characterization of tumors, with the advantage of being non-invasive allowing evaluation of tumor and its microenvironment, spatial heterogeneity characterization and longitudinal assessment of disease evolution.Here, we evaluated whether a radiomic approach could be used to assess tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and whether it could be associated with the response of patients treated with immunotherapy. In a second step, we evaluated the association of this radiomic signature with clinical response of patients treated with radiotherapy and immunotherapy, and we assessed whether it could be used to assess tumor spatial heterogeneity.The specific challenges raised by high-dimensional imaging data in the development of clinically applicable predictive tools are discussed in this thesis
Hallin, Johan Henning. "Élucider les facteurs génétiques à l'origine de la variabilité des populations par phénomique et génomique de masse." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4010/document.
Full textThe phenotypic variation between individuals in a population is of crucial importance. It allows populations to evolve to novel conditions by the natural selection of beneficial traits. Variation in traits can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. This work endeavors to study the genetic factors that underlie phenotypic variation in order to understand how variation can be created from one generation to the next; to know what genetic mechanisms are most prominent; to learn how variation can extend beyond the parents; and finally, to use this in order to predict phenotypes of unknown genetic constellations. We used large scale phenomics and genomics to give an unprecedented decomposition of the phenotypic variation in a large population of diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Constructing phased outbred lines by large scale crosses of sequenced haploid strains allowed us to infer the genetic makeup of more than 7,000 colonies. We measured the growth of these strains and decomposed the phenotypic variation into its genetic components. In addition, we mapped additive and nonadditive quantitative trait loci, we investigated the occurrence of heterosis and its genetic basis, and using the same populations we used phenotypic and genetic data to predict traits with near perfect accuracy. By using the phased outbred line approach, we succeeded in giving a conclusive account of what genetic factors define phenotypic variation in a diploid population, and in accurately predicting phenotypes from genetic and phenotypic data. Beyond the phased outbred line project, I am currently investigating the genetic basis of gamete inviability and complex traits in intraspecies yeast hybrids. Using 9,000 sequenced gametes from six different hybrids we aim to characterize their recombination landscape and how the genetic background influences it. Furthermore, we have phenotyped these gametes in nine conditions and will dissect the genetic architecture of these traits across multiple genomic backgrounds
Hallin, Johan Henning. "Élucider les facteurs génétiques à l'origine de la variabilité des populations par phénomique et génomique de masse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4010.
Full textThe phenotypic variation between individuals in a population is of crucial importance. It allows populations to evolve to novel conditions by the natural selection of beneficial traits. Variation in traits can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. This work endeavors to study the genetic factors that underlie phenotypic variation in order to understand how variation can be created from one generation to the next; to know what genetic mechanisms are most prominent; to learn how variation can extend beyond the parents; and finally, to use this in order to predict phenotypes of unknown genetic constellations. We used large scale phenomics and genomics to give an unprecedented decomposition of the phenotypic variation in a large population of diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Constructing phased outbred lines by large scale crosses of sequenced haploid strains allowed us to infer the genetic makeup of more than 7,000 colonies. We measured the growth of these strains and decomposed the phenotypic variation into its genetic components. In addition, we mapped additive and nonadditive quantitative trait loci, we investigated the occurrence of heterosis and its genetic basis, and using the same populations we used phenotypic and genetic data to predict traits with near perfect accuracy. By using the phased outbred line approach, we succeeded in giving a conclusive account of what genetic factors define phenotypic variation in a diploid population, and in accurately predicting phenotypes from genetic and phenotypic data. Beyond the phased outbred line project, I am currently investigating the genetic basis of gamete inviability and complex traits in intraspecies yeast hybrids. Using 9,000 sequenced gametes from six different hybrids we aim to characterize their recombination landscape and how the genetic background influences it. Furthermore, we have phenotyped these gametes in nine conditions and will dissect the genetic architecture of these traits across multiple genomic backgrounds
Leonardis, Eleonora De. "Méthodes pour l'inférence en grande dimension avec des données corrélées : application à des données génomiques." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0033/document.
Full textThe availability of huge amounts of data has changed the role of physics with respect to other disciplines. Within this dissertation I will explore the innovations introduced in molecular biology thanks to statistical physics approaches. In the last 20 years the size of genome databases has exponentially increased, therefore the exploitation of raw data, in the scope of extracting information, has become a major topic in statistical physics. After the success in protein structure prediction, surprising results have been finally achieved also in the related field of RNA structure characterisation. However, recent studies have revealed that, even if databases are growing, inference is often performed in the under sampling regime and new computational schemes are needed in order to overcome this intrinsic limitation of real data. This dissertation will discuss inference methods and their application to RNA structure prediction. We will discuss some heuristic approaches that have been successfully applied in the past years, even if poorly theoretically understood. The last part of the work will focus on the development of a tool for the inference of generative models, hoping it will pave the way towards novel applications
Zgheib, Elias. "Bioinformatic and modelling approaches for a system-level understanding of oxidative stress toxicity." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2464/document.
Full textNew understanding of biology shows more and more that the mechanisms that underlie toxicity are complex and involve multiple biological processes and pathways. Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and systems biology (SB) can be appropriate tools for studying toxicology at this level of complexity. This PhD thesis focuses on the elaboration of a SB model of the role of the Nrf2 pathway in the control of oxidative stress. The model’s calibration with experimental data (obtained with RPTEC/TERT1 renal cells exposed to various doses of potassium bromate) comprised several rounds of hypotheses stating/verification, through which new reactions were progressively added to the model. Some of these new hypotheses (e.g., direct action of potassium bromate on DCF, bleaching of DCF with time, etc.) could be confirmed by future experiments. Considered in a wider framework, this SB model was then evaluated and compared to two other computational models (i.e., an empirical dose-response statistical model and a dynamic Bayesian model) for the quantification of a ‘chronic kidney disease’ AOP. All parameter calibrations were done by MCMC simulations with the GNU MCSim software with a quantification of uncertainties associated with predictions. Even though the SB model was indeed complex to conceive, it offers insight in biology that the other approaches could not afford. In addition, using multiple toxicogenomic databases; interactions and cross-talks of the Nrf2 pathway with two other toxicity pathways (i.e., AhR and ATF4) were examined. The results of this last analysis suggest adding new AhR contribution to the control of some of the Nrf2 genes in our SB model (e.g., HMOX1, SRXN1 and GCLM), and integrating in it description of the ATF4 pathway (partially at least). Despites their complexity, precise SB models are precious investments for future developments in predictive toxicology
Bocs, Stéphanie. "(Ré)annotation de génomes procaryotes complets - Exploration de groupes de gènes chez les bactéries." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008296.
Full textBories, Pierre. "Identification de biomarqueurs de réponse à l'azacitidine dans les leucémies aigues myéloïdes du sujet âgé." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ086/document.
Full textElderly patients with acute myeloid leukemias (AML) represent the most frequent acute leukemias. Although they differ in their pathophysiology, they all share an adverse prognosis. Azacitidine has become one of the reference low-intensity frontline therapy for patients deemed unfit for intensive chemotherapy. Patients selection between these 2 options remains controversial. Predictive biomarkers of response to azacitidine should allowed to rationalize this decision making. Classical prognosis factors of a cohort of 334 newly diagnosed AML lack of precision to determine the optimum strategy for any individual patient. By sequencing of a 224-patients series of azacitidine-treated AML patients, we demonstrate an adverse impact of TP53 mutation on overall survival, irrespective of the functional characterization of p53 mutants. Exome sequencing of 49 patients with extreme phenotype as defined by their response under azacitidine (26 responders versus 23 non-responders), followed by targeted sequencing of 4 common polymorphisms in a validation set of 175 patients, showed a positif impact of MECOM rs7622799 on overall survival