Dissertations / Theses: 'Prediction of gully erosion'

1

Corkins, Chelsea Rose. "Gully erosion assessment and growth prediction on military training lands." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16240.

Full text

Abstract:

Master of Science
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Stacy Hutchinson
Military maneuvers result in significant physical and environmental impacts to the landscape. These impacts generally result in a loss of vegetative cover and increased watershed runoff and rate depending on vehicle speed, turning radius, and soil moisture content. Unless adequately monitored or mitigated, this increased runoff can lead to excessive soil erosion and gully formation. Past studies have revealed that these gullies can impact water quality from excessive erosion and create concerns regarding soldier safety. In order to better understand how gullies form and evolve overtime on military installations, a study is being conducted at Fort Riley, KS. In 2010, approximately forty gullies were identified, assessed, and measured using common erosion monitoring and surveying techniques. These gully locations, and any newly formed gullies, were remeasured using these same methods in 2012 to determine the rate of growth for each site with respect to width, depth, and headcut. Of fifty-nine gullies total, twenty one were initially included in this study. Upon further analysis including the utilization of watershed characteristics and land management techniques, eleven of the 21 utilized gullies were deemed appropriate to include in predictive assessment, as these eleven systems exhibited singular headcut migration. Multiple Regression Analysis was utilized to produce predictive equations for Headcut Growth. This equation [Headcut Growth = 0.666 + 0.137(Watershed Slope) – 0.478(Training Intensity) + 0.757(log[Watershed Area]) – 0.278(Drainage Density) – 0.0138(Above Ground Biomass Change) + 0.187(Burning Frequency] resulted in a model relationship of approximately 90%, with Watershed Slope being the most significant variable when an output Headcut Growth was reached.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Handley, Katie. "Gully erosion assessment and prediction on non-agricultural lands using logistic regression." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8560.

Full text

Abstract:

Master of Science
Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Stacy L. Hutchinson
Gully erosion is a serious problem on military training lands resulting in not only soil erosion and environmental degradation, but also increased soldier injuries and equipment damage. Assessment of gully erosion occurring on Fort Riley was conducted in order to evaluate different gully location methods and to develop a gully prediction model based on logistic regression. Of the 360 sites visited, fifty two gullies were identified with the majority found using LiDAR based data. Logistic regression model was developed using topographic, landuse/landcover, and soil variables. Tests for multicollinearity were used to reduce the input variables such that each model input had a unique effect on the model output. The logistic regression determined that available water content was one of the most important factors affecting the formation of gullies. Additional important factors included particle size classification, runoff class, erosion class, and drainage class. Of the 1577 watersheds evaluated for the Fort Riley area, 192 watersheds were predicted to have gullies. Model accuracy was approximately 79% with an error of omission or false positive value of 10% and an error of commission or false negative value of 11%; which is a large improvement compared to previous methods used to locate gully erosion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Araujo, Thiago Peixoto de. "Estudo do desencadeamento das erosões lineares concentradas em uma área do município de São Pedro/SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-06122011-104236/.

Full text

Abstract:

O presente trabalho propõe índices que indicam o limiar topográfico para predição do desencadeamento de canais de erosão linear em uma região de clima tropical. A área escolhida para a realização do estudo localiza-se no município de São Pedro/SP e apresenta uma área de aproximadamente 7 \'KM POT.2\'. Nesta área foi realizado um inventário detalhado das feições erosivas pré-existentes para obtenção dos valores das áreas das bacias de contribuição, considerando as cabeceiras de algumas erosões e as declividades médias dessas áreas, por meio de ferramentas de SIG e também por fotografias aéreas ortorretificadas. Trabalhos de campo, com o auxílio de GPS de precisão, permitiram definir a situação atual das erosões e com o uso de fotografias aéreas de anos anteriores foi possível observar a sua evolução. Com isso, através dos mapas em SIG, como MDT, declividade, direção de fluxo e etc. foram obtidos os valores de área de contribuição (A) e declividade média (S). Os valores de A x S foram apresentados em gráficos que permitiram identificar o ponto mínimo para a ocorrência de um evento erosivo e estabelecer de forma empírica os limiares topográficos que definem as condições para o início do processo erosivo. Para o Índice I foram feitas duas equações (uma para canais menos profundos que 1 metro e outra para canais mais profundos que 1 metro) e para o Índice II foi obtida apenas uma equação, pois em fotografias aéreas nas escalas disponíveis (1:25.000 e 1:30.000) foram possíveis serem observados apenas os canais profundos. Os índices obtidos neste trabalho foram para o Índice I: S = 0,0219A(-0,376) (canais profundos) e S = 0,0128A(-0,443) (canais rasos); enquanto que para o Índice II o valor obtido é: S = 0,0588A(-0,377). Para a validação destes índices propostos, foram realizados os mesmos procedimentos para obtenção das áreas de contribuição (A) e declividade média (S), porém em outra área. A área escolhida para se fazer a validação dos índices foi a Bacia do Ribeirão do Meio, que apresenta 48 \'KM POT.2\' aproximados de área e apresenta características físicas semelhantes da área utilizada neste presente estudo, ou seja, apresenta semelhança em geologia, geomorfologia, clima, uso e ocupação. Foi observado com esta validação, que todos os pontos com problemas de erosão da área usada para validação localizam-se dentro da área prevista pelos índices para ocorrência de problemas de erosão, o que significa dizer que os índices exprimem o limiar topográfico para erosões lineares nas condições encontradas na área de estudo e em áreas semelhantes.
This paper proposes indexes indicating the topographic threshold for predicting the trigger of gully erosion in a tropical climate region. The area chosen for the study is located in São Pedro/SP and presents an area of approximately 7 \'KM POT.2\' . In this area was carried out a detailed inventory of pre-existing erosion to obtain the values of watershed areas of contribution, considering the headwaters of some erosions and the mean slope of these areas, using GIS tools and also orthorectified aerial photographs. Fieldwork, with the assistance of GPS accuracy, allowed defining the current condition of erosion and with the use of aerial photographs from previous years was possible to observe its evolution. Thus, through the maps in GIS, as DEM, Slope, Flow Direct ion among others, were obtained values from contribution area (A) and mean slope (S). The values of A x S were represented in charts al lowing to identify the lower point for the occurrence of an erosion event and establish empirical ly the topographic thresholds that def ine the conditions for initiating the erosion process. For the index I were made two equations (one for channels less than 1 meter deep and one for channels deeperthan 1 meter) and Index II was obtained only one equation, because in aerial photographs available (scales1:25,000 and 1:30,000) were possible only be observed the deep channels. The indexes obtained in this paper were for the Index I: S = 0,0219A(-0,376) (deep channels) and S = 0,0128A(-0,443) (shallow channels), while the index II the value obtained is: S = 0,0588A(-0,377). To validate these proposed indexes, the same procedures were performed to obtain the contribution area (A) and mean slope (S), but in another area. The area chosen to perform the validation of the indexes was the Basin Ribeirão do Meio, which is 48 \'KM POT.2\' extents and shows similarity in geology, geomorphology, climate, use and occupation. The results have been showed that the selected points with erosion problem of the area used for validation are located wi thin the area specified by the indexes for the occurrence of erosion problems, which means that the indexes reflect the topographic threshold for gully erosions in conditions found in the study area and similar areas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Mengler, Faron. "Gully erosion on rehabilitated bauxite mines." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0176.

Full text

Abstract:

[Truncated abstract] Landforms rehabilitated after bauxite mining can be vulnerable to soil loss by water erosion processes. On most rehabilitated sites, management controls such as deep ripping, contour mounding and landscaped sub-catchments limit erosion. Despite these measures, severe gully erosion that is anecdotally associated with steep slopes can damage rehabilitated areas and affect downstream drinking water resources. A review of erosion dynamics reveals that gullies develop episodically and in a non-linear manner. They often initiated as a near surface process and are influenced by natural climatic drivers. Despite this, local site characteristics including soil and landform can predispose an area to gully erosion. Moreover, erosion models, becoming more-widely utilized within the mining industry, may provide useful tools with which to measure, analyse, and manage gully erosion. One of these models, SIBERIA was tested to determine its suitability for application a tool to help manage erosion risk. We first surveyed 26 eroding and erosion-prone rehabilitated hillslopes to determine the common form and setting for gully erosion on these rehabilitated bauxite mines. A conceptual model was developed to include and explore the interplay between the common causes of the gullies surveyed. The conceptual model accounts for slope steepness but suggests that additionally, certain triggers and threshold effects operating under different site conditions are as influential (or even more influential) than slope steepness as determinants of gully erosion occurrence and severity. ... Soil properties and soil erodibility had some subtle influence on landform stability and erosion risk. The most-erodible media occurred where either: mine floor material was mixed with topsoil/ overburden; and/or the topsoil/overburden layer was thin or its coverage is patchy resulting in slaking subsoil, hardsetting soil and surface crusts. When erodible surface media were combined with steeper (>8[degrees]) or longer (>50 m) slopes or with any major erosion trigger, rill and gully development was greatly intensified. The SIBERIA simulation model was calibrated and its simulated outputs were compared to known locations of gully erosion on a steep, rehabilitated pit from the Willowdale mine. At a resolution of one metre, SIBERIA was able to simulate the approximate dimensions of gullies. However, SIBERIA could not simulate the exact location of individual gully headcuts. Additionally, SIBERA was able to simulate the effect of different microtopographic surface treatments but this was only achieved by increasing the grid resolution to 25 cm and reducing the size of the area simulated due to model constraints. Locations of gully headcuts were overlain onto a grid-based, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The spatial distribution of gully headcut locations was compared to DEM derivatives such as slope and flow accumulation. Positive, and predictive relationships allow between the steepness of the slope of the pre-mining landform and the cell count of the area contributing to flow (catchment), as determined by GIS, may allow a mine scale indication of erosion risk using simple GIS desktop analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Karimov, Vladimir Rustemovich. "Mathematical modeling of ephemeral gully erosion." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38230.

Full text

Abstract:

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Aleksey Y. Sheshukov
As the world faces an increasing demand for food due to the growing global population and the pernicious effects of land degradation, there is a need to overcome this challenge by using sustainable management practices for agricultural productions. One of the problems, which sustainable agriculture seeks to address, is the loss of topsoil due to soil erosion. Changing weather patterns also contribute to the average annual rainfall across the globe with an excess precipitation, which creates runoff and causes soil erosion. One of the significant yet less studied types of soil erosion is ephemeral gully erosion. Formed by the concentrated overland flow during intensive rainfall events, ephemeral gullies are channels on agricultural fields that can be removed by tillage operations but appear at the same location every year. Even though simplified ephemeral gully models estimate soil losses, they do not account for complicated hydrological and soil erosion processes of channel formations. The purpose of this research work is to investigate sediment sources and develop tools that can predict ephemeral gully erosion more efficiently. To achieve this goal, an experimental study was conducted on an agricultural field in central Kansas by tracking channel development, monitoring soil moisture content, and recording the amount of rainfall. Runoff and sediment loads from contributing catchment and critical and actual shear stresses were estimated by the computer model, and conclusions were made on the effect of saturation dynamics on the erosion processes. Furthermore, a two-dimensional subsurface water flow and soil erosion model was developed with the variable soil erodibility parameters which account for the subsurface fluxes and the effects on the soil detachment process. The model was applied to study the impacts of variable soil erodibility parameters on the erosion process for different soils and various antecedent soil moisture conditions. Also developed to estimate the soil losses at the field scale was an integrated spatially-distributed ephemeral gully model with dynamic time-dependent channel development. The model showed good fit by matching the experimental data. The results from this work can be used to advance the research of soil erosion prediction from concentrated flow channels and ephemeral gullies formed on agricultural fields.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Coover, James Brigham. "Phosphorus sorption and desorption in ephemeral gully erosion." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17865.

Full text

Abstract:

Master of Science
Department of Agronomy
Nathan O. Nelson
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient in crop production, but P inputs to surface waters have resulted in impairments such as eutrophication and algae blooms. Non-point sources such as agricultural fields are a main contributor of P. Kansas, being a high agricultural dependent state, has frequent fresh water body impairments. Multiple erosion and transport processes contribute to P loss. While P loss from sheet and rill erosion has been studied extensively, P loss from ephemeral gully erosion is largely unknown. The objective of this study is to understand the effects ephemeral gullies have on the transport and transformation of P. Three fields in McPherson County with well-defined ephemeral gullies were studied. Soil samples were taken in field locations that are effected by ephemeral gullies at the 0 to 2, 2 to 5, 5 to 15, and 15 to 30 cm depths. Samples were analyzed for total P, anion exchange phosphorus (AEP) (labile P), ammonium-oxalate extractable Fe, Al, and P (Fe[subscript]ox, Al[subscript]ox, P[subscript]ox), Mehlich 3 extractable Fe, Al, Ca, and P (Fe[subscript]M3, Al[subscript]M3, Ca[subscript]M3, P[subscript]M3), equilibrium phosphorus concentration at zero net sorption (EPC[subscript]0), 1:1 soil to water pH, and texture. Soil testing showed that P quantities tend to be much higher in surface soils eroded by sheet and rill erosion and lower in subsoil soil that is eroded by ephemeral gullies. The quantity of sorptive elements such as Fe and Al, were not significantly different throughout the tested area except in areas of changing soil texture. EPC[subscript]0 testing showed it was likely that P desorbs from the surface erosion of sheet and rill and is adsorbing onto the subsoil eroded from ephemeral gullies. Sediment eroded by ephemeral gullies has a P buffering capacity greater than the sediment eroded by sheet and rill, and a small quantity of ephemeral gully subsoil will have a large effect on the dissolved P concentration of runoff. Sediment, total P loss and expected dissolved P in runoff was surveyed and modeled for two of the fields. Ephemeral gullies contributed to a majority of sediment and total P loss. The addition of ephemeral gully sediment to the erosional mix of sheet and rill sediment caused the dissolved P concentration to decrease from 0.0204 to 0.0034 mg L[superscript]-1 in one field and from 0.0136 to 0.0126 mg L[superscript]-1 in another. The results of this study show that best management practices (BMPs) such as grass waterways could cause the losses of total P to decrease as much as 2 to 12 times in fields with ephemeral gullies. However, reducing ephemeral gully erosion will likely increase dissolved P concentrations up to 600% more in runoff. Therefore, BMPs need to be combined to fully control P loss from agricultural fields.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Marquisee, Jonathan A. "Factors Influencing Gully Development on Roadcuts in Southeastern Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1263593241.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Singh, Meena Vasi. "Geological, historical and present-day erosion and colluviaton in Lesotho, southern Africa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339454.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Modala, Naga Raghuveer. "Methods to integrate overland, ephemeral gully and streambank erosion models." Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7049.

Full text

Abstract:

Master of Science
Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin
Sediment is considered as one of the important pollutant of concern in the U.S. In order to develop watershed management plans that address sediment pollution, it is essential to identify all sources of sediment in a watershed. The overall goal of this research is to quantify the total sediment from a watershed by integrating the outputs of three types of sediment sources: sheet and rill erosion, ephemeral gully erosion, and streambank erosion, that each operates at different spatial and temporal scales. This approach will be demonstrated in Black Vermillion River Watershed using AnnAGNPS (overland flow/erosion model), REGEM (ephemeral gully erosion model) and field measured values of streambank erosion. The study area includes three subwatersheds (Irish Creek, the Black Vermillion River Main Stem, and North Fork of the Black Vermillion), each monitored for continuous stream flow, base flow and event-based suspended sediment subwatershed export, annual streambank erosion, for 2 years. NASS land use, SSURGO soils data, 30-m DEMs, and local weather data were used to generate input data needed by the models. Stream monitoring data were used to calibrate the models. This paper will present results from independently calibrated and validated combinations of AnnAGNPS, REGEM, and filed measured streambank erosion. Our hypothesis is that use of separate models to simulate sediment load contributions for each sediment source will improve model agreement with measured watershed sediment yield data.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Marchington, A. C. "Development of a dynamic model of gully growth." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381380.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Olivier, George. "Gully erosion in the Sandspruit catchment, Western Cape, with a focus on the discontinuous split gully system at Malansdam." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85794.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gully erosion is a major environmental problem not only having direct influences on site but also indirect influences felt further down the catchment. Combating gully erosion has proven to be elusive due to the difficulty in finding the causal factors and developing mechanisms involved. Soil is the medium in which gully erosion occurs yet few research have investigated it as a driving factor behind gully development and those that have has done it in a very elementary way. The first aim of this project was to physically and chemically characterise and classify the discontinuous gully system at Malansdam to establish the relationship between landscape hydrology and geomorphologic gully development with a focus on control factors. This was done by field observations, physical measurements and spatial and hydrological analyses with a Geographical Information System (GIS). The Malansdam gully system was the first ever recorded Strahler stream order (SSO) 5 classical gully system with the most active region being in the upper reaches where a steeper slope is experienced. Although piping was observed the V-shape channels and SAR data from traditional wet analysis indicated runoff to be the dominant formation process. A duo of factors, consisting of one anthropogenic and one natural factor respectively, was found that the major control factors behind the gully formation. A unique anthropogenic factor that has never been published beforehand was found to be the anthropogenic driving factor namely the ploughed contour cultivation technique employed by the farmers in the Sandspruit catchment. The ploughed contours act as channels firstly collecting and secondly moving water that would have drained naturally downwards in the valley to one exit point in the gully system. This allows increased erosive energy because of the larger volumes of water entering one single point in the upper reaches of the gully system where a steeper slope is experienced. The driving factor in the natural group was determined to be weak soil structure due to an abundant amount of exchangeable Mg2+ cations occupying the exchange sites on the clay fraction. This would cause soil to disperse in the presence of water even with a low amount of exchangeable Na+. Combat methods would accordingly exist in the form of rectifying the soil structure and finding an alternative to the ploughed contour system currently employed, but also planting vegetation especially grass or wheat in the gully channels. The second aim of this project was to determine the capability of Near Infrared (NIR) spectrometry, with wavenumbers 12 500 – 4 000 cm-1, to predict indicators used in soil science to establish the dispersive nature of a soil. These indices included the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Saturation Percentage (MS%), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Potential Hydrogen (pH) as well as the four main exchangeable cations namely calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) and magnesium (Mg2+). Surface and subsurface soil samples were collected from active gully heads. These samples were minimally pre-processed thus only dried, milled and sieved. Thereafter it was subject to NIR analysis making use of the Bruker multi-purpose FT-NIR Analyser (MPA; Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany) with a spectral range of 12 500cm-1 to 4000cm-1 which is. Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) models were built for each index and the exchangeable cations making use of QUANT 2 utility of OPUS 6.5 (MPA; Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany) software. Five different regrssion statistics namely the coefficient of determination (r2), Root Mean Square Error of Cross Validation (RMSECV), Ratio of Performance to Deviation (RPD), Bias and the Ratio of Performance of Quartiles (RPIQ) were used to assess the legitimacy of each PLSR model. Upon validation all the PLSR models performed in line with previously published work and in certain cases better. The only exception was MS% which would require further investigation. NIR thus possess the capability to predict a soil’s dispersive nature in a fast, reliable, inexpensive and non- destructive way, thus implying whether or not it contributes to gully erosion at a significant level or only minimally.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Donga erosie is 'n groot omgewingsprobleem. Dit het nie net ‘n direkte invloed op die area waar dit geleë is nie, maar het ook ‘n indirekte invloed wat elders in die opvangsgebied ervaar word. Bekamping van donga erosie is moeisaam aangesien die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot die vorming en dryf daarvan moeilik is om te bepaal. Grond is die medium waarin erosie plaasvind, maar daar is nogtans steeds min navorsing wat grond ondersoek het as ‘n moontlike faktor aanleiding gee tot donga erosie. Die wat dit al wel ingesluit het, het dit slegs op n baie elemntêre manier ondersoek. Die eerste doel van hierdie projek was om die diskontinue donga stelsel fisies en chemise te karakteriseer en klassifiseer om soedoende die verhouding tussen die landskap hidrologie en geomorfologiese donga ontwikkeling te bepaal met n fokus op die faktore wat dit dryf. Dit was gedoen deur middel van observasies gedoen terwyl veldwerk uitgerig was, fisiese metings asook ruimtelike en hidrologiese analises deur gebruik te maak van n Geografiese Inligting Stelsel (GIS). Die klassieke Malansdam donga stelsel is ‘n Strahler stroomorde (SSO) van 5 toegeken en is die eerste een ooit wat dit behaal het. Die mees aktiefste area was in die bolope waar die steilste helling ervaar was. Alhoewel ondergrondse pyp formasie waargeneem was het die V-vormige donga kanale en SAR data van die tradisionele nat analise aangedui dat afloop die dominante vorming proses was. Daar was gevind dat 'n duo van faktore, wat bestaan uit een menslike en een natuurlike faktor onderskeidelik, die faktore was wat donga ontwikkeling in die area dryf. 'n Unieke menslike faktor wat nog nie vantevore gepubliseer is, was bevind as die menslike faktor wat aanleiding gee tot donga erosie. Hierdie faktor is die bewerkiingsmetode wat in die Sandspruit opvangsgebied gebruik word naamlik geploegde kontoerbewerking. Die geploegde kontoere tree op as kanale om eerstens water te versamel en tweedens om die vloeirigting daarvan te wysig. Water wat onder natuurlike toestande afwaarts sou dreineer tot in die vallei word vasgevang deur die kontoere en gekanaliseer na een invloei punt in die donga. Hierdie proses verhoog die erosiekrag van die water aangesien groter volumes by 'n enkele punt in die steiler bolope van die donga stelsel invloei. Die dryf faktor in die natuurlike groep was swak grond struktuur. Die oorsaak hiervan was die besetting van ‘n grootmaat uitruilbare Mg2+ katione op die uitruil plekke van die kleifraksie. Dit sou veroorsaak dat grond in die teenwoordigheid van water maklik sou dispergeer, selfs in die teenwoordigheid van 'n lae hoeveelheid uitruilbare Na+ katione. Metodes om donga erosie te bekamp sal dienooreenkomstig bestaan uit die herstel van die grondstruktuur en die toepassing van 'n alternatiewe gondbewerkings stelsel. Die aanplanting van plantegroei, veral gras en koring binne die donga kanale sal verder help met die veg tot bekamping Die tweede doel van hierdie projek was om te bepaal indien naby infrarooi (NIR) spektrometrie (met golfnommer van 12 500 – 4 000cm-1) oor die vermoë beskik om aanwysers wat traditioneel in grondkunde gebruik word om die dispergering van grond te meet te voorspel. Hierdie aanwysers sluit vyf indekse in naamlik die Veranderlike Natrium Persentasie (ESP), Natrium Absorpsie Verhouding (SAR), Magnesium Versadiging Persentasie (MS%), Elektriese Geleidingsvermoë (EC) en die Potensiële Waterstof (pH) sowel as die vier hoof uitruilbare katione naamlik kalsium (Ca2+) , kalium (K+), natrium (Na+) en magnesium (Mg2+). Oppervlak en ondergrondse grondmonsters is ingesamel by die punt van oorsprong by aktiewe dongas. Hierdie monsters is minimaal voorberei, dus slegs gedroog, gemaal en gesif. Daarna was dit onderworpe aan die NIR analise. Die Bruker meerdoelige FT-NIR Analiseerder (MPA; Bruker Optik GmbH, Duitsland) met 'n spektrale omvang van 12 500cm 1 4000cm-1 is hiervoor gebruik. Parsiële kleinste kwadraat regressie (PLSR) modelle is gebou vir elke indeks asook die uitruilbare katione deur gebruik te maak van die nutsprogram Quant 2 van die OPUS 6.5 (MPA; Bruker Optik GmbH, Duitsland) sagteware. Vyf verskillende regressie statistieke naamlik die bepalingskoëffisiënt (r2), vierkantswortel fout tydens kruis validasie (RMSECV), verhouding van prestasie teenoor voorspellingsafwyking (RPD), sydigheid en die verhouding van prestasie van kwartiele (RPIQ) was gebruik om die geldighied van elke PLSR model te asseseer. Alle PLSR modelle het goed presteer, behalwe vir MS% wat verdere navorsing vereis. NIR beskik dus oor die vermoë om die aard van dispergering van grond te bepaal op 'n vinnige, betroubare, goedkoop en nie afbrekende manier. Dit kan dus effektief aangewend word as ‘n substitusie vir die traditionele metodes om te bepaal as grond a beduidende faktor is of nie.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Burke, Katherine J. "Understanding gully process in two Kansas landscapes." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20102.

Full text

Abstract:

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Environmental Design and Planning Program
Tim Keane
Gullies often form as a result of land use changes and associated factors such as soil compaction, vegetation removal and changes in rainwater infiltration. Gully erosion creates human safety hazards, soil loss, and sediment and nutrient pollution downstream. Across the globe, researchers have found a wide variety of gully growth rates and drivers (Poesen, Nachtergaele, Verstraeten, & Valentin, 2003), but after the late 1900s, very few published gully studies have been done in the United States, and fewer studies have been done in the Midwest and Great Plains regions. This gully study was conducted in two heavily-used Kansas landscapes: Fort Riley military training areas and agricultural fields in McPherson County. The purpose of the study was to quantitatively measure rates and patterns of gully erosion, as well as identify main drivers of gully initiation and growth. Results and conclusions add Kansas gully characteristics to the growing knowledge of gully erosion in other areas of the world. Gullies in both landscapes were surveyed in the field multiple times per year over three consecutive years (2012-2014) to capture patterns and rates of change. Rainfall data and land characteristics such as soils, vegetative cover, slope, and drainage area were compiled into a database to be compared to gully erosion rates in an attempt to correlate gully erosion not only to rainfall but to other land-based factors. Results show that for most Fort Riley gullies, beds are filling and banks are widening, and consistent drivers of erosion could not be determined from the data. In McPherson, gully channels are storing large amounts of sediment, though gully networks in the upper areas of the gully channels are actively widening and advancing headward. Drivers of channel change in McPherson County seem to be related to vegetative cover, slope, and early spring freeze/thaw processes. At both study locations, land use changes related to linear disturbance and reduced vegetative cover are suspected to have more of an influence on gully growth than rainfall events during the study timeframe. Objectives for best management practices are proposed for both Fort Riley and McPherson County.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Sill, Paul E. (Paul Eric). "Assessing Regional Gully Erosion Risk: A Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Approach." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332453/.

Full text

Abstract:

Gully erosion has been established as a major source of sediment pollution in the upper Trinity River watershed in north-central Texas. This fact, along with a lack of models appropriate for a large-area gully erosion analysis established a need for a gully erosion study in the upper Trinity basin. This thesis project attempted to address this need by deriving an index indicative of gully erosion risk using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) methodology. In context of previous field studies, the coarse spatial resolution of the input GIS data layers presented a challenge to prediction of gully prone areas. However, the remote sensing/GIS approach was found to provide useful reconnaissance information on gully risk over large areas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

de, Haan Vincent. "The Effects of Erosion-control Structures and Gully Erosion on Groundwater Dynamics Along the Kromrivier, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-127310.

Full text

Abstract:

The Palmiet wetlands located along the Kromrivier in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa have experienced severe degradation through gully erosion during the past decennia which has been threatening the water quality and water security of large towns in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan hub. Water scarcity is a growing problem in this region as a result of land degradation and growing erratic rainfall patterns. The main causes of wetland degradation are argued to be land use and land cover change. With the aim of protecting the wetlands along the Kromrivier a total of eleven large gabion and concrete erosion-control structures were constructed between the 2002 and 2013 by the government initiate Working for Wetlands. This study aims to map the groundwater table in order to derive how erosion-control structures and gully erosion affect groundwater dynamics along the Kromrivier. This was achieved by several steps. Firstly, water table elevations were measured along several transects by installing a series of piezometers which allowed do investigate how the structures affected the water table. This also allowed for a comparison in groundwater dynamics between eroded and non-eroded reaches so that effects of gully erosion could be identified and potential causes discussed. Secondly, the analysis of aerial images allowed for the development of the aerial extent of the Palmiet wetland and gullies to be seen over a ten year period and longitudinal profiles provided specific characteristics of the wetland and gullies. Lastly, particle size distribution and organic matter content were analyzed as groundwater flow and gully erosion can vary greatly depending on soil characteristics. The hydraulic gradient was highest in proximity to the structures as a result of the created potential induced by the drop in surface water elevation. The radius of influence to where the structures were affected the water table was estimated to be approximately 40 m from the channel. Further away from the channel, the gradual slope of the water table indicated that the porous gabion side walls of the structures did not affect the water table. The groundwater flow is determined by Darcy's Law and the relatively flat water table along the non-eroded reaches of site A displayed local drainage points, thereby indicating variations in the local flow direction. In May the water table along the non-eroded reaches was sloping away from the channel resulting in an area of groundwater discharge with respect to the channel. Not only was the water table generally higher during August, the regime had also changed, indicating a potentially large seasonal variability. Along the eroded reaches downstream from the structures the water table was above the gully bottom during both months resulting in an area of groundwater recharge with respect to the channel. Also here the regime had changed from an approximately constant hydraulic gradient sloping towards the channel during May to a water table with a divide in flow direction. Since their implementation in 2003, the structures have been effective with respect to preventing the headcut in the main channel from migrating further upstream. However, the gullies downstream of the structures had significantly increased in width between 2003 and 2013 and the Palmiet wetland had also slightly decreased in size during the same period. However, it was unclear whether this decrease was part of the longer term ongoing trend or part of a shorter term cycle and/or seasonal fluctuation. For a gully bank to collapse, the shear strength of the slip surface needs to be exceeded and this often occurs because of an increase in pore water pressurewhich causes a reduction in shear strength. A large gully height of up to 4 m with nearly vertical slopes, a water table above the gully bottom and an increase in moisture content between May and August indicated that it is not unlikely that a high pore water pressure. played a significant role in the slumping of the gully walls. The two structures together were responsible for an surface water elevation difference of 7.76 m. Through damming this resulted in an elevated water table in the upstream Palmiet wetland, thereby increasing the saturation and promoting diffuse flow across the wetland. However, the structures also trap most of the sediment in upstream direction which appears to have resulted in the de-stabilization of the downstream streambed at site A as these eroded reaches now receive a significantly lower sediment load. By increasing the retention volume in the wetland, the structures also facilitated in ensuring flood retention as the wetland could now hold more water during high flows, thereby cutting off the peak flow. As gully erosion is known to occur during periods of high flow it is not unreasonable to argue that slumping of the gully walls would have been more severe without the structures in place. In this sense the structures increase the water quality and decrease the flux of sediment where the latter leads to a decrease in the sedimentation rate of the downstream Churchill Dam. Consequently, this contributes to securing the fresh water supply to towns in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan hub. The discovery of Palmiet rests up to 2.6 m below the surface indicated that cycles of gully erosion followed by the re-establishment of Palmiet have been occurring in this valley for thousands of years. However, it seemed that land use and land cover changes had accelerated gully erosion during the past decades resulting in a loss of Palmiet wetland at a rate which was beyond 'natural'. Even though the structures could be seen as disruptions of long term natural cycles, they are in favor of the well-being of mankind as they protect the wetlands to a certain extent. The main results of this study provided a basic understanding of how the water table behaves in response to the structures and along eroded and non-eroded reaches of the Kromrivier. Furthermore, this study discussed the larger scale affects of the structures and showed how the gullies and the aerial extent of the Palmiet wetland have evolved since the implementation of the structures in 2003. In order to manage these Palmiet wetlands more effectively in the future, it is highly important that groundwater dynamics, gully erosion and the size and health of the wetland are annually monitored in order to get a more accurate idea of how effective these structures are. This new obtained knowledge could also assist in managing other peat lands in South Africa more effectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Pineda, Rondon Saira Freda. "Numerical prediction of cavitation erosion." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC031/document.

Full text

Abstract:

La cavitation peut avoir lieu dans les turbines hydrauliques. Ce phénomène se produit lorsque les bulles de vapeur s’effondrent à proximité de la surface de la machine. Ceci entraîne des conséquences négatives, telles que l’érosion, affectant ainsi les performances de la machine. L’effondrement d’une bulle de gaz non-condensable dans l’eau est simulé en utilisant la méthode sans maillage SPH-ALE, qui intègre un modèle pour simuler les écoulements compressibles et multiphases. Le modèle résout les équations de conservation de masse, de quantité de mouvement et d’énergie du système d’Euler, en utilisant l’équation d’état de Stiffened Gas pour l’eau et l’équation d’état de gaz parfait pour le gaz non-condensable à l´ıntérieur de la bulle. Les deux phases sont modélisées comme compressibles et le changement de phase n’est pas considéré. La caractéristique sans maillage de la méthode SPH-ALE permet le calcul des écoulements diphasiques où l’interface est nettement définie. Pour les applications de cavitation, où le nombre de Mach atteint des valeurs de 0.5, la distribution de particules doit être corrigée. Cela est réalisé grâce à la fonctionnalité ALE. Le modèle compressible a été validé à l’aide de configurations monodimensionnelles, comme le cas du tube à choc pour des écoulements monophase et multiphases. L’effondrement de la bulle près d´une paroi a été abordé comme le mécanisme fondamental qui produit des dégâts. Son comportement général se caractérise par la formation d’un micro jet d’eau et par l’effondrement de la bulle sur elle-même. Le phénomène est analysé en tenant compte des principaux paramètres qui le régissent, comme la distance initiale entre le centre de la bulle et la paroi (H0), la taille de la bulle (R0) et le taux de pression qui entraîne l’effondrement (pw/pb). Il est démontré que l’intensité de l’effondrement dépend principalement du rapport de pression entre le liquide et la bulle (pw/pb). De plus, quatre indicateurs, comme la pression en paroi, l’impulsion, la pression du coup de bélier et la vitesse du micro jet d’eau, servent à déterminer le chargement. Cette analyse indique qu’une bulle initialement située à une distance inférieure à H0/R0 = 2 présente un haut potentiel d’endommagement. Afin de prédire cet endommagement, la mécanique du solide est analysée à l’aide de simulations d’interaction fluide-structure. On obtient que le matériau réagit aux charges hydrauliques en ayant des zones de compression et de traction. Ceci suggère qu’un mécanisme de fatigue entraîne le phénomène d’endommagement. En plus, on constate que les contraintes les plus importantes sont situées sous la surface du matériau, indiquant que cette zone peut être sujette à une déformation plastique
Hydraulic turbines can experience cavitation, which is a phenomenon occurring when vapor bubbles collapse in the vicinity of the machine’s surface. This phenomenon can lead to negative consequences, such as erosion, that affect the machine’s performance. The compression of a non-condensable gas bubble in water is simulated with the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method following the Arbitrary Lagrange Euler approach (SPHALE), where a compressible and multiphase model has been developed. The model solves the mass, momentum and energy conservation equations of the Euler system using the Stiffened Gas EOS for water and the ideal gas EOS for the non-condensable gas inside the bubble. Both phases are modeled as compressible and the phase change is not considered. The meshless feature of the SPH-ALE method allows the calculation of multiphase flows where the interface is sharply defined. For cavitation applications, where the Mach number reaches values of 0.5, the distribution of particles must be corrected, which is achieved by the ALE feature. The compressible model was validated through monodimensional configurations, such as shock tube test cases for monophase and multiphase flows. The bubble compression close to the wall has been addressed as the fundamental mechanism producing damage. Its general behavior is characterized by the formation of a water jet and by the collapse of the bubble by itself. The phenomenon is analyzed by considering the major parameters that govern the bubble collapse dynamics, such as the initial distance between the bubble center and the wall (H0), the bubble size (R0), and the collapse driven pressure ratio (pw/pb). It is shown that the intensity of the collapse depends mainly on the pressure ratio between the liquid and the bubble (pw/pb). As well, four indicators, such as the pressure at the wall, the impulse, the water-hammer pressure and the water jet velocity, are used to determine the loading. This analysis gives that the bubble initially located at a distance lower than H0/R0 = 2 presents high potential to cause damage. In order to predict the damage due to the bubble collapse, the solid mechanics is analyzed through fluid-structure interaction simulations. It is obtained that the material reacts to the hydraulic loads by having compression and traction zones, suggesting that a fatigue mechanism drives the damage phenomenon. Additionally, it is found that the highest stresses are located below the material surface, indicating that this zone may reach plastic deformation

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Sekaluvu, Lawrence. "Assessment of ephemeral gully erosion using topographic and hydrologically based models in Central Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20557.

Full text

Abstract:

Master of Science
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Aleksey Sheshukov
The global requirements for food and agricultural products have increased enormously in recent years mainly due to increase in global population. More land is brought under human development and cultivation including marginal lands that are susceptible to degradation processes of erosion, waterlogging, and depletion of organic matter. The resulting effects include; deprivation of the roles performed by the environment, high costs of water treatment, and sedimentation of water reservoirs. This study aims at assessment of ephemeral gully (EG) erosion using topographic and hydrologically based models in two paired watersheds in Central Kansas. The effects of best management practices (BMPs) implementation on EG formation, and erosion rates within the watershed are discussed. The topographic index (TI) models used include: slope area model (SA), compound topographic index model (CTI), wetness topographic index model (WTI), slope area power (SA2), kinematic wave model (nLS), and modified kinematic wave model (nLSCSS). EGs predicted by each model threshold were compared with observed EGs obtained through digitization and field reconnaissance. The agreement of thresholds obtained from location and length approaches were compared by means of drainage density concept. Statistical analysis was performed by error matrix for EG location analysis, and root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for EG length analysis. A TIN-based real-time integrated basin simulator (tRIBS) model, a physically-based, distributed hydrological model was coupled with an EG erosion component (Foster and Lane model) to estimate the erosion rates, and effect of installation of BMPs on reduction of EG erosion rates from agricultural fields. The results indicated that TI models could predict EG location with a maximum total accuracy of 70%. The effectiveness of TI models at prediction of EGs is affected by watershed features such as installed structural best management practices, roads, and culverts. The CTI model outperformed all the TI models at prediction of EGs with maximum Kappa and NSE values of 0.32 and 0.55 respectively, and a minimum RMSE value of 0.087 m. Structural BMPs are effective at controlling erosion from croplands, however, the effectiveness of structural BMPs at reduction of sediment loadings from EGs vary depending on surface cover, and BMP geometry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Petersen, Paul A. "Mitigation, Monitoring, and Geomorphology Related to Gully Erosion of Archaeological sites in Grand Canyon." DigitalCommons@USU, 2003. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6730.

Full text

Abstract:

Gully erosion has been damaging archaeological sites in Grand Canyon during the last several decades, and there is a need to protect these features through mitigation, monitoring, and better geomorphic understanding. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of erosion-control structures , determine the accuracy and utility of aerial photogrammetry for monitoring gullies , and understand the geomorphology of the erosion . We performed total-station surveys and other data collection during February and October , 2002, at nine study sites in eastern and western Grand Canyon. Erosion-control structures are more prone to be damaged by flow when they are placed in reaches of very high local gradient. Treatments are generally successful in slowing erosion or causing deposition of sediment, but damaged erosion-control structures were shown to be less effective than intact structures, and actually increase local erosion in cases. Aerial photogrammetry was performed on four eroding archaeological sites in western Grand Canyon in March and October 2002 in order to assess the accuracy and change-detection utility of this tool. Accuracy was assessed on several different levels by comparing photogrammetry data to ground-survey data, and mean absolute vertical error ranged from 6-10 cm. Error of manual photogrammetry digital terrain models (DTMs) increased with topographic ruggedness and decreased with greater photogrammetric point density. Mean error reached a minimum of 5 cm for March and 6.5 cm for October when the ratio of point density to topographic ruggedness was ~40. Ground surveys and repeat photography indicated that two study gullies eroded or aggraded during the study period by 10-20 cm, but these changes were mostly undetected in the photogrammetry DTMs. Repeat ground surveys showed that gullies erode most at knickpoints and in steep reaches , and that new knickpoints tend to form in relatively steep reaches of a given channel. An area-slope erosion threshold was identified for the study sites and applied in a GIS-based model at four sites to show areas that exceed the threshold and are sensitive to gully erosion . Overall results show an upcatchment control of gully erosion and suggest that baselevel changes due to Glen Canyon Dam operation are subordinate controls.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Welch, Eric J. (Eric Jack). "Quantitative prediction of high-speed erosion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14528.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Dun, Shuhui. "Adapting WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) for forest watershed erosion modeling." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2006/S%5FDun%5F073106.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Boden, Wiebke. "Prediction of erosion damages in hydraulic machines for hydro-abrasive erosion." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC034/document.

Full text

Abstract:

L’énergie hydraulique, où l’énergie cinétique de l’eau est transformée en énergie électrique, représente une contribution importante aux énergies renouvelables. L’eau qui passe par les turbines hydrauliques contient toujours une partie solide, par exemple du sable et de l’argile. Ces sédiments peuvent atteindre des niveaux de concentration élevés, ce qui nuit considérablement à la structure de la turbine par un mécanisme d’endommagement appelé érosion hydro-abrasive. Des types de turbine impliquant des vitesses d’écoulement très élevées, comme les turbines Pelton, sont particulièrement sensibles à l’érosion hydro-abrasive. Les simulations numériques présentent un moyen efficace d’étudier le sujet de l’érosion hydro-abrasive dans les turbines Pelton car elles permettent facilement la variation des nombreux paramètres. Ainsi, une réponse immédiate aux questions opérationnelles, de conception ou d’optimisation peut être obtenue. Cependant, il a été démontré que l’application des modèles d’érosion généraux et souvent utilisés ne fournit pas de résultats corrects en raison des propriétés particulières du matériel et de l’écoulement des turbines Pelton. Par conséquent, ce travail étudie le potentiel de la modélisation de l’érosion directe basée sur des principes fondamentaux. Cela implique que le mouvement des sédiments dans le fluide est simulé, leurs paramètres au moment de l’impact enregistrés et ensuite l’endommagement macroscopique global du matériel calculé sur la base des simulations de structure en microéchelle. Une formulation très appropriée pour les simulations fluides dans les turbines Pelton est une méthode sans maillage, plutôt nouvelle, qui s’appelle Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). Par conséquent, la première partie de ce travail aborde la mise en oeuvre et l’évaluation d’un modèle Lagrangien de transport des sédiments dans le cadre de cette méthode où les sédiments sont transportés par une équation de mouvement. L’effet du bruit inhérent à la méthode SPH sur le mouvement des sédiments est évalué par rapport à l’effet de la dispersion turbulente des sédiments, qui a été introduite par un modèle basé sur l’équation de Langevin. En outre, les termes liés aux différentes forces dans l’équation du mouvement sont étudiés dans le cadre de la méthode SPH. Une deuxième partie de ce travail développe une approche efficace et généralement applicable pour obtenir l’endommagement globale sans adopter des modèles d’érosion. Pour obtenir cet endommagement global en macroéchelle, l’endommagement causé par un seul impact de sédiment, qui est calculé par des simulations de structure en microéchelle, est combiné avec les statistiques d’impact des simulations du fluide
Hydraulic energy represents one important contribution to the growing source of renewable energies where the kinetic energy of water is transformed into electric energy. The water flowing through the hydraulic turbines always contains a solid part, for example sand and clay. Those sediments can reach high concentrations, harming importantly the turbine structure by a mechanism called hydro-abrasive erosion. Turbine types implying very high flow velocities, like Pelton turbines, are in particular sensitive to hydro-abrasive erosion. Numerical simulations present an efficient way to study the topic of hydro-abrasive erosion in Pelton turbines as they allow the variation of numerous parameters. Thus an immediate response to operational, design or optimization questions can be obtained. However it has been shown that the application of general, widely used erosion models do not deliver physical correct results due to the particular material and flow properties of Pelton turbines. Consequently this work investigates the potential of erosion modeling based on first principals. That means the sediment movement in the fluid is simulated, their state at impact tracked and then the overall macroscopic material damage calculated based on microscale structural simulations. A convenient formulation for fluid simulations in Pelton turbines is the rather novel, meshless method Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). Therefore the first part of this work addresses the implementation and evaluation of a Lagrangian sediment transport model in the framework of this method where sediments are transported by a particle equation of motion. The effect of the SPH method inherent noise on the sediment movement is evaluated against the effect of the turbulent dispersion of the sediments, which has been introduced via an ad-hoc model based on the Langevin equation. Furthermore the different force terms in the particle equation of motion are investigated with respect to the SPH method. A second part develops an efficient and general applicable approach to obtain the overall erosion damage without adopting erosion models. Therefore the damage caused by a single sediment impact is calculated by structural simulations on the microscale in a first step. In a second step that isolated damage is combined with impact statistics from the fluid simulations and hence gives the overall damage profile on the macroscale

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Williams, Afeefah. "The morphodynamic characteristics of erosional headcuts in Palmiet (Prionium serratum) wetlands." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6600.

Full text

Abstract:

>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Gully erosion and headcut migration has been at the crux of wetland degradation in South Africa. The resulting erosion and draining effect has seen more than 50% of wetlands in the country degraded. This study investigated the degradation of indigenous Palmiet, peat forming, wetlands through headcut erosion. This was done by exploring the relationship between headcut migration rate and morphodynamic characteristics through the use of multiple regression analysis. Wetlands investigated in this study occurred in the Kromme River catchment and Nuwejaars River catchment, in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape respectively. Morphodynamic characteristics assessed include headcut dimensions, gully characteristics, soil characteristics and drainage basin characteristics. These parameters were determined either through infield assessment, image analysis or laboratory analysis. Three headcut migration rate types were calculated through a combination of infield measurements and image analysis techniques executed within ArcGIS. These migration rate types include apex advancement (m/a), gully expansion (m2/a) and volume erosion (m3/a). Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between morphodynamic characteristics and both volume erosion and gully expansion. Morphodynamic characteristics such as drop height, apex width, gully width, drainage rate and sand content were found to have a direct relationship with migration rates, whereas characteristics such as average drainage basin slope, clay content, silt content, SOM content and soil saturation were found to have an indirect relationship with headcut migration rates. Results provide insight into the headcut migration process, its influencing factors and the potential for headcut migration rate prediction. An evaluation of these results using WET-Health found that the wetland management tool captures wetland geomorphic controls to an accuracy of 68% and 70%. Furthermore, the influence of morphodynamic characteristics on migration rates contributes to the wetland rehabilitation process as it allows for the identification of headcut sites most susceptible to erosion. This will then allow for timely wetland rehabilitation, decreasing the rate of net wetland degradation and improving the management and efficiency of wetland restoration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Van, Zijl George Munnik. "An investigation of the soil properties controlling gully erosion in a sub-catchment in Maphutseng, Lesotho." Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4197.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lesotho is a country with an international reputation for the severe degree of soil erosion in its landscape. Despite several national soil conservation projects, soil erosion continues at an astounding rate. One of the reasons for this is possibly that the interactions between soil properties and erosion in Lesotho are not understood. Soil erosion is a site specific, cyclic phenomenon, controlled by geomorphological thresholds. To control soil erosion, the processes and soil properties which influence soil erosion in the specific place must be understood. In this study the soil properties of a highly eroded sub-catchment in Maphutseng, Lesotho was investigated. The gully extent in the sub-catchment, in 1957 and 2004 respectively, was mapped from aerial photos. These maps show where in the landscape gullies developed during this time. The gully maps were superimposed on maps of several soil erosion factors, to correlate the spatial distribution of the erosion factors with that of the gully distribution. A soil map was especially drawn for this. The spatial analysis shows that gully development between 1957 and 2004 was primarily confined to the area where duplex soils occur. The rest of the sub-catchment underwent negligible differences in gully extent during this time. The initiation of the gullies on the duplex soil area is ascribed to tunnel erosion. The high dispersibility of the duplex soil samples, sink holes which occur in this area and previous observations by researchers in this area gave evidence to this hypothesis. In the second part of the study the soil properties of seventeen soil profiles from across the study site were analysed. The difference in gully distribution between the duplex soils area and the rest of the catchment is ascribed to the high dispersibility of the duplex soils. No strong correlations could be found between the dispersion index and other determined soil properties. Segmented quantile regression was used to analyse the data further. Soil samples with moderate levels of total carbon (1.17%), iron oxide (0.9%) and effective cation exchange capacity (13.7 cmolc/kg), have below average dispersibility. When none of these stabilising agents are present in moderate amounts, soils with even low exchangeable sodium percentage values (0.68%) are dispersive. Furthermore, soils which have developed in colluvial material from basaltic origin were found to be less dispersive, presumably because of the amorphous clay minerals present in the volcanic material. The colour and increase in clay content between the A and B horizons of a soil can indicate the tunnel erosion potential of the soil. Dark coloured soils (values less than 4 and chromas less than 3) were found to have low dispersibility and free water can accumulate in the subsoils where the B horizon has much more clay than the A horizon. The accumulation of free water in the subsoil is necessary for tunnel formation. Thus soils with dark colours and/or a low clay accumulation index have low tunnel erosion potential.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Lesotho is ‘n land met ‘n internasionale reputasie vir die ernstige graad van gronderosie waaronder die landskap gebuk gaan. Ten spyte van verskeie nasionale grondbewaringsprojekte duur die erosie teen ‘n verstommende tempo voort. Een van die redes hiervoor is heel moontlik dat die interaksies tussen grondeienskappe en erosie in Lesotho nie verstaan word nie. Gronderosie is ‘n plekspesifieke, sikliese verskynsel, wat deur geomorfologiese drempelwaardes beheer word. Om gronderosie te bekamp moet die prosesse en grondeienskappe wat gronderosie in die spesifieke plek beïnvloed, geïdentifiseer en verstaan word. In hierdie studie is die grondeienskappe van ‘n hoogs geërodeerde opvanggebied in Maphutseng, Lesotho ondersoek. Die dongaverspreiding in die opvanggebied, in 1957 en 2004 respektiewelik, is vanaf lugfoto’s gekarteer. Die kaarte wys waar in die landskap dongas gedurende hierdie tyd ontwikkel het. Die dongakaarte is op kaarte van verskeie gronderosie faktore gesuperponeer om die ruimtelike verspreiding van die erosie faktore met die donga verspreiding te korreleer. ‘n Grondkaart is spesiaal vir hierdie doel opgestel. Hierdie analise het gewys dat donga-ontwikkeling tussen 1957 en 2004 hoofsaaklik op die area waar dupleks gronde voorkom plaasgevind het. Die res van die opvanggebied het weinig verskille in donga verspreiding in hierdie tyd ondergaan. Die ontstaan van die dongas in die dupleksgronde word toegeskryf aan tonnelerosie. Die hoë dispergeerbaarheid van die dupleks grondmonsters, sinkgate wat in die area voorkom en vorige waarnemings deur navorsers in die area verleen bewyse aan hierdie hipotese. In die tweede deel van die studie is die grondeienskappe van sewentien grondprofiele van regoor die opvanggebied ontleed. Die verskil in donga verspreiding tussen die dupleksgrond area en die res van die opvanggebied is toeskryfbaar aan die hoë dispergeerbaarheid van die dupleks gronde. Geen sterk korrelasies is tussen die dispersiwiteits indeks en ander bepaalde grondeienskappe gevind nie. Gesegmenteerde kwantiel regressie is gebruik om die data verder te ontleed. Hierdie ontleding het gewys dat grondmonsters met matige vlakke van totale koolstof (1.17%), ysteroksied (0.9%) en effektiewe katioonuitruilkapasiteit (13.7 cmolc/kg), ondergemiddelde dispergeerbaarheid toon. Waar nie een van hierdie stabiliserings agente in matige hoeveelhede voorkom nie, is selfs gronde met baie lae uitruilbare natriumpersentasie waardes (0.68%) dispersief. Daar is ook gevind dat gronde wat vanuit kolluviale basaltiese afsettings ontwikkel het, minder dispersief is. Die kleur en verskil in klei persentasie tussen die A en B horison van ‘n grond kan as aanduiding dien van die grond se potensiaal vir tonnelerosie. Donker grondkleure (waarde laer as 4 en chroma laer as 3) wys op ‘n lae dispersiwiteit terwyl vrywater in die ondergrond van gronde waar die B horison veel meer klei as die E horison bevat kan akkumuleer. Die aansameling van vrywater in die ondergrond is noodsaaklik vir tonnelvorming. Dus het donker gronde en gronde met ‘n lae klei akkumulasie indeks ‘n lae potensiaal vir tonnelerosie.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Mararakanye, Ndifelani. "A comparative study of gully erosion contributing factors in two tertiary catchments in Mpumalanga South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53518.

Full text

Abstract:

Gully erosion is one of the most important forms of soil erosion due to the loss of agricultural production land, sediment generation that leads to siltation of reservoirs, and damage to infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings and water pipes. Gully erosion has attracted the interest of many scientists worldwide, but some key priority research areas have not yet been widely reported on. A review of gully erosion research in South Africa presented in this study shows that contributing factors have not been addressed sufficiently and that most of the previous research has been confined to the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu Natal regions. This study quantifies, compares and contrasts the influence of various biophysical and land use factors controlling gully erosion, including land use history, from the two tertiary catchments (X12 and W55) of the Komati and Usutu Rivers in the Mpumalanga province. A desktop-based research approach was followed, which includes the extraction of topographic variables, including the slope, upslope contributing area, planform curvature, Topographic Wetness Index and Stream Power Index from contours derived Digital Elevation Models. The study used existing contributing factor datasets including soil, geology, rainfall erosivity and vegetation cover and type. Gullies were digitised manually from a background 0.5m spatial resolution aerial photographs. Land use history and gully dynamics were studied from historical aerial photographs within two selected gully systems. The influence of a contributing factor class on gullies was assessed based on the proportion of gullies in each class, calculated using a zonal approach in ArcGIS®. Zonal results were analysed further using Information Value statistic to assign the weight for each class. Numerous gully erosion features were observed in tertiary catchment X12 (n = 5 397) compared to W55 (n = 1 654). An Information Value statistic in tertiary catchment X12 shows that gullies are influenced by soils with varied depths belonging to oxidic, vertic, duplex, lithic and melanic soil groups. These soil groups overlie ultramafic rocks, colluvium and alluvium deposits and granite rock of Swazian age. Topographic variables influencing gully location include low to moderately steep slopes, concave curvature, higher upslope contributing area, high Topographic Wetness Index and both low and high Stream Power Index. Other contributing factor classes influencing gullies include lower erosivity values, Swaziland sour bushveld, Barberton serpentine sourveld, moderate Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, moderate to high Normalised Difference Vegetation Index and cultivation. In tertiary catchment W55, gullying significantly affects the very deep Hutton dominated soil form with texture varying from loamy sand, sand and very sandy, underlain by granitic rock of Randian age. A topographic influence was observed on moderate to steep slopes on an area where flow accumulates and is characterised by concave and convex planform curvatures, low and high Topographic Wetness Index and high Stream Power Index. Both moderate and moderate to high Normalised Difference Vegetation Index classes have a significant influence on gully location, as does indigenous forest and thicket/ bushland. An historical land use analysis showed that cultivation was responsible for the initiation and expansion of gullies at two selected sites. The findings confirm that factors important in one area are not necessarily important in the other due to factors spatial variability. However, results can be improved by applying and comparing further statistics, deriving new datasets for the study and detailed historical land use and gully dynamics analyses.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MSc
Unrestricted

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Azmera, Luam A. "Estimation of Ravine Sediment Production and Sediment Dynamics in the Lower Le Sueur River Watershed, Minnesota." FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/142.

Full text

Abstract:

This study focuses on quantifying explicitly the sediment budget of deeply incised ravines in the lower Le Sueur River watershed, in southern Minnesota. High-rate-gully-erosion equations along with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) were implemented in a numerical modeling approach that is based on a time-integration of the sediment balance equations. The model estimates the rates of ravine width and depth change and the amount of sediment periodically flushing from the ravines. Components of the sediment budget of the ravines were simulated with the model and results suggest that the ravine walls are the major sediment source in the ravines. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the erodibility coefficients of the gully bed and wall, the local slope angle and the Manning’s coefficient are the key parameters controlling the rate of sediment production. Recommendations to guide further monitoring efforts in the watershed and increased detail modeling approaches are highlighted as a result of this modeling effort.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Chengere, Adera. "Soil erosion and crop productivity : assessment and prediction /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487843314694652.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Camargo, André Aukar Britschgy de. "Avaliação e quantificação da contribuição de uma voçoroca para o assoreamento do Ribeirão das Cruzes, tributário da represa de Três Irmãos, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-10092012-110206/.

Full text

Abstract:

Devido a dificuldade em se modelar a contribuição de aporte de sedimentos provenientes de erosões lineares em uma bacia hidrográfica, muitas vezes estes são desconsiderados nos estudos hidrossedimentológicos, contudo, podem corresponder a parcela significativa do assoreamento. O presente projeto analisou como a contribuição de uma voçoroca no município de Santo Antônio do Aracanguá (SP), para o assoreamento do Ribeirão das Cruzes, tributário do reservatório da UHE Três Irmãos (Rio Tietê). O estudo foi conduzido por meio de pesquisa teórica (levantamento bibliográfico), coletas de dados na área de estudo e por meio de simulação computacional. Com auxílio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento foram quantificados o volume assoreado no tributário determinado por levantamento batimétrico (12,31 hm³) e o volume de solo erodido na voçoroca por meio de levantamento topográfico (0,22 hm³). Comparando estes resultados obtivemos a contribuição de 1,80% da erosão linear para o assoreamento do tributário nos 21,12 anos anteriores a pesquisa. No entanto, devido a estimativa do surgimento e desenvolvimento da voçoroca estar associado aos últimos 7,11 anos, a contribuição no assoreamento para este período foi de 5,17%. O estudo ainda apontou o depósito destes sedimentos nos primeiros 2 km à jusante da interface erosão-represa. Erosões lineares podem contribuir significativamente no processo de assoreamento como demonstrado no estudo de caso, sendo necessário se considerar este tipo de contribuição nos estudos de aporte de sedimento em corpos d\'água.
Due the difficulty of modeling the contribution of sediment delivery from linear erosions in a watershed, these are often overlooked in hydrosedimentological studies, however, may represent a significant portion of siltation. This project analyzes the contribution of a gully erosion in Santo Antonio do Aracanguá (SP) for the sedimentation of Ribeirão das Cruzes, a tributary of the UHE Three Brothers reservoir (Tietê River). The study was conducted from theoretical research (bibliographic research), data collection in the study area and through computer simulation. With the aid of GIS tools were quantified the silted volume in the tributary, determined by bathymetric survey (12.31 hm³) and the volume of eroded soil in the gully erosion by topography surveying (0.22 hm³). Comparing these results, we have obtained the contribution of 1.80% from linear erosion to the sedimentation in the tributary during the 21.12 years preceding the survey. However, due to estimative of the beginning and development of the gully erosion being associated with the last 7.11 years, the contribution to sedimentation in this period was 5.17%. The study also accused the deposit of sediment in the first 2 km downstream interface \"erosion-dam\". Linear erosions can contribute significantly in the process of sedimentation as shown in the study case, being necessary to consider this type of contribution in studies of sediment input into water bodies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Kunta, Karika. "Effects of geographic information : quality on soil erosion prediction /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18136.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Newman, James Kenneth. "Soil erosion prediction for shaping conservation policy and practice." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3403858.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Le, Roux Jacobus Johannes. "Soil erosion prediction under changing land use on Mauritius." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06122006-105202.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

McConnell, Nicholas, Ingrid Luffman, and Arpita Nandi. "Time-lapse monitoring of sidewall mass-wasting events in a Northeast Tennessee gully." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/137.

Full text

Abstract:

In the southern Appalachians, the dominant soil order, Ultisols, is highly susceptible to erosion. If left unmanaged these soils can develop into gully systems resulting in land degradation. This study examines gully development through sidewall mass-wasting events at a high temporal resolution using 30 minute time-lapse photography. Prior research at this site found significant mass wasting events occurring between weekly monitoring periods. By shortening the interval of observation to 30-minutes, a more accurate understanding of the frequency and intensity of these mass-wasting events, and their relation to meteorological factors, can be determined. Photographs of a gully (approximately 1.5 m deep by 3 m wide at the top) were captured every 30 minutes from 11/29/17 - 2/18/2018 with a WingScape outdoor time-lapse camera mounted on a plastic stake 3.16 m from the gully facing northwest and upstream into the gully channel. A total of n=1648 images were coded using presence/absence indices for six observed geomorphic processes: creep on NE facing sidewall, creep on SW facing sidewall, slump on NE facing sidewall, slump on SW facing sidewall, channel aggradation, and channel development. Precipitation and temperature data were collected every 5 minutes using a Davis Vantage Pro 2 weather station located 240 m from the gully, and were aggregated to various time intervals. Precipitation received in previous 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours were calculated for each image. Two binary temperature variables were generated with values of “1” if temperature dropped below 0 °C (32 °F) during the prior 30 minutes or 24 hours, respectively, and “0” otherwise. Logistic regression models (forward conditional method) for the six geomorphic index variables were generated using the precipitation and temperature data. For creep on the NE facing sidewall, the significant independent variables are 3 hour and 72 hour prior rain, and freeze conditions in the previous 0.5 and 24 hours. On the SW facing sidewall, rain and temperature variables were also important for creep; rain in the previous 12 and 24 hours, and freeze conditions within the previous 24 hours were retained in the model. For slumping on both the NE and SW facing sidewall, recent and prolonged rain were important. Specifically, 1, 6, 12, and 24 hour rainfall were retained in both models, with the addition of 3 hour rainfall in the NE facing sidewall slump model. No temperature variables were retained. For channel aggradation (deposition of material in the channel), rain in the prior 12 and 72 hours, and freezing in the prior 24 hours were important, suggesting that freeze-thaw processes loosen the soil, and subsequent rain events carry material into the channel. When rain stops, the material is then deposited in the channel. Interestingly, no viable model could be developed for channel development (erosion) using these parameters. These results will be useful to quantify meteorological controls on gully erosion at short temporal scales.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Wade, Rebecca Jane. "A quantitative study of waterborne soil erosion on arable land in eastern Scotland : towards erosion prediction." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244481.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Logan, Seth J. "Morphological and Numerical Modeling of a Highly Dynamic Tidal Inlet at Shippagan Gully, New Brunswick." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20527.

Full text

Abstract:

Shippagan Gully is a tidal inlet located near Shippagan, New Brunswick on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It is a particularly complex tidal inlet due to the fact that its tidal lagoon transects the Acadian peninsula and is open to the Bay des Chaleurs at its opposite end. As such, two open boundaries with phase lagged tidal cycles drive flow through the inlet, alternating direction with each tide and reaching velocities in excess of 2m/s. Hydrodynamic and morphological processes at the site are further complicated by the presence of a highly variable wave climate. Presently, shipping practices through the inlet are limited due to continual sedimentation within and immediately offshore from Shippagan Gully. As such, an extensive field study, desktop analysis and numerical and morphological modeling of Shippagan Gully have been conducted in order to provide guidance for future works. Modeling was conducted using the CMS-Wave and CMS-Flow numerical modeling system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Parker, Ronald Dean 1948. "The effect of spatial variability on output from the water erosion prediction project soil erosion computer model." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191165.

Full text

Abstract:

Spatial variability is all that stands between hydrology and science, forcing us to deal in probabilities and averages. Because of scale, we can not consider forces on individual soil particles, water molecules and solute ions when addressing human size problems. We must therefore look at aggregate properties and mean values for parameters and inputs in computer modeling of hydrologic phenomena. This research explores the impact of spatially variable inputs on the Water Erosion Prediction Project soil erosion computer program. Distributions of input variables are generated and assigned randomly to a grid of homogeneous rangeland hillslope elements. Values for runoff volume and sediment loss from each flow path are recorded and averaged to provide a distribution of outputs in the form of a sensitivity analysis. Variabilities of slope, slope length, soil textures, soil characteristics, terrain, convex and concave slopes, soil saturation, rainfall amount and vegetation were examined. Results show that use of mean inputs values in the WEPP representative hillslope model yields very similar outputs to the spatially variable research model using a distribution of inputs in all simulations in the case of totally random bare rangeland soils. When a decreasing trend in soil clay content is introduced in the variable model, the hillslope model using average values as inputs no longer provides a good estimate of the sediment loss. When random vegetation is generated and added to the simulation, runoff volume continues to be similar between the two models, but the sediment loss is much higher in the spatially variable model. In addition, the results of the standard hillslope model are much less responsive to changes in slope than those of the spatially variable model. It is concluded that spatial variability of soils must be considered when there is a linear change in input values with slope position. Likewise spatial variability of vegetation needs to be addressed in order to accurately estimate erosion on the rangeland watersheds considered in this dissertation. It is also found that this type of simulation provides a model for sensitivity analysis of a complex computer programs. Physically related inputs can be generated in such a way as to preserve the desired interrationships and distributions of inputs can be directly compared to generated distributions of outputs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

De, Jager Megan Joan. "An analysis of soil properties associated with badland and gully erosion in rural catchments of the Ngqushwa District, Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3519.

Full text

Abstract:

Accelerated soil erosion holds strong links to excessive land degradation, socioeconomic problems and accelerated climate change, particularly in developing countries such as South Africa. An analysis of the properties of severely eroded soils is undertaken to determine which characteristic properties influence the erodibility of the soils at several gully and badland sites in three catchments of the Ngqushwa rural municipality, which is tagged as one of the area’s most severely affected by soil erosion and degradation in the Eastern Cape. Physical, biological and chemical properties of the soils were analysed, including aggregate stability, soil texture, organic matter- and carbon content, clay mineralogy, sesquioxide content as Fe2O3 and cation composition. The distribution of a number of these properties was also determined, particularly between erosion sites, along hillslope profiles and with depth. The study area comprises three catchments, namely Mgwalana, Bira and Gqora which share common soil parent materials, land use history, exhibit similar topography and advanced degree of erosion. A total of 63 soil samples were strategically collected from identified erosion zones and site controls devoid of active erosion; where stability was evident by means of vegetation cover and soil surface condition. Surface samples were collected above 30cm depth and subsurface samples at depths greater than 30cm. To determine the fate of carbon additional samples were collected from runon and sink zones at the Mgwalana catchment along a transect from top to bottom slope. Laboratory analyses was performed to determine the soil properties, whereby C content was measured by the dry combustion method, Fe2O3- and cation content by Atomic Absorption (AA) Spectrometer, texture by the separation method described by Schlichting, Blume & Stahr (1995), clay mineralogy by X-Ray Diffraction and organic matter content by conversion of total C. In addition to these properties being used to infer aggregate stability, the wet sieving method was also used for this purpose and for validation of the other soil properties. The results revealed that no one soil property has a greater influence on aggregate stability than the others, but rather that the stability of the soil is dependent on the combinations of these properties in the soil and the interactions that occur between them. Based on this, the results indicated greater stability for runon, sink and control samples, mainly in the topsoil, which were characterised by a relatively higher C- and organic matter content, loam texture and higher concentrations of Ca2+. Furthermore, the less stable eroded samples were characterised by a more clay rich texture particularly in the subsoil, relatively lower C- and organic matter contents and a greater sodicity due to higher concentrations of Na+. The least stable soils belonged to the Gqora catchment, which were found to consist of higher silt content in the topsoil and a higher Fe2O3 content in the subsoil. The clay mineralogy was relatively uniform across all catchments, comprising of primarily illite and secondly kaolinite. The sample with the highest sodicity in terms of ESP contained smectite clay in addition to illite and kaolinite which is assumed to contribute to this increased Na+ concentration. These findings aid in the conclusion that the chemical characteristics of the soils, in association with biological and, to a less extent, physical properties of the soil exacerbate the erosion problem initiated by the extrinsic contributors, such as climate and topography. Investigation into the fate of carbon on eroded lands revealed a topographically driven dynamic whereby the total carbon content was found to be greater at the top and middle slope positions as well as in the sink zone. These hillslope sections were found to have a lower slope gradient and slightly more pronounced concave shape to those sections with lower C values. These topographic variables influence the degree of gully erosion taking place at different hillslope sections, which tends to be greater where slope angle is increased and convexity exists, resulting in the removal of soil C at these positions and its deposition in areas of accumulation, namely the runon and sink zones of low angle concave slope sections. The findings of this research may be used to develop restoration and management strategies with the ultimate goal to reduce the soils vulnerability to erosion by enhancing those soil properties conducive to greater aggregate stability as determined in the present study.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Lagesse, Juliette. "Discontinuous gully erosion as a mechanism of wetland formation: a case study of the Kompanjiesdrif basin, Kromrivier, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60540.

Full text

Abstract:

The Kompanjiesdrif basin is an unchannelled valley bottom palmiet wetland located near the headwaters of the Kromrivier in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The wetland itself is underlain by Bokkeveld shales with the bordering mountain ranges comprising more resistant Table Mountain Group quarzitic sandstones. The valley is relatively planar and broad in form over a width of approximately 200 m. None of the existing controls that are considered to lead to valley widening and longitudinal slope reduction are immediately apparent. The basin lies on the Post Africa II erosion surface; with no evidence of a resistant lithology which might act as a local base level, limiting rates of vertical erosion and inducing lateral planing in upstream reaches via a meandering channel. The possible role of sagging of the basin due to long term deep chemical weathering of bedrock is discounted as the lithologies in the basin are sedimentary in origin and thus not susceptible to chemical weathering. The degree to which climate and sea level changes affected rates of incision and subsequent slope reduction is unclear, although their potential influence should be acknowledged. This study examined the geomorphic dynamics as discerned from the sedimentary record and morphology of the wetland basin, which provide a snapshot into the long-term processes which lowered the longitudinal slope and widened this valley. Coring within the wetland to depths of 1 - 3.3 m revealed that the sedimentary fill generally comprised an upward fining sequence, with sand or fine sand at the base, grading into silt and clay and organic material in the upper sections of cores. Occasional instances of multiple fine sand layers were observed in a few of the cores. An increase in the organic content of material from the north to the south side of the wetland and the occurrence of multiple thin layers of sand in the stratigraphy, highlighted the role of the northern tributary alluvial fans in influencing valley form. Sediment from north bank alluvial fans seem to periodically, partially impound the wetland basin. Surveyed transects across the wetland basin along with subsurface coring to the depth to refusal, illustrated a localised increase in longitudinal slope downstream of the nodes of tributary alluvial fan deposits, which impinge on the trunk stream basin. Coupled with the presence of deep, drowned, trench-like features (up to 8 m deep) beneath floating mats of palmiet, which were predominantly free of sedimentary fill and found opposite tributary alluvial fans; confirmed that the northern tributaries play a major role in the structure and geomorphic dynamics of the basin. The trench-like features appeared to be remnants of deep, narrow, discontinuous gullies. Dating of sediment from the base of these features (460-7040 BP) confirmed that they were formed prior to European settlement in the area. Therefore, it is suggested that the localised increase in longitudinal slope, caused by sediment deposition on the alluvial fans, transgresses a geomorphic threshold slope and that gully erosion is thus initiated. The process of repeated gully erosion leads to planing of bedrock and longitudinal slope reduction. Gully erosion forms an integral component of a cycle of deposition and incision referred to as “cut-and-fill”. During each iteration of the cycle of cutting and filling, gullies form in novel locations leading to gradual valley widening. Over geological time scales, the planing of bedrock and resultant valley widening creates a broad planar valley with a very low longitudinal slope; producing conditions suitable for unchannelled valley bottom wetland formation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Bigham, Kari A. "Evaluation and application of the Bank Assessment for Non-Point Source Consequences of Sediment (BANCS) model developed to predict annual streambank erosion rates." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32874.

Full text

Abstract:

Master of Science
Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Trisha L. Moore
Excess sediment is a leading cause of stream impairment in the United States, resulting in poor water quality, sedimentation of downstream waterbodies, and damage to aquatic ecosystems. Numerous case studies have found that accelerated bank erosion can be the main contributor of sediment in impaired streams. An empirically-derived "Bank Assessment for Non-Point Source Consequences of Sediment" (BANCS) model can be developed for a specific hydrophysiographic region to rapidly estimate sediment yield from streambank erosion, based on both physical and observational measurements of a streambank. This study aims to address model criticisms by (1) evaluating the model’s repeatability and sensitivity and (2) examining the developmental process of a BANCS model by attempting to create an annual streambank erosion rate prediction curve for the Central Great Plains ecoregion. To conduct the repeatability and sensitivity analysis of the BANCS model, ten stream professionals with experience utilizing the model individually evaluated the same six streambanks twice in the summer of 2015. To determine the model’s repeatability, individual streambank evaluations, as well as groups of evaluations based on level of Rosgen course training, were compared utilizing Kendall’s coefficient of concordance and a linear model with a randomized complete block design. Additionally, a one-at-a-time design approach was implemented to test sensitivity of model inputs. Statistical analysis of individual streambank evaluations suggests that the implementation of the BANCS model may not be repeatable. This may be due to highly sensitive model inputs, such as streambank height and near-bank stress method selection, and/or highly uncertain model inputs, such as bank material. Furthermore, it was found that higher level of training may improve model implementation precision. In addition to the repeatability and sensitivity analysis, the BANCS model developmental process was examined through the creation of a provisional streambank erosion rate prediction curve for the Central Great Plains ecoregion. Streambank erosion data was collected sporadically from 2006 to 2016 from eighteen study banks within the sediment-impaired Little Arkansas River watershed of south-central Kansas. Model fit was observed to follow the same trends, but with greater dispersion, when compared to other created models throughout the United States and eastern India. This increase in variability could be due to (1) obtaining streambank erosion data sporadically over a 10-year period with variable streamflows, (2) BEHI/NBS ratings obtained only once in recent years, masking the spatiotemporal variability of streambank erosion, (3) lack of observations, and (4) use of both bank profiles and bank pin measurements to calculate average retreat rates. Based on the results of this study, a detailed model creation procedure was suggested that addresses several model limitations and criticisms. Recommendations provided in the methodology include (1) more accurate measurement of sensitive/uncertain BEHI/NBS parameters, (2) multiple assessments by trained professionals to obtain accurate and precise BEHI/NBS ratings, (3) the use of repeated bank profiles to calculate bank erosion rates, and (4) the development of flow-dependent curves based on annually assessed study banks. Subsequent studies should incorporate these findings to improve upon the suggested methodology and increase the predictive power of future BANCS models.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Zalewsky, Brian J. "Use of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model to Predict Road Surface Erosion in Mountain Rangeland Areas." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3655.

Full text

Abstract:

A significant source of sediment in many watersheds is that associated with the layout, construction, and maintenance of roadways. Much work has been done in more mesic forested environments with little or none in semiarid systems. Acc urate estimation of runoff and sediment yield from native surfaced roads located in semiarid mountainous ecosystems is important to both private and public regulatory agencies. The Watershed Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model represents the most current erosion prediction technology. WEPP has been applied to the problems of logging road erosion in more mesic forests but has not been tested or evaluated on roadways located in semiarid mountainous ecosystems. Six rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to measure runoff and sediment yield off three separate plots located on Tickville Road, located on Camp W.G. Williams, a National Guard Training Center in Utah . These data were compared with runoff and erosion estimates produced by the WEPP model. WEPP cropland and rangeland erodibility equations were used to predict rill erodibility (Kr), interrill erodibility (Ki), and critical shear (TAUc). These were tested for their effectiveness in predicting road erodibilities in these environments. A sensitivity analysis was performed on those parameters that were suspected of having a substantial impact on model output and accuracy. There was an excellent correlation between predicted and observed total runoff volumes for all simulations (R2= 0.96). The differences were greater than 10% only for plot 2 wet; otherwise, the average difference for all six simulations was 4.9%. When using Kr, K.i , and TAUc as predicted by rangeland methods, predicted sediment yields differed from those measured, on average, by 82%. Predicted sediment yields differed by only 22% compared to calculated sediment yields, when using the cropland erodibility equations to predict Kr, K.i , and TAUc. A sensitivity analysis showed that percent slope, slope length, days since last tillage, and ridge roughness all had a significant impact on WEPP predicted sediment yields. Results show the effectiveness of the WEPP model in predicting runoff and erosion off native surfaced roads in these semiarid mountainous regions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Wang, Wei. "A hydrograph-based prediction of meander migration." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3805.

Full text

Abstract:

Meander migration is a process in which water flow erodes soil on one bank and deposits it on the opposite bank creating a gradual shift of the bank line over time. For bridges crossing such a river, the soil foundation of the abutments may be eroded away before the designed lifetime is reached. For highways parallel to and close to such a river, the whole road may be eaten away. This problem is costing millions of dollars to TxDOT in protection of affected bridges and highway embankments. This research is aimed at developing a methodology which will predict the possible migration of a meander considering the design life of bridges crossing it and highways parallel to it. The approaches we use are experimental tests, numerical simulation, modeling of migration, risk analysis, and development of a computer program. Experimental tests can simulate river flow in a controlled environment. Influential parameters can be chosen, adjusted, and varied systematically to quantify their influence on the problem. The role of numerical simulation is to model the flow field and the stress field at the soil-water interface. Migration modeling is intended to integrate the results of experimental tests and numerical simulations and to develop a model which can make predictions. The Hyperbolic Model is used and its two major components Mmax equation and τmax equation are developed. Uncertainties in the parameters used for prediction make deterministic prediction less meaningful. Risk analysis is used to make the prediction based on a probabilistic approach. Hand calculation is too laborious to apply these procedures. Thus the development of a user friendly computer program is needed to automate the calculations. Experiments performed show that the Hyperbolic Model matches the test data well and is suitable for the prediction of meander migration. Based on analysis of shear stress data from numerical simulation, the τmax equation was derived for the Hyperbolic Model. Extensive work on the simplification of river geometry produced a working solution. The geometry of river channels can be automatically simplified into arcs and straight lines. Future hydrograph is critical to risk analysis. Tens of thousands of hydrographs bearing the same statistical characteristics as in history can be generated. The final product that can be directly used, the MEANDER program, consists of 11,600 lines of code in C++ and 2,500 lines of code in Matlab, not including the part of risk analysis. The computer program is ready for practice engineers to make predictions based on the findings of this research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Basso, Luciana. "ESTUDO DA ERODIBILIDADE DE SOLOS E ROCHAS SEDIMENTARES DE UMA VOÇOROCA NA CIDADE DE SÃO FRANCISCO DE ASSIS - RS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7821.

Full text

Abstract:

The study of which this Master s Thesis results was developed in a gully along State Highway RS 377, in the city of São Francisco de Assis, RS. Themain objective of this study was theerodibilityof the superficial soils(horizons A,BandC) and of the rock substrate(layers 1Aand2C) of atypical profile from the gully area. Themethodology used consisted in review ofliterature, field investigation, characterization testings, chemical testings, direct shear resistance testings, testingsforindirect valuation (degradation and infiltration testings and loss by immersion) and indirect valuation (Inderbitzen) of erodibility and the comparison with the proposal from Bastos (1999) of an estimate of erodibility of unsaturated soils in Porto Alegre region. The results obtained from the erodibility indirect testing through the erodibility factor estimate (KUSLE), from soil disaggregation potential valuation and from criterion based on MCT methodology were as follows: for horizons A, B and C and layers 2C and 1A, the values were between 0,10 and 0,21, and it was verified that these materials cannot be separated regarding erodibility. The MCT methodology presented good relation and correspondence between the testing results and the soils/rocks behavior on the studied location, proving its applicability to these materials. The direct valuation, achieved through the Inderbitzen testings, whose main purpose is to quantify the erodibility of the studied soils and rocks, through the erodibility rate, K and the hydraulic critical shearing stress (thcrít), confirmed that the loss of soil is as higher as higher is the ramp and the testing flow. According to this assessment, for sandstones samples (layers 2C and 1A), it was verified some tendency for higher values of erodibility in air-dried condition. It was also verified higher erodibility values from the horizon C and sandstone layers compared to the layer A. Regarding to the horizon B, the values were situated in an intermediate level. The horizon A presented a value for K=0,0095 g/cm²/min/Pa, lower than the result from horizon B (K=0,17 g/cm²/min/Pa). The values of K for the horizon C and the layers of sandstone were between 0,33 and 0,42 g/cm²/min/Pa. It was not possible to determine the critical hydraulic stress for the horizon A, but for the horizon B these values were between 1 and 1,3 Pa. For the horizon C and the sandstones, these values were between 0,5 and 1 Pa. The horizon C and the sandstones from the layers 2C and 1A were the more potentially erodible materials. Due to the little amount of fine portion, the little organic matter and the low plasticity, these horizons/layers are more erodible than the soils studied by Bastos (199) e Fernandes (2011). The criterion that presented a better correlation with the geothecnic purpose from Bastos (1999) were the erodibility coefficient obtained through the Inderbitzen testing and the erodibility criteria from the MCT methodology.
A pesquisa, da qual resulta esta dissertação de mestrado, foi desenvolvida em uma voçoroca localizada as margens da RS 377, no município de São Francisco de Assis, RS. O objetivo principal foi o estudo da erodibilidade dos solos superficiais (horizontes A, B e C) e do substrato rochoso (camadas 2C e 1A) de um perfil típico da área da voçoroca. A metodologia aplicada consistiu no levantamento bibliográfico; investigação de campo, ensaios de caracterização, ensaios químicos, ensaios de resistência ao cisalhamento direto, ensaios para avaliação indireta (ensaios de desagregação, infiltrabilidade e perda por imersão) e direta (Inderbitzen) da erodibilidade e comparação com a proposta de Bastos (1999) para a estimativa da erodibilidade de solos não saturados na região de Porto Alegre. Os resultados obtidos na avaliação indireta da erodibilidade através da estimativa do fator erodibilidade (KUSLE), da avaliação do potencial de desagregação dos solos e dos critérios baseados na metodologia MCT foram os seguintes: para os solos dos horizontes A, B e C e camadas 2C e 1A, situou-se entre 0,10 e 0,21, verificando que não se consegue separar estes materiais quanto à erodibilidade. A metodologia MCT apresentou uma boa relação e correspondência entre os resultados dos ensaios e o comportamento dos solos/rochas nos locais estudados, comprovando sua aplicabilidade a estes materiais. A avaliação direta, feita através dos ensaios de Inderbitzen, os quais tem por objetivo quantificar a erodibilidade dos solos e rochas estudadOs, através da taxa de erodibilidade, K e a tensão cisalhante hidráulica crítica (thcrít), confirmou que a perda de solo é tanto maior quanto maior for à inclinação da rampa e a vazão de ensaio. Segundo esta avaliação, para as amostras de arenito (camadas 2C e 1A) verificou-se certa tendência de valores mais elevados de erodibilidade na condição seca ao ar. Também se verificou valores mais elevados de erodibilidade do horizonte C e camadas de arenito em relação ao horizonte A. No horizonte B os valores situaram-se em um patamar intermediário. O horizonte A apresentou um valor de K = 0,0095 g/cm2/min/Pa, bem inferior ao horizonte B (K = 0,17 g/cm2/min/Pa). Os valores de K para o horizonte C e camadas de arenito situaram-se entre 0,33 e 0,42 g/cm2/min/Pa. Não se conseguiu determinar as tensões hidráulicas críticas para o horizonte A, mas para o horizonte B estas se situaram entre 1 e 1,3 Pa. Para o horizonte C e os arenitos estes valores situaram-se entre 0,5 e 1Pa. O horizonte C e os arenitos das Camadas 2C e 1A foram os materiais mais potencialmente erodíveis. Devido a fração fina ser pequena, pouca matéria orgânica e baixa plasticidade, estes horizontes/camadas são mais erodíveis que os solos estudados por Bastos (1999) e Fernandes (2011). Os critérios que obtiveram melhor correlação com a proposta geotécnica de Bastos (1999) foram o coeficiente de erodibilidade obtido no ensaio Inderbitzen e o critério de erodibilidade da metodologia MCT.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Fernandes, Jozélia Assunção. "ESTUDO DA ERODIBILIDADE DE SOLOS E ROCHAS DE UMA VOÇOROCA EM SÃO VALENTIM, RS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7774.

Full text

Abstract:

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The research of which this Master's Thesis results was carried out in a gully known as Buraco Fundo (Deep Hole), located in the municipality of Santa Maria, in Rio Grande do Sul. The main objective was the study of the erodibility of surface soils (horizon A/B) and rocky substrate (altered rock, siltstone and sandstone) of a typical profile of the gully area. The methodology used in this study consisted in review of the literature, field investigation, tests of characterization, indirect assessment (tests of disaggregation, infiltration and loss by immersion) and direct assessment (Inderbitzen); as well as comparision with the proposal of Bastos (1999) for estimating the erodobility of unsaturated soils in the region of Porto Alegre. The results obtained out of the indirect assessment of erodibility by means of estimating the erodibility factor (KUSLE), of assessing the potential of soil disaggregation, and of criteria based on MTC methodology are: for the soils of the horizon A/B and of the altered rock the factor KUSLE has been situated between 0,20 and 0,30, being them classified as medium erodibility rate; for the layers of siltstone and sandstone that parameter has been set between 0,30 and 0,54, allowing to characterize them as materials of medium to high rate of erodibility. The tests of disaggregation showed the weaker resistence of sandstone under flooding, owing to its low cementation. The test results based on the MCT methodology have highlighted the greater susceptibility to erosion of the sandstone layer in relation to other materials. In the direct assessment of erodibility, through Inderbitzen testing, the sandstone has been found to be more erosive (K = 0.045), mainly in air-dried samples. According to Bastos' (1999) proposal of geotechnical approach, e.g. the parameter K in natural moisture, both layers have been classified as medium to low erodibility. The result of the coefficient of erodibility KUSLE has been presented as consistent with the approach proposed by the author (KUSLE > 0.20), showing that the sandstone constituted the most erosive layer. Besides, through the analysis of Pp,200, it has been found that among the layers studied the sandstone is the most erosive one. As regards the plasticity index (PI), the ratio of dispersion (RD), and through the analysis of parameter Δc, the tendency proposed by Bastos has not been found in this work. The parameters proposed by Bastos (1999), which presented the best performance have been Pp,200, the factor KUSLE, and the erodibility criteria of MTC methodology.
A pesquisa, da qual resulta esta dissertação de mestrado, se desenvolveu em uma voçoroca, conhecida como Buraco Fundo localizada no município de Santa Maria/RS. O objetivo principal foi o estudo da erodibilidade dos solos superficiais (horizonte A/B) e do substrato rochoso (rocha alterada, siltito e arenito) de um perfil típico da área da voçoroca. A metodologia aplicada neste estudo consistiu no levantamento bibliográfico, investigação de campo, ensaios de caracterização e de avaliação indireta (ensaios de desagregação, infiltrabilidade e perda por imersão) e direta (Inderbitzen), e comparação com a proposta de Bastos (1999) para estimativa da erodibilidade de solos não saturados na região de Porto Alegre. Os resultados obtidos na avaliação indireta da erodibilidade através da estimativa do fator de erodibilidade (KUSLE), da avaliação do potencial de desagregação dos solos e dos critérios baseados na metodologia MCT são os seguintes: para o solo do horizonte A/B bem como o de rocha alterada o fator KUSLE situou-se entre 0,20 e 0,30, sendo estes classificados como de média erodibilidade; para as camadas de siltito e de arenito este parâmetro situou-se entre 0,30 e 0,54, caracterizando-as como materiais de média a alta erodibilidade. Os ensaios de desagregação mostraram a menor resistência do arenito frente à inundação, devido à sua baixa cimentação. Os resultados dos ensaios baseados na Metodologia MCT destacam a maior susceptibilidade à erosão da camada de arenito em relação aos outros materiais. Na avaliação direta da erodibilidade, através do ensaio de Inderbitzen, o arenito apresentou-se mais erodível (K=0,045), principalmente nas amostras secas ao ar. Conforme a proposta de abordagem geotécnica de Bastos (1999), o parâmetro K na umidade natural, ambas as camadas foram classificadas como de média a baixa erodibilidade. O resultado do coeficiente de erodibilidade KUSLE apresentou-se coerente com abordagem proposta pelo autor (KUSLE >0,20), sendo o arenito a camada mais erodível. Com a análise da Pp,200, verificou-se que o arenito é a camada mais erodível das estudadas. Quanto ao índice de plasticidade (IP), razão de dispersão (RD) e através da análise do parâmetro Δc, a tendência proposta por Bastos não foi verificada no trabalho. Os parâmetros apresentados na proposta de Bastos (1999), que tiveram melhor desempenho foram a Pp,200, o fator KUSLE e o critério de erodibilidade da Metodologia MCT.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Francisco, Alyson Bueno [UNESP]. "O processo de voçorocamento no perímetro urbano de Rancharia-SP: sua dinâmica e as propostas de recuperação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96673.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 francisco_ab_me_prud.pdf: 3051307 bytes, checksum: a3f132b660618cadabfd98f2b9f5e713 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A erosão de solos tornou-se um problema ambiental e social, sendo a erosão linear do tipo voçorocamento a mais impactante. Inúmeras cidades vivenciam as consequências causadas pelas voçorocas localizadas nas áreas de baixas vertentes e fundos de vale, e os custos ao poder público para a recuperação destas áreas degradadas é significativo. Diante deste cenário preocupante, este trabalho visou apresentar a dinâmica de um processo de voçorocamento localizado na periferia da cidade de Rancharia-SP, na escala espacial e temporal, tendo como objetivo principal apresentar propostas para o controle da erosão acelerada. Através do método das estacas foi possível apontar as áreas com maiores taxas erosivas laminares e lineares, em uma parcela da área degradada. No método de barramentos com o uso de bambus e pneus, implantados em canais de escoamento concentrado, foi possível constatar que a metodologia de baixo custo apresentou resultados positivos, com a queda das taxas de erosão e regeneração da vegetação rasteira. Além dos resultados experimentais de campo, o trabalho relacionou os elementos da paisagem com a dinâmica do processo erosivo e apresentou as políticas de controle de erosão urbana, procurando apontar as alternativas viáveis na recuperação de áreas degradadas.
The soil erosion has become an environmental and social problem, and the linear erosion of the most striking type gully. Many cities experience the consequences caused by the gullies located in areas of lower slopes and valley bottoms, and the costs to the government to recover these degraded areas is significant. Faced with this troubling scenario, this work was to present the dynamics of a process of gullies located on the outskirts of Rancharia, Sao Paulo State, at spatial and temporal scale, having as main objective to present proposals to control accelerated erosion. Through the method of cutting was possible to identify the areas with increased rates of erosion laminar and linear in a portion of the degraded area. In the method of barriers with the use of bamboo and tires, set up in outlets concentrated, it was established that the low-cost method showed positive results, with falling rates of erosion and regeneration of undergrowth. In addition to the experimental results of field work related elements of the landscape with the dynamics of erosion and introduced policies of urban erosion control, trying to point out viable alternatives in the recovery of degraded areas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Nairn, Robert Bruce. "Prediction of cross-shore sediment transport and beach profile evolution." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46463.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Srivastava, Anurag Dougherty Mark Zech Wesley C. "Application and evaluation of WEPP in a forested watershed with perennial streams." Auburn, Ala., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/2036.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Francisco, Alyson Bueno. "O processo de voçorocamento no perímetro urbano de Rancharia-SP : sua dinâmica e as propostas de recuperação /." Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96673.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes
Banca: Antonio Manoel dos Santos Oliveira
Banca: Edson Luís Piroli
Resumo: A erosão de solos tornou-se um problema ambiental e social, sendo a erosão linear do tipo voçorocamento a mais impactante. Inúmeras cidades vivenciam as consequências causadas pelas voçorocas localizadas nas áreas de baixas vertentes e fundos de vale, e os custos ao poder público para a recuperação destas áreas degradadas é significativo. Diante deste cenário preocupante, este trabalho visou apresentar a dinâmica de um processo de voçorocamento localizado na periferia da cidade de Rancharia-SP, na escala espacial e temporal, tendo como objetivo principal apresentar propostas para o controle da erosão acelerada. Através do método das estacas foi possível apontar as áreas com maiores taxas erosivas laminares e lineares, em uma parcela da área degradada. No método de barramentos com o uso de bambus e pneus, implantados em canais de escoamento concentrado, foi possível constatar que a metodologia de baixo custo apresentou resultados positivos, com a queda das taxas de erosão e regeneração da vegetação rasteira. Além dos resultados experimentais de campo, o trabalho relacionou os elementos da paisagem com a dinâmica do processo erosivo e apresentou as políticas de controle de erosão urbana, procurando apontar as alternativas viáveis na recuperação de áreas degradadas.
Abstract: The soil erosion has become an environmental and social problem, and the linear erosion of the most striking type gully. Many cities experience the consequences caused by the gullies located in areas of lower slopes and valley bottoms, and the costs to the government to recover these degraded areas is significant. Faced with this troubling scenario, this work was to present the dynamics of a process of gullies located on the outskirts of Rancharia, Sao Paulo State, at spatial and temporal scale, having as main objective to present proposals to control accelerated erosion. Through the method of cutting was possible to identify the areas with increased rates of erosion laminar and linear in a portion of the degraded area. In the method of barriers with the use of bamboo and tires, set up in outlets concentrated, it was established that the low-cost method showed positive results, with falling rates of erosion and regeneration of undergrowth. In addition to the experimental results of field work related elements of the landscape with the dynamics of erosion and introduced policies of urban erosion control, trying to point out viable alternatives in the recovery of degraded areas.
Mestre

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Prieto, Carla Corrêa. "Investigação sobre a implantação de loteamentos e a ocorrência de processos erosivos: voçoroca situada no Jardim Santa Edwirges em Ponta Grossa - PR." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2010. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/519.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Correa Prieto.pdf: 8419682 bytes, checksum: 9829b418de394d33b2eb17754ec8a160 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The urban area of Ponta Grossa city, located in Parana state, South of Brazil, has different kinds of erosion process, as landslides, river erosion, hillslopes, piping and gully erosion. These processes occur even in authorized as much as in unauthorized areas. The present research intends to comprehend the relations connecting the urban planning and the erosion process occurrences. As a base for the research, it was studied a gully erosion located near Jardim Santa Edwirges and Vila Romana. As well, the aims of this study it to comprehend which were the factors that influenced the occurrence and the evolution of this gully erosion. Therefore, the present research intends to investigate the relation between the rock base and its fragility to accelerated erosion, besides, it has been done an analysis of the rain data from 1946 to 2009, as the water is known as a relevant factor in the erosion process. Finally, it has been made chronological analysis, aiming to comprehend the influence of the street shapes, especially without a drainage system, as an influence in the development and evolution of the gully channels. Although, to elaborate the chronological analysis, it was used aerial photographs and a satellite image. The dates chosen were 1980, 1995 and 2009, because those were the available images with appropriated scale/resolution, according to the size of the studied area. It was also made a comparison of photographs and information acquired in loco, during the research time, as they made possible to observe the recent changes and the fast environmental degradation.
A área urbana do município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, possui diferentes tipos de processos erosivos como escorregamentos, solapamentos de margens e desmoronamentos, além de erosão subterrânea remontante com colapsos associados e voçorocas. Estes processos ocorrem tanto em área de ocupação regular como irregular. Com isso, realizou-se o presente trabalho com o intuito de compreender quais são as relações entre o planejamento urbano e a ocorrência de processos erosivos. Foi utilizada como base para o estudo a voçoroca que se localiza nas proximidades do Jardim Santa Edwirges e da Vila Romana. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho é compreender quais são os fatores que possibilitaram a ocorrência e o contínuo aumento da voçoroca em questão. Para tanto, o presente trabalho visou investigar a relação entre o substrato geológico e sua fragilidade para ocorrência de erosão acelerada, realizou-se uma análise dos índices pluviométricos de Ponta Grossa entre 1946 e 2009, visto que a água é um fator relevante na ocorrência de processos erosivos. E finalmente, foram realizadas análises temporais para compreender a influência do traçado das ruas, mesmo que sem pavimentação, porém sem sistemas de captação de água pluvial completos, como influencia na formação e no crescimento dos canais da voçoroca. Desse modo, para a elaboração do estudo temporal, foram utilizadas fotografias aéreas e imagem de satélite. As datas escolhidas para a análise da evolução foram 1980, 1995 e 2006 em decorrência da disponibilidade de material com escala/resolução espacial compatíveis com o tamanho da área estudada. Realizou-se a comparação de fotografia e informações obtidas em campo, ao longo do período da pesquisa, visando observar as alterações recentes, e a rapidez da degradação do ambiente.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Neves, Monique de Paula. "Análise dos processos erosivos na Bacia do Córrego do Meio - município de São Pedro (SP): estudo do desencadeamento das erosões." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-11072017-110454/.

Full text

Abstract:

No âmbito da geomorfologia pressupõe-se que existe uma relação entre declividade (S) e área de contribuição (A) que condiciona o escoamento superficial necessário para ocasionar o surgimento das erosões. A relação entre estes parâmetros pode ser expressa pelo índice S = aA-b, que representa o limiar crítico de desencadeamento das erosões. Implementando este índice no SIG, pode-se elaborar produtos cartográficos com a finalidade de reproduzir espacialmente as áreas críticas sujeitas a ocorrência das erosões. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um estudo sobre o desencadeamento das erosões lineares, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento para obtenção dos parâmetros A e S. A área em estudo compreende a Bacia do Córrego do Meio, localizada no município de São Pedro - SP, e apresenta uma área de 48,06 km². Os pontos de feições erosivas foram compilados de trabalhos realizados previamente na área, e também por meio do levantamento em imagens de satélites e ortofotos, totalizando 58 pontos de erosões. O modelo digital de elevação (MDE), mapa de área de contribuição e declividade foram elaborados em ambiente SIG, com diferentes pixels de saída, 2, 10 e 30 metros, e para processamento dos dados hidrológicos foram utilizados dois algoritmos: D8 e D-Infinity. Os parâmetros A e S foram calculados para cada uma das feições, analisadas de maneira integrada, e com base em características especificas como posição no relevo e profundidade dos canais. O tamanho do pixel de saída refletiu significativamente na obtenção dos parâmetros A e S, por isso, foram utilizados os modelos com resoluções maiores, pois corresponderam melhor às características da área. Em relação aos algoritmos de fluxo acumulado o D-Infinity apresentou dados mais condizentes com a topografia, e possibilitou o ajuste matemático do limiar crítico no gráfico S x A. O índice obtido a partir da análise integrada foi S = 0,060A-0,280, o índice para feições localizadas em encosta S = 0,0539A-0,412, e feições em drenagem S = 0,0748A-0,397. Além destes, foram obtidos outros índices específicos, determinados conforme a profundidade das feições (< 0,5; 0,5 a 1; 1 a 1,5 e > 1,5 m). A implementação dos índices no SIG possibilitou a elaboração das Cartas de Zoneamento de Áreas de Ocorrência de Erosão que apresentaram resultados consistentes, quando comparadas com outros produtos cartográficos, e podem orientar a ocupação adequada nestes locais, evitando a deflagração de novos processos. Apesar de ser um modelo de predição de erosão simples, os dados obtidos auxiliaram a compreensão dos mecanismos de desencadeamento, por isso, podem subsidiar as ações de planejamento ambiental, visando à recuperação das áreas comprometidas, com o intuito de minimizar os danos ambientais, e as perdas econômicas e sociais.
Considering the geomorphology aspects, it is assumed that there is a relationship between slope (S) and contributing area (A) which determines the runoff necessary for the onset of erosion. The relationship between the morphometric parameters can be expressed by the index S = aA-b which represents the topographic threshold for the onset of erosion. Implementing this index in the GIS, cartographic products can be performed with the purpose of reproducing spatially the critical areas subject to the erosion occurrence. The aim of this work is the study if the onset of gully erosions using geoprocessing techniques to obtain the parameters A and S. The study area is the watershed of the Córrego do Meio, located in São Pedro, São Paulo state, with an approximated area of 48.06 km². The erosion feature was compiled from previous study in the area and also through the survey on satellite images and orthophotographs, totalizing 58 erosion points. The digital elevation model (DEM), contribution area and slope were performed in GIS, with different output pixels, 2, 10 and 30 meters, and for the hydrological data processing, two algorithms were used: D8 and D-Infinity. The parameters A and S were calculated for each of the erosion feature, which were analyzed as a whole, and also based on the specific characteristics such as position in the landforms and depth of the channels. The size of the output pixel reflected significantly in obtaining the parameters A and S, therefore, models with higher resolutions were used because they better represent the characteristics of the area. In relation to the flow accumulation algorithms, D-Infinity presented more consistent data with the topography, and enabled the mathematical adjustment of the threshold in the S x A chart. The index obtained from the analysis of all erosion was S = 0.060A-0.280, the index for erosions located in hillside S = 0.0539A-0.412, and erosions in drainage S = 0.0748A-0.397. Besides these, other specific indices were determined, according to the depth of the channels (< 0.5, 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1.5 and > 1.5 m). The implementation of the indexes in the GIS made possible to perform the Zoning Map of Probable Erosion Areas, which showed consistent results when compared to other cartographic products and may direct suitable occupancy in these locations, so as to avoid the onset of new processes. Although it is a model for prediction of simple erosion, the obtained data helped to understand the mechanisms of the onset of the gully erosion, and therefore, can subsidize the actions of environmental planning, aiming at the recovery of the committed areas, with the aim of minimizing environmental damage and economic and social losses.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Pudasaini, Madhu S., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Engineering and Industrial Design. "Erosion modelling under different land use management practices." THESIS_CSTE_EID_Pudasaini_M.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/721.

Full text

Abstract:

Soil erosion has been recognised as a global threat against the sustainability of natural ecosystem. The work in this thesis has been undertaken to assist in combating this threat, and addresses the soil erosion issues associated with urban construction activities. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was employed in this research work and the parameters associated with the model were calibrated. This model was chosen for calibration, as it has been proven to be an easy to use tool yet providing reasonable results. Large scale rainfall simulators developed at UWS were used for rainfall simulation at two sites with diverse soil types: dispersive clayey soils at Penrith and highly permeable sandy soil at Somersby (Both in New South Wales, Australia). It is concluded that RUSLE can be successfully used in single storms for erosion prediction. Calibrated values of RUSLE parameters are useful in predicting soil erosion from the construction sites in NSW. It is also identified that in rolled smooth land condition, clayey soils are more erodible than sandy soil. Specific support practices such as short grass strips, gravel bags and silt fences are identified as very effective erosion control measures in reducing soil erosion from 45% to 85%. These results will be very useful in soil erosion prediction planning and conservation management in NSW.
Master of Engineering (Hons)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Canfield, Howard Evan. "Spatial Variability and Model Complexity in Erosion Prediction on a Semiarid Rangeland Watershed." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296550.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Liao, Yi-Jiun. "A study of armouring effects and erosion depth prediction models for alluvial channels." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313740.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Moosavi, Atena, Sven Osterland, Dominik Krahl, Lutz Müller, and Jürgen Weber. "Numerical prediction and experimental investigation of cavitation erosion of hydraulic components using hfc." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71096.

Full text

Abstract:

Hydraulic devices play an essential role in mechanical engineering due to their high-power density, good controllability, flexible application and high robustness, which expose innovative methods of energy transmission. However, in applications where there is an increased risk of fire or explosion, the commonly used combustible mineral oils represent an unacceptable safety hazard. In such cases, fireresistant, water-based hydraulic fluids are in demand. A special feature of these liquids is their high cavitation tendency and the associated strong erosion wear. The aim of this research is to predict the cavitation behaviour of HFC and the subsequent erosion phenomena using numerical methods and to validate the results with experiments. Additionally, experimental results for HFC were compared with HLP. The findings help to implement further developments to decrease the erosive effect of cavitation in high-pressure differences in hydraulic components. For this purpose, flow geometries of typical hydraulic components, e.g. valve and pump, are used for experimental and numerical investigation. The large-eddy simulation (LES) turbulent modelling is used with Zwart-Gerber cavitation model. The cavitation aggressiveness is quantified by cavitation erosion indices according to Nohmi.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prediction of gully erosion'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles