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Books on the topic 'Predisposing factors'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Allen, Kathryn Diane. Predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors associated with women's reported pap smear screening behaviour. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.

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2

Mradi wa Kupambana na UKIMWI (Zanzibar). Predisposing risk factors and STI infections among correctional facilities students "prisoners" in Zanzibar-Tanzania, April-June 2008. Zanzibar: Zanzibar AIDS Control Programme, 2008.

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3

Valle, Sirkka-Liisa. Predisposing factors and early characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a cohort of homosexual men in Finland. Helsinki: University Central Hospital, Dept. of Dermatology, 1987.

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4

Speedy, Patrika A. Y. A study of the predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors which influence the involvement of general dentalpractitioners in oral health promotion with their patients. [s.l: The Author], 1994.

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5

London, Geological Society of, ed. Weathering as a predisposing factor to slope movements. London: Geological Society, 2010.

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6

J, Mass Marc, and Health Effects Research Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, N.C.). Genetic Toxicology Division. Carcinogenesis and Metabolism Branch., eds. Cancer of the respiratory tract: Predisposing factors. New York: Raven Press, 1985.

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7

Predisposing Factors for Knee Injury in Air Force Academy Cadets. Storming Media, 2001.

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8

Behzadi, Payam, ed. Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections - Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75386.

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9

Bullock, Kim, and John J. Barry. Psychiatric Factors. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0003.

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Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is a multifactorial illness requiring a personalized biopsychosocial (BPS) formulation across the lifespan to understand its causes. This chapter reviews the current evidence focusing on predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and prognostic variables (4P’s), merging them into a chronologically based 4P-BPS model. Positive PNES randomized controlled trials suggest that self-efficacy and illness beliefs, avoidance behaviors, trigger sensitization, and comorbid psychiatric disorders are important etiological variables to target during treatment. Epidemiological and neurobiological research suggests that further treatment development focusing on the causal impact of trauma and affect dysregulation is lacking and is warranted going forward. The clinical implications for the evidence to date, as well as recommendations for translating current knowledge into therapeutic behaviors, are discussed.
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10

Mass, Marc J., David G. Kaufman, Jill M. Siegfried, and Vernon E. Steele. Cancer of the Respiratory Tract: Predisposing Factors (Carcinogenesis : a Comprehensive Survey, Vol 8). Raven Press, 1985.

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11

Chatzistavrou, Evangelia. Predisposing factors to formation of cleft lip and palate: Inherited craniofacial skeletal morphology. 2003.

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12

Bushinsky, David A., and Orson Moe. Calcium stones. Edited by Mark E. De Broe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0201.

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Key predisposing factors in calcium stone formation are idiopathic hypercalciuria, primary hyperparathyroidism, and hyperoxaluria (dietary, enteric, idiopathic, sometimes genetic). These are described in detail. Other predisposing conditions include renal tubular acidosis, and risk factors identified in epidemiological studies such as hypocitraturia, increased urinary urate. is defined as an excess of urine calcium excretion without a discernible metabolic cause.
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13

Alfonso, César A., Eva Stern-Rodríguez, and Mary Ann Cohen. Suicide and HIV. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0025.

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HIV is a risk factor for suicide. Even after developing effective treatments and reducing mortality of HIV in countries with access to care, psychological and medical multimorbidities continue to create distress. This chapter reviews the global epidemiology of suicide in persons with HIV and describes the known predisposing and protective factors, as well as the psychodynamics of suicide. Predisposing factors include course of illness, symptomatic multimorbidities, physical incapacity, history of trauma, past attempts, hopelessness, family suicide, bereavement, poor social support and family relations, unemployment, unstable housing, detectable viral load, and access to lethal means. Protective factors include positive-reappraisal coping skills, treatment adherence, responsibility toward family, having reasons for living, religiosity, higher emotional expression, experiential involvement, and secure attachments. By identifying protective and risk factors clinicians can be more cognizant of persons at risk and better equipped to treat them. Timely application of psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and psychosocial interventions can treat suicidality and may prevent death by suicide.
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14

Bowker, Lesley K., James D. Price, Ku Shah, and Sarah C. Smith. Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738381.003.0008.

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This chapter provides information on definition and classification, predisposing factors, acute assessment, investigations, acute management, stroke units, thrombolysis, intra-arterial therapies, ongoing management, complications, longer-term issues, and transient ischaemic attack clinics.
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15

Turney, Ben, and John Reynard. Kidney stones. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0013.

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The composition of kidney stones is variable and the predisposing factors multifactorial. Consequently, a detailed evaluation of the patient’s lifestyle, diet, fluid intake, medical history, drug history, urinary tract anatomy, blood, and urine biochemistry and stone composition is required determine predisposing factors for stone formation in an individual patient. Combinatorial subtle variants in biochemistry may act synergistically to increase risk of stone formation/recurrence. Many medications may alter blood and/or urine biochemistry and predispose to stone formation. Corticosteroids increase absorption of calcium from the gut and cause hypercalciuria. Topirimate (for seizures or migraines), sulphasalazine (for rheumatoid arthritis), diuretics containing triamterene, acetazolamide (for myotonia), antacids containing trisilicate, calcium supplements, vitamin D supplements, vitamin C in high doses, indinavir (for HIV), and some herbal medicines (containing ephedrine) all increase stone risk.
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16

Sinnott, Bridget, Naim M. Maalouf, Khashayar Sakhaee, and Orson W. Moe. Medical management of nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis. Edited by Mark E. De Broe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0205_update_001.

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Conditions associated with nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis are described. Some (cystinuria, urate) have specific therapies, and there are some general measure, particular for calcium-containing stones (urine volume, dietary salt, urinary citrate, thiazide diuretics). In the absence of a primary aetiology, urinary biochemical predisposing factors can be manipulated. Properly directed medical therapy is highly effective in preventing recurrence.
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17

Brar, Jaspreet S. Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0003.

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Epidemiology can help us understand who is at risk for developing a disorder, what may happen to them, and perhaps even why people get the disorder to begin with. In this chapter, we will review the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, as well as factors affecting such rates. Risk factors for psychosis include socio-demographics (e.g., gender, age, migrant status, class), predisposing factors (e.g., season of birth, perinatal trauma), and precipitating factors (e.g., substance use, psychosocial stress). We will highlight controversial issues such as traumatic life events, prenatal infection, and cannabis use, considering how epidemiological factors can shed light on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and related illnesses.
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18

Paraskeva, Nicole, Alex Clarke, and Diana Harcourt. Altered Appearance from Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190655617.003.0007.

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Abstract: This chapter delineates various appearance alterations that can result from cancer and its treatment. It focuses on describing the impact of appearance changes involving weight, scarring from surgery, alopecia, ascites, and lymphedema. It also examines the influence of patient-related factors (i.e., gender, age) and treatment-related factors on appearance-related distress. Various models of adjustment to alterations in appearance are presented with particular attention to predisposing factors, intervening cognitive processes, and measurable outcomes identified by large-scale research studies conducted by the Appearance Research Collaboration. Finally, the chapter identifies gaps in knowledge and directions for future research needed to advance the understanding of an individual’s experiences of living with an altered appearance due to cancer.
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19

Sheares, Karen, and Joanna Pepke-Zaba. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0101.

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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition in which thrombus forms in a vein, commonly in the deep veins of the leg, termed deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). The thrombus may dislodge from the site of origin and be carried into the pulmonary vasculature, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE). Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism share similar predisposing factors; however, mortality is greater in those who present with PE than in those who present with DVT. Thrombi may form in other parts of the vasculature.
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20

Yalin, Nefize, Danilo Arnone, and Allan Y. Young. Bidirectional relationships between general medical conditions and bipolar disorder: treatment considerations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0019.

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Increased medical co-morbidity is one of the underlying causes of excess and premature mortality in bipolar disorder. This increased prevalence of medical conditions is likely to result from a range of different factors. Some attention in recent years has been devoted to intrinsic illness factors resulting in excessive allostatic load and oxidative stress potentially predisposing to physical morbidity. Some other contributors have also been identified as unhealthy lifestyle habits and unwanted effects of pharmacological treatment. Irrespective of causality, risk minimization can be obtained by systematically addressing physical needs into the management of bipolar disorder. This can be achieved with a range of interventions including regular monitoring of physical health, tailored management of unhealthy lifestyle choices, and pharmacological optimization.
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21

Abnet, Christian C., Olof Nyrén, and Hans-Olov Adami. Esophageal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0009.

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Esophageal cancer shows distinct geographic distributions, changing incidence rates, and primary risk factors when examined separately as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma remains the dominant histologic type in many low- and middle-income countries and occurs frequently, while adenocarcinoma is classified as rare but predominates in Western countries. Tobacco and alcohol are the dominant risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in Western countries, but not in high-incidence Asian populations, where hot beverages and specific nutritional deficiencies may be important. For adenocarcinoma, tobacco use is causal while alcoholic beverages are not. Rather, obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease are the other dominant identified risk factors. Genetic predisposing factors and somatic mutations are also cell type specific. The differences in esophageal cancer incidence within and between countries, by sex and race, and in known risk factors suggest major strides in understanding the etiology of esophageal cancer is within reach.
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22

Roman, Eve, Tracy Lightfoot, Susan Picton, and Sally Kinsey. Childhood Cancers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0059.

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This chapter addresses the wide range of histological and site-specific cancers that occur before age 25. It considers disease classifications, predisposing factors, and the epidemiology of the most common malignancies seen in children, and adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Cancer before age 25 is rare, accounting for < 2% of diagnoses in economically developed countries. The global burden of childhood cancers is, difficult to quantify, however, since over 80% of the world’s children and AYAs live in economically developing countries, where high morbidity/mortality from infectious disease and nutritional deficiency complicate diagnosis. Both inherited and environmental factors influence cancer risk in children and AYAs, although the relative contribution of each varies widely among cancer subtypes and relatively few causal associations are well established.
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23

Burhenn, Peggy S. Delirium. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0007.

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This chapter provides an overview of delirium, differentiating among hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed subtypes. Delirium is a common, serious medical problem that is underrecognized by healthcare providers. Evidence suggests that frequent assessment of patients can result in increased recognition of delirium, which will allow for earlier intervention. Limited data are available on effective interventions for delirium once it begins; however, proactive prevention strategies have been successful. Various screening tools are recommended to identify patients with delirium. The multiple predisposing and precipitating factors that can complicate determining the cause are explored. There is a review of the assessment and interventions for delirium management and prevention protocols that target its risk factors, as well as a brief discussion of the principles of pharmacological management and previously cited recommendations. Education of staff, patients, and family members is vital.
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24

Barton, Anne. Basics of genetics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0037.

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Genetic factors are important in predisposing to nearly all of the conditions managed by rheumatologists; indeed, musculoskeletal diseases, like other complex diseases, are thought to be caused by environmental triggers in genetically susceptible individuals. Studying genetic susceptibility factors is more straightforward than environmental factors because, first, genetic changes are stable and do not vary throughout life; second, genetic changes exist before disease onset and so could be causative rather than occurring as a result of disease; and, third, genetic variation is easy to measure reliably using modern technologies. By comparison, environmental exposures can occur many years before disease onset, may vary during life, and are hard to accurately capture and measure. Enormous progress has been made in recent years in identifying susceptibility genes. This knowledge may allow better targeting of available therapies, the development of novel therapies, and an improved understanding of what determines disease severity in individual patients. In this chapter, the basic concepts in genetics are explained.
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25

David, Elizabeth. Psychiatric Illness and Treatment in HIV Populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0037.

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The interaction between HIV and mental illness is complex. For many individuals, the psychiatric condition is a preexisting one, predisposing to HIV infection through behavioral factors and risk environment. The risk factors for HIV are well established and involve blood/bodily fluid contact with infected individuals: unprotected sexual behaviors, needle sharing, multiple sexual partners, and fetal/natal exposure. Individuals with preexisting psychiatric illness often engage in risky behaviors with little thought or fear of consequences. This relates to increased emotional immaturity and impulsivity, poor contact with reality, denial and disinhibition, cognitive dysfunction, active thoughts of self-harm, and victimization or impaired judgment. Barriers to treatment, such as distrust of authority, poor communication skills, limited access, lack of motivation, and unstructured lifestyle, result in poor overall health care and delayed diagnosis of all health issues. Diagnosis of mental health issues is frequently challenging, and adherence to treatment is frequently impacted by these same factors.
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26

Gaff, Clara, Louise Keogh, and Elizabeth Lobb. Communicating genetic risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0034.

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The discovery of cancer predisposing genetic mutations has heightened community awareness of the link between family history, genetic constitution, and personal risk. The component of an individual’s cancer risk that is due to their genetic make-up can be described as their ‘genetic risk’. Knowledge of genetic risk can assist both individuals with cancer and unaffected individuals to make decisions about healthcare and inform relatives who may share that genetic risk. Accordingly, patients seek advice about their risk and its implications and management from general practitioners (primary healthcare physician) or cancer specialists. In this chapter, we discuss the interlinked processes of risk assessment, risk perception, and risk communication in the context of genetic risk of cancer. While this is only one component of an individual’s risk of cancer—other factors including lifestyle, medical history, and environmental exposures—the principles of risk communication are applicable to each of these individual risk factors.
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27

Aladjem, Asher D., and Mary Ann Cohen. Clinician Burnout in HIV/AIDS Healthcare. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0048.

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Caring for persons with any severe and complex illness in increasingly complex healthcare environments can lead to clinician distress and burnout and at times bereavement overload. The physicians, nurses, social workers, case managers, mental health clinicians, counselors, and other caregivers of persons with HIV are faced with additional factors, including potential for needle sticks and other occupational hazards. This chapter defines and describes the multifactorial nature of burnout as it pertains to clinicians caring for persons with HIV and AIDS and provides a summary of predisposing factors, protective factors, preventive strategies, and ways to provide support and eliminate burnout. Assessment for burnout via the Maslach Burnout Inventory is also addressed. The chapter also addresses the question of whether changes in healthcare, including pressures for productivity, increasing workloads, and increasing use of technology in documentation, have had more or less of an impact on HIV physicians than on other physicians. The prevalence and impact of burnout among HIV physicians is also compared to that of other physicians as well as to that of the general population.
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28

Koehler, Philipp, and Oliver A. Cornely. Fungal infections in haemato-oncology. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0032.

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Invasive fungal infections on haemato-oncology wards present a major challenge. Patients at risk for invasive fungal infection usually have a compromised immune system due to bone marrow failure caused by underlying disease, prolonged neutropenia after intensive chemotherapy, or immunosuppression after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation to avoid graft-versus-host disease. Three major entities—invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and mucormycosis—account for the majority of fungal infections. Here, we describe specific host and therapeutic factors predisposing to invasive fungal infection in the haemato-oncology setting. Clinical presentation is highly variable and dependent on the underlying pathogen, organ involvement, and site of infection. Diagnosis is mainly based on radiographic imaging combined with microbiological and histopathological work-up. Various prophylaxis and treatment strategies have been developed, and the evidence for these is discussed.
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29

Selim, Magdy. Neuroprotection for General, Orthopedic, Peripheral Vascular, and ENT Surgery. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0022.

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Unlike stroke after cardiac and carotid surgery, stroke after general; orthopedic; peripheral vascular; and ear, nose, and throat surgery has not been investigated extensively. The incidence, predisposing factors, and etiological mechanisms of stroke in patients undergoing these procedures are reviewed. Recommendations to prevent, recognize, and treat stroke following these surgical procedures are provided to minimize postoperative stroke risk and its associated morbidity and disability. Although these recommendations can help to decrease the incidence of perioperative stroke, there is an unmet need to find novel and effective neuroprotective strategies that can be used pre- or intraoperatively to minimize the effects of stroke on brain tissue and resulting disability. Future studies should evaluate the potential usefulness of neuroprotective therapies or interventions, including various anesthetic agents that can be used prophylactically in the perioperative setting.
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30

Cabán-Alemán, Carissa. Cultural Humility. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0004.

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The importance of culture in mental health is widely recognized. It plays a key role in defining the predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective factors that mediate the development of an illness. It is the lens that colors provider–patient interactions, as well as the social, political, economic, and climatological systems that sustain these interactions. This chapter uses a case example to illustrate the principles of cultural humility and how this concept provides a general framework to address health disparities and recognize the systemic imbalances that influence illnesses. The chapter discusses how health care systems and providers can develop respectful partnerships with their patients and communities using critical self-reflection, implement institutional accountability, and address power dynamics related to health in order to improve treatment practices and sustain efforts to address the structural inequities that predispose and potentiate illnesses.
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31

Ritchie, James, Darren Green, Constantina Chrysochou, and Philip A. Kalra. Renal artery stenosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0213.

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Renovascular disease refers to a narrowing of a main or branch renal artery. Consequences include loss of functional renal tissue and renovascular hypertension, with other manifestations depending on the underlying cause. Worldwide the most common cause is atherosclerotic narrowing, with other causal pathologies including fibromuscular disease (FMD) and inflammatory conditions. FMD occurs much more frequently in women than in men, and is associated with smoking but genetic predisposing factors are also suspected. In South East Asia, Takayasu arteritis is an important cause.Takayasu disease often presents in a non-specific syndromic manner with fatigue and malaise. FMD often presents with early-onset hypertension. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is often clinically silent with suspicion raised due to the existence of other cardiovascular pathology with the more dramatic presentations of acute decompensated heart failure or acute kidney injury less common. Clinical criteria can identify patients at risk.
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32

Haiman, Christopher, and David J. Hunter. Genetic Epidemiology of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the genetic epidemiology of cancer: the identification and quantification of inherited genetic factors, and their potential interaction with the environment, in the etiology of cancer in human populations. It also describes the techniques used to identify genetic variants that contribute to cancer susceptibility. It describes the older research methods for identifying the chromosomal localization of high-risk predisposing genes, such as linkage analysis within pedigrees and allele-sharing methods, as it is important to understand the foundations of the field. It also reviews the epidemiologic study designs that can be helpful in identifying low-risk alleles in candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, as well as gene–environment interactions. Finally, it describes some of the genotyping and sequencing platforms commonly employed for high-throughput genome analysis, and the concept of Mendelian randomization and how it may be useful in the study of biomarkers and environmental causes of cancer.
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33

Ware, Lorraine B. Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0108.

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The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of acute respiratory failure characterized by the acute onset of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to increased lung endothelial and alveolar epithelial permeability. Common predisposing clinical conditions include sepsis, pneumonia, severe traumatic injury, and aspiration of gastric contents. Environmental factors, such as alcohol abuse and cigarette smoke exposure may increase the risk of developing ARDS in those at risk. Pathologically, ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage with neutrophilic alveolitis, haemorrhage, hyaline membrane formation, and pulmonary oedema. A variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to the pathophysiology of ARDS, including exuberant inflammation, neutrophil recruitment and activation, oxidant injury, endothelial activation and injury, lung epithelial injury and/or necrosis, and activation of coagulation in the airspace. Mechanical ventilation can exacerbate lung inflammation and injury, particularly if delivered with high tidal volumes and/or pressures. Resolution of ARDS is complex and requires coordinated activation of multiple resolution pathways that include alveolar epithelial repair, clearance of pulmonary oedema through active ion transport, apoptosis, and clearance of intra-alveolar neutrophils, resolution of inflammation and fibrinolysis of fibrin-rich hyaline membranes. In some patients, activation of profibrotic pathways leads to significant lung fibrosis with resultant prolonged respiratory failure and failure of resolution.
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34

Rajendram, Rajkumar. Management of acute pancreatitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0191.

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The major causes of morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis are organ dysfunction and infection of necrotic tissue. Management should aim to prevent, or to diagnose and treat, the complications of pancreatic inflammation, and any predisposing factors to avoid recurrence. Medical management is essentially supportive with oxygen, intravenous fluids, analgesia, enteral or parenteral nutrition, and correction of metabolic abnormalities. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis are unlikely to resume prompt oral intake so nutritional support is also required. Post-pyloric feeding is not required if nasogastric feeding is tolerated. However, enteral nutrition, whether oral, gastric, or post-pyloric, can cause pain, recurrence of pancreatitis or an increase in fluid collections, so parenteral nutrition may be necessary. The necrotic pancreas becomes infected in a third of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Treatment of infection includes systemic antimicrobials, enteral nutrition, percutaneous aspiration, and necrosectomy. However, compared with open necrosectomy, a minimally invasive step-up approach consisting of percutaneous drainage followed, if necessary, by open necrosectomy, reduces morbidity and mortality. The aetiology of the pancreatitis must also be treated to prevent recurrence and the complications of pancreatic failure. Gallstones are the most common cause of pancreatitis that requires specific treatment. Endoscopic or surgical removal of stones may reduce the severity of pancreatitis. Patients should also have cholecystectomy after recovery from gallstone pancreatitis. Effective management of acute pancreatitis requires multidisciplinary engagement. The mainstay of management involves supportive prevention and treatment of complications, infection, and organ failure to avoid or delay surgery.
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35

Navarro, Eduardo A. Colón. Diabetes and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0008.

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Diabetes is a chronic disorder accompanied by a significant illness burden, risk of complications, and with significant impact on psychosocial function. Rates of depression in diabetes are elevated in various studies. Our current understanding indicates a bidirectional relationship, with depression resulting from the illness, but also representing a predisposing factor. As we learn more about this relationship, the role of biological determinants becomes more apparent, including changes in neuroendocrine parameters, and the inflammatory mediators of depression.
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36

Cui, Zhao, Neil Turner, and Ming-hui Zhao. Antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0074_update_001.

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Individuals appear to be predisposed to antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease by carrying a predisposing human leucocyte antigen type, DRB1*1501 being identified as the highest risk factor, and there are likely to be other predisposing genes or influences on top of which a relatively rare ‘second hit’ leads to the development of autoimmunity. In anti-GBM disease this appears to have a self-perpetuating, accelerating component, that may be to do with antibodies and altered antigen presentation. Lymphocyte depletion may also predispose to the disease. A number of second hits have been identified and they seem to share a theme of damage to the glomerulus. There may be a prolonged (months to years) and usually subclinical phase in anti-GBM disease in which usually relatively low level antibody titres are associated with variable haematuria, sometimes minor pulmonary haemorrhage, but often no symptoms. Damage to the lung seems to determine whether there is a pulmonary component to the disease. Without pulmonary damage caused typically by smoking, inhalation of other fumes, and potentially infection or oxygen toxicity, the disease remains an isolated kidney disease. Antibodies appear to be an important component of the disease, but cell-mediated immunity is also critical to the clinical picture. In animal models, cell-mediated immunity triggered by the GBM antigen can cause severe renal damage in the absence of pathogenic antibody. The development of specific antibody also requires T-cell sensitization and help, and suppressing the response is likely to require suppressing both antibody and cell-mediated immunity. Antibodies recognize one major and some other epitopes, which are now well described. T-cell epitopes are becoming better understood. Evidence from animal models also suggests that the damage in anti-GBM disease is dependent on complement, macrophages, and neutrophils.
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