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Books on the topic 'Preeclampsia with severe features'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Yakovleva, Irina, Margarita Bratkova, Ol'ga Karanevskaya, et al. Pedagogy and psychology of children with mental retardation (intellectual disabilities). INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1733143.

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The textbook presents the issues of diagnosis of intellectual disabilities, features of development and theoretical foundations of education, upbringing of children with intellectual disabilities. Special sections deal with the issues of pedagogical work with students with severe intellectual disabilities. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of training "Special (defectological) education", "Psychological and pedagogical education" and "P

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Tkacheva, Viktoriya, Il'ya Evtushenko, and Marina Zhigoreva. Career guidance and socialization of students with complex disabilities. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014625.

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The textbook deals with theoretical and methodological, legal and socio-humanistic foundations of the system of vocational guidance and socialization of students with complex disabilities, the history of the formation of ideas about career counseling in domestic and foreign science and practice. Presented psycho-pedagogical features of pupils with complex disabilities and conditions that ensure successful mastery of the available professions, work skills. This description of the vocational diagnostic procedure aimed at exploring the possibilities of a child with severe to mastering the profess

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Sasso, Uma, and Emily McQuaid-Hanson. Severe Preeclampsia. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0048.

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Preeclampsia and other hypertensive diseases during pregnancy are common causes of maternal morbidity and increase the risk for adverse fetal outcomes. Women are monitored for changes in blood pressure throughout pregnancy and depending on gestational age, once such changes are noted providers may opt to move toward delivery. Blood pressure control and magnesium sulfate are the cornerstone of therapy as well as the key to preventing progression to eclampsia. A thorough understanding of this disease process is essential for anesthesiologists and other anesthesia providers to provide optimal and

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O’Neal, M. Angela. Postpartum Thunderclap Headache. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0018.

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An illustrative case of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is presented. The clinical and radiographic features are reviewed. There is an overlap between RCVS and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome due to their shared pathophysiology related to endothelial injury. Furthermore, preeclampsia/eclampsia (PEE) is often associated with RCVS. Thunderclap headache is the most characteristic feature of the disorder. RCVS may also cause subarachnoid hemorrhage, typically located over the cerebral convexities; intracranial hemorrhage; and ischemic stroke. The diagnosis is made

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Feist, Eugen, and Gerd-R. Burmester. Rheumatoid arthritis—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0111.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents with variable clinical features, making this most frequent chronic systemic autoimmune disease with characteristic joint involvement a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This chapter describes in detail the different clinical, laboratory and imaging findings in patients with RA. In addition to the characteristic arthritic involvement, which can lead to severe joint changes with progressive destruction and loss of function, other systemic disease manifestations as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular events and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with relevance

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Kreit, John W. Severe Obstructive Lung Disease. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0013.

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Although chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, bronchiectasis, and bronchiolitis have very different causes, clinical features, and therapies, they share the same underlying pathophysiology. They are referred to as obstructive lung diseases because airway narrowing causes increased resistance and slowing of expiratory gas flow. Mechanical ventilation of patients with severe obstructive lung disease often produces two problems that must be recognized and effectively managed: over-ventilation and dynamic hyperinflation. Severe Obstructive Lung Disease reviews these two major adverse conseque

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O’Neal, M. Angela. Postpartum Visual Disturbance. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0017.

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Preeclampsia (PE) is a multi-organ system disorder defined as hypertension with blood pressures greater than 140/90 on two occasions and proteinuria of more than 300 mg/24 hours. Eclampsia is defined as when seizures occur in a woman with preeclampsia. The pathophysiology of preeclampsia/eclampsia is felt to be related to incomplete penetration of the cytotrophoblasts of the placenta into the myometrium, leading to local ischemia, propagation of ischemic factors causing hypertension, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. The clinical features are related to which end organ is involved: in the

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Ashford, Elizabeth. Severe Poverty as an Unjust Emergency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648879.003.0005.

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On the one hand, recent literature on global justice urges us to correct features of global structures that contribute to the persistence of severe poverty. On the other, Peter Singer has argued that our obligations to donate to agencies such as Oxfam are at least as stringent as the obligation to rescue a child we happened to pass who is drowning in a pond. His argument has triggered a movement, known as “effective altruism,” which encourages people to donate a substantial proportion of their income to the most effective NGOs and advises them on how they can do the most good with their money.

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Blood Pressure Log with Hydrangeas Cover-5x8, 100 Pages: Features Legend Indicating Systolic/diastolic Pressure with Levels from Normal to Severe. Independently Published, 2021.

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10

Matiello, Marcelo, and Tamara B. Kaplan. A Mother Who Could Not See Her Baby. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0027.

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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) belong to a group of relapsing neurological syndromes characterized by significant morbidity and mortality due to central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and necrosis. Most patients are seropositive for pathogenic antibodies targeting Aquaporin-4, and while this water channel is mostly expressed on the foot processes of astrocytes, it is also expressed in placental tissues. On planning a pregnancy, patients should be well informed about the increased risk of preeclampsia and miscarriages, and that most medications used to treat NMOSD have poten

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Tillett, William, and Neil McHugh. Plain radiography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0016.

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Psoriatic arthritis is a destructive inflammatory arthritis that can affect the peripheral and axial skeleton of patients with psoriasis. Plain radiography has formed an important part in defining psoriatic arthritis as a distinct clinical entity, from early work reporting on distinguishing features to more recent inclusion of osteoproliferation in the CASPAR classification criteria. Plain radiography is accessible, inexpensive and remains the standard measure of assessing damage in inflammatory arthritis. Originally considered a benign disease psoriatic arthritis is now recognised to be destr

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Misbah, Siraj. Combined T- and B-cell immunodeficiencies. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0298.

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Combined defects in the functioning of T- lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are predominantly disorders of childhood and are encompassed by the term ‘severe combined immunodeficiency’ (SCID). SCID comprises a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by fundamental defects in T-cell development, accompanied by severe impairment of B-cell function. Although SCID is largely a paediatric problem, prompt diagnosis followed by early haemopoietic stem cell transplantation has resulted in many adult survivors who are followed up by clinical immunologists. This chapter addresses the clinica

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Murray, E. Lee, and Karl E. Misulis. Headache. Edited by Karl E. Misulis and E. Lee Murray. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259419.003.0020.

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Most headaches are managed in an outpatient setting; however, patients with severe headache, intractable headache, or headache with atypical features will present to the ED and might be admitted. The chapter details the presentation, diagnosis, and management of common headache syndromes encountered in hospital practice.

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Ng, Dominic S. Familial Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase Deficiency Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0034.

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Lecithin cholesterol ester transferase (LCAT) is the sole enzyme in the circulation that mediates the esterification of free cholesterol (FC) to cholesterol ester (CE) in lipoproteins. Mutations in the LCAT gene result in one of two clinical syndromes: complete LCAT deficiency syndrome, and “fish eye disease.” The former is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical features, including profound high-density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency, hypertriglyceridemia, corneal opacities, anemia, neuropathies, and nephropathy. In contrast, fish eye disease patients develop severe HDL deficiency and sev

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Rodriguez-Iturbe, Bernardo, and Mark Haas. Immunoglobulin A-dominant post-infectious glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0078_update_001.

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Immunoglobulin A (IgA)-dominant post-infectious glomerulonephritis is usually associated with infections with Staphylococcus aureus. It is most commonly seen in patients over 60, and particularly in men. The renal lesion is acute and severe, and commonly includes crescent formation, although the described histological features vary widely. IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin and in later phases when capillary deposits are resolving it may be impossible to distinguish the condition from IgA nephropathy without the use of electron microscopy. Diabetes appears to be a risk factor. Complement level

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Miller, Aaron E., and Teresa M. DeAngelis. Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199732920.003.0023.

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Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune-mediated disorder of the neuromuscular junction, which involves autoantibodies to voltage-gated calcium channels on the presynaptic membrane. In this chapter, we discuss the characteristic clinical features of LEMS, its electrophysiological distinction from MG, as well as its paraneoplastic presentation. We also review the immunotherapeutic management options in cases with severe weakness and those refractory to tumor removal.

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Burdick, Katherine E., Luz H. Ospina, Stephen J. Haggarty, and Roy H. Perlis. The Neurobiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0020.

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Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe mood disorder that often has psychotic features. Its most severe forms are more common and significantly more likely to cause disability than originally thought. Studies of high-risk children have found them to be at increased risk for a variety of symptoms and neurobiological abnormalities. In contrast to schizophrenia, there is no formal prodromal syndrome that has been identified, and cognitive abnormalities do not precede the onset of the disorder. Abnormal sleep and circadian rhythms are prominent and have led to intriguing biological models. Neurobiolog

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Verrips, Aad. Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0040.

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Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disease due to a defect in bile acid metabolism. Worldwide, more than 300 patients have been described. Mutations in the CYP27A1 gene result in sterol 27-hydroxylase deficiency leading to the accumulation of cholestanol in multiple body tissues. Premature cataracts, chronic diarrhea, tendon xanthomas, and neurological deterioration are the predominant clinical features. There are several disease stages, from being nearly asymptomatic in the early childhood years to severe disability in later stages of life. Adult CTX patients a

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Keshav, Satish, and Palak Trivedi. Chronic liver failure. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0210.

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Chronic liver failure is the functional syndrome resulting from cirrhosis. Clinical features of chronic hepatic decompensation include encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and hepatocellular jaundice. Cirrhosis is the final common pathway for a variety of chronic liver diseases and is characterized by fibrosis and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. There often exists a poor correlation between biopsy findings and the clinical presentation. Some individuals with cirrhosis are asymptomatic and have a reasonably good life expectancy, while others have severe

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Goodin, Robert E., and Kai Spiekermann. Institutional Hindrances to Epistemic Success. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0017.

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The chapter explores features of institutional design that hamper epistemic performance, especially ‘epistemic bottlenecks’. The first section looks at the influence of strong leaders. The epistemic losses can be severe, especially if the leaders are influential and their number small. The second section shows how legislative committees and smaller upper chambers can act as bottlenecks. Quality deliberation may mitigate the effect. The third section analyses the epistemic outcome when party whips or small pivotal parties are in control. Finally, bottlenecks can also be created by supermajority

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Fox, Susan H., and Marina Picillo. Becoming a Little Forgetful. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0003.

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Many patients with Parkinson’s disease will experience some degree of cognitive impairment during the course of their disease. Cortical involvement in the underlying synuclein pathology is variable in its severity and extent. The most severe end of the spectrum is seen in dementia with Lewy bodies, in which cognitive impairment is prominent from the beginning. In most patients, however, mild memory difficulty and executive dysfunction are present to some degree but do not impair function until the later stages of the disease; after 20 years, dementia is almost universal and can be as disabling

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Machado, Pedro M. Inclusion body myositis. Edited by Hector Chinoy and Robert Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754121.003.0011.

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Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an acquired muscle disorder associated with ageing, for which there is no effective treatment. It is characterized by a typical early clinical phenotype with (often asymmetric) weakness of the knee extensors and finger flexors, potential involvement of pharyngeal and upper-oesophageal muscles (which may contribute to malnutrition and aspiration), and progressive and slow deterioration, which may lead to severe disability and loss of quality of life. Muscle biopsy shows chronic myopathic features, lymphocytic infiltration with invasion of non-necrotic f

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Singhi, Pratibha, and Arushi G. Saini. Amoebic Infections of the Central Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0165.

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Free-living amoebae are ubiquitous and can cause severe infections of the nervous system. The pathogenesis involves neuronal damage due to the activation of inflammatory cascade induced by the pathogenic amoebae, including both acute fulminant and chronic granulomatous inflammation. The diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion; eliciting history of contact with water or soil habitats of free-living amoebae is important. The chapter provides an overview of the different types of nervous system infections caused by the four genera of free-living amoebae, including their pathogenesis, rapid dia

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Walsh, Richard A. Slow with an Altered Sensorium. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0025.

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Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that represents an uncommon clinical end point of a number of primary psychiatric and neuromedical conditions. The common pathophysiology may be associated with reduced dopaminergic activity within the frontal–subcortical circuitry. The incidence of catatonia was considerably higher before the introduction of neuroleptics, which reduced its association with poorly controlled schizophrenia. Catatonia is a syndrome with a spectrum from benign to malignant, the latter being a medical emergency with a significant mortality rate. Treatment is with benzodiaze

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Dierdorf, Stephen F. Porphyria. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0026.

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Heme, and iron containing compound that forms the nonprotein portion of hemoglobin, is essential to life. Heme synthesis requires eight enzymatic steps, and a deficiency in any one of the eight enzymes can lead to the accumulation of potentially toxic intermediates. Some forms of porphyria may be asymptomatic until the patient receives a triggering agent, and acute porphyrias can also be difficult to diagnose because of the nonspecific clinical features. The most serious of the clinical manifestations is severe neurologic dysfunction. An attack can be triggered by medications administered duri

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Johnston, Michael V. Coffin-Lowry Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0057.

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Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is a relatively rare (1:50,000-100,000 incidence) sex-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that includes severe intellectual disability, dysmorphic features including facial and digital abnormalities, growth retardation, and skeletal changes. Most cases are sporadic with only 20% to 30% of cases having an additional family member. CLS is caused by variable loss of function mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene that maps to Xp22.2 and codes for the hRSK2 S6 kinase that phosphorylates the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) as well as other nuclear

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Neary, John. Loin pain haematuria syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0047.

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Loin pain haematuria syndrome is an uncommon but disabling condition which presents with recurrent severe loin pain and either microscopic or macroscopic haematuria. It predominantly affects young Caucasian females. The aetiology is unclear, but it seems to be most commonly initiated by glomerular bleeding. There are no defining features of the disorder on any investigation, and it is mostly termed a diagnosis of exclusion. A lack of a clear definition of the condition and uncertainty about the aetiology mean that this is still a poorly understood entity. A variety of medical and surgical trea

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Jayne, David. The patient with vasculitis. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0157.

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The definition of vasculitis syndromes relies on clinical, serological, and pathological descriptions. A number of primary syndromes are recognized, of presumed autoimmune aetiology, but vasculitis may also occur as a secondary disease process. The heterogeneity of clinical presentation, low specificity of many clinical features, and mimics of other diseases complicate vasculitis diagnosis. The kidney is the most common severe manifestation for small vessel vasculitis syndromes and the severity of renal involvement predicts end-stage renal failure risk and death. Suspicion of vasculitis is key

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Hollak, Carla E. M. Approach to the Patient with Respiratory Signs and Symptoms. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0071.

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The respiratory system is frequently involved in inborn errors of metabolism, either primarily or secondary to severe systemic disease. In disorders with progressive neurological disease, recurrent chest infections are a result of aspiration. Patients with cachexia and muscle weakness can develop breathing difficulties. Metabolic acidosis causes tachypnea. These secondary problems, occurring in the context of a multisystem disease with prominent other features, are well covered elsewhere and are not discussed in this chapter. The focus of the current chapter is the adult patient who presents w

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Hollak, Carla E. M. Hematological Abnormalities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0077.

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The respiratory system is frequently involved in inborn errors of metabolism, either primarily or secondary to severe systemic disease. In disorders with progressive neurological disease, recurrent chest infections are a result of aspiration. Patients with cachexia and muscle weakness can develop breathing difficulties. Metabolic acidosis causes tachypnea. These secondary problems, occurring in the context of a multisystem disease with prominent other features, are well covered elsewhere and are not discussed in this chapter. The focus of the current chapter is the adult patient who presents w

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Balhara, Kamna S., Basem F. Khishfe, and Jamil D. Bayram. Sepsis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0004.

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Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation in the presence of infection. The source of infection may be occult. One must be aware of the epidemiology, presenting features and complications, diagnostic considerations and tests, and the organisms involved. Bacteria (gram positive and negative) are most commonly associated with sepsis, although fungi, viruses, and parasites can cause sepsis. Infections in the lungs, urinary tract, abdomen, skin, brain, and other areas can cause bacteremia and lead to sepsis. Treatment includes airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs) ma

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Katirji, Bashar. Case 4. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0008.

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Femoral neuropathy is the second most common peripheral nerve lesion in the lower extremity and often leads to significant disability and high risk of falls. This case presents a patient with severe femoral nerve injury resulting in weakness of hip flexion and knee extension and requiring specialized knee bracing. A discussion of the anatomy of the femoral nerve follows. Common causes of femoral neuropathy are lithotomy positioning and retroperitoneal/iliacus hematoma. This case highlights the challenging electrodiagnostic findings of the femoral nerve and the role of femoral nerve conduction

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Walsh, Richard A. Always Worth a Second Look. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0031.

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The serotonin syndrome is a toxic syndrome resulting from excessive stimulation of central 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. This is most commonly an iatrogenic syndrome, which in its most severe form can be fatal. It is more common for milder forms to present, and there is increasing recognition of serotoninergic drugs that can give rise to serotonin syndrome when used in combination. It is essential for physicians to be familiar with the clinical features of serotonin toxicity and similar syndromes discussed in this chapter that are marked by altered awareness, autonomic instability, changes in m

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Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Neurological disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0022.

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Agitation and confusion 360Status epilepticus 362Meningitis 364Intracerebral haemorrhage 366Subarachnoid haemorrhage 368Ischaemic stroke 370Guillain–Barre syndrome 372Myasthenia gravis 374ICU neuromuscular disorders 376Tetanus 378Botulism 380Neurorehabilitation 382Hyperthermias 384Agitation and confusion are common features in critical illness. Agitation is a symptom or sign of numerous acute and chronic disease states that include pain, anxiety and delirium. Agitation is present in around half of ICU patients, with 15% experiencing severe agitation. Confusion may also be chronic or acute and

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Kelly, Megan M., and Katharine A. Phillips. Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0018.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often severe DSM-IV disorder characterized by distressing or impairing preoccupations with imagined or slight defects in appearance. Individuals with BDD suffer from time-consuming obsessions about their bodily appearance and excessive repetitive behaviors (for example, mirror checking, excessive grooming, and skin picking). Functioning and quality of life are typically very poor, and suicidality rates appear markedly elevated. While prevalence data are still limited, they suggest that BDD affects 0.7% to 2.4% of the population; however, BDD typically goes

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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0022.

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Pathophysiology 162Clinical features 162Diagnosis 163Management 164Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutations in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) (see Chapter 21). CFTR functions as a transmembrane chloride channel in the apical membrane of most secretory epithelia and the disease thus affects lungs, pancreas, exocrine glands, gut, and liver. In CF-associated liver disease the biliary tract is most commonly involved in a spectrum from asymptomatic to biliary cirrhosis. The liver disease runs from mild and su

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Rahimi, Rod. Atypical Pulmonary Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0027.

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Legionellosis or Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and can cause rapidly progressive respiratory failure and septic shock. Respiratory symptoms generally predominate; nonspecific symptoms include fever, malaise, myalgias, anorexia, and headache. There are no characteristic presenting clinical or radiological features, and the severity of illness can range from mild to severe. Although erythromycin was initially used to treat LD, trials have demonstrated that the newer macrolides and the respiratory fluoroquinolones are the antimicrobial agents of choi

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Thomas, David F. M. Urinary tract infection in children. Edited by David F. M. Thomas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0114.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest conditions of childhood, affecting an estimated 10% of girls and 3% of boys in the first 16 years of life. Whereas asymptomatic bacteriuria and low-grade lower tract infection pose little or no risk of renal damage, pyelonephritis can cause severe systemic illness and poses a significant threat of long-term renal morbidity. The principal aim of investigation is to identify underlying abnormalities of the urinary tract, notably vesicoureteric reflux. Guidelines on investigation and management published by the National Institute of Clinical E

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Dragun, Duska, and Björn Hegner. Acute kidney injury in pregnancy. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0250_update_001.

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Any kind of acute renal deterioration that occurs in young women may, besides typical pregnancy-related disorders, account for pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PR-AKI). Incidence of PR-AKI is continuously decreasing, yet still represents a significant cause of fetomaternal morbidity and mortality. Hyperemesis gravidarum causing volume depletion and septic shock with renal cortical necrosis upon septic abortion are major causes of PR-AKI during early pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia and bleeding complications associated with placental abruption or other causes of obstetric haemorrhage are respons

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Lauriat, Tara L., and Jacqueline A. Samson. Endocrine Disorders Associated with Psychological/Behavioral Problems. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.32.

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Common endocrine disorders often present with psychiatric symptoms and may be mistaken for primary psychiatric disorders. Dysregulation of the following endocrine systems commonly affects behavior: the adrenocorticoid system, the thyroid system, the parathyroid system, the pancreas and regulation of glucose, and the reproductive system. Symptoms of depression and anxiety are common across the spectrum of endocrine disorders and more severe cases may include psychotic features. Clinicians are often faced with the challenge of identifying an underlying endocrine etiology for behavioral changes b

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Cheillan, David, and Frédéric Sedel. Disorders of Creatine Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0010.

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Creatine is a physiological guanidino compound playing a major role in energy metabolism in muscle and implicated in neurotransmission in brain. The three disorders of creatine metabolism (AGAT and GAMT deficiencies and the X-linked creatine transporter defect) are a group of inborn errors of metabolism characterized by a depletion of creatine that could be easily diagnosed by mesasurement of guanidinoacetate and creatine in body fluid or cranial MRS spectroscopy. The main clinical features of these paediatric disorders are intellectual disability and speech delay and some adult patients have

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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 55-Year-Old Male with Right Foot Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0008.

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Hereditary neuropathies are common. They are often diagnosed when another medical issue begins, for example, orthopedic foot problems or chemotherapy that causes a persistent severe neuropathy. Our patient developed a peroneal neuropathy after a long international airline flight. Initially it was thought to be related to lumbosacral radiculopathy. Careful history, neurological examination, and electrodiagnostic testing was helpful in pointing to a peroneal neuropathy rather than a lumbosacral radiculopathy. Family history in evaluating patients with peripheral neuropathy is essential. The actu

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Bergmann, Carsten, Nadina Ortiz-Brüchle, Valeska Frank, and Klaus Zerres. The child with renal cysts. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0305.

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Renal cysts of different aetiology are a common diagnosis in paediatric nephrology. The classification is usually based on the clinical picture, morphology, and family history. In syndromic forms, additional features have to be evaluated. Most common are cystic dysplastic kidneys with a broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from asymptomatic clinical courses in unilateral cases to severe, lethal manifestations in patients with considerable bilateral involvement. Simple cysts are rare. Polycystic kidneys are usually subdivided according to the mode of inheritance into autosomal recessive and autoso

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Thompson, Summer L., and Stephanie C. Dulawa. Pharmacological and Behavioral Rodent Models of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0035.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. Only half of patients respond to first-line pharmacological treatments, and symptom relief is typically partial, even in responders. Gaining a better understanding of OCD etiology could lead to better treatments, and potentially to prevention. Animal models are a useful tool for studying neurobiological mechanisms underlying psychiatric phenotypes. Effective use of animal models requires identification of reliable, quantifiable features of the disorder of interest that can be me

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Molecular Diagnostics and Biological Safety 2021. COVID-19: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prophylaxis: Conference Abstracts. Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-6045286-2-4.

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The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection has spread to more than 200 countries. To date, over 130 million people have been affected and over 2.8 million have died. COVID-19 infection has a number of specific epidemiological and clinical features. In severe cases of the disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome develops, which is often fatal. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is susceptible to mutations, which alarms the scientific community all over the world. Therefore, scientific research in the field of COVID-19, the search for new diagnostic tools, methods for nonspecific and specific preventio

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Vincent, Angela. Neuroimmunology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0015.

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This chapter relates to antibody-mediated disorders throughout the nervous system. Early papers recall how use of bungarotoxin, passive transfer experiments in mice, and clinical response to plasma exchange confirmed the role of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis. Cutting edge techniques subsequently discovered other key neuromuscular junctional proteins, including muscle-specific kinase an additional target for antibodies. Later papers report the link between brain inflammation and severe amnesia, paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic, and the identification of the first p

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Froio, Sara, and Franco Valenza. Aspiration of gastric contents in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0106.

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This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical features, management and prevention of aspiration pneumonitis, aspiration pneumonia, and airway obstruction. Aspiration is defined as the inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the larynx and lower respiratory tract. Pulmonary syndromes caused by aspiration are different, depending on the amount and nature of the aspirated material, the frequency of aspiration and the host’s response. This results in a chemical burn of tracheobronchial tree and pulmonary parenchyma. The caustic effects of the low pH of the aspirate cause an in

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Geri, Guillaume, and Jean-Paul Mira. Host–pathogen interactions in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0306.

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Infection by a pathogenic micro-organism triggers a coordinated activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response quickly triggers an antimicrobial response that will initiate development of a pathogen-specific, long-lasting adaptive immune response. Accurate recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is the cornerstone of this immediate response. Most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their kinase signalling cascades that activate nuclear transcription factors, and induce gene expression and cy

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Condon, Marie, Philippa Dodd, and Liz Lightstone. The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0162.

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AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, often febrile multisystemic disorder, characterized by involvement of the skin, joints, visceral organs, and serosal membranes. Symptoms and manifestations vary widely over an unpredictable relapsing and remitting course.The presentation of SLE can range from mild forms to severe disease requiring hospitalization. Most commonly it manifests as a combination of constitutional symptoms, particularly fatigue and fever, with cutaneous, musculoskeletal, mild haematological, and serological involvement; however, when r

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Keegan, James, and Charles D. Deakin. Pathophysiology and management of anaphylaxis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0314.

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Anaphylaxis is a severe life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction, which occurs in approximately 10–20 per 100,000 population per annum, and accounts for 0.3% of adult critical care admissions. Anaphylaxis most commonly results from an exaggerated immune reaction to foreign antigens, prompting release of vasoactive substances from mast cells. A broad range of agents including foods, insect stings, latex, and drugs can trigger anaphylaxis. Common food allergens include nuts, shellfish, milk, and eggs. The most frequently implicated drugs include neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) a

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