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Journal articles on the topic 'Prefixes and suffixes'
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Harvey, Mark, Ian Green, and Rachel Nordlinger. "From prefixes to suffixes." Diachronica 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.23.2.04har.
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This article provides a counterexample to the commonly held, if unexamined, proposition that morphemes reconstructed as affixes do not change their position with respect to the root. We do not expect to find that a proto-prefix has suffix reflexes, nor that a proto-suffix has prefix reflexes. In this paper we show, through detailed reconstruction, that paradigms of class/case suffixes in a number of Northern Australian languages derive historically from a paradigm of proto-prefixes, through the encliticization and reduction of prefixed demonstratives to nominals. This process has only left a few traces of the demonstrative stems in the synchronic forms.
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Mena, Vera Veti, and Kurnia Saputri. "A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS OF STUDENT’S TEXTBOOKS." English Community Journal 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/ecj.v2i1.1007.
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This study is aimed at describing the kinds of the English and Indonesian prefixes and suffixes mostly found in the descriptive text of student’s and finding the similarities and dissimilarities. The writer used descriptive qualitative research method. To collect the data, the writer used documentation technique. In analyzing the data the writer used descriptive analysis. After investigating the data, the writer found out four types of English prefix; quantified, locative, temporal, and negation prefixes. English suffixes have four types; nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial suffixes, and five types of Indonesian prefixes; forming verb, forming adjectival, forming noun, forming numeral, and there forming interrogative. The writer also found out thirty two prefixes and suffixes words categorized as English Prefixes and Suffixes, and twenty prefixes and suffixes words categorized as English Prefixes and Suffixes. The writer found out the similarities and dissimilarities. The similarities between English Indonesian prefixes and suffixes in the descriptive text were on prefixes in line with quantity, and suffixes in line with nominal, verbal, and adjectival suffixes. While the dissimilarities were on prefixes and suffixes. In English prefixes, there were no types of prefixes that forming verb, adjective, noun, and interrogative. While in Indonesian prefixes, there were no types of prefixes such as locative, temporal, and negation prefixes. In English suffixes there were no forming numeral and interrogative. In Indonesian There was no adverbial suffix.
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Pycha, Anne. "Listeners perceive prefixes differently: Evidence from a noise-rating task." Word Structure 8, no. 1 (April 2015): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2015.0073.
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When compared to suffixes, prefixes possess several distinctive but largely unexplained properties. This paper explores the idea that these properties might arise from a common source, namely discontinuous recognition of spoken prefixed words, in which listeners ‘skip’ to that portion of the speech stream which contains the root. If this occurs, listeners could potentially perceive prefixes very differently than roots and suffixes. We investigated this idea with a noise-rating task, which measures the extent to which noise subjectively interferes with speech. Using newly-coined derived English words as a stimuli, participants rated the loudness of white noise overlaid on portions of spoken words corresponding to prefixes, word-initial roots, or suffixes. Results indicate that participants gave overall higher loudness ratings to noise on prefixes compared to noise on suffixes. Furthermore, as signal-to-noise ratios decreased, participants increased their loudness ratings at greater rates for noise on roots compared to noise on prefixes. These results support the discontinuous hypothesis, and suggest that prefixed words introduce a perceptual bias which could explain the development of certain distinctive prefix characteristics over time.
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Иман гызы Ганбарова, Ирада. "Morphological structure of words in Modern English." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 21, 2021): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/106-108.
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In the article “Morphological structure of words in Modern English” the author conducted research on the study of the Morphological structure of words in the process of learning Modern English. In this article, the author describes the morphological structure of the word. They are: 1) simple words; 2) compound words; 3) words that consist of the same root and never change their meaning; 4) words that are obscured by various additions to the derivative; 5) words formed with the help of various suffices; 6) affixes that change the form of the word; 7) abbreviations. A morpheme is a small part of a word. A morpheme has an independent meaning. A morpheme can be considered the root of the word. The word itself cannot be considered a morpheme. Affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes. Both – prefixes and suffixes can change the meaning of the word. Key words: suffix, prefix, accent, structure, participate, separate, base
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Ramscar, Michael. "Suffixing, prefixing, and the functional order of regularities in meaningful strings." Psihologija 46, no. 4 (2013): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1304377r.
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The world?s languages tend to exhibit a suffixing preference, adding inflections to the ends of words, rather than the beginning of them. Previous works has suggested that this apparently universal preference arises out of the constraints imposed by general purpose learning mechanisms in the brain, and specifically, the kinds of information structures that facilitate discrimination learning (St Clair, Monaghan, & Ramscar, 2009). Here I show that learning theory predicts that prefixes and suffixes will tend to promote different kinds of learning: prefixes will facilitate the learning of the probabilities that any following elements in a sequence will follow a label, whereas suffixing will promote the abstraction of common dimensions from a set of preceding elements. The results of the artificial language learning experiment support this analysis: When words are learned with consistent prefixes, participants learned the relationship between the prefixes and the noun labels, and the relationship between the noun labels and the objects associated with them, better than when words were learned with consistent suffixes. When words were learned with consistent suffixes, participants treated similarly suffixed nouns as being more similar than nouns learned with consistent prefixes. It appears that while prefixes tend to make items more predictable and to make veridical discriminations easier, suffixes tended to make items cohere more, increasing the similarities between them.
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Fábregas, Antonio, and Martin Krämer. "Why prefixes (almost) never participate in vowel harmony." Lexical Issues in the Architecture of the Language Faculty 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 84–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00016.fab.
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Abstract One of the most common ways of morphological marking is affixation, morphemes are classified according to their position. In languages with affixal morphology, suffixes and prefixes are the most common types of affixes. Despite several proposals, it has been impossible to identify solid generalisations about the behaviour of prefixes, in opposition to suffixes. This article argues that the reason is that our traditional definitions of suffix and prefix are based on pre-theoretical, surface criteria that have been given up in other areas of linguistics: defining a morpheme as a prefix does not tell us anything about its grammatical nature, as that label does not take into consideration the structural configuration underlying the morpheme. Once the structural configuration is taken into account, solid generalisations begin to emerge. The article illustrates the advantages of this approach through a study of the interaction between vowel harmony and affixes.
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Malmîsanîj, Mehmet T., and Abdulwahab X. Mosa. "PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND INFIXESES IN KURMANJI (ZAZAKI) (Comparative descriptive study)." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/2017.5.2.401.
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This research "Prefixes, Suffixes, and Infixeses in Kurmanjki (Zazaki) is prepared on the basis of comparison to other dialects. The materials are taken from oral and written Kurmanjki resources. One of the aims of this research is to compare prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses of two Kurdish dialects, Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, their mutual and diffident sides to be shown. In the recent times, in Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, new terms and words are inflected. To inflect new words and terms, we should have knowledge about prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses. Another aim of this research is to know the characteristics of Kurmanjki's prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses, and to help inflecting oral words. In this research, several outcomes were shown in the conclusion. Key words, Kurmanjki, Kurmanji, Kurmanjki infixeses, Kurmanjki prefixes, Kurmanjki suffixes, Zazaki.
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Fox, Robert Allen, and Ilse Lehiste. "Effect of Unstressed Affixes on Stress-Beat Location in Speech Production and Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 1 (August 1987): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.35.
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The present study examined the influence of unstressed prefixes and suffixes upon the location of stress-beats in the production and perception of stressed CVC syllables. Analysis indicates that the addition of an unstressed suffix produces a small stress-beat shift, while the addition of an unstressed prefix produces a much larger shift in the opposite direction.
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Berg, Thomas. "Locating affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.1.08ber.
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This study seeks to determine the relative position of derivational affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum in English. Its major claim is that the set of prefixes is rather more lexical and the set of suffixes rather more grammatical in nature. This hypothesis is supported by a battery of ten tests (nine linguistic and one psycholinguistic). All tests converge to the point where we can raise the possibility of a unified explanation. A theoretical account is offered which is grounded in both language structure and processing. It is erected on a temporal asymmetry between prefixes and suffixes and a logical (relational) asymmetry between stems and affixes. In conjunction with the immediacy-of-processing assumption, these asymmetries lead to a temporal precedence of (more) lexical over (more) grammatical material, hence the higher lexicalness of prefixes and the higher grammaticalness of suffixes. An extended focus on inflectional morphology locates inflectional suffixes at the grammatical end of the spectrum. Inflectional prefixes in languages other than English may find a place either between derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes or between derivational and inflectional suffixes.
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Mountain, Lee. "Recurrent Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes." Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 58, no. 7 (February 21, 2015): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jaal.394.
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Ariani, N. K. "DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN BATUSESA DIALECT OF BALINESE: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY." International Journal of Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v1i1.9617.
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This study was designed in the form of descriptive qualitative study with the aim at describing the prefixes and suffixes in Batusesa Dialect of Balinese which belong to derivational and inflectional morpheme. The techniques used to collect the data were observation, recording and interview technique. In this study, there were three informants chosen. The results of this study show that there are four kinds of prefixes found in Batusesa Dialect, namely {n-}, {me-}, {pe-}, and {a-} and five kinds of suffixes namely {-ang}, {-nә}, {-in}, {-an} and {-ә}. There are three kinds of prefixes and one kind of suffixes which belong to derivational morpheme, namely {n-}, {me-}, {pe-}, and {-ang}. Moreover there are three kinds of inflectional prefixes namely {n-}, {me-}, and {a-} and four kinds of suffixes which belong to inflectional morpheme, namely {-nә}, {-in}, {-an} and {-ә}. There were some grammatical functions of prefixes and suffixes in Batusesa dialect of Balinese, namely affix forming verbal, affix forming nominal, affix forming numeral, affix forming adjective, and affix forming adverb, activizer and passivizer.
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Fadhila, Aulia Zahra. "ANALISIS AFIKSASI DALAM ALBUM “DEKADE” LAGU AFGAN." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v4i1.441.
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The research conducted was entitled "Affixation Analysis in the DEKADE Afgan Song Album". This research was conducted using qualitative methods. The data used in the study were taken from the lyrics of the Afgan song on the album "DEKADE" which is available on sites on the internet. The problem discussed was the use of affixes to Afgan's song lyrics in DEKADE's album. The results of the research conducted show that there are many uses of affixation in the lyrics of agu Afgan. There are 112 words that contain affixations in the Afgan song lyrics on the album. Of the 112 data found with affixes, suffixes had the highest percentage of usage. There were 69 data suffixes that were found, consisting of the suffixes kan-, -nya, -an, and -i. The suffix that is mostly found is kan-, while the suffix with the smallest frequency of occurrence is the suffix -an. Like suffixes, prefixes are also found in the lyrics of the song. The prefix found in 24 data consisted of tar, ber-, di-, mem-, and se-. Meanwhile, in the confixes of the song lyrics, there are 9 data consisting of performances and occasional data.
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Trommer, Jochen. "Moraic prefixes and suffixes in Anywa." Lingua 140 (February 2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2013.11.003.
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Schuh, Russell G. "Avatime noun classes and concord." Studies in African Linguistics 24, no. 2 (June 15, 1995): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v24i2.107407.
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Avatime is one of 14 "Central-Togo" (or "Togo Remnant") languages, spoken in Ghana, Togo, and Benin. These languages differ from their nearest Kwa group relatives in that they have active systems of noun classes and concord. Avatime has 13 noun classes, each with a distinct nominal prefix. Prefixes (as well as most other affixes) agree in [ATR] vowel harmony with the host noun root. Some classes impose invariable low tone on the prefix while prefix tone of other classes may be any of three lexically determined tones. Definiteness is marked by a set of suffixes. The ultimate segmental shapes and tones of these suffixes depend on the interaction of the respective class prefix shapes and coalescence phenomena with stem final vowels. There are correlations between noun class and nominal semantics, and nominal derivation is done in part through class choice. A number of attributive modifiers show class concord with the head noun. In the variety of Avatime studied here, such concord is only though vocalic prefixes on attributive modifiers, not by full CV prefixes as is typical of Bantu languages. Some attributives also have "tonal concord", which is not class concord per se, but refers to the tone of the head noun's prefix. Not all attributive modifiers have overt concord marking.
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Carden, Julia R., Juan P. Barreyro, Juan Segui, and Virginia Jaichenco. "The fundamental role of position in affix identity." Mental Lexicon 14, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.19009.car.
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Abstract Previous research suggests that while free morpheme identification during visual word recognition is position-independent, suffixes are activated only when they occur after the stem. Surprisingly, prefix position coding has not yet been assessed. This point is important given that some experimental studies demonstrated clear processing differences between prefixes and suffixes. In this study we examined whether Spanish suffixes and prefixes are recognized independently of their position by adapting the Crepaldi, Rastle, and Davis’s (2010) experimental paradigm. We observed that morphologically structured nonwords in which the affix occurs in its typical position (e.g., curiosura, disgrave) are rejected more slowly and less accurately than their matched orthographic controls (e.g., curiosula, dusgrave). Crucially, such morpheme interference effect is completely absent when the morphemes are inverted (i.e., uracurios and gravedis are rejected as easily as ulacurios and gravedus). Our data provide strong support to the hypothesis that all affix processing is sensitive to position.
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Kazlauskienė, Asta, and Gailius Raškinis. "The Structure of Morphemes of Lithuanian Verbs." Respectus Philologicus 23, no. 28 (April 25, 2013): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2013.23.28.17.
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The aim of this research was to establish and describe the most important phonemic patterns of Lithuanian verb morphemes. The investigation was based on a corpus of 30,000 verb types (verbs and their forms). All words in the corpus were stressed and phonetically transcribed. A computer program was developed to extract statistics out of this corpus. The results indicate that monosyllabic morphemes dominate in Lithuanian. They comprise 97%, 99%, 98%, and 97% of all verb roots, prefixes, derivational suffixes, and endings respectively. Inflectional suffixes and the reflexive affix are exclusively monosyllabic. Pronominal inflection endings are either disyllabic (97%) or trisyllabic. There is a high variety of vowelconsonant patterns among verbs: the verb root is represented by 91 patterns, prefixes by 8 patterns, derivational suffixes by 18 patterns, inflectional suffixes by 7 patterns, inflectional endings by 9 patterns, endings of pronominal participles by 7 patterns, and the reflexive affix by 3 different patterns. The consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) pattern appeared to be the most frequent among verb roots (45%), the CV pattern was the most frequent among prefixes (59%), the VC pattern was the most frequent among derivational suffixes (46%), and V pattern was the most frequent among inflectional endings of Lithuanian verbs (76%). In many cases, the root of a verb contains both initial and final consonants (82%). Because of this and because of the tendency to avoid hiatus in Lithuanian, the root can be adjoined by vowel-final prefixes and vowel-initial suffixes or inflectional endings. This appears to be the case, as prefixes are mostly open (80%), and both derivational suffixes (90%) and all inflectional endings begin with vowels. Inflectional suffixes do not follow this regularity. Only one-third of them start with a vowel. The hypothesis that the phonemic structure of a verb root might determine the corresponding patterns of its adjoining affixes seems to be supported by this investigation.
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Chandra, Yulie Neila. "Morfem Derivasional dalam Bahasa Mandarin." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v3i1.35.
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<p>Affixation is one of the process of morphological in Mandarin. Affixes are bound morphemes that are added to other morphemes to form larger units such as words, especially to form a compound word (成词 héchéng cí). Mandarin has two types of affixes: prefixes (precedes the morpheme) and suffixes (follows the morpheme). Prefixes are rare in Mandarin, such as {初chū-}, {第dì-}, {非fēi-}, {可kĕ-}, etc;while suffixes are more numerous, such as {儿-er}, {化 –huā}, {家 –jiā}, {们 –men}, {员 –yuán}, {者 –zhĕ}, {子-zi}, etc. In Mandarin, affix morphemes can also be divided into two functional categories, namely inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes, both refers two principal word formation processes: inflection and derivation. Although, Mandarin is not the inflection language, only prefix {初chū-} and suffix {们–men} are inflectional morphemes. Therefore, the derivation process is more productive in Mandarin. Derivational morphemes form new words by changing the meaning of the base (root) and the word class. In consequence, derivation in Mandarin may cause a change of word classes; such as nouns, verbs, and adjective, but generally form nouns.</p>
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Güldemann, Tom. "Head-initial meets head-final nominal suffixes in eastern a southern Bantu from a historical perspective." Studies in African Linguistics 28, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 50–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v28i1.107378.
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Bantu languages in eastern and southern Africa possess nominal suffixes which serve to express locative relations or derive nominal stems. As these grammemes are final to their noun hosts, they are markedly distinct from canonic prefix morphology in Bantu nouns. Moreover, nominal syntagms are head-initial and canonic grammaticalization in this domain can be expected to yield prefixes. The elements under discussion are suffixes, yet they developed in Bantu from inherited nominal lexemes. Thus, they are unusual from a morphotactic viewpoint and cannot easily be accounted for by exclusively language-internal developments. For this reason, it is plausible to investigate the hypothesis that the nominal suffixes emerged due to interference from languages having a different grammatical structure. For this purpose, a sample of non-Bantu languages from the relevant geographic area in Africa is established and analyzed in order to test whether there are languages or entire groups with head-final and suffixing patterns that could have influenced the process of suffix emergence in Bantu.
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Babar, Muhammad, Ghani Rahman, and Sadia Ashraf. "An Analysis of the Problems in Learning English Words through Words Formation Processes by Undergraduate Students at Hazara University." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. IV (December 30, 2020): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-iv).09.
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The present study analyzes the problems in learning English words through words formation processes by undergraduate students. The instrument of the test was used to collect data from one hundred seventeen undergraduate students selected through non-random convenient sampling. The findings of the study suggest that students had not acquired most of the English words through word-formation processes. The words formed through conversion, backformation, compounding and acronym were acquired less in number by students than the blending and abbreviation. The results show that undergraduate students had no significant difficulty in learning English common suffixes deriving English words as compared to the non-common ones. The common, occurring prefixes and suffixes forming new words were both difficult, but the suffixes were a bit more difficult than prefixes, while the non-common occurring prefixes and suffixes forming new words were both equally difficult for students. The idiomaticity of the words makes them difficult to learn.
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Mineeva, Z. I. "WORD-FORMING GROUP CHINA IN MODERN RUSSIAN." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 6 (December 25, 2019): 942–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-6-942-952.
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The article deals with derivatives, directly or indirectly motivated by the noun China , being one word formation nest. Corpus analysis, as well as semantic and word formation analysis have been used. The research material includes encyclopedic and explanatory dictionaries of 21 century, the word-building dictionary, the Russian National Corpus, scientific and journalistic texts. The conclusion is that the words derived from the noun China include nouns, adjectives, adverb, verbs and are formed by affixes (prefixes, suffixes, prefixes-suffixes); by addition, including addition with affixoids, interfixes; by abbreviation and contamination; semantic derivation. The large number of derivatives are complex nouns, as well as names and nouns formed using prefixes and suffixes. In total there are 35 productive word-formation models, according to which more than 50 derivatives are formed from the word China.
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Kazlauskienė, Asta, and Jurgita Cvilikaitė-Mačiulskienė. "The structural patterns of Lithuanian affixes." Studies About Languages, no. 34 (June 3, 2019): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.34.21003.
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The aim of this research is to identify the main structural patterns of affixes of Lithuanian inflective words, their productivity and frequency. We present a survey of the structural diversity and productivity of these morphemes rendered in The Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian and in The Grammar of Modern Lithuanian. The frequency data was collected from The Database of the Morphemics of the Lithuanian Language. The morpheme analysis has revealed the following tendencies: 1) while prefixes are always monosyllabic, suffixes and flexions can vary from non-syllabic to trisyllabic, 2) within these morphemes, consonant clusters are not frequent. Prefixes in Lithuanian can have C0-2VC0-2 structure. The most productive and frequent pattern is C1V. Suffixes have structures C1-2, C0-2V(W)C0-3 and C0-1VC1-2VC0-2. The most productive are VC1 of nominal words and C1, VC0-1 verbal suffixes. In usage, VC1 suffixes of nominal words and V, C1 as well as VC1 verb patterns dominate. Flexions can have the following structures: C1, VC0-2, VC1VC0-1 or VC1VC1VC0-1. The most productive patterns are simple VC0-1, which also dominate the usage. The analysis has revealed the influence of a root on the structure of other morphemes. The most typical root structure C1-2VC1-2 entails a C1V structure prefix on the one side, while on the other - a suffix or a flexion with VC0-1 structure. The result of such combination is quite a consistent a consonant + a vowel + a consonant (+ a consonant) + a vowel + a consonant (+ a consonant) + a vowel (+ a consonant) chain: C1V + C1-2VC1-2 + VC0-1.
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Kandel, Sonia, Elsa Spinelli, Annie Tremblay, Helena Guerassimovitch, and Carlos J. Álvarez. "Processing prefixes and suffixes in handwriting production." Acta Psychologica 140, no. 3 (July 2012): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.04.005.
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Le, Nhat, Matthew Wiley, Antonio Loza, Vagelis Hristidis, and Robert El-Kareh. "Prediction of Medical Concepts in Electronic Health Records: Similar Patient Analysis." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): e16008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16008.
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Background Medicine 2.0—the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies such as social networks in health care—creates the need for apps that can find other patients with similar experiences and health conditions based on a patient’s electronic health record (EHR). Concurrently, there is an increasing number of longitudinal EHR data sets with rich information, which are essential to fulfill this need. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that we can leverage similar EHRs to predict possible future medical concepts (eg, disorders) from a patient’s EHR. Methods We represented patients’ EHRs using time-based prefixes and suffixes, where each prefix or suffix is a set of medical concepts from a medical ontology. We compared the prefixes of other patients in the collection with the state of the current patient using various interpatient distance measures. The set of similar prefixes yields a set of suffixes, which we used to determine probable future concepts for the current patient’s EHR. Results We evaluated our methods on the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II data set of patients, where we achieved precision up to 56.1% and recall up to 69.5%. For a limited set of clinically interesting concepts, specifically a set of procedures, we found that 86.9% (353/406) of the true-positives are clinically useful, that is, these procedures were actually performed later on the patient, and only 4.7% (19/406) of true-positives were completely irrelevant. Conclusions These initial results indicate that predicting patients’ future medical concepts is feasible. Effectively predicting medical concepts can have several applications, such as managing resources in a hospital.
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Yurtbaşı, Metin. "Building English vocabulary through roots, prefixes and suffixes." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 5, no. 1 (November 17, 2015): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v5i0.39.
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Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is the sum of the basic elements of four skills, namely, reading, writing, speaking and listening effectively. The knowledge of vocabulary words in lexico-semantics, on the other hand, is essential in every grade level, subject area and assessment for every student. In order to improve students’ efficiency in the realm of learning and utilizing them in appropriate instances, we must give them means to decode unfamiliar words through such elements called “affixes” and “roots”. Based on theories of Constructivism and Bloom's Taxonomy, and in the context of teaching all components of a language and arts curriculum, teaching such common roots and affixes is an effective strategy that would secure them a rich vocabulary. This presentation will call attention to an alternative dimension to traditional vocabulary teaching based on giving definitions of words or eliciting or deducing meaning from context. According to this methodology, first an awareness is given to students that the English words are essentially borrowings from other languages mostly with Latin or Greek origins (roots) formed by additions to them by parts (affixes) attached to their front and end. So by guessing the meaning of unknown words by such elements, learners are assumed to grasp the idea of the whole word. This presentation will serve as an introduction to the issue of the nature and functions of word etymology with semantics and lexico-semantics in learning English vocabulary items both for learners and teachers alike. Keywords: semantics, lexico-semantics, affix, prefix, suffix, root.
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Baumbach, E. J. M. "Pre-Tsonga noun class prefixes and verb suffixes." South African Journal of African Languages 5, no. 3 (January 1985): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1985.10586594.
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Metin, YURTBAŞI. "Building english vocabulary through roots, prefixes and suffixes." Dil Dergisi, no. 161 (2013): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/dilder_0000000198.
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Фатима, Кадыркулова, and Бейшенова Ж. "СУФФИКСЫ И ПРЕФИКСЫ ОТРИЦАНИЯ В НЕМЕЦКОМ И КЫРГЫЗСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ." Vestnik Bishkek Humanities University, no. 49 (November 29, 2019): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu.2019.49.8.
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Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются суффиксы и префиксы отрицания как средства выражения отрицательного значения в немецком и кыргызском языках. Отрицательный аффикс -сыз (-суз, -саз) в кыргызском языке сопоставляется с немецкими словообразовательными суффиксами –frei, -los, -leer. В работе также подробно анализируется словообразовательные префиксы в не- мецком и кыргызском языках. В немецком языке префиксы nicht-, nichts-, um-, miss-, участвуют в образовании новых лексических единиц с отрицательным значением. А также в данной работе проанализированы общие заимствованные из других языков отрицательные префиксы a- (an-), de- (des-), in- (ir-, im-, il-). Ключевые слова: отрицательные суффиксы, отрицательные префиксы (приставки), отрицательная частица, словообразовательные средства отрицания, полуфункциональные аффиксы. Аннотация: бул статьяда терс маанисин немец жана кыргыз тилдеринде билдирген каражат катары суффикстер жана префикстер каралат. Терс аффикс -сыз (-суз, -саз) кыргыз тилинде немец сөз жасоочу суффиктер –frei, -los, -leer менен салыштырылат. Ошондой эле кыргыз жана немец тилдериндеги сөздөрдүн калыптануу префикси толук талданат. Анын немис тилиндеги префикси nicht-, nicht-, um-, mich- катышып, билим берүүдө жаңы лексикалык бирдик деп каралат. Ошондой эле бул иште жалпы башка тилдердин терс префикстери a- (an-), de- (deus-), in- (ir-, im-, il-) талданган. Түйүндүү сөздөр: терс суффикстер, терс префиксер (улоочу түзүлүштөр), терс бирдик, сөз жасоочу каражаттары тануу, жарымфункционалдык аффикстер. Abstract: this article discusses suffixes and prefixes of negation as a means of expressing negative meaning in German and Kyrgyz languages. The negative affix -syz (- Suz, - Suz) in the Kyrgyz language is compared with the German word-forming suffixes -frei, -los, -leer. The paper also analyzes in detail the word-formative prefixes in German and Kyrgyz languages. In German, the prefixes nicht-, nicht-, um-, mich -, are involved in the formation of new lexical units with a negative meaning. And also in this work the General negative prefixes borrowed from other languages a- (an-), de- (deus-), in- (ir-, im-, il -) are analyzed. Keywords: negative suffixes, negative prefixes (prefixes), negative particle, word- forming means of negation, semi-functional affixes.
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Ahland, Michael. "Subject marking interrupted: Perturbations from the development of Northern Mao’s future tense suffix." Studies in African Linguistics 43, no. 2 (June 15, 2014): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v43i2.107264.
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Northern Mao, an Omotic-Mao language of Ethiopia, exhibits three partially overlapping but distinct subject-marking paradigms in its verbal system: subject prefixes on realis verbs which correspond closely to free pronouns, subject suffixes on irrealis negative non-future verbs which exhibit regular changes from the realis prefixes, and a third, more divergent, subject suffix system on irrealis future verbs which exhibits an [m] form not attested as a person marker elsewhere in the language or extended family. It is argued (from internal evidence) that the irrealis future verbs developed from a periphrastic subordinate + final verb complexes and that the intrusive [m] was, at an earlier stage, part of a subordinating morpheme.
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Li, Wenchao. "Subjectivity in Japanese: A Corpus-Linguistic Study." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 5 (August 26, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n5p202.
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This paper provides a corpus-linguistic study on subjectivity in Japanese, in an effort to arrive at how subjectivity, transitivity and grammaticalisation are related. 899 lexicons from nine grammatical categories (suffixes and prefixes, adjectives, particles, auxiliaries, nouns, adnominals, adverbs, and transitive/intransitive verb pairs) are examined. The findings reveal that Japanese is a subjective/objective-split language, and that subjectivity in affixes is facilitated by phonology: voiced/voiceless consonant alternation. The data also show that consonant-voiced prefixes and suffixes yield a subjective reading, while consonant-voiceless prefixes and suffixes render an objective meaning. Split subjectivity in adjectives is realised by morphology: しい-ending adjectives tend to be subjective, while い-ending adjectives are mostly objective. The differentiation of subjectivity in adjectives is further tied to the constraints on personal pronoun and verbalisation possibilities. Intriguingly, objective/subjective readings of しい-ending adjectives andい-ending adjectives are switchable. Furthermore, among transitive/intransitive verb pairs, intransitive verbs are likely to get grammaticalised, while transitive verbs are likely to be lexicalised and thus render a subjective reading. This is confirmed by change-of-state verbs and motion verbs. This paper therefore puts forward the hypothesis that the interrelationship of grammaticalisation and lexicalisation is orthogonal.
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Van Goethem, Kristel. "From adjective to affix in Dutch and French." Studies in Language 35, no. 1 (July 21, 2011): 194–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.1.11van.
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This study, which builds on previous work on the grammaticalization of lexemes into affixes (affixization), is devoted to the evolution from adjective to affix (prefix or suffix) in Dutch and French. By means of several case studies (oud- ‘old’, dol- ‘mad’, nouveau- ‘new’, -vriendelijk ‘friendly’) which are assessed against grammaticalization parameters such as de- or resemanticization and decategorization, I show that the affixization of adjectives is more productive and more advanced in Dutch than in French. To account for these differences, I argue that the affixization process strongly interacts with the different word order patterns of both languages. According to this hypothesis, the Dutch modifier-head structure would favour the grammaticalization of adjectives into prefixes and suffixes, whereas the French head-modifier structure impedes the affixization process.
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Singh, Dasharath, and Ahmed Ibrahim Isah. "Prefixes, suffixes and substrings in a multilanguage: A perspective." Applied Mathematical Sciences 8 (2014): 6325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ams.2014.48660.
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DeLancey, Scott. "Verb agreement in Proto-Tibeto-Burman." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 52, no. 2 (June 1989): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00035485.
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My purpose in this paper is to outline a preliminary reconstruction scheme for the agreement morphology of the Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB) verb. I will deal with two separable issues: the provenence of the widespread suffixal agreement paradigm, and that of a less widely attested set of prefixes. The suffixal paradigm has, since the work of Bauman (1974, 1975, 1979, see also DeLancey 1980, 1981b) been recognized by some, but by no means all, Tibeto- Burmanists as being reconstructible for PTB. The prefixes, on the other hand, are as far as I know currently universally viewed as of secondary origin (although Bauman (1975) attributes a PTB provenence to one of the morphemes involved, he does not consider it to have been part of an original agreement system). I will show, however, that there is good evidence on which to base an argument that these also are of PTB provenence, and in fact very likely older than the suffixes.
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Idawati, Idawati, Ahmad Tolla, Kamaruddin Kamaruddin, and Ramly Ramly. "Morphosyntax of Tae’ Language (Morfosintaksis Bahasa Tae’)." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0703.08.
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This research aims to convey themorphosyntax in Tae’ language.Thisis descriptive qualitativeresearchsupported by library and field method. The library and field research method aims to find the detail and complete data. Moreover, the researchanalyzes words, phrases, clauses, and sentences in Tae’ languageas primary data.The results show that there are some features that mark morphosyntax in Tae’ language. They are reduplication process, derivational affixation, and sentence structures that describe the word orders of Tae’ language. Reduplications of Tae’ language are containing of full and partial reduplication. Whereas, thederivational affixations of Tae’ language are containing of prefixes and suffixes. The form of prefixes is ma-, ku-, na- di-, and si-. And, the form of suffixes is –i, - ko, and –mu. Those affixes are derived from derivation process namely the basic construction or sentence structures.
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Qadir, Muhsin Hama Saeed, and Saza Ahmed Fakhry Abdulla. "A Comparative Morphological Approach to Class Maintaining Derivational Affixes in English and Kurdish." Journal of University of Human Development 6, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v6n4y2020.pp25-34.
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This paper is a comparative morphological study of some class maintaining derivational affixes that do not alter the grammatical categories lexemes in Standard English and Central Kurdish from the standpoints of Generative Morphology. For the comparative analysis of the two languages, some of the derivational affixes that form new meanings from the existing lexemes and retain the grammatical categories of the newly derived lexemes have been classified. The main aim of the study is to identify the points of similarity and difference of class maintaining derivational affixes in both languages. The findings indicate that in the addition of nominal affixes, English and Kurdish are similar in that ‘concrete nouns’ could remain concrete nouns, as well as could convert into abstract nouns by adding certain affixes. In English, a prefix can also be added to a concrete noun to derive a new concrete noun, whereas in Kurdish, only a prefix can be added to an abstract noun to form a concrete noun. In the addition of adjectival affixes, both languages are similar in that adjectives can derive new adjectives by attaching some prefixes and some suffixes to the existing lexemes. In English, the cardinal numbers remain cardinals when the suffixes –teen and –ty are attached to them, whereas in Kurdish the only rare case can be seen when the suffix –a is attached to the two cardinal numerals hawt/ haft ‘seven’ and hašt ‘eight’. The suffixes –th in English and -(h)am and -(h)amin in Kurdish can be attached to the cardinal numbers to form the ordinal numbers.
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Rugaiyah, Rugaiyah. "Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes: A Morphological Analisis." J-SHMIC : Journal of English for Academic 5, no. 2 (August 26, 2018): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jshmic.2018.vol5(2).1887.
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This study was intended to describe the category of inflectional and derivational morphemes found in Reading Texts of 2013 Curriculum English Textbook for the X Grade of Senior High Schools Published by Ministry of Education and Culture. Morpheme is used to refer to the smallest unit that has meaning or serves a grammatical function in a language. The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative. The results of this study show that Derivational prefixes consist of inter-, eco-, un-, ar-, pre-, re-, pro-, be-, de-, in-, dis-, a-, ex-, auto-, mis-, agri-, em-, ap-, im- and al-. While, Derivational suffixes consist of four categories. Thus are nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial suffixes. First, nominal suffixes, namely –ism, -ation, -al, -ing, -ist, -or, -ity, -er, -ance, -ment, -ion, -ess, -ium, -ature, -ry, -ant, -ce, -ive, -cy, -y, -r, -ge, and -ness. Second, Verbal suffixes, namely –n and –ize. Third, Adjectival suffixes, namely –al, -ly, -ous, -ing, -able, -ic, -ish, -ive, -ian, -ny, -less, -ed, -ary, -nese, -y, and –ful and the last is adverbial suffix –ly. Otherwise, the categories of inflectional morphemes that found in texts consist of Noun suffixes (plural) such as; –s, -ies, and –es, Noun suffixes (possessive) e.g; –s’ and -’s, Verb suffixes (3rd person singular) are –s and –es, Verb suffixes (past tense) are –ed and –d, Verb suffixes (past participle) such as; –n, -d, and -ed, Adjective suffixes (comparative) are –er, - r, and –ier and Adjective suffixes (superlative) are –st and –est. Therefore, based on the result of finding verb suffixes are not found.
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Kanu, Sullay M., and Benjamin V. Tucker. "Temne." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no. 2 (July 8, 2010): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510031000006x.
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Temne belongs to the South Atlantic Group of Niger-Congo (formerly the Southern Branch of the Atlantic Group of Niger-Congo; Blench 2006, Childs 2010) spoken in the northern part of Sierra Leone. According to Ethnologue (ISO 639–3: tem, Lewis 2009), Temne has a population of about 1.2 million native speakers. Like other South Atlantic languages, Temne is a tonal language with a noun class system, prefixed noun class markers and agreeing prefixes on dependent elements. Features determining class membership include number and animacy. Temne also features extension suffixes which alter the valency or the semantic structure of simple verb stems. The basic word order is Subject–Verb–Object.
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PYE, CLIFTON, and BARBARA PFEILER. "The Comparative Method of language acquisition research: a Mayan case study." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 2 (March 26, 2013): 382–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000912000748.
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ABSTRACTThis article demonstrates how the Comparative Method can be applied to cross-linguistic research on language acquisition. The Comparative Method provides a systematic procedure for organizing and interpreting acquisition data from different languages. The Comparative Method controls for cross-linguistic differences at all levels of the grammar and is especially useful in drawing attention to variation in contexts of use across languages. This article uses the Comparative Method to analyze the acquisition of verb suffixes in two Mayan languages: K'iche' and Yucatec. Mayan status suffixes simultaneously mark distinctions in verb transitivity, verb class, mood, and clause position. Two-year-old children acquiring K'iche' and Yucatec Maya accurately produce the status suffixes on verbs, in marked distinction to the verbal prefixes for aspect and agreement. We find evidence that the contexts of use for the suffixes differentially promote the children's production of cognate status suffixes in K'iche' and Yucatec.
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Marcos Miguel, Nausica. "Analyzing morphology-related strategies in Spanish L2 lexical inferencing: how do suffixes matter?" International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 58, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2016-0091.
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AbstractIntraword awareness, i. e., of affixes and stems, helps L2 learners in inferring the meaning of unknown words. Learners draw inferences relying on suffixes, prefixes and stems since each element can independently contribute to comprehension. This study analyzes morphology-related strategies in inferencing and focuses on the contribution of suffixes for adult L1 English-speaking learners of Spanish. Differences among suffixes (i. e., transparency, biuniqueness, explicitness of instruction, and cognateness) are taken into account. In a cross-sectional design with learners (n=209) of different proficiency levels (from 2 to 7 semesters of university study), intraword awareness was analyzed by means of two metalinguistic tasks. Participants of all proficiency levels relied on morphology-related strategies, with an increase of proficiency accompanied by an increase in strategy use. As for suffixes, instruction and cognateness mattered more than frequency in guiding students to successful inferencing. Nevertheless, knowledge of suffixes was still limited for the most advanced learners.
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Kuts, M. O., O. Yu Herasymenko, and L. A. Dmytruk. "GREEK-LATIN PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE." Науковий вісник ДДПУ імені Івана Франка. Серія: Філологічні науки (мовознавство), no. 15 (2021): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2663-6042.15.2021.15.
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Kumar, Sanjeev, Suneeta Agarwal, and Ranvijay. "An Efficient Tool for Searching Maximal and Super Maximal Repeats in Large DNA/Protein Sequences via Induced-Enhanced Suffix Array." Recent Patents on Computer Science 12, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275911666181107095645.
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Background: DNA and Protein sequences of an organism contain a variety of repeated structures of various types. These repeated structures play an important role in Molecular biology as they are related to genetic backgrounds of inherited diseases. They also serve as a marker for DNA mapping and DNA fingerprinting. Efficient searching of maximal and super maximal repeats in DNA/Protein sequences can lead to many other applications in the area of genomics. Moreover, these repeats can also be used for identification of critical diseases by finding the similarity between frequency distributions of repeats in viruses and genomes (without using alignment algorithms). Objective: The study aims to develop an efficient tool for searching maximal and super maximal repeats in large DNA/Protein sequences. Methods: The proposed tool uses a newly introduced data structure Induced Enhanced Suffix Array (IESA). IESA is an extension of enhanced suffix array. It uses induced suffix array instead of classical suffix array. IESA consists of Induced Suffix Array (ISA) and an additional array-Longest Common Prefix (LCP) array. ISA is an array of all sorted suffixes of the input sequence while LCP array stores the lengths of the longest common prefixes between all pairs of consecutive suffixes in an induced suffix array. IESA is known to be efficient w.r.t. both time and space. It facilitates the use of secondary memory for constructing the large suffix-array. Results: An open source standalone tool named MSR-IESA for searching maximal and super maximal repeats in DNA/Protein sequences is provided at https://github.com/sanjeevalg/MSRIESA. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other state of the art works w.r.t. to both time and space. Conclusion: The proposed tool MSR-IESA is remarkably efficient for the analysis of DNA/Protein sequences, having maximal and super maximal repeats of any length. It can be used for identification of well-known diseases.
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Schmiedtová, Barbara. "use of aspect in Czech L2." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 29 (January 1, 2003): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.175.
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The focus of the present paper is on the difference between English and German learners‘ use of perfectivity and imperfectivity. The latter is expressed by means of suffixation (suffix -va-). In contrast, perfectivity is encoded either by suffixation (-nou-) or by prefixation (twenty different prefixes that mostly modify not only aspectual but also lexical properties of the verb).
In the native Czech data set, there is no significant difference between the number of imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms. In the English data, imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms are equally represented as well. However, German learners use significantly more perfective forms than English learners and Czech natives. When encoding perfectivity in Czech, German learners prefer to use prefixes to suffixes. Overall, English learners in comparison to German learners encode more perfectives by means of suffixation than prefixation.
These results suggest that German learners of Czech focus on prefixes expressing aspectual and lexical modification of the verb, while English learners rather pay attention to the aspectual opposition between perfective and imperfective. In a more abstract way, the German learner group focuses on the operations carried out on the left side from the verb stem while the English learner group concentrates on the operations performed on the right side qfrom the verb stem.
This sensitivity can be to certain degree motivated by the linguistic devices of the corresponding source languages: English learners of Czech use imperfectives mainly because English has marked fully grammatical form for the expression of imperfective aspect – the progressive -ing form. German learners, on the other hand, pay in Czech more attention to the prefixes, which like in German modify the lexical meaning of the verb. In this manner, Czech prefixes used for perfectivization function similar to the German verbal prefixes (such as ab-, ver-) modifying Aktionsart.
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Mulawarman, Widyatmike Gede, and Yeri Iswanto. "Penerapan Teknik Bagi Unsur Langsung (BUL) pada Identifikasi Afiks Bahasa Dayak Benuaq." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v1i1.5.
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This study aims to describe the form, function, and meaning of affix attached to the basic form of Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. This research is qualitative research with the technique of data analysis is BUL (Bagi Unsur Langsung) technique. This study was conducted in Kampung Jengan Danum, Damai District, West Kutai Regency. The research data is the entire word affixed spoken of native speakers Benuaq Kampung Jengan Danum. Data collection techniques used are recording techniques, cakap libat semuka technique, and simak cakap technique. The results showed that the Dayak Benuaq language in Kampung Jengan Danum has three forms affix, that is prefixes, suffixes, and combination of affixes. The prefixes are: {be-}, {pe-}, {peN-}, {te-}, and {N-}. The suffixes are: {tn}. The combination of affixes are: {ke- + N-} and {sek + N-}. The affix converts the categories of adjectives into verbs, verbs into adjectives, nouns into verbs, and nouns into adjectives. The meaning of the affixation of the Benuaq Dayak’s basic word is to declare an action, result of, a job, and to say to do work.
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Nisa, Baiatun. "A Morphological Process of Derivational Affixes in Popular LINE Webtoon: The Annarasumanara." REiLA: Journal of Research and Innovation in Language 2, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/reila.v2i2.4656.
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This research tries to analyze the morphological process of derivational affixes in a popular LINE Webtoon comic titled Annarasumanara authored by Il Kwon Ha. This research uses a synchronic descriptive approach in which data are collected and explained naturally. The objects of this research are the conversations in Annarasumanara from episode 1 to 10. The results of the research are 53 words that changed word classes, involving 7 derivational prefixes and 47 derivational suffixes. The suffix “-ly” is the most dominantly used in the Webtoon. This study revealed not only the detailed morphological process of affix analysis but also the grammatical categories of words and meanings.
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Ali, Muzaffar, Abdul Hamid, and Ghani Rahman. "Acquisition of English derivational morphemes students of selected universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 338–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.22.
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Derivational morphemes pose problems for learners of English. In this connection, the nature of the problems faced by the learners needs to be investigated. The present study investigates the acquisition of English derivational morphemes by undergraduate level students. Data for the study was selected from four universities of KPK including Hazara University, Islamia College University, Kohat University of Science and Technology and Swat University. The findings of the study highlight that the problems faced by learners are different in nature. Some students did not easily acquire the English derivational morphemes. Their scores were different for different derivational morphemes suggesting that they had acquired some of these morphemes easily as compared to others. Derivational morphemes such as de-adjective nominal suffixes are acquired more easily as compared to de-verbal nominals. Our first hypothesis that states that class preserving suffixes are acquired easily than class changing suffixes was approved. Furthermore, the classes preserving derivational prefixes were found to be easily acquired than class changing derivational suffixes.
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Dian Susanthi, I. Gusti Ayu Agung. "SEBUAH KAJIAN MORFOLOGI GENERATIF DALAM “SATUA BALI TALES FROM BALI”." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.1.1.218.
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[Title: A Generative Morphology Study in ‘Satua Bali Tales from Bali'] The diversity and uniqueness of language in the world is an interesting linguistic phenomenon to be studied. Word formation is one of interesting research object, because every language of course has diversity in word formation which is called as morphology process. The theory used in this paper is a theory that is written by experts in the field of morphology. The theory used is the theory of morphology, namely: the theory of generative morphology by Halle (1973), Aronaff (1976), and Scalise (1984). Some examples of words were found in "Satua Bali Tales From Bali". The words were classified into words with prefixes, infix, suffixes and confix.
In the data found that there were affixes found in the beginning of the word basic (prefix), inserts on the word (infix), suffix on the word base (suffix) or prefix and suffix that appeared together in the word base (confix). In the data also found the word that experienced nasalization process. In the prefix analysis found the fair form, potential and unnatural forms. In the infix analysis only found the fair form. In the suffix analysis found an unusual inverse form in the data. Unusual (strange) inverse forms can cause problems, because in society, those forms are not commonly used. In the confix analysis there was a reasonable invention. There was also a word that experienced a process of nasalization. For example the form of nepukin "see".
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Newman, Paul. "Tone and affixation in Hausa." Studies in African Linguistics 17, no. 3 (December 1, 1986): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v17i3.107485.
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In terms of their tonal behavior, Hausa affixes can be divided into two types. Tone integrating affixes (TIA's), all of which are suffixes, spread their tone(s) over the stem to which they are attached, overriding lexical stem tone in the process. Tonal assignment takes place in a regular right-to-left manner. Tone non-integrating affixes (TNI's) do not affect stem tone, the tone of resultant words simply being the sum of the parts. Most inflectional and derivational suffixes in Hausa, e.g. noun plurals and verbal grades, are tone integrating. Tone non-integrating affixes include a few suffixes, e.g. :waa "participial" and -aa "feminine", and the prefixes ba- "ethnonymic" and ma- "agential/instrumental/locational". Stems in Hausa typically drop their final vowel when a TIA is added; with most, but not all, TNI's, the stem-final vowel is retained.
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Enesi, Miranda. "The Effect of Teaching Word Formation Theory to English Students." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v7i1.p7-12.
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The word-formation theory is often avoided in English language course books and little research is conducted on the pedagogical status of word-building process. However, many researchers and lecturers have realized the effect of teaching word-formation theory in English languages course books. English language lecturers have noted that vocabulary is very important in various subjects of English language branch curricula. For this reason, we must admit that the processes of word-formation, through which every language vocabulary can be enriched, are very important in English language teaching and learning. Word formation components such as prefixes, suffixes, etymology, history of words and other required materials in composing the vocabulary of English language are tested in Aleksandër Moisiu University. The results have revealed a significant and successful effect of teaching Word formation theory, this way showing the colossal importance of this important language aspect in every English language edition course book. This paper has two aims: first to review types of English word-formation and, second, to discuss the absence and the need for word-formation theory in English language course books. Keywords: Word formation, prefixes, suffixes, words, vocabulary.
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Siklós, Bulcsu I. "The Tibetan verb: tense and nonsense." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49, no. 2 (June 1986): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00024198.
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Written Tibetan (WT) is unusual among Sino-Tibetan (ST) languages in possessing a relatively complex verb morphology which contains—apart from distinctive ‘prefixes' for intransitive/transitive verb pairs, a phenomenon found elsewhere in ST—prefixes and suffixes for certain tenses as well as a morphologically significant ablaut system, none of which can be found, or at least, none of which are common in other ST languages. The simplest ways of dealing with the problem of the origin and development of this system in the light of comparative ST researches are, firstly, ignoring it, and secondly, coming up withad hoctheories about its independent development, thereby not affecting the apparently stable edifice of ST in any way.
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Hasan Alizadeh, Morteza, and Seyyed Amin Seyyedi. "AUTO STEMMING OF AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE." Problems of Information Technology 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25045/jpit.v10.i1.06.
Full textAbstract:
One of important features in natural language processing is to find the root of a word. Stemming means to remove prefixes, suffixes, and infixes for finding the root of the word. Its aims are about to information retrieval, exploring text, machine for translation, and word look up based on its root. Stemming increases document retrieval by 10-50% in most of international languages, it also compresses the size of web-based table indexes documents up to 50%. In this paper, by analyzing stemming approaches, using structural methods, and deterministic finite automaton machine, applying 274 existing prefixes in language (linkage), a stemming system for Azerbaijani language is generated. Experimental result demonstrates that the proposed algorithm performs more than 97% accuracy.
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Nurhayati, Iin, and Sutiono Mahdi. "REDUPLICATION IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE." AICLL: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/aicll.v1i1.32.
Full textAbstract:
Linguistically speaking, Sundanese has a wide range of reduplicated words and as well delivers different meaning in a different words form wherever it be added by suffixes, infixes, or prefixes. This research try to presents and classify kinds of reduplication in Sundanese, in which stage they belong and how they can be different or not semantically and morphologically, and how they can presumably be similiar or different from one another. The data collection will involve correspondence to be asked about some word that can be reduplicated, using semantics and morphology as the approach to see the occurrence. Based on the data that has been investigated and classified, Sundanese reduplication can be applicable to all semantics properties. Thus, if Augmentation can be expressed by Sudanese reduplication, so does Diminution. On the other hand, if intensification can also be expressed by means of reduplication in Sudanese, so attenuation can also be expressed by Sudanese reduplication. Also if Sudanese root word is bound by affixation whether it be in prefix, infix, or suffix, its lexical and grammatical meaning can changed.