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Journal articles on the topic 'Prefrontal Cortex'
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SELEMON, LYNN D., PATRICIA S. GOLDMAN-RAKIC, and CAROL A. TAMMINGA. "Corex, III; Prefrontal Cortex." American Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 1 (January 1995): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.1.5.
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Mghamis, Munqith Mazin. "Effect of Prenatal Ketamine Exposure on GFAP Marker Expression in Mice Prefrontal Cortex Mice Prefrontal Cortex." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 4 (February 28, 2020): 3936–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr201507.
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Buchanan, Robert W., and Godfrey Pearlson. "Prefrontal Cortex, Structural Analysis: Segmenting the Prefrontal Cortex." American Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 11 (November 2004): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1978.
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Neary, D. "THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX." Brain 122, no. 2 (February 1999): 370a—370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.2.370a.
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Maroun, Mouna. "Medial Prefrontal Cortex." Neuroscientist 19, no. 4 (October 22, 2012): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858412464527.
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&NA;. "The Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178, no. 2 (February 1990): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199002000-00012.
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Miller, Earl K. "The Prefrontal Cortex." Neuron 22, no. 1 (January 1999): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80673-x.
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Kawasaki, Akihiro, Yutaka Matsuzaki, and Taku Kawada. "Neuroregulatory Effects of Microcone Patch Stimulation on the Auricular Branch of the Vagus Nerve and the Prefrontal Cortex: A Feasibility Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2024): 2399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082399.
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Background: The primary purpose of this study was to preliminarily examine the effects of autonomic nervous system activity on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Recent studies have examined approaches to modulating autonomic activity using invasive and non-invasive methods, but the effects of changes in autonomic activity during cognitive tasks on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have not been fully investigated. The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to examine changes in autonomic activity and blood oxygen saturation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during reading tasks induced by vagus nerve stimulation using a microcone patch. Methods: A cohort of 40 typically developing adults was enrolled in this study. We carefully examined changes in autonomic nervous system activity and blood oxygen saturation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a reading task in two conditions: with and without microcone patch stimulation. Results: Significant changes in brain activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortext due to microcone patch stimulation were confirmed. In addition, hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed specific changes in reading task-related blood oxygen saturation in the dorsolateral prefrontal region during microcone patch stimulation. Conclusions: It should be recognized that this study is a preliminary investigation and does not have immediate clinical applications. However, our results suggest that changes in autonomic nervous system activity induced by external vagal stimulation may affect activity in specific reading-related regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Further research and evaluation are needed to fully understand the implications and potential applications of these findings.
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Benson, D. F. "Prefrontal Abilities." Behavioural Neurology 6, no. 2 (1993): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/940318.
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The neuroanatomical region that has most prominently altered with the advancing cognitive competency of the human is the prefrontal cortex, particularly the rostral extreme. While the prefrontal cortex does not appear to contain the neural networks that carry out cognitive activities, the management of these high level manipulations, so uniquely characteristic of the human, appears dependent upon the prefrontal cortex.
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Yarur, Hector E., Ignacio Vega-Quiroga, Marcela P. González, Verónica Noches, Daniel R. Thomases, María E. Andrés, Francisco Ciruela, Kuei Y. Tseng, and Katia Gysling. "Inhibitory Control of Basolateral Amygdalar Transmission to the Prefrontal Cortex by Local Corticotrophin Type 2 Receptor." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 23, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz065.
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Abstract Background Basolateral amygdalar projections to the prefrontal cortex play a key role in modulating behavioral responses to stress stimuli. Among the different neuromodulators known to impact basolateral amygdalar-prefrontal cortex transmission, the corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) is of particular interest because of its role in modulating anxiety and stress-associated behaviors. While CRF type 1 receptor (CRFR1) has been involved in prefrontal cortex functioning, the participation of CRF type 2 receptor (CRFR2) in basolateral amygdalar-prefrontal cortex synaptic transmission remains unclear. Methods Immunofluorescence anatomical studies using rat prefrontal cortex synaptosomes devoid of postsynaptic elements were performed in rats with intra basolateral amygdalar injection of biotinylated dextran amine. In vivo microdialysis and local field potential recordings were used to measure glutamate extracellular levels and changes in long-term potentiation in prefrontal cortex induced by basolateral amygdalar stimulation in the absence or presence of CRF receptor antagonists. Results We found evidence for the presynaptic expression of CRFR2 protein and mRNA in prefrontal cortex synaptic terminals originated from basolateral amygdalar. By means of microdialysis and electrophysiological recordings in combination with an intra-prefrontal cortex infusion of the CRFR2 antagonist antisauvagine-30, we were able to determine that CRFR2 is functionally positioned to limit the strength of basolateral amygdalar transmission to the prefrontal cortex through presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release. Conclusions Our study shows for the first time to our knowledge that CRFR2 is expressed in basolateral amygdalar afferents projecting to the prefrontal cortex and exerts an inhibitory control of prefrontal cortex responses to basolateral amygdalar inputs. Thus, changes in CRFR2 signaling are likely to disrupt the functional connectivity of the basolateral amygdalar-prefrontal cortex pathway and associated behavioral responses.
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Greeley, Brian, and Rachael D. Seidler. "Differential effects of left and right prefrontal cortex anodal transcranial direct current stimulation during probabilistic sequence learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1906–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00795.2018.
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Left and right prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex (M1) are activated during learning of motor sequences. Previous literature is mixed on whether prefrontal cortex aids or interferes with sequence learning. The present study investigated the roles of prefrontal cortices and M1 in sequence learning. Participants received anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to right or left prefrontal cortex or left M1 during a probabilistic sequence learning task. Relative to sham, the left prefrontal cortex and M1 tDCS groups exhibited enhanced learning evidenced by shorter response times for pattern trials, but only for individuals who did not gain explicit awareness of the sequence (implicit). Right prefrontal cortex stimulation in participants who did not gain explicit sequence awareness resulted in learning disadvantages evidenced by slower overall response times for pattern trials. These findings indicate that stimulation to left prefrontal cortex or M1 can lead to sequence learning benefits under implicit conditions. In contrast, right prefrontal cortex tDCS had negative effects on sequence learning, with overall impaired reaction time for implicit learners. There was no effect of tDCS on accuracy, and thus our reaction time findings cannot be explained by a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Overall, our findings suggest complex and hemisphere-specific roles of left and right prefrontal cortices in sequence learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prefrontal cortices are engaged in motor sequence learning, but the literature is mixed on whether the prefrontal cortices aid or interfere with learning. In the current study, we used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to target left or right prefrontal cortex or left primary motor cortex while participants performed a probabilistic sequence learning task. We found that left prefrontal and motor cortex stimulation enhanced implicit learning whereas right prefrontal stimulation negatively impacted performance.
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Apergis-Schoute, Annemieke M., Bastiaan Bijleveld, Claire M. Gillan, Naomi A. Fineberg, Barbara J. Sahakian, and Trevor W. Robbins. "Hyperconnectivity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 2018): 239821281880871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818808710.
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Neuroimaging research has highlighted maladaptive thalamo-cortico-striatal interactions in obsessive-compulsive disorder as well as a more general deficit in prefrontal functioning linked with compromised executive functioning. More specifically, dysfunction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a central hub in coordinating flexible behaviour, is thought to be central to obsessive-compulsive disorder symptomatology. We sought to determine the intrinsic alterations of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder employing resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging analyses with a ventromedial prefrontal cortex seed region of interest. A total of 38 obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and 33 matched controls were included in our analyses. We found widespread ventromedial prefrontal cortex hyperconnectivity during rest in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, displaying increased connectivity with its own surrounding region in addition to hyperconnectivity with several areas along the thalamo-cortico-striatal loop: thalamus, caudate and frontal gyrus. Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients also exhibited increased functional connectivity from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to temporal and occipital lobes, cerebellum and the motor cortex, reflecting ventromedial prefrontal cortex hyperconnectivity in large-scale brain networks. Furthermore, hyperconnectivity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and caudate correlated with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptomatology. Additionally, we used three key thalamo-cortico-striatal regions that were hyperconnected with our ventromedial prefrontal cortex seed as supplementary seed regions, revealing hypoconnectivity along the orbito- and lateral prefrontal cortex-striatal pathway. Taken together, these results confirm a central role of a hyperconnected ventromedial prefrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder, with a special role for maladaptive crosstalk with the caudate, and indications for hypoconnectivity along the lateral and orbito pathways.
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Preuss, Todd M. "Do Rats Have Prefrontal Cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert Program Reconsidered." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.1.
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Primates are unique among mammals in possessing a region of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a well-developed internal granular layer. This region is commonly implicated in higher cognitive functions. Despite the histological distinctiveness of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the work of Rose, Woolsey, and Akert produced a broad consensus among neuroscientists that homologues of primate granular frontal cortex exist in nonprimates and can be recognized by their dense innervation from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). Additional characteristics have come to be identified with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, including rich dopaminergic innervation and involvement in spatial delayed-reaction tasks. However, recent studies reveal that these characteristics are not distinctive of the dorsolateral prefrontal region in primates: MD and dopaminergic projections are widespread in the frontal lobe, and medial and orbital frontal areas may play a role in delay tasks. A reevaluation of rat frontal cortex suggests that the medial frontal cortex, usually considered to be homologous to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates, actually consists of cortex homologous to primate premotor and anterior cin-date cortex. The lateral MD-projection cortex of rats resembles portions of primate orbital cortex. If prefrontal cortex is construed broadly enough to include orbital and cingulate cortex, rats can be said to have prefrontal cortex. However, they evidently lack homologues of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas of primates. This assessment suggests that rats probably do not provide useful models of human dorsolateral frontal lobe function and dysfunction, although they might prove valuable for understanding other regions of frontal cortex.
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Tsuchida, Ami, and Lesley K. Fellows. "Lesion Evidence That Two Distinct Regions within Prefrontal Cortex are Critical for n-Back Performance in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 12 (December 2009): 2263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21172.
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Although prefrontal cortex is clearly important in executive function, the specific processes carried out by particular regions within human prefrontal cortex remain a matter of debate. A rapidly growing corpus of functional imaging work now implicates various areas within prefrontal cortex in a wide range of “executive” tasks. Loss-of-function studies can help constrain the interpretation of such evidence by testing to what extent particular brain areas are necessary for a given cognitive process. Here we apply a component process analysis to understand prefrontal contributions to the n-back task, a widely used test of working memory, in a cohort of patients with focal prefrontal damage. We investigated letter 2-back task performance in 27 patients with focal damage to various regions within prefrontal cortex, compared to 29 demographically matched control subjects. Both “behavior-defined” approaches, using qualitative lesion analyses and voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping methods, and more conventional “lesion-defined” groupwise comparisons were undertaken to determine the relationships between specific sites of damage within prefrontal cortex and particular aspects of n-back task performance. We confirmed a critical role for left lateral prefrontal cortex in letter 2-back performance. We also identified a critical role for medial prefrontal cortex in this task: Damage to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and adjacent dorsal fronto-medial cortex led to a pattern of impairment marked by high false alarm rates, distinct from the impairment associated with lateral prefrontal damage. These findings provide converging support for regionally specific models of human prefrontal function.
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Barker, G. R. I., and E. C. Warburton. "Putting objects in context: A prefrontal–hippocampal–perirhinal cortex network." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 4 (January 2020): 239821282093762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212820937621.
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When we encounter an object, we spontaneously form associations between the object and the environment in which it was encountered. These associations can take a number of different forms, which include location and context. A neural circuit between the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and perirhinal cortex is critical for object-location and object-sequence associations; however, how this neural circuit contributes to the formation of object-context associations has not been established. Bilateral lesions were made in the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex or perirhinal cortex to examine each region contribution to object-context memory formation. Next, a disconnection lesion approach was used to examine the necessity of functional interactions between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex or perirhinal cortex. Spontaneous tests of preferential exploration were used to assess memory for different types of object-context associations. Bilateral lesion in the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex or perirhinal cortex impaired performance in both an object-place-context and an object-context task. Disconnection of the hippocampus from either the medial prefrontal cortex or perirhinal cortex impaired performance in both the object-place-context and object-context task. Interestingly, when object recognition memory was tested with a context switch between encoding and test, performance in the hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex lesion groups was disrupted and performance in each disconnection group (i.e. hippocampus + medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus + perirhinal cortex) was significantly impaired. Overall, these experiments establish the importance of the hippocampal-medial prefrontal-perirhinal cortex circuit for the formation of object-context associations.
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Cen, Haixin, Jiale Xu, Zhilei Yang, Li Mei, Tianyi Chen, Kaiming Zhuo, Qiong Xiang, et al. "Neurochemical and brain functional changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of first-episode psychosis patients: A combined functional magnetic resonance imaging—proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 5 (January 20, 2020): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419898520.
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Objective: Previous studies showed alterations of brain function in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. Also, neurochemical changes, especially GABA level alteration, have been found in the medial prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. However, the relationship between GABA level in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and brain functional activity in schizophrenia patients remains unexplored. Methods: In total, 23 drug-naïve, first-episode psychosis patients and 26 matched healthy controls completed the study. The single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired in ventromedial prefrontal cortex region, which was used as the seed region for resting-state functional connectivity analysis. The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were processed to quantify the concentrations of GABA+, glutamine and glutamate, and N-acetylaspartate in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between metabolite concentration, functional connectivity and clinical variables. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between GABA+ concentration and functional connectivity value. Results: In first-episode psychosis patients, GABA+ level in ventromedial prefrontal cortex was higher and was positively correlated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex-left middle orbital frontal cortex functional connectivity. N-acetylaspartate level was positively correlated with positive symptoms, and the functional connectivity between ventromedial prefrontal cortex and left precuneus was negatively associated with negative symptoms of first-episode psychosis patients. Conclusion: Our results indicated that ventromedial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity changes were positively correlated with higher local GABA+ level in first-episode psychosis patients. The altered neurochemical concentration and functional connectivity provide insights into the pathology of schizophrenia.
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Smith, Craig, Nandu Goswami, Ryan Robinson, Melanie von der Wiesche, and Stefan Schneider. "The relationship between brain cortical activity and brain oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex during hypergravity exposure." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01426.2012.
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Artificial gravity has been proposed as a method to counteract the physiological deconditioning of long-duration spaceflight; however, the effects of hypergravity on the central nervous system has had little study. The study aims to investigate whether there is a relationship between prefrontal cortex brain activity and prefrontal cortex oxygenation during exposure to hypergravity. Twelve healthy participants were selected to undergo hypergravity exposure aboard a short-arm human centrifuge. Participants were exposed to hypergravity in the +Gz axis, starting from 0.6 +Gz for women, and 0.8 +Gz for men, and gradually increasing by 0.1 +Gz until the participant showed signs of syncope. Brain cortical activity was measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and localized to the prefrontal cortex using standard low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Prefrontal cortex oxygenation was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A significant increase in prefrontal cortex activity ( P < 0.05) was observed during hypergravity exposure compared with baseline. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation was significantly decreased during hypergravity exposure, with a decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels ( P < 0.05) compared with baseline and an increase in deoxyhemoglobin levels ( P < 0.05) with increasing +Gz level. No significant correlation was found between prefrontal cortex activity and oxy-/deoxyhemoglobin. It is concluded that the increase in prefrontal cortex activity observed during hypergravity was most likely not the result of increased +Gz values resulting in a decreased oxygenation produced through hypergravity exposure. No significant relationship between prefrontal cortex activity and oxygenation measured by NIRS concludes that brain activity during exposure to hypergravity may be difficult to measure using NIRS. Instead, the increase in prefrontal cortex activity might be attributable to psychological stress, which could pose a problem for the use of a short-arm human centrifuge as a countermeasure.
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Goyal, Nishant, ShaziaVeqar Siddiqui, Ushri Chatterjee, Devvarta Kumar, and Aleem Siddiqui. "Neuropsychology of prefrontal cortex." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 3 (2008): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.43634.
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Kolk, Sharon M., and Pasko Rakic. "Development of prefrontal cortex." Neuropsychopharmacology 47, no. 1 (October 13, 2021): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01137-9.
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AbstractDuring evolution, the cerebral cortex advances by increasing in surface and the introduction of new cytoarchitectonic areas among which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered to be the substrate of highest cognitive functions. Although neurons of the PFC are generated before birth, the differentiation of its neurons and development of synaptic connections in humans extend to the 3rd decade of life. During this period, synapses as well as neurotransmitter systems including their receptors and transporters, are initially overproduced followed by selective elimination. Advanced methods applied to human and animal models, enable investigation of the cellular mechanisms and role of specific genes, non-coding regulatory elements and signaling molecules in control of prefrontal neuronal production and phenotypic fate, as well as neuronal migration to establish layering of the PFC. Likewise, various genetic approaches in combination with functional assays and immunohistochemical and imaging methods reveal roles of neurotransmitter systems during maturation of the PFC. Disruption, or even a slight slowing of the rate of neuronal production, migration and synaptogenesis by genetic or environmental factors, can induce gross as well as subtle changes that eventually can lead to cognitive impairment. An understanding of the development and evolution of the PFC provide insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of congenital neuropsychiatric diseases as well as idiopathic developmental disorders that cause intellectual disabilities.
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Doshi, Vini. "Prefrontal Cortex and Personality." Indian Journal of Mental Health 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30877/ijmh.6.1.2019.112-114.
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Stern, P. "Mapping the Prefrontal Cortex." Science 337, no. 6102 (September 27, 2012): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.337.6102.1584-c.
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Kolb, Bryan, and Trevor Robbins. "The rodent prefrontal cortex." Behavioural Brain Research 146, no. 1-2 (November 2003): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.012.
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Wible, Cynthia G. "Prefrontal Cortex and Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 52, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950160029007.
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Passingham, R. E., I. Toni, and M. F. S. Rushworth. "Specialisation within the prefrontal cortex: the ventral prefrontal cortex and associative learning." Experimental Brain Research 133, no. 1 (May 10, 2000): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210000405.
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Delgado-Martínez, A. D., and F. Vives. "Effects of medial prefrontal cortex stimulation on the spontaneous activity of the ventral pallidal neurons in the rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1993): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-053.
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The neural connections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the ventral pallidum were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. Extracellular recordings were made from 124 spontaneously firing neurons in the ventral pallidum while the medial prefrontal cortex was electrically stimulated. The most frequent response to prefrontal cortex stimulation was inhibition of the firing rate of 72.3% of the neurons with orthodromic response (mean latency: 14.4 ± 1.6 ms). Excitatory responses were found in 27.7% of the neurons with orthodromic response (mean latency: 8.5 ± 1.4 ms). Frequency histograms of latencies were unimodal in both types of responses. Fifty-nine neurons (47.6% of the total tested) showed no change in spontaneous firing after medial prefrontal cortex stimulation. The electrophysiological results support previous anatomical findings of connections between the medial prefrontal cortex and the ventral pallidum. These projections play a predominantly inhibitory role in the spontaneous activity of ventropallidal neurons, and show topographical organization. This inhibition may modulate the motor performance of motivated behaviors.Key words: ventral pallidum, medial prefrontal cortex, electrophysiology.
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Buckner, R. L., M. E. Raichle, and S. E. Petersen. "Dissociation of human prefrontal cortical areas across different speech production tasks and gender groups." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 2163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2163.
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1. Data from a series of positron emission tomography (PET) experiments were analyzed with two goals. The first goal was to determine whether there were reliable differences in prefrontal cortex activation across two different speech production tasks. Such differences are important in determining functional subdivisions within prefrontal cortex. The second goal was to determine whether there were any gender differences across the two speech production tasks. 2. To accomplish these goals, PET subtraction images were generated for each of two speech production tasks (stem completion and verb generation). For the stem completion task, subjects viewed word stems (e.g., "GRE") and said aloud words that could complete the stems (e.g., "green"). For the verb generation task, subjects viewed nouns (e.g., "CHAIR") and said aloud words that were meaningfully related verbs (e.g., "sit"). Different groups of subjects performed the stem completion (N = 29) and verb generation (N = 32) tasks. 3. Data from each task subtraction were further divided by gender group (i.e., verb generation: male group; verb generation: female group, etc.). PET activations were separately identified in prefrontal cortex for each of the four resulting images. Activations were identified primarily in left prefrontal cortex for both tasks and both gender groups. Activations in right prefrontal cortex were small or absent. 4. Across tasks, the subtraction images showed both common activations in prefrontal cortex and one clear difference. Activations in left inferior prefrontal cortex (near Brodmann's areas 44 or 45) were observed in both male and female group images for both task subtractions. Activations in left anterior prefrontal cortex (near Brodmann's areas 10 or 46) were only observed for the verb generation subtraction images, formally demonstrating a functional dissociation between left inferior prefrontal cortex and more anterior prefrontal cortex. 5. This dissociation between prefrontal areas was highly robust and reliable across both gender groups. The left inferior prefrontal area(s) common to all of the subtraction images appears to be activated by tasks that demand high-level word retrieval and production processes. This area is distinct from the more anterior area(s), which is not always activated by such tasks. Dissociations in prefrontal areas are important because current descriptions of human functional anatomy often treat activations within large regions of cortex (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) as single entities. 6. No qualitative differences in activation between gender groups were detected. For both subtractions, all activations identified within one gender group generalized to the other gender group. For the verb generation subtraction image, however, activations in male subjects were larger in magnitude than in female subjects.
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Mansouri, Farshad A., Mark J. Buckley, Daniel J. Fehring, and Keiji Tanaka. "The Role of Primate Prefrontal Cortex in Bias and Shift Between Visual Dimensions." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz072.
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Abstract Imaging and neural activity recording studies have shown activation in the primate prefrontal cortex when shifting attention between visual dimensions is necessary to achieve goals. A fundamental unanswered question is whether representations of these dimensions emerge from top-down attentional processes mediated by prefrontal regions or from bottom-up processes within visual cortical regions. We hypothesized a causative link between prefrontal cortical regions and dimension-based behavior. In large cohorts of humans and macaque monkeys, performing the same attention shifting task, we found that both species successfully shifted between visual dimensions, but both species also showed a significant behavioral advantage/bias to a particular dimension; however, these biases were in opposite directions in humans (bias to color) versus monkeys (bias to shape). Monkeys’ bias remained after selective bilateral lesions within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), frontopolar cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), or superior, lateral prefrontal cortex. However, lesions within certain regions (ACC, DLPFC, or OFC) impaired monkeys’ ability to shift between these dimensions. We conclude that goal-directed processing of a particular dimension for the executive control of behavior depends on the integrity of prefrontal cortex; however, representation of competing dimensions and bias toward them does not depend on top-down prefrontal-mediated processes.
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Douglas, Christopher L., Helen A. Baghdoyan, and Ralph Lydic. "Prefrontal Cortex Acetylcholine Release, EEG Slow Waves, and Spindles Are Modulated by M2 Autoreceptors in C57BL/6J Mouse." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 2817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.87.6.2817.
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Recent evidence suggests that muscarinic cholinergic receptors of the M2 subtype serve as autoreceptors modulating acetylcholine (ACh) release in prefrontal cortex. The potential contribution of M2 autoreceptors to excitability control of prefrontal cortex has not been investigated. The present study tested the hypothesis that M2 autoreceptors contribute to activation of the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) in C57BL/6J (B6) mouse. This hypothesis was evaluated using microdialysis delivery of the muscarinic antagonist AF-DX116 (3 nM) while simultaneously quantifying ACh release in prefrontal cortex, number of 7- to 14-Hz EEG spindles, and EEG power spectral density. Mean ACh release in prefrontal cortex was significantly increased ( P < 0.0002) by AF-DX116. The number of 7- to 14-Hz EEG spindles caused by halothane anesthesia was significantly decreased ( P < 0.0001) by dialysis delivery of AF-DX116 to prefrontal cortex. The cholinergically induced cortical activation was characterized by a significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in slow-wave EEG power. Together, these neurochemical and EEG data support the conclusion that M2 autoreceptor enhancement of ACh release in prefrontal cortex activates EEG in contralateral prefrontal cortex of B6 mouse. EEG slow-wave activity varies across mouse strains, and the results encourage comparative phenotyping of cortical ACh release and EEG in additional mouse models.
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Sun, Weiming, Baoming Li, and Chaolin Ma. "Muscimol-induced inactivation of the ventral prefrontal cortex impairs counting performance in rhesus monkeys." Science Progress 105, no. 4 (October 2022): 003685042211416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221141660.
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Numbers are one of the three basic concepts of human abstract thinking. When human beings count, they often point to things, one by one, and read numbers in a positive integer column. The prefrontal cortex plays a wide range of roles in executive functions, including active maintenance and achievement of goals, adaptive coding and exertion of general intelligence, and completion of time complexity events. Nonhuman animals do not use number names, such as “one, two, three,” or numerals, such as “1, 2, 3” to “count” in the same way as humans do. Our previous study established an animal model of counting in monkeys. Here, we used this model to determine whether the prefrontal cortex participates in counting in monkeys. Two 5-year-old female rhesus monkeys (macaques), weighing 5.0 kg and 5.5 kg, were selected to train in a counting task, counting from 1 to 5. When their counting task performance stabilized, we performed surgery on the prefrontal cortex to implant drug delivery tubes. After allowing the monkeys’ physical condition and counting performance to recover, we injected either muscimol or normal saline into their dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex. Thereafter, we observed their counting task performance and analyzed the error types and reaction time during the counting task. The monkeys’ performance in the counting task decreased significantly after muscimol injection into the ventral prefrontal cortex; however, it was not affected after saline injection into the ventral prefrontal cortex, or after muscimol or saline injection into the dorsal prefrontal cortex. The ventral prefrontal cortex of the monkey is necessary for counting performance.
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Seidler, Rachael D., Brittany S. Gluskin, and Brian Greeley. "Right prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation enhances multi-day savings in sensorimotor adaptation." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00563.2016.
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We have previously reported that visuospatial working memory performance and magnitude of activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predict the rate of visuomotor adaptation. Recent behavioral studies suggest that sensorimotor savings, or faster relearning on second exposure to a task, are due to recall of these early, strategic components of adaptation. In the present study we applied anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to right or left prefrontal cortex or left motor cortex. We found that all groups adapted dart throwing movements while wearing prism lenses at the same rate as subjects receiving sham stimulation on day 1. On test day 2, which was conducted a few days later, the right prefrontal and left motor cortex groups adapted faster than the sham group. Moreover, only the right prefrontal group exhibited greater savings, expressed as a greater difference between day 1 and day 2 errors, compared with sham stimulation. These findings support the hypothesis that the right prefrontal cortex contributes to sensorimotor adaptation and savings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have previously reported that visuospatial working memory performance and magnitude of activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predict the rate of manual visuomotor adaptation. Sensorimotor savings, or faster adaptation to a previously experienced perturbation, has been recently linked to cognitive processes. We show that facilitating the right prefrontal cortex with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances sensorimotor savings compared with sham stimulation.
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Abdul Shukkoor, Mohamed Saleem, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Bin Baharuldin, Abdul Manan Mat Jais, Mohamad Aris Mohamad Moklas, and Sharida Fakurazi. "Antidepressant-Like Effect of Lipid Extract ofChanna striatusin Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2986090.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated the antidepressant-like effect of lipid extract ofC. striatusin chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression in male rats and its mechanism of action. The animals were subjected to CUMS for six weeks by using variety of stressors. At the end of CUMS protocol, animals were subjected to forced swimming test (FST) and open field test followed by biochemical assay. The CUMS protocol produced depressive-like behavior in rats by decreasing the body weight, decreasing the sucrose preference, and increasing the duration of immobility in FST. The CUMS protocol increased plasma corticosterone and decreased hippocampal and prefrontal cortex levels of monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Further, the CUMS protocol increased interleukin-6 (in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) and nuclear factor-kappa B (in prefrontal cortex but not in hippocampus). The lipid extract ofC. striatus(125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) reversed all the above parameters in rats subjected to CUMS, thus exhibiting antidepressant-like effect. The mechanism was found to be mediated through decrease in plasma corticosterone, increase in serotonin levels in prefrontal cortex, increase in dopamine and noradrenaline levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, increase in BDNF in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and decrease in IL-6 and NF-κB in prefrontal cortex.
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Rao, Raghavendra, Kathleen Ennis, Eugena P. Mitchell, Phu V. Tran, and Jonathan C. Gewirtz. "Recurrent Moderate Hypoglycemia Suppresses Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in the Prefrontal Cortex and Impairs Sensorimotor Gating in the Posthypoglycemic Period in Young Rats." Developmental Neuroscience 38, no. 1 (2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442878.
Full textAbstract:
Recurrent hypoglycemia is common in infants and children. In developing rat models, recurrent moderate hypoglycemia leads to neuronal injury in the medial prefrontal cortex. To understand the effects beyond neuronal injury, 3-week-old male rats were subjected to 5 episodes of moderate hypoglycemia (blood glucose concentration, approx. 30 mg/dl for 90 min) once daily from postnatal day 24 to 28. Neuronal injury was determined using Fluoro-Jade B histochemistry on postnatal day 29. The effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its cognate receptor, tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) expression, which is critical for prefrontal cortex development, were determined on postnatal day 29 and at adulthood. The effects on prefrontal cortex-mediated function were determined by assessing the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex on postnatal day 29 and 2 weeks later, and by testing for fear-potentiated startle at adulthood. Recurrent hypoglycemia led to neuronal injury confined primarily to the medial prefrontal cortex. BDNF/TrkB expression in the prefrontal cortex was suppressed on postnatal day 29 and was accompanied by lower prepulse inhibition, suggesting impaired sensorimotor gating. Following the cessation of recurrent hypoglycemia, the prepulse inhibition had recovered at 2 weeks. BDNF/TrkB expression in the prefrontal cortex had normalized and fear-potentiated startle was intact at adulthood. Recurrent moderate hypoglycemia during development has significant adverse effects on the prefrontal cortex in the posthypoglycemic period.
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Collins, P., A. C. Roberts, R. Dias, B. J. Everitt, and T. W. Robbins. "Perseveration and Strategy in a Novel Spatial Self-Ordered Sequencing Task for Nonhuman Primates: Effects of Excitotoxic Lesions and Dopamine Depletions of the Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 3 (May 1998): 332–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998562771.
Full textAbstract:
Damage to the prefrontal cortex disrupts the performance of self-ordered sequencing tasks, although the precise mechanisms by which this effect occurs is unclear. Active working memory, inhibitory control, and the ability to generate and perform a sequence of responses are all putative cognitive abilities that may be responsible for the impaired performance that results from disruption of prefrontal processing. In addition, the neurochemical substrates underlying prefrontal cognitive function are not well understood, although active working memory appears to depend upon an intact mesocortical dopamine system. The present experiments were therefore designed to evaluate explicitly the contribution of each of these abilities to successful performance of a novel spatial self-ordered sequencing task and to examine the contribution of the prefrontal cortex and its dopamine innervation to each ability in turn. Excitotoxic lesions of the prefrontal cortex of the common marmoset profoundly impaired the performance of the self-ordered sequencing task and induced robust perseverative responding. Task manipulations that precluded perseveration ameliorated the effect of this lesion and revealed that the ability to generate and perform sequences of responses was unaffected by excitotoxic damage to prefrontal cortex. In contrast, large dopamine and noradrenaline depletions within the same areas of prefrontal cortex had no effect on any aspect of the self-ordered task but did impair the acquisition of an active working memory task, spatial delayed response, to the same degree as the excitotoxic lesion. These results demonstrate that a lesion of the ascending monoamine projections to the pre-frontal cortex is not always synonymous with a lesion of the prefrontal cortex itself and thereby challenge existing concepts concerning the neuromodulation of prefrontal cognitive function.
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Kupferschmidt, David A., and Joshua A. Gordon. "The dynamics of disordered dialogue: Prefrontal, hippocampal and thalamic miscommunication underlying working memory deficits in schizophrenia." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 1, 2018): 239821281877182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818771821.
Full textAbstract:
The prefrontal cortex is central to the orchestrated brain network communication that gives rise to working memory and other cognitive functions. Accordingly, working memory deficits in schizophrenia are increasingly thought to derive from prefrontal cortex dysfunction coupled with broader network disconnectivity. How the prefrontal cortex dynamically communicates with its distal network partners to support working memory and how this communication is disrupted in individuals with schizophrenia remain unclear. Here we review recent evidence that prefrontal cortex communication with the hippocampus and thalamus is essential for normal spatial working memory, and that miscommunication between these structures underlies spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia. We focus on studies using normal rodents and rodent models designed to probe schizophrenia-related pathology to assess the dynamics of neural interaction between these brain regions. We also highlight recent preclinical work parsing roles for long-range prefrontal cortex connections with the hippocampus and thalamus in normal and disordered spatial working memory. Finally, we discuss how emerging rodent endophenotypes of hippocampal- and thalamo-prefrontal cortex dynamics in spatial working memory could translate into richer understanding of the neural bases of cognitive function and dysfunction in humans.
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Zhou, Xin, Fumi Katsuki, Xue-Lian Qi, and Christos Constantinidis. "Neurons with inverted tuning during the delay periods of working memory tasks in the dorsal prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01151.2011.
Full textAbstract:
The dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices are two interconnected brain areas that are coactivated in tasks involving functions such as spatial attention and working memory. The response properties of neurons in the two areas are in many respects indistinguishable, yet only prefrontal neurons are able to resist interference by distracting stimuli when subjects are required to remember an initial stimulus. Several mechanisms have been proposed that could account for this functional difference, including the existence of specialized interneuron types, specific to the prefrontal cortex. Although such neurons with inverted tuning during the delay period of a working memory task have been described in the prefrontal cortex, no comparative data exist from other cortical areas that would establish a unique prefrontal role. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed a large database of recordings obtained in the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex of the same monkeys as they performed working memory tasks. We found that in the prefrontal cortex, neurons with inverted tuning were more numerous and manifested unique properties. Our results give credence to the idea that a division of labor exists between separate neuron types in the prefrontal cortex and that this represents a functional specialization that is not present in its cortical afferents.
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Jang, Sungho, and Eunbi Choi. "Relationship between Coma Recovery Scale-Revised and the Thalamocortical Tract of Ascending Reticular Activating System in Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study." Healthcare 11, no. 8 (April 17, 2023): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081148.
Full textAbstract:
Background: This pilot study examined the relationship between the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) and the five subparts of the thalamocortical tract in chronic patients with hypoxic–ischemic brain injury by diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). Methods: Seventeen consecutive chronic patients with hypoxic–ischemic brain injury were recruited. The consciousness state was evaluated using CRS-R. The five subparts of the thalamocortical tract (the prefrontal cortex, the premotor cortex, the primary motor cortex, the primary somatosensory cortex, and the posterior parietal cortex) were reconstructed using DTT. Fractional anisotropy and the tract volume of each subpart of the thalamocortical tract were estimated. Results: The CRS-R score showed a moderate positive correlation with the tract volume of the prefrontal cortex part of the thalamocortical tract (p < 0.05). In addition, the tract volume of the prefrontal cortex component of the thalamocortical tract could explain the variability in the CRS-R score (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The prefrontal cortex part was closely related to the CRS-R score in chronic patients with hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. In addition, the change in the remaining number of neural fibers of the prefrontal cortex part appeared to be related to the change in conscious state.
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Namgyal, Dhondup, Sher Ali, Muhammad Delwar Hussain, Mohsin Kazi, Ajaz Ahmad, and Maryam Sarwat. "Curcumin Ameliorates the Cd-Induced Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Neuro-Inflammatory Proteins in the Prefrontal Cortex Region of the Brain." Antioxidants 10, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111710.
Full textAbstract:
Age-related neurodegenerative diseases and vascular dementia are major challenges to the modern health care system. Most neurodegenerative diseases are associated with impaired spatial working memory and anxiety-like behavior. Thus, it is important to understand the underlying cellular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases in different regions of the brain to develop an effective therapeutic approach. In our previous research paper, we have reported the ameliorative effect of curcumin in Cd-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration. However, recently many researchers had reported the important role of the prefrontal cortex in higher cognitive functions. Therefore, to look into the cellular mechanism of curcumin protection against Cd-induced prefrontal cortex neurotoxicity, we investigated spatial working memory, anxiety-like behavior and analyzed prefrontal cortex inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, and CAT), and pro-oxidant MDA level. Further, we conducted histological studies of the prefrontal cortex in Swiss albino mice exposed to cadmium (2.5 mg/kg). We observed that curcumin treatment improved the spatial working memory and anxiety-like behavior of mice through reduction of prefrontal cortex neuroinflammation and oxidative stress as well as increasing the number of viable prefrontal cortex neuronal cells. Our result suggests that environmental heavy metal cadmium can induce behavioral impairment in mice through prefrontal cortex cellular inflammation and oxidative stress. We found that curcumin has a potential therapeutic property to mitigate these behavioral and biochemical impairments induced by cadmium.
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Arboit, Alberto, Karla Krautwald, and Frank Angenstein. "The cholinergic system modulates negative BOLD responses in the prefrontal cortex once electrical perforant pathway stimulation triggers neuronal afterdischarges in the hippocampus." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 42, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 364–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x211049820.
Full textAbstract:
Repeated high-frequency pulse-burst stimulations of the rat perforant pathway elicited positive BOLD responses in the right hippocampus, septum and prefrontal cortex. However, when the first stimulation period also triggered neuronal afterdischarges in the hippocampus, then a delayed negative BOLD response in the prefrontal cortex was generated. While neuronal activity and cerebral blood volume (CBV) increased in the hippocampus during the period of hippocampal neuronal afterdischarges (h-nAD), CBV decreased in the prefrontal cortex, although neuronal activity did not decrease. Only after termination of h-nAD did CBV in the prefrontal cortex increase again. Thus, h-nAD triggered neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex that counteracted the usual neuronal activity-related functional hyperemia. This process was significantly enhanced by pilocarpine, a mACh receptor agonist, and completely blocked when pilocarpine was co-administered with scopolamine, a mACh receptor antagonist. Scopolamine did not prevent the formation of the negative BOLD response, thus mACh receptors modulate the strength of the negative BOLD response.
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Elsworth, John D., Csaba Leranth, D. Eugene Redmond, and Robert H. Roth. "Loss of asymmetric spine synapses in prefrontal cortex of motor-asymptomatic, dopamine-depleted, cognitively impaired MPTP-treated monkeys." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 4 (May 1, 2013): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145712000892.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Parkinson's disease is usually characterized as a movement disorder; however, cognitive abilities that are dependent on the prefrontal cortex decline at an early stage of the disease in most patients. The changes that underlie cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease are not well understood. We hypothesize that reduced dopamine signalling in the prefrontal cortex in Parkinson's disease is a harbinger of detrimental synaptic changes in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex, whose function is necessary for normal cognition. Our previous data showed that monkeys exposed to the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), but not exhibiting overt motor deficits (motor-asymptomatic), displayed cognitive deficits in prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks. The present results demonstrate that motor-asymptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys have a reduced dopamine concentration and a substantially lower number (50%) of asymmetric (excitatory) spine synapses in layer II/III, but not layer V, of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared to controls. In contrast, neither dopamine concentration nor asymmetric synapse number was altered in the entorhinal cortex of MPTP-treated monkeys. Together, these findings suggest that the number of asymmetric spine synapses on dendrites in the prefrontal cortex is dopamine-dependent and that the loss of synapses may be a morphological substrate of the cognitive deficits induced by a reduction in dopamine neurotransmission in this region.
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Boberg, Erik, Ellen Iacobaeus, Myrto Sklivanioti Greenfield, Yanlu Wang, Mussie Msghina, and Katarina Le Blanc. "Reduced prefrontal cortex and sympathetic nervous system activity correlate with fatigue after aHSCT." Bone Marrow Transplantation 57, no. 3 (December 4, 2021): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41409-021-01539-9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLong-term fatigue and cognitive dysfunction affects 35% of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) survivors, suggesting a dysfunctional prefrontal cortex. In this study, we assessed prefrontal cortex and sympathetic nervous system activity in aHSCT patients with fatigue (n = 12), non-fatigued patients (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 27). Measurement of near-infrared spectroscopy and electrodermal activity was carried out at rest and during cognitive performance (Stroop, verbal fluency and emotion regulation tasks). Prefrontal cortex and sympathetic nervous system activity were also analyzed in response to dopamine and noradrenaline increase after a single dose of methylphenidate. Baseline cognitive performance was similar in the two patient groups. However, after methylphenidate, only non-fatigued patients improved in Stroop accuracy and had better verbal fluency task performance compared to the fatigued group. Task-related activation of prefrontal cortex in fatigued patients was lower compared to non-fatigued patients during all cognitive tests, both before and after methylphenidate administration. During the Stroop task, reaction time, prefrontal cortex activation, and sympathetic nervous system activity were all lower in fatigued patients compared to healthy controls, but similar in non-fatigued patients and healthy controls.Reduced prefrontal cortex activity and sympathetic arousal suggests novel treatment targets to improve fatigue after aHSCT.
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Ho Jang, Sung, and Hyeok Gyu Kwon. "Severe apathy due to injury of prefronto-caudate tract." Translational Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2019-0027.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe caudate nucleus, which is vulnerable to hypoxic–ischemic brain injury (HI-BI), is important to cognitive function because it is connected to the prefrontal cortex. Using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), no study on injury of the prefronto-caudate tract in a patient with HI-BI has been reported so far. Here, we report a patient with severe apathy who showed injury of the prefronto-caudate tract following HI-BI, which was demonstrated by DTT. A 38-year-old female patient suffered HI-BI induced by carbon monoxide poisoning following attempted suicide for a period of approximately four hours. From the onset, the patient showed severe apathy (7 months after onset-the Apathy Scale score was 24 [full score: 42]). Brain MR images taken at seven months after onset showed no abnormality. On 7-month DTT, the neural connectivity of the caudate nucleus to the medial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area: 10 and 12) and orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann area: 11 and 13) was decreased in both hemispheres. Using DTT, injury of the prefronto-caudate tract was demonstrated in a patient who showed severe apathy following HI-BI. We believe that injury of the prefronto-caudate tract might be a pathogenetic mechanism of apathy in patients with HI-BI.
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Konecky, R. O., M. A. Smith, and C. R. Olson. "Monkey prefrontal neurons during Sternberg task performance: full contents of working memory or most recent item?" Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 2269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00541.2016.
Full textAbstract:
To explore the brain mechanisms underlying multi-item working memory, we monitored the activity of neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while macaque monkeys performed spatial and chromatic versions of a Sternberg working-memory task. Each trial required holding three sequentially presented samples in working memory so as to identify a subsequent probe matching one of them. The monkeys were able to recall all three samples at levels well above chance, exhibiting modest load and recency effects. Prefrontal neurons signaled the identity of each sample during the delay period immediately following its presentation. However, as each new sample was presented, the representation of antecedent samples became weak and shifted to an anomalous code. A linear classifier operating on the basis of population activity during the final delay period was able to perform at approximately the level of the monkeys on trials requiring recall of the third sample but showed a falloff in performance on trials requiring recall of the first or second sample much steeper than observed in the monkeys. We conclude that delay-period activity in the prefrontal cortex robustly represented only the most recent item. The monkeys apparently based performance of this classic working-memory task on some storage mechanism in addition to the prefrontal delay-period firing rate. Possibilities include delay-period activity in areas outside the prefrontal cortex and changes within the prefrontal cortex not manifest at the level of the firing rate. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It has long been thought that items held in working memory are encoded by delay-period activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Here we describe evidence contrary to that view. In monkeys performing a serial multi-item working memory task, dorsolateral prefrontal neurons encode almost exclusively the identity of the sample presented most recently. Information about earlier samples must be encoded outside the prefrontal cortex or represented within the prefrontal cortex in a cryptic code.
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Qi, Xue-Lian, Anthony C. Elworthy, Bryce C. Lambert, and Christos Constantinidis. "Representation of remembered stimuli and task information in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00413.2014.
Full textAbstract:
Both dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex have been implicated in spatial working memory and representation of task information. Prior experiments training animals to recall the first of a sequence of stimuli and examining the effect of subsequent distractors have identified increased ability of the prefrontal cortex to represent remembered stimuli and filter distractors. It is unclear, however, if this prefrontal functional specialization extends to stimuli appearing earlier in a sequence, when subjects are cued to remember subsequent ones. It is also not known how task information interacts with persistent activity representing remembered stimuli and distractors in the two areas. To address these questions, we trained monkeys to remember either the first or second of two stimuli presented in sequence and recorded neuronal activity from the posterior parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex was better able to represent the actively remembered stimulus, whereas the posterior parietal cortex was more modulated by distractors; however, task effects interfered with this representation. As a result, large proportions of neurons with persistent activity and task effects exhibited a preference for a stimulus when it appeared as a distractor in both areas. Additionally, prefrontal neurons were modulated to a greater extent by task factors during the delay period of the task. The results indicate that the prefrontal cortex is better able than the posterior parietal cortex to differentiate between distractors and actively remembered stimuli and is more modulated by the task; however, this relative preference is highly context dependent and depends on the specific requirements of the task.
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Ranganath, Ajit, and Simon N. Jacob. "Doping the Mind." Neuroscientist 22, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858415602850.
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The prefrontal cortex is the center of cognitive control. Processing in prefrontal cortical circuits enables us to direct attention to behaviorally relevant events; to memorize, structure, and categorize information; and to learn new concepts. The prefrontal cortex receives strong projections from midbrain neurons that use dopamine as a transmitter. In this article, we review the crucial role dopamine plays as a modulator of prefrontal cognitive functions, in the primate brain in particular. Following a summary of the anatomy and physiology of the midbrain dopamine system, we focus on recent studies that investigated dopaminergic effects in prefrontal cortex at the cellular level. We then discuss how unregulated prefrontal dopamine signaling could contribute to major disorders of cognition. The studies highlighted in this review demonstrate the powerful influence dopamine exerts on the mind.
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Loh, Marco, Anitha Pasupathy, Earl K. Miller, and Gustavo Deco. "Neurodynamics of the Prefrontal Cortex during Conditional Visuomotor Associations." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 3 (March 2008): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20031.
Full textAbstract:
The prefrontal cortex is believed to be important for cognitive control, working memory, and learning. It is known to play an important role in the learning and execution of conditional visuomotor associations, a cognitive task in which stimuli have to be associated with actions by trial-and-error learning. In our modeling study, we sought to integrate several hypotheses on the function of the prefrontal cortex using a computational model, and compare the results to experimental data. We constructed a module of prefrontal cortex neurons exposed to two different inputs, which we envision to originate from the inferotemporal cortex and the basal ganglia. We found that working memory properties do not describe the dominant dynamics in the prefrontal cortex, but the activation seems to be transient, probably progressing along a pathway from sensory to motor areas. During the presentation of the cue, the dynamics of the prefrontal cortex is bistable, yielding a distinct activation for correct and error trails. We find that a linear change in network parameters relates to the changes in neural activity in consecutive correct trials during learning, which is important evidence for the underlying learning mechanisms.
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Blain-Brière, Bénédicte, Caroline Bouchard, Nathalie Bigras, and Geneviève Cadoret. "Development of active control within working memory." International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, no. 3 (November 26, 2013): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413513202.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to compare children’s performance on two mnemonic functions that engage the lateral prefrontal cortex. Brain imaging studies in adults have shown that the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is specifically involved in active controlled retrieval, and the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is specifically involved in monitoring mnemonic information (Petrides, 2005). Eighty-two children aged from 6 years, 8 months to 8 years, 7 months were tested. They showed equivalent success rates in active retrieval and monitoring with color and shape information. However, children were slower in monitoring than in active retrieval in color trials. The results demonstrate that the specialized contributions of the lateral prefrontal cortex emerge conjointly during childhood giving children multiple tools to exert an active control within memory.
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Wiyor, Hanniebey D., and Celestine A. Ntuen. "Empirical Evaluation of Visual Fatigue from Display Alignment Errors Using Cerebral Hemodynamic Responses." Journal of Medical Engineering 2013 (December 24, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/521579.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stereoscopic display alignment errors on visual fatigue and prefrontal cortical tissue hemodynamic responses. We collected hemodynamic data and perceptual ratings of visual fatigue while participants performed visual display tasks on 8 ft × 6 ft NEC LT silver screen with NEC LT 245 DLP projectors. There was statistical significant difference between subjective measures of visual fatigue before air traffic control task (BATC) and after air traffic control task (ATC 3), (P<0.05). Statistical significance was observed between left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex oxygenated hemoglobin (l DLPFC-HbO2), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin (l DLPFC-Hbb), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin (r DLPFC-Hbb) on stereoscopic alignment errors (P<0.05). Thus, cortical tissue oxygenation requirement in the left hemisphere indicates that the effect of visual fatigue is more pronounced in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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Borckardt, Jeffrey J., Arthur R. Smith, Scott T. Reeves, Mitchell Weinstein, F. Andrew Kozel, Ziad Nahas, Neal Shelley, R. Kyle Branham, K. Jackson Thomas, and Mark S. George. "Fifteen Minutes of Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Acutely Increases Thermal Pain Thresholds in Healthy Adults." Pain Research and Management 12, no. 4 (2007): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/741897.
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BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex appears to alter pain perception in healthy adults and in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. There is, however, emerging brain imaging evidence that the left prefrontal cortex is involved in pain inhibition in humans.OBJECTIVE: Because the prefrontal cortex may be involved in descending pain inhibitory systems, the present pilot study was conducted to investigate whether stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex via TMS might affect pain perception in healthy adults.METHODS: Twenty healthy adults with no history of depression or chronic pain conditions volunteered to participate in a pilot laboratory study in which thermal pain thresholds were assessed before and after 15 min of repetitive TMS (rTMS) over the left prefrontal cortex (10 Hz, 100% resting motor threshold, 2 s on, 60 s off, 300 pulses total). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either real or sham rTMS and were blind to condition.RESULTS: Subjects who received real rTMS demonstrated a significant increase in thermal pain thresholds following TMS. Subjects receiving sham TMS experienced no change in pain threshold.CONCLUSIONS: rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex increases thermal pain thresholds in healthy adults. Results from the present study support the idea that the left prefrontal cortex may be a promising TMS cortical target for the management of pain. More research is needed to establish the reliability of these findings, maximize the effect, determine the length of effect and elucidate possible mechanisms of action.
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Macoveanu, Julian, Kirsa M. Demant, Maj Vinberg, Hartwig R. Siebner, Lars V. Kessing, and Kamilla W. Miskowiak. "Towards a biomarker model for cognitive improvement: No change in memory-related prefrontal engagement following a negative cognitive remediation trial in bipolar disorder." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 10 (July 4, 2018): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118783334.
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Background: Cognitive deficits are prevalent in bipolar disorder during remission but effective cognition treatments are lacking due to insufficient insight into the neurobiological targets of cognitive improvement. Emerging data suggest that dorsal prefrontal cortex target engagement is a key neurocircuitry biomarker of pro-cognitive treatment effects. Aims: In this randomized controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we test this hypothesis by investigating the effects of an ineffective cognitive remediation intervention on dorsal prefrontal response during strategic memory encoding and working memory engagement. Methods: Bipolar disorder patients in partial remission with subjective cognitive difficulties were randomized to receive 12-week group-based cognitive remediation ( n = 13) or to continue their standard treatment ( n = 14). The patients performed a strategic episodic picture encoding task and a spatial n-back working memory task under functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and following cognitive remediation or standard treatment. Results: The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was commonly activated by both strategic memory tasks across all patients. The task-related prefrontal engagement was not altered by cognitive remediation relative to standard treatment. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex response was not significantly associated with recall accuracy or working memory performance. Conclusions: As hypothesized, no task-related change in prefrontal activity was observed in a negative cognitive remediation trial in remitted bipolar disorder patients. By complementing previous findings linking cognitive improvement with increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex engagement, our negative findings provide additional validity evidence to the dorsal prefrontal target engagement biomarker model of cognitive improvement by strengthening the proposed causality between modulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex engagement and pro-cognitive effects.
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Ding, Long. "Distinct dynamics of ramping activity in the frontal cortex and caudate nucleus in monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (September 2015): 1850–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00395.2015.
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The prefronto-striatal network is involved in many cognitive functions, including perceptual decision making and reward-modulated behaviors. For well-trained subjects, neural responses frequently show similar patterns in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, making it difficult to tease apart distinct regional contributions. Here I show that, despite similar mean firing rate patterns, prefrontal and striatal responses differ in other temporal dynamics for both perceptual and reward-based tasks. Compared with simulation results, the temporal dynamics of prefrontal activity are consistent with an accumulation of sensory evidence used to solve a perceptual task but not with an accumulation of reward context-related information used for the development of a reward bias. In contrast, the dynamics of striatal activity is consistent with an accumulation of reward context-related information and with an accumulation of sensory evidence during early stimulus viewing. These results suggest that prefrontal and striatal neurons may have specialized functions for different tasks even with similar average activity.