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Journal articles on the topic 'Pregestational BMI'
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Scherer-Adami, Fernanda, Michele Dutra-Rosolen, Francieli Schedler, Ioná Carreno, and Mabel N. Alves. "Nutritional status and dietary intake of pregnant women." Revista de Salud Pública 22, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v22n1.72795.
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Objective To evaluate weight gain during pregnancy according to the pregestational state in women who underwent prenatal care in Primary Health Care.Methods A cross-sectional study with the participation of 255 pregnant women. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. Women were evaluated for nutritional status and dietary intake. Data related to the age of the pregnant woman, gestational week, current weight, pregestational weight, and height were obtained from the prenatal follow-up form. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for statistical analysis.Results Pregestational nutritional status assessment showed that 43.2% (n=110) of the women started gestation with overweight and 4.3% (n=11) started with low weight. 51% percent (n=130) gained gestational weight above the recommended level. The mean age of women with pregestational BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² was significantly higher than that of those with BMI <25 kg/m² (p<0.001). Total energy (p=0.037) and calcium (p=0.004) intake were higher in women with weight gain above the recommended.Discussion The results presented highlight the importance of strategies in public health to avoid excess weight gain during pregnancy.Conclusion Pregnant women presented a gestational weight gain above the recommended maximum value according to pregestational BMI, which may contribute to adverse maternal and infant outcomes.
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Gómez-Vilarrubla, Ariadna, Berta Mas-Parés, Gemma Carreras-Badosa, et al. "DNA Methylation Signatures in Paired Placenta and Umbilical Cord Samples: Relationship with Maternal Pregestational Body Mass Index and Offspring Metabolic Outcomes." Biomedicines 12, no. 2 (2024): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020301.
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An epigenomic approach was used to study the impact of maternal pregestational body mass index (BMI) on the placenta and umbilical cord methylomes and their potential effect on the offspring’s metabolic phenotype. DNA methylome was assessed in 24 paired placenta and umbilical cord samples. The differentially methylated CpGs associated with maternal pregestational BMI were identified and the metabolic pathways and the potentially related diseases affected by their annotated genes were determined. Two top differentially methylated CpGs were studied in 90 additional samples and the relationship with the offspring’s metabolic phenotype was determined. The results showed that maternal pregestational BMI is associated with the methylation of genes involved in endocrine and developmental pathways with potential effects on type 2 diabetes and obesity. The methylation and expression of HADHA and SLC2A8 genes in placenta and umbilical cord were related to several metabolic parameters in the offspring at 6 years (weight SDS, height SDS, BMI SDS, Δ BW-BMI SDS, FM SDS, waist, SBP, TG, HOMA-IR, perirenal fat; all p < 0.05). Our data suggest that epigenetic analysis in placenta and umbilical cord may be useful for identifying individual vulnerability to later metabolic diseases.
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Casanueva, Esther, María Eugenia Flores-Quijano, María Emila Roselló-Soberón, Luz María De-Regil, and Reyna Sámano. "Gestational Weight Gain as Predicted by Pregestational Body Mass Index and Gestational Age in Mexican Women." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 29, no. 4 (2008): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650802900410.
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Objective To develop a reference pattern to evaluate gestational weight according to pregestational body mass index (BMI) and gestational age, using current longitudinal information from healthy pregnant women. Subjects and methods We followed 438 women with singleton pregnancies between weeks 16 and 36 of pregnancy. Women were excluded if they developed pathologic conditions during gestation, delivered malformed or dead fetuses, or delivered babies with a birthweight of less than 2500 or more than 4200 g or with a gestational age of less than 37 or more than 41 weeks. Weight, biochemical indicators, and clinical indicators were recorded every 4 weeks throughout the pregnancy. Data were analyzed by sequential regressions. Results Four equations for maternal predicted weight across categories of pregestational BMI (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese) and gestational ages were developed and synthesized in a table of reference values. Conclusions Optimal weight and weight gain during pregnancy can be estimated with our equations, which are corrected for pregestational BMI and gestational age.
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Lopez-Yañez Blanco, Arturo, Keyla M. Díaz-López, Jenny Vilchis-Gil, et al. "Diet and Maternal Obesity Are Associated with Increased Oxidative Stress in Newborns: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 14, no. 4 (2022): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040746.
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Overweight and obesity have become a world-health public problem, mainly for developing countries. Both health conditions have a higher prevalence among women of childbearing age. Physiopathology, overweight and obesity are characterized by a chronic oxidative stress status, which has deleterious effects on mothers and children. Hence, we determine whether the qualities of diet during pregnancy and maternal pregestational body mass index (BMI) are associated with increased oxidative stress markers in mothers and newborns. Two hundred forty-two (242) mother-newborn pairs were classified according to their pregestational BMI. Information on food intake was collected using a food frequency questionnaire in the third trimester of pregnancy. Levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric Oxide (NO) were measured in plasma from mothers at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy and from cord blood at birth. MDA and NO levels in mother–newborn pairs with maternal pregestational overweight or obesity were higher than in mother–newborn pairs with pregestational normal weight. For women (and newborns) who had a higher intake of fruit and vegetables, the levels of NO and MDA were lower. Lastly, women with pregestational obesity had lower fruit and vegetable intake during pregnancy and higher levels of oxidative stress and in their newborns.
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Chapper, Ana, Artur Munch, Camila Schermann, Carolina Carraro Piacentini, and Maria Thereza Martins Fasolo. "Obesity and periodontal disease in diabetic pregnant women." Brazilian Oral Research 19, no. 2 (2005): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242005000200002.
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This cross-sectional study investigated the impact of pregestational overweight and obesity on periodontal status of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Sixty pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were recruited for the study. According to the pregestational body mass index (BMI), patients were classified into 3 groups: normal, overweight or obese. The periodontal assessment parameters were the presence of gingival bleeding (GB) and bleeding on probing (BOP) per tooth. Clinical attachment loss (CAL) was assessed per tooth and classified according to following values: 1) absence of attachment loss; 2) between 1 and 2 mm, 3) between 3 and 5 mm; and 4) CAL > 6 mm. The means of individual percentage of teeth with GB and BOP and the means of the individual classified values of CAL were compared through ANOVA. Differences between the groups were established through post hoc Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). The analysis revealed significant differences between the normal group and the obese group considering GB (52.76% ± 27.99% and 78.85% ± 27.44%, respectively) and CAL (2.21 ± 0.41 and 2.61 ± 0.54, respectively). Although an increase was found in BOP as the BMI increased (ranging from 55.65% to 75.31%), no statistically significant differences were found among the groups. Patients with GDM and pregestational obesity had significantly more gingivitis and periodontal attachment loss that those with normal pregestational BMI. Periodontal treatment should be considered in the establishment of future recommendations for metabolic control for this special group of patients.
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Derikonjic, Minja, Marija Saric Matutinovic, Sandra Vladimirov Sopic, et al. "The Effects of Pregestational Overweight and Obesity on Maternal Lipidome in Pregnancy: Implications for Newborns’ Characteristics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 13 (2024): 7449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137449.
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Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of pregnancy complications. We investigated the effects of pregestational overweight and obesity on maternal lipidome during pregnancy and on newborns’ characteristics. The study encompassed 131 pregnant women, 99 with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and 32 with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Maternal lipid status parameters, plasma markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption and sphingolipids were determined in each trimester. Data on neonatal height, weight and APGAR scores were assessed. The results showed a higher prevalence (p < 0.05) of pregnancy and childbirth complications among the participants with elevated pregestational BMI. Levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.01) were significantly lower, and concentrations of triglycerides were higher (p < 0.05) in women with increased pre-gestational BMI. Lower concentrations of the cholesterol synthesis marker, desmosterol, in the 2nd trimester (p < 0.01) and the cholesterol absorption marker, campesterol, in each trimester (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) were also found in this group. Markers of maternal cholesterol synthesis were in positive correlation with neonatal APGAR scores in the group of mothers with healthy pre-pregnancy weight but in negative correlation in the overweight/obese group. Our results indicate that gestational adaptations of maternal lipidome depend on her pregestational nutritional status and that such changes may affect neonatal outcomes.
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Martins, Maria Eliana Pierre, Carmem Ulisses Peixoto Esmeraldo, João Paulo Duarte Sabiá, João Hallisson Lemos Carvalho, Fabíola Isabel Suano-Souza, and Roseli Oselka Saccardo Sarni. "Vitamin D Postpartum Concentrations: Relationship with Nutritional Condition and Morbidities during Pregnancy." Journal of Pregnancy 2018 (September 2, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1070528.
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Objective. To evaluate postpartum vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and to relate it to pregestational BMI, gestational weight gain, and sociodemographic variables. Methods. This is a cross-sectional study with 225 full-term pregnant women. Data collected are as follows: maternal health, socioeconomic status, pregestational body mass index (BMI), and gestational weight gain. Laboratory evaluation included vitamin D [25(OH)D], calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase. Results. The mean age of women was 25.6±6.6 years. Dark skin color, low education, and work in the urban region were predominant. Regular sun exposure, photoprotection, and vitamin D supplementation were reported by 144 (64.0%), 44 (19.6%), and 5 (2.2%) women, respectively. The mean plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D were 26.0±6.8 ng/mL. Levels compatible with deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL) were observed in 43 (19.1%) and 124 (55.1%) women, respectively. The increase of 1 ng/mL in 25(OH)D concentrations was associated with an increase of 0.16 mg/dL (95%CI 0.19 to 2.02; p=0.018) for calcium. There were no associations with 25(OH)D concentrations with pregestational BMI and with gestational weight gain. Conclusions. The high frequency of postpartum vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in women with a full-term pregnancy in a region with a large and permanent sun exposure reminds us of the need for intervention policies aimed at preventing vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy.
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Ursache, Alexandra, Iuliana Elena Bujor, Alexandra Elena Cristofor, Denisa Oana Zelinschi, Dragos Nemescu, and Daniela Roxana Matasariu. "Maternal Body Mass Index Trends and Weight Gain in Singleton Pregnancies at the Time of Fetal Anatomic Survey: Changes in the Last Decade and New Trends in the Modern Era." Nutrients 15, no. 22 (2023): 4788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15224788.
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(1) Background: the worldwide impact of overweight and obesity is rising, increasingly resembling an epidemic (a price we have to pay for our new way of living). (2) Methods: our study aims to evaluate the temporal trends and patterns of singleton pregnant women’s BMI (body mass index) in our region during a 12-year time frame between 2010 and 2021. (3) Results: We noticed a statistically significant difference between the BMIs of nulliparous and multiparous women and a significantly increased pregestational BMI in women with previous ART (assisted reproductive technology) procedures. Smoking pregnant women had a higher second trimester weight gain, regardless of parity. Women with folic acid supplementation alone had a higher BMI than those with folic acid and multivitamin intake. The weight of both nulliparous and multiparous women with chronic hypertension was statistically significantly higher in all three timeframes. Global weight gain did not reveal any statistically significant changes concerning women with pregestational diabetes, regardless of parity and the pregnancy trimester. (4) Conclusions: our article describes the trends in obesity and overweight in our middle-income country, in which this pathology is continuously growing, negatively influencing our reproductive-aged women and future generations.
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Lima, Raina Jansen Cutrim Propp, Rosângela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Cecília Claudia Costa Ribeiro, and Vanda Maria Ferreira Simões. "Effect of early determinants on adolescent fat-free mass." Revista de Saúde Pública 54 (December 15, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002229.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of early determinants on adolescent fat-free mass. METHODS: A c ohort s tudy w ith 5 79 a dolescents e valuated a t b irth a nd a dolescence i n a birth cohort in São Luís, Maranhão. In the proposed model, estimated by structural equation modeling, socioeconomic status (SES) at birth, maternal age, pregestational body mass index (BMI), gestational smoking, gestational weight gain, type of delivery, gestational age, sex of the newborn, length and weight at birth, adolescent socioeconomic status, “neither study/nor work” generation, adolescent physical activity level and alcohol consumption were tested as early determinants of adolescent fat-free mass (FFM). RESULTS: A higher pregestational BMI resulted in higher FFM in adolescence (Standardized Coefficient, SC = 0.152; p < 0.001). Being female implied a lower FFM in adolescence (SC = -0.633; p < 0.001). The negative effect of gender on FFM was direct (SC = -0.523; p < 0.001), but there was an indirect negative effect via physical activity level (SC = -0.085; p < 0.001). Women were less active (p < 0.001). An increase of 0.5 kg (1 Standard Deviation, SD) in birth weight led to a gain of 0.25 kg/m2 (0.106 SD) in adolescent FFM index (p = 0.034). Not studying or working had a negative effect on the adolescent’s FFM (SC = -0.106; p = 0.015). Elevation of 1 SD in the adolescent’s physical activity level represented an increase of 0.5 kg/m2 (0.207 SD) in FFM index (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The early determinants with the greatest effects on adolescent FFM are gender, adolescent physical activity level, pregestational BMI, birth weight and belonging to the “neither-nor” generation.
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Kim, Patrick, Tiffany Lowtan, David J. Rivera Vazquez, Kelsey Pozerski, Bradley H. Sipe, and Rachelle Schwartz. "Does an Early Isolated Decrease in Fetal Abdominal Circumference Heighten the Risk of Growth Restriction? [ID 1300]." Obstetrics & Gynecology 145, no. 6S (2025): 75S. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000005918.060.
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INTRODUCTION: This study investigated if an isolated second-trimester fetal abdominal circumference (AC) less than 10th percentile (ACL10) is a risk factor for fetal growth restriction (FGR) and small for gestational age (SGA) neonates. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study analyzed patients who delivered term singletons between January 1, 2019, and January 1, 2024. The exposed group involved otherwise normally grown fetuses with isolated ACL10, measured between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation. Control participants were randomly selected from the same time period. Congenital anomalies were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 589 out of 1,213 patients met inclusion criteria (ACL10 n=213; control n=376). Mean AC was 6.3 percentile in ACL10 and 51.2 percentile in controls. Birth weight (2,782 g versus 3,257 g, P<.001) and percentiles (18.3% versus 41.8%, P<.001) were lower in ACL10. Abdominal circumference was an independent risk factor for FGR (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 12.5 [6.7, 23.4]) and SGA (aOR 5.08 [3.32, 7.76]). Although more pregestational diabetic mothers were ACL10 (10.3% versus 3.7%, P=.001), pregestational diabetes was protective of FGR (aOR 0.15 [0.04, 0.54]). As maternal body mass index (BMI) increased, likelihood of FGR (aOR 0.95 [0.90, 0.995]) and SGA (aOR 0.94 [0.91, 0.97]) decreased. Black patients were more likely to have ACL10 (36.2% versus 25.8%, P=.027). There were no differences in parity, gestational diabetes, chronic/gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, BMI, or mode of delivery between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Isolated second-trimester ACL10 in an otherwise normally grown fetus is an independent risk factor for both FGR and SGA. Increased maternal BMI was protective of FGR and SGA. Pregestational diabetes was protective of FGR but not SGA.
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Lubrano, Chiara, Federica Locati, Francesca Parisi, Gaia Maria Anelli, Manuela Wally Ossola, and Irene Cetin. "Gestational Weight Gain as a Modifiable Risk Factor in Women with Extreme Pregestational BMI." Nutrients 17, no. 4 (2025): 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040736.
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The global rise in obesity presents serious concerns, particularly due to its association with pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and fetal macrosomia. Maternal obesity also contributes to intergenerational health risks, increasing the likelihood of long-term issues in offspring. Preconception counseling is an essential preventive measure to reduce complications; however, many women miss this opportunity due to unplanned pregnancies. This study explores the impact of pregestational body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on pregnancy outcomes, underscoring the importance of routine monitoring of these parameters. Existing studies identify both BMI and GWG as independent risk factors for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, with elevated BMI combined with excessive GWG posing an even greater risk. Specifically, a BMI > 30 kg/m2 doubles the risk of complications such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, and cesarean delivery. Additionally, a review of national and international guidelines highlights a lack of consensus on managing gestational weight gain in women with obesity, particularly regarding antepartum surveillance and timing of delivery. Similarly, no specific guidelines have been established for underweight pregnant women. Additionally, few studies have thoroughly assessed the maternal and fetal risks associated with underweight during pregnancy. Despite this, numerous studies have highlighted an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. This narrative review emphasizes the need for further research to develop tailored guidelines for managing pregnant women based on pregestational BMI, ultimately improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
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Bernardo, Diana, Carlos Carvalho, Jorge Mota, Margarida Ferreira, and Paula Clara Santos. "The Influence of Pregestational Body Mass Index and Physical Activity Patterns on Maternal, Delivery, and Newborn Outcomes in a Sample of Portuguese Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Portuguese Journal of Public Health 41, no. 2 (2023): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000531587.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> There is a linear association between pregestational body mass index (BMI) and almost all adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy is “a window of opportunities” in terms of changing behavior and improving awareness of healthy living. The proper assessment of physical activity levels, during pregnancy, determines trends, health benefits, and their effects over time. This study aims to describe maternal physical activity levels, stratified by pregestational BMI, verify the accomplishment of physical activity recommendations in pregnant women, and correlate pregestational BMI and physical activity accomplishment with maternal, delivery, and neonatal parameters. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A retrospective cohort study was carried out with 103 pregnant women. Physical activity levels were evaluated using a questionnaire and accelerometry. Pregestational BMI was obtained through the Quetelet formula and used the American College of Sports Medicine’s guidelines were used to determine physical activity accomplishment levels. Continuous data were presented as mean and standard deviation and categorical data as numbers and percentages. The <i>F</i> test was used to examine the differences between groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Pregnant women in the sample spent 42.9% of their time on household activities, and for pregnant women with obesity, 91.5% of the time was spent on sedentary activities. Women with normative BMI had higher levels of moderate-intensity activities. Only 15.8% of participants with obesity reached the international recommendations for physical activity practice and women who accomplished physical activity recommendations gained less weight during pregnancy. A high percentage of pre-obesity and obese pregnant women exceeded the recommendations for gestational weight gain and the gestational diabetes prevalence was higher in the obesity group (<i>p</i> = 0.03 between groups). Regarding delivery and neonatal parameters (Apgar score 1st, Apgar score 5th, birth weight, length and head circumference), no statistical differences were found when adjusted to a gestational week at birth, between BMI (<i>p</i> = 0.58; <i>p</i> = 0.18; <i>p</i> = 0.60; <i>p</i> = 0.34; <i>p</i> = 0.34, respectively) or physical activity (<i>p</i> = 0.12; <i>p</i> = 0.15; <i>p</i> = 0.83; <i>p</i> = 0.70; <i>p</i> = 0.70, respectively) groups. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Pregnant women with obesity, exhibit high levels of sedentary behavior, a high prevalence of gestational diabetes, and exceed recommended gestational weight gain. Healthcare professionals have a crucial role in promoting regular physical activity and lifestyle changes before and during pregnancy.
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Riskin-Mashiah, Shlomit, and Ron Auslender. "249: Pregestational BMI, weight gain during pregnancy and maternal hyperglycemia." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 201, no. 6 (2009): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.10.264.
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Andani, Stella. "Case Report: Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy and The Impacts on Fetal Welfare." Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro (Diponegoro Medical Journal) 12, no. 5 (2023): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v12i5.37831.
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Background: Hyperglycemia in pregnancy is related to the outcome of pregnancy. According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy without a history of diabetes is associated with macrosomia, perinatal complications, and neonatal and maternal morbidity.Case Presentation: This study involved 3 pregnant women with different characteristics of age, parity, and gestational age. All the women in the cases were found to have high glucose levels in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy and received therapy.Conclusion: Based on observational studies, patients with pregestational DM have better outcomes if the HbA1c level is <6-6.5%. In the second and third trimesters, the risk of macrosomia, preterm delivery, and preeclampsia is lower if the HbA1c level is <6%. Keywords: BMI, Diabetes Gestational, Glucose level, Pregestational Diabetes
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Zedan, Sohair R. M., Nagwa M. El-ghorab, Mona T. El-Ebiary, and Yasmine I. El-Masry. "The effect of glycemic levels on Doppler indices and pregnancy outcome in pregestational and gestational diabetic pregnant women." Tanta Medical Journal 52, no. 4 (2024): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tmj.tmj_51_24.
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Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized as a condition where there is a varying degree of intolerance to glucose, which occurs or is initially identified throughout pregnancy. Aim To evaluate the impact of glycemic control on Doppler indices of uterine, umbilical, and middle cerebral arteries (MCA) in pregestational and GDM women and to correlate alterations in maternal levels of glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Doppler indices related to pregnancy outcome. Patients and methods This prospective comparative cross-sectional work was performed on 84 diabetic patients aged from 20 to 43 years old, pregnant women with singleton living fetus, at booking, gestational age (GA) 24–28 weeks gestation. The participants categorized into two groups equal: group A: Pregestational diabetes and group B: GDM. Results There was an insignificant correlation between mean HbA1c % and BMI, GA, and doppler velocimetry mean results pulsatility index (PI) of uterine artery (UtA), PI of umbilical artery (UA) and PI of MCA. Pregestational diabetic pregnant women was a significantly positive association with UtA PI. There was insignificant association with Age, UA PI, Middle cerebral artery PI, fasting blood sugar, 2 h postprandial blood sugar, HbA1c (%). Gestational Diabetic pregnant women had insignificant associations with age, UtA PI, UA PI, MSA PI, fasting blood sugar, 2 h postprandial blood sugar, HbA1c. Ultrasound findings, amniotic fluid index, weight, PI of UtA, PI of UA. Conclusion Pregestational and GDM were not correlated with irregularities in Doppler indices of uterine, umbilical, and MCA.
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Gurza, Guillermo, Nayeli Martínez-Cruz, Ileana Lizano-Jubert, et al. "Association of the Triglyceride–Glucose Index During the First Trimester of Pregnancy with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes." Diagnostics 15, no. 9 (2025): 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15091129.
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Background/Objectives: Insulin resistance during pregnancy is a key factor underlying gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and other adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs). While traditional markers, such as HOMA-IR, are used to evaluate insulin resistance, they may be inaccessible in resource-limited settings. The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index has emerged as a practical alternative. This study aimed to assess whether or not a TyG index > 8.6 during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of APOs, including GDM, preeclampsia, and other maternal and neonatal complications. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 333 pregnant women in Mexico City, divided into two groups: Group 1 (TyG index > 8.6, n = 153) and Group 2 (TyG index ≤ 8.6, n = 180). Primary outcomes included gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia, preterm birth, cesarean section, and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted relative risk (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for maternal age, pregestational weight, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Women with a TyG index > 8.6 had a significantly higher pregestational weight and BMI than those with a TyG index ≤ 8.6. Group 1 demonstrated a higher risk of GDM (RR 2.05; 95% CI: 1.23–3.41) and preeclampsia (RR 2.15; 95% CI: 1.10–4.21). After adjusting for maternal age, pregestational weight, and BMI, these associations remained significant: GDM (aRR 1.87; 95% CI: 1.0–2.5) and preeclampsia (aRR 2.18; 95% CI: 1.1–5.0). No significant associations were found between an elevated TyG index and other APOs, including LGA, SGA, preterm birth, or cesarean delivery. Conclusions: A first-trimester TyG index > 8.6 is significantly associated with an increased risk of GDM and preeclampsia, highlighting its potential as a predictive marker for adverse perinatal outcomes. These findings underscore the utility of the TyG index as a practical, cost-effective tool for early risk stratification, particularly in resource-limited settings. Further multi-center research is needed to validate these results and refine population-specific thresholds.
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Bowers, Katherine, Shelley Ehrlich, Lawrence M. Dolan, et al. "Elevated Anthropometric and Metabolic Indicators among Young Adult Offspring of Mothers with Pregestational Diabetes: Early Results from the Transgenerational Effect on Adult Morbidity Study (the TEAM Study)." Journal of Diabetes Research 2021 (November 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6590431.
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Exposure to maternal diabetes in utero increases the risk in the offspring for a range of metabolic disturbances. However, the timing and variability of in utero hyperglycemic exposure necessary to cause impairment have not been elucidated. The TEAM Study was initiated to evaluate young adult offspring of mothers with pregestational diabetes mellitus. This paper outlines the unique enrollment challenges of the TEAM Study and preliminary analysis of the association between exposure to diabetes in pregnancy and adverse metabolic outcomes. The TEAM Study enrolls offspring of women who participated in a Diabetes in Pregnancy (DiP) Program Project Grant between 1978 and 1995. The DiP Study collected medical and obstetric data across pregnancy. The first 96 eligible offspring of women with pregestational diabetes were age-, sex-, and race-matched to adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 with an OGTT. Descriptive and regression analyses were employed to compare TEAM participants to NHANES participants. Among a subset of TEAM participants, we compared the metabolic outcomes across maternal glucose profiles using a longitudinal data clustering technique that characterizes level and variability, in maternal glucose across pregnancy. By comparing categories of BMI, TEAM Study participants had over 2.0 times the odds of being obese compared to matched NHANES participants (for class III obesity, OR = 2.81 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 6.87). Increasing levels of two-hour glucose were also associated with in utero exposure to pregestational diabetes in matched analyses. Exposure to pregestational diabetes in utero may be associated with an increased risk of metabolic impairment in the offspring with clinical implications.
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Rodríguez, Juan Gustavo Vázquez, and Karen Anahí Rodríguez Martínez. "Lactic Dehydrogenase Enzyme and Acid-Base Status in Severe Preeclampsia: A Case-Control Study Investigating the Impact of Obesity." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 35, no. 24 (2023): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i245329.
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Aims: Compare and correlate blood concentration of the LDH enzyme and arterial blood gas parameters of pregnant patients with severe preeclampsia (SP) with and without obesity.
 Study Design: Case-control study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Intensive Care Unit of High Specialty Medical Unit, Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital No. 3. National Medical Center “La Raza”, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, in the year 2022.
 Methodology: Case-control study carried out in 73 pregnant patients with SP. Case group: 34 patients with pregestational Body Mass Index (BMI) with obesity (BMI >30) who remained obese during pregnancy. Control group: 39 women matched by gestational age with normal pregestational BMI (BMI <25) who remained with BMI normal during pregnancy. Blood concentration of total LDH enzyme and arterial blood gas parameters upon admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) were compared. The LDH correlations vs arterial blood gas parameters were calculated. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, paired Student's t test and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used with the SPSS™ version 24 program. The P value <0.05 was significant.
 Results: No differences were found in the blood concentration of total LDH enzyme (case group 669.54±71.79 vs control group 474.75±30.33 U/L, P= .21). The arterial blood gas parameters showed data of compensated metabolic acidosis in both groups, but without significant differences (pH P= .42, lactate P= .060, bicarbonate P= .89, std bicarbonate P= .74, ecf base deficit P= .93, base deficit P= .73). The correlations between blood concentration of total LDH enzyme and arterial blood gas parameters were not significant.
 Conclusion: Blood concentration of total LDH enzyme was similar. Both groups showed compensated metabolic acidosis without differences of gasometric parameters. No significant correlations were found.
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Castellanos Garzón, Jenniffer Alejandra, Liliana Salazar Monsalve, Antonio Jose Tascon, and María Carolina Pustovrh Ramos. "Pregestational body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy associated with epidemiological variables and socio-demographic." Revista de Salud Pública 26, no. 1 (2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v26n1.111293.
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Objective To correlate the pregestational Body Mass Index and weight gain during pregnancy with various epidemiological variables. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out in a third level hospital in Cali, Colombia. Socioeconomic and anthropometric data, obstetric history and general medical history was collected from 300 pregnant women aged between 18 and 37. BMI was calculated at the beginning and end of pregnancy. Statistical analysis of multiple linear regression was performed. Results An increased BMI at the beginning and end of gestation positively correlated with age (Coefficient = 0.156; p=0.013, Coefficient = 0.153; p=0.011), diagnosis of gestational diabetes (Coefficient = 2.264, p=0.018, Coefficient = 0.153; p=0.011) and concern about weight gain during pregnancy (Coefficient=1.226; p=0.038, Coefficient=1.568; p=0.004). A low BMI correlated negatively with Intrauterine Growth Restriction (Coefficient=-3.208; p=0.005). Furthermore, a higher final BMI positively correlated with a diagnosis of hypertensive disorder (Coefficient=2.733; p≤0.001) and negatively with socioeconomic status (Coefficient=2.239; p=0.045). Conclusion Excessive weight gain before and during pregnancy is a predictive factor in the appearance of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders, differentially affecting women from low socioeconomic backgrounds. While pregnancy is a critical period in a woman’s life which may motivate positive lifestyle changes, excessive weight gain is still not perceived as a health problem.
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Weber, Priscila, Ana Maria Baptista Menezes, Helen Gonçalves, et al. "Characterisation of pulmonary function trajectories: results from a Brazilian cohort." ERJ Open Research 6, no. 3 (2020): 00065–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00065-2020.
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BackgroundPulmonary function (PF) trajectories are determined by different exposures throughout the life course. The aim of this study was to investigate characteristics related to PF trajectories from 15 to 22 years in a Brazilian cohort.MethodsA birth cohort study (1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort) was conducted with spirometry at 15, 18 and 22 years. PF trajectories were built based on z-score of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and their ratio using a group-based trajectory model. Associations with exposures reported from perinatal to 22 years were described.ResultsThree trajectories, low (LT), average (AT) and high (HT) were identified in 2917 individuals. Wealthiest individuals belonged to the HT of FEV1 (p=0.023). Lower maternal pregestational body mass index (BMI) (22.4±0.2; p<0.001 and 22.1±0.14; p<0.001) and lower birth weight (3164.8±25.4; p=0.029 and 3132.3±19.4; p=0.005) were related to the LT of FEV1 and FVC. Mother's smoking exposure during pregnancy (37.7%; p=0.002), active smoking at ages 18 and 22 years (20.1% and 25.8%; p<0.001) and family history of asthma (44.8%; p<0.001) were related to the LT of FEV1/FVC. Wheezing, asthma and hospitalisations due to respiratory diseases in childhood were related to the LT of both FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. Higher BMIs were related to the HT of FEV1 and FVC at all ages.ConclusionsPF trajectories were mainly related to income, pregestational BMI, birth weight, hospitalisation due to respiratory diseases in childhood, participant's BMI, report of wheezing, medical diagnosis and family history of asthma, gestational exposure to tobacco and current smoking status in adolescence and young adult age.
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Virdayanti, Dian Puspita, and Khanisyah Erza Gumilar. "Maternal and Neonatal Outcome in Pregnant Women with Obesity in a Single Tertiary Referral Hospital in January - December 2017." International Islamic Medical Journal 1, no. 2 (2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/iimj.v1i2.1616.
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Background: Maternal obesity is defined when BMI is above 30. It is now considered one of the most commonly occurring risk factors seen in obstetric practice and it increased risks of specific complications, and to medical, surgical and technical challenges in providing safe maternity care. Objectives: This study aims to review maternal dan neonatal outcomes and complications from pregnant women with obesity in Soetomo General Hospital on January - December 2017. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study by using medical record data of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital on January - December 2017. Results: There were 297 (21,5%) of maternal obesity from 1384 deliveries, in which the majority age range from 20-34 years old and multiparity. The most BMI category was BMI class 1 (61%). Caesarean section (77,4%) in this study became a major proportion in mode of delivery. In our study, the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy was high (45,4%), while the incidence of severe preeclampsia were 20,9%. The incidence of gestational diabetes were 7,1%, and pregestational diabetes were 3,4%. In our cases, there were 294 cases (94,2%) of livebirth, while there were four stillbirth cases. The incidence of intrauterine fetal death were four cases. There were 11 cases of macrosomia, 7 in 11 came from mother with obesity class III. Other neonatal complications are intrauterine growth restriction which were 26 cases and 18 cases congenital malformation. Conclusion: Most maternal complications in obese pregnant women are severe preeclampsia with mode of delivery by cesarean section. Gestational diabetes cases were found mostly in maternal obesity class I, while pregestational diabetes cases were found mostly in maternal obesity class II. Most neonatal Apgar score in our study were between 7-10, while most of congenital malformation was omphalocele
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Sámano, Reyna, Gabriela Chico-Barba, María Eugenia Flores-Quijano, et al. "Association of Pregestational BMI and Gestational Weight Gain with Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Adolescents and Adults from Mexico City." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010280.
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During pregnancy, adolescents experience physiological changes different from adults because they have not concluded their physical growth. Therefore, maternal and neonatal outcomes may not be the same. This paper aimed to analyze the association between pregestational BMI (pBMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with maternal and neonatal outcomes in adolescent and adult pregnant women. The authors performed an observational study that included 1112 women, where 52.6% (n = 585) were adolescents. Sociodemographic information, pBMI, GWG, neonatal anthropometric measures, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were obtained. Adolescent women had a mean lower (21.4 vs. 26.2, p ≤ 0.001) pBMI than adults and a higher gestational weight gain (12.3 vs. 10.7 kg, p ≤ 0.001). According to Poisson regression models, gestational diabetes is positively associated with insufficient GWG and with pregestational obesity. Furthermore, the probability of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension increased with pBMI of obesity compared to normal weight. Preeclampsia, anemia, and preterm birth were not associated with GWG. Insufficient GWG was a risk factor, and being overweight was a protective factor for low birth weight and small for gestational age. We conclude that pBMI, GWG, and age group were associated only with gestational diabetes and low birth weight.
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Gemma, Carolina, Silvia Sookoian, Jorge Alvariñas, et al. "Maternal Pregestational BMI Is Associated With Methylation of the PPARGC1A Promoter in Newborns." Obesity 17, no. 5 (2009): 1032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.605.
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Ramos-Leví, Ana M., Natalia Pérez-Ferre, M. Dolores Fernández, et al. "Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Large Population of Women Living in Spain: Implications for Preventative Strategies." International Journal of Endocrinology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/312529.
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The aim of this study is to establish a risk appraisal model for GDM by identifying modifiable factors that can help predict the risk of GDM in a large population of 2194 women living in Spain. They were recruited between 2009-2010 when screening for GDM was performed. Participants completed a questionnaire on socio-demographic, anthropomorphic and behavioral characteristics, and reproductive and medical history. A total of 213 (9.7%) women were diagnosed as having GDM. Age, pregestational body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI), and number of events of medical, obstetric and family history were significantly associated with GDM. After logistic regression model, biscuits and pastries intake <4 times/week, red and processed meats intake <6 servings/week, sugared drinks <4 servings/week, light walking >30 minutes/day, and 30 minutes/day of sports at least 2 days/week, compared with opposite consumption, was associated with less GDM risk. Our study identified several pregestational modifiable lifestyle risk factors associated with an increase in the risk of developing GDM. This may represent a promising approach for the prevention of GDM and subsequent complications. Further intervention studies are needed to evaluate if this appraisal model of risk calculation can be useful for prevention and treatment of GDM.
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Pinto, Ana Carolina da Silva, Gabriela de Figueiredo Meira, Francisco Carlos Groppo, et al. "Impact of Pregestational Obesity on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Brazilian Pregnant Women: A Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 6 (2024): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060740.
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The oral health-related quality of life of pregnant women and its effects on health conditions are important topics to be investigated in scientific research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of pre-pregnancy obesity on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in pregnant women. A prospective cohort study was carried out with 93 pregnant women who were evaluated in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy (T1) and after delivery (T2). The following were analyzed: dental caries (DMFT), OHRQoL (OHIP-14), anthropometric data (BMI), socioeconomic, demographic, oral hygiene behavioral habits and the use of dental services. Unadjusted and adjusted Poisson regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of predictors on OHRQoL. The results of the adjusted analysis showed lower education relative risk (RR) (1.37; 95%CI 1.02–1.83; <0.00), low income (RR 2.19; 95%CI 1.63–2.93; <0.00) and higher BMI pre-pregnancy (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01–1.04; <0.00) were associated with worse OHRQoL in postpartum pregnant women. Flossing was a predictor of better OHRQoL at T2 (RR 0.73; 95%CI 0.57–0.93; <0.01). Higher BMI, low education, low income and inadequate oral hygiene habits were predictors of worse OHRQOL of pregnant women after the birth of the baby.
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Suazo, C., N. Franco, N. Grossman, et al. "OP33.01: Which affect more birth weight-maternal pregestational BMI or weight gain? Prospective observational study." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 40, S1 (2012): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.11707.
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Pal, Radhakanta, Mainak Maiti, Bidisha Roychoudhury, Poushali Sanyal, and Bijit Chowdhury. "Association of Pregestational BMI and Antenatal Weight Gain With Pregnancy Outcome: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 5, no. 1 (2017): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2017.07.
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Ospina, Angela Jaramillo, Rosario Toro, Teresa Murguia-Peniche, et al. "Growth Through 24 Months of Age in Infants Receiving Formulas with or Without Added Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) or Human Milk Through the First Year of Life: An RCT." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_086.
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Abstract Objectives To evaluate growth through 24 months of age in infants receiving added bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in infant formula through 12 months of age. Concentration of MFGM from bovine milk fractions and incorporation in infant formula may better approximate the composition of complex milk lipids in human milk. Methods In the double-blind, randomized, controlled Chilean Infant Nutrition Trial (ChiNuT; NCT0262613), term infants whose mothers chose to initiate exclusive infant formula feeding before 4 months of age were randomized to receive: a standard cow's milk-based infant formula (SF, n = 174) or a similar formula with added whey protein-lipid concentrate (5 g/L; source of bovine MFGM) (bMFGM, n = 176). A reference group of infants exclusively receiving human milk (HM, n = 236) was also recruited. Growth through 24 months of age was the primary outcome. Length-for-age (LAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and body mass index (BMI)-for-age (BAZ) growth z-scores were analyzed by mixed-effects multiple linear regression models adjusted by sex, age (days), and maternal pregestational BMI (kg/m2). Results No significant group differences in sex, gestational age at birth, birthweight, maternal age and maternal education were detected, with the exception of maternal pregestational BMI (mean(SD)) (HM: 27.0(5.2) lower vs SF: 28.6(6.2) or bMFGM: 28.9(6.1); P = 0.002). Groups were similar at baseline (weight, length, WAZ, BAZ) with the exception of LAZ (lower in the bMFGM compared to HM group; P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences in growth z-scores (absolute at 6, 9, 12, and 24 months of age or change between baseline and each study time point) were detected between SF and MFGM groups. Both randomized study formula groups were associated with higher growth z-score increases from baseline compared to the HM reference group between 6 and 24 months (P less than 0.05). Mean growth z-scores fell within the range of −1 to 1 (16th to 84th percentile) for SF, bMFGM, and HM groups at all study time points. Conclusions Added bovine MFGM in a routine cow's milk-based infant formula through 12 months of age supported normal growth through 24 months of age. Funding Sources The study was funded by Mead Johnson Nutrition (MJN). Teresa Murguia-Peniche, Steven Wu, and Jennifer Wampler are currently employed by MJN. Carol Lynn Berseth was previously employed by MJN.
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Mitanchez, Delphine, Sophie Jacqueminet, Said Lebbah, Marc Dommergues, David Hajage, and Cécile Ciangura. "Relative Contribution of Gestational Weight Gain, Gestational Diabetes, and Maternal Obesity to Neonatal Fat Mass." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (2020): 3434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113434.
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Maternal nutritional and metabolic status influence fetal growth. This study investigated the contribution of gestational weight gain (GWG), gestational diabetes (GDM), and maternal obesity to birthweight and newborn body fat. It is a secondary analysis of a prospective study including 204 women with a pregestational body mass index (BMI) of 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 and 219 women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. GDM was screened in the second and third trimester and was treated by dietary intervention, and insulin if required. Maternal obesity had the greatest effect on skinfolds (+1.4 mm) and cord leptin (+3.5 ng/mL), but no effect on birthweight. GWG was associated with increased birthweight and skinfolds thickness, independently from GDM and maternal obesity. There was an interaction between third trimester weight gain and GDM on birthweight and cord leptin, but not with maternal obesity. On average, +1 kg in third trimester was associated with +13 g in birthweight and with +0.64 ng/mL in cord leptin, and a further 32 g and 0.89 ng/mL increase in diabetic mothers, respectively. Maternal obesity is the main contributor to neonatal body fat. There is an independent association between third trimester weight gain, birthweight, and neonatal body fat, enhanced by GDM despite intensive treatment.
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Grobeisen-Duque, Orly, Oscar Villavicencio-Carrisoza, Carlos Daniel Mora-Vargas, et al. "Impact of Pre-Gestational BMI and Gestational Weight Gain on Fetal Development Outcomes in Adolescent Pregnant Women." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 7 (2024): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071839.
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Background. Gestational weight gain (GWG) constitutes an essential aspect of the gestational process. Due to factors such as pregestational body mass index (BMI), nutritional intake, level of physical activity, and psychological aspects, the recommended GWG may not be achieved, leading to adverse neonatal outcomes. Adolescents, due to their physiological and mental developmental stage, are at a higher risk of inappropriate GWG. Our aim is to highlight the importance of GWG in our population and to determine the correlation with perinatal outcomes. Methods. Pregnant adolescents who attended a tertiary care institution for prenatal care were included; maternal data such as preBMI and GWG were used to determine maternal and neonatal outcomes using the chi-square test and OR determination. Results. A total of 202 adolescent pregnant patients were included, comprising those with inadequate GWG (n = 70), adequate GWG (n = 85), and excessive GWG (n = 47). A statistically significant association was found between low BMI and inadequate GWG. Patients with inadequate GWG demonstrated a correlation with IUGR and low birth weight, while patients with excessive GWG gave birth to macrosomic neonates. Conclusion. We concluded that previous habits play a significant role in determining weight gain throughout pregnancy. GWG has a direct impact on neonatal growth and development.
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Orth, Teresa, Mary Gerkovich, Erica Heitmann, Jonnie Overcash, Charles Gibbs, and Marc Parrish. "Cesarean Delivery with External Negative Pressure Dressing System: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Surgery Journal 02, no. 03 (2016): e59-e65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1585470.
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Objective To determine whether the use of external negative pressure dressing system (ENPDS) can reduce the incidence of wound complications after cesarean delivery (CD) compared with traditional dressings. Methods Retrospective review of all patients undergoing CD between November 2011 and March 2013. Information was collected on demographics, body mass index (BMI), duration of labor, pre- and postnatal infections, incision and dressing type, and postoperative course. Comparisons were made between traditional dressing and an external negative pressure dressing system. Results Of 970 patients included in the study, wound complications occurred in 50 patients (5.2%). Comparisons of ENPDS (n = 103) and traditional dressing (n = 867) groups revealed higher wound complications for ENPDS with odds ratio (OR) 3.37 and confidence interval (CI) 1.68 to 6.39. ENPDS was more commonly used in patients with BMI > 30 and preexisting diabetes. After controlling for BMI and pregestational diabetes in logistic regression analysis, ENPDS was equivalent to traditional dressing for risk of wound complications with an adjusted OR 2.76 (CI 0.97 to 7.84), with a trend toward more wound complications with ENPDS. Wound separation also tended to be more common in ENPDS group versus traditional dressing with an adjusted OR 2.66 (CI 0.87 to 8.12), although this result did not reach significance. Conclusion ENPDS is equivalent to traditional dressing for preventing wound complications after controlling for the higher-risk population selected for its use. In particular, wound separation appears to occur more frequently in women treated with ENPDS versus traditional dressing and should be regarded as a potential hazard of the system.
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Gulecoglu Onem, Muge Gul, Canan Coker, Kemal Baysal, Sabahattin Altunyurt, and Pembe Keskinoglu. "The effects of pre-pregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain on maternal lipid profiles, fatty acids and insulin resistance." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 49, no. 7 (2021): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2020-0540.
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Abstract Objectives Pregnancy is associated with physiological alterations in insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. This study investigates the associations between pregestational body mass index (pBMI) and the rate of gestational weight gain (rGWG) in the second trimester with the biomarkers of lipid, fatty acids metabolism and insulin resistance. Methods Sixty nine pregnant women followed. The body weights of the pregnant women were measured and blood samples were obtained at 11–14th and 24–28th weeks of pregnancy. Glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin levels and fatty acids were measured. Rate of GWG (kg/week) and The Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. The pregnant women were stratified according to their pBMI and the 2nd trimester rGWG. Results The rate of GWG was significantly higher for the group with pBMI<25, compared to the group with pBMI≥25 (p=0.024). Triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol were significantly increased in the second trimester compared with the first trimester. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), total omega-6 (n − 6) and omega-3 (n − 3) fatty acid levels and n − 6/n − 3 ratio were significantly higher in the second trimester. Glucose was significantly decreased and insulin was increased in the second trimester. In the overweight/obese group; HOMA-IR, insulin, AA, palmitoleic acid and stearic acid were found to be high in comparison to the group with low/normal pBMI. No parameters were associated with rGWG. Conclusions The changes in lipid parameters, free fatty acids, insulin and HOMA-IR in the second trimester were compatible with the changes in lipid metabolism and the development of insulin resistance. Pregestational BMI was shown to have a stronger influence on lipid profile, insulin resistance, and fatty acids than rGWG.
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Soria-Contreras, Diana C., Belem Trejo-Valdivia, Alejandra Cantoral, et al. "Patterns of Weight Change One Year after Delivery Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors at Six Years Postpartum in Mexican Women." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010170.
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Pregnancy is a contributor to the obesity epidemic in women, probably through postpartum weight retention (PPWR), weight gain (PPWG), or a combination of both (PPWR + WG). The contribution of these patterns of postpartum weight change to long-term maternal health remains understudied. In a secondary analysis of 361 women from the prospective cohort PROGRESS, we evaluated the associations between patterns of weight change one year after delivery and cardiometabolic risk factors at six years postpartum. Using principal component analysis, we grouped cardiometabolic risk factors into: (1) body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and glucose; (2) systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); and (3) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Using path analysis, we studied direct (patterns of weight change-outcomes) and indirect associations through BMI at six years postpartum. Around 60% of women returned to their pregestational weight (reference) by one year postpartum, 6.6% experienced PPWR, 13.9% PPWG, and 19.9% PPWR + WG. Women with PPWR + WG, vs. the reference, had higher BMI and WC at six years (2.30 kg/m2, 95% CI [1.67, 2.93]; 3.38 cm [1.14, 5.62]). This was also observed in women with PPWR (1.80 kg/m2 [0.80, 2.79]; 3.15 cm [−0.35, 6.65]) and PPWG (1.22 kg/m2 [0.53, 1.92]; 3.32 cm [0.85, 5.78]). PPWR + WG had a direct association with HOMA-IR (0.21 units [0.04, 0.39]). The three patterns of weight change, vs. the reference, had significant indirect associations with HOMA-IR, glucose, TG, HDL-c, SBP, and DBP through BMI at six years. In conclusion, women with PPWR + WG are at high-risk for obesity and insulin resistance. Interventions targeting women during pregnancy and the first year postpartum may have implications for their long-term risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease.
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Feichtinger, Michael, Tina Linder, Ingo Rosicky, et al. "Maternal Overweight vs. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Disentangling Their Impact on Insulin Action in Pregnancy—A Prospective Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 1 (2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010035.
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Background: To investigate insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in pregnant lean and overweight polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients vs. lean and overweight controls without PCOS. Methods: Prospective cohort study on 67 pregnant women (31 with PCOS and 36 controls, subdivided into overweight or obese and normal weight). All women underwent a 2h-OGTT including glucose, insulin, and C-peptide in early- and mid-gestation and were followed-up until delivery. Results: Insulin sensitivity and glucometabolic parameters were comparable between PCOS patients and controls, whereas marked differences were observed between overweight/obese and lean mothers. Impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity at early pregnancy is mainly a consequence of higher BMI (body mass index; p < 0.001) compared to PCOS (p = 0.216), whereby no interaction between overweight/obesity and PCOS was observed (p = 0.194). Moreover, overweight was significantly associated with gestational diabetes (p = 0.0003), whereas there were no differences between women with and without PCOS (p = 0.51). Birth weight was inversely related to whole-body insulin sensitivity (rho = −0.33, p = 0.014) and positively associated with higher pregestational BMI (rho = 0.33, p = 0.012), whereas there was no association with PCOS. Conclusions: Impaired insulin action was mainly a consequence of overweight rather than PCOS. Our data suggest that overweight is more relevant than PCOS for the effects on insulin sensitivity and impaired glucose metabolism.
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Pádua, Elaine Cristina Rocha, Silvia Daher, Isa de Pádua Cintra Sampaio, Edward Araujo Júnior, and Cristina Falbo Guazzelli. "Evaluation of the Blood Level of Adiponectin in Pregnant Adolescents." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 43, no. 06 (2021): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730288.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate serum levels of adiponectin in pregnant adolescents between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation. Method: A prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 67 normal pregnant women between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation and eutrophic (body mass index [BMI]: 18.5–25 kg/m2), of which 36 were adolescents (< 20 years old) and 31 adults (≥ 20 years old). Serum adiponectin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The t-student or Mann-Whitney tests were used for intergroup comparison. Results Pregnant adolescents showed significantly higher serum adiponectin concentrations compared with pregnant adults (p = 0.04). No differences were observed in adiponectin levels in younger pregnant adolescents (< 16 years old) compared with older pregnant adolescents (≥ 16 years old). Adiponectin values were divided into 3 subgroups: < 3,000 ng/mL, between 3,000 and 5,000 ng/mL, and > 5,000 ng/mL. Birthweight was significantly higher in women > 5,000 ng/mL when compared with < 3,000 ng/mL in the adolescent group. No association between pregestational adiponectin levels and BMI, gestational weight gain, and gestational age was observed; however, there was a positive relation with birthweight (p = 0.0239). Conclusion Serum adiponectin values in pregnant adolescents between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation were higher compared with pregnant adults; however, no differences between younger and older pregnant adolescents were observed.
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Kim, Shin Y., J. Lucinda England, J. Andrea Sharma, and Terry Njoroge. "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Offspring: A Systematic Review." Experimental Diabetes Research 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/541308.
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We systematically reviewed research examining the association between gestational diabetes (GDM) and childhood overweight and obesity. We identified studies from three sources: (1) a PubMed search of articles published between January 1990–January 2011, (2) reference lists of publications from the PubMed search, and (3) reference lists of review articles. We included studies that examined GDM separately from pregestational diabetes and childhood overweight or obesity defined as BMI > 85th or 95th percentile. A total of 12 studies were included in the systematic review. Crude odds ratios for the relationship between GDM and childhood overweight or obesity ranged from 0.7 to 6.3; in 8 studies, the associations were not statistically significant. In only 3 studies were results adjusted for any confounders; in the 2 that adjusted for prepregnancy obesity, the GDM and childhood overweight or obesity associations were attenuated and not statistically significant after adjustment. This paper demonstrates inconsistent evidence of an association between GDM and offspring overweight and obesity due to the methodological limitations of existing studies. Recommendations for future research are presented, which address methodological challenges.
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Zhang, Ya, Jiashen Shao, Feifei Li, and Xianming Xu. "Factors in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Predicting the Needs for Insulin Therapy." International Journal of Endocrinology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4858976.
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Objective.To identify factors predicting the need for insulin therapy in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods. A total of 1352 patients with GDM diagnosed by the 75-g/2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were enrolled in this study. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed; receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were also drawn.Results. There was a significant difference in factors such as maternal age, pregestational BMI, first visit SBP, first visit DBP, FBG of first visit, FBG at time of OGTT, 75-g OGTT glucose value (fasting, after 1 h and 2 h), and serum HbA1c level at diagnosis between patients with insulin therapy and patients with medical nutrition therapy (MNT) alone. Multivariate analysis showed that higher FBG at time of OGTT, first 75 g OGTT 2 h plasma glucose, and HbA1c concentration at diagnosis lead to more likely need of insulin therapy.Conclusion. The probability of insulin therapy can be estimated in pregnant women with GDM based on fasting and 2 h glucose values during OGTT and HbA1c value at diagnosis of GDM.
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Martins Grabovski, Tassiana Cristina, Antônia Aparecida Deluca de Oliveira, Carla Christina Renzo, Leonardo Souza de Carvalho, Rodrigo Ribeiro e Silva, and Jean Carl Silva. "The influence of pre-gestational nutritional status on mother-newborn pair outcomes." Concilium 23, no. 3 (2023): 630–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-943-23b80.
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Introduction: Abnormal pregestational and gestational maternal nutritional status is an undeniable health problem which can result in gestational changes and interfere in fetal and maternal health conditions. Objective: To analyze the influence of pre-pregnancy nutritional status on mother-newborn pair outcomes. Methods: This is an observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study carried out in a public Maternity Hospital in Joinville, SC, Brazil. A total of 1,670 puerperal women were interviewed and classified according to BMI. The outcomes evaluated were: cesarean delivery, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy-induced Hypertension, small for Gestational age newborns, large for gestational age newborns, premature birth, low weight at birth and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Results: Low-weight pregnant women had a higher risk of cesarian delivery. Overweight and obese patients had a greater chance of GDM, with the odds ranging from 1.5 to 7.2 times, and PIH with the odds ranging from 1.7 to 4.6 times. Conclusion: Low-weight pregnant women have a higher chance of cesarian delivery. Meanwhile, overweight and all classes of obesity in pregnancy progressively increase the risk of GDM and PIH.
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ÇELİK, Mehmet, and Abdül Hamid GÜLER. "Maternal Characteristics and Complications in Pregnancies Complicated with Diabetes." Journal of Contemporary Medicine 13, no. 1 (2023): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1202083.
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Abstract
 Aim: Pregnancies complicated with diabetes are risky pregnancies with different maternal characteristics and increased maternal complications compared to the normal pregnant group. In this study, it is aimed to determine maternal characteristics and maternal complications in pregnant women with different glucose intolerance or blood glucose levels, and to compare them with the information in the literature and to investigate the effectiveness of our follow-up and treatment protocols. 
 Material and Method: This study is carried out with 223 patients at Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital between May 2009 and March 2010. Group 1 in the study, normal glycemic group; Group 2, group with 1 value higher in 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); Group 3, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is the blood sugar regulated group; Group 4, the uncontrolled group diagnosed with GDM and whose blood sugar is not regulated; Group 5 consisted of patients with pregestational diabetes mellitus, with or without regulated blood sugar. 
 Results: Considering the maternal characteristics, it is seen that the age, gravida, parity, body mass index (BMI) of Group 3, Group 4 and Group 5 patients are significantly higher than the patients in Group 1 and Group 2. The rates of preeclampsia, macrosomic baby and preterm birth are significantly higher in groups 4 and 5. In terms of delivery types, normal birth rate is high in Group 1, while cesarean section rates are high in Groups 4 and 5. According to the groups, the cases with a 1st minute apgar score less than 7 are significantly higher in Group 4 and Group 5. 
 Conclusion: It is revealed that different glucose intolerances cause some problems in pregnancy, increase complications, and uncontrolled blood glucose levels increase these problems and complications. In pregestational and gestational periods; In such cases, it should be aimed and ensured that these problems and complications are reduced to the lowest possible level with appropriate diagnosis and treatment approaches.
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Pearce, Elizabeth N. "Higher TSH and Lower FT4 Levels in Pregnant Women Are Associated with Higher Pregestational BMI and Greater Gestational Weight Gain." Clinical Thyroidology 29, no. 8 (2017): 310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ct.2017;29.310-311.
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Sormunen-Harju, H., S. Koivusalo, M. Gissler, and J. Metsälä. "The Risk of Complications in Second Pregnancy by Maternal BMI: The Role of First-pregnancy Complications, Pregestational Diabetes and Chronic Hypertension." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 42, no. 1 (2022): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000816864.16302.be.
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Lubrano, Chiara, Emanuela Taricco, Chiara Coco, Fiorenza Di Domenico, Chiara Mandò, and Irene Cetin. "Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes in Fetal Growth Restriction and Small for Gestational Age." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 10 (2022): 2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102729.
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Alterations in intrauterine fetal growth increase the risk of adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes. In this retrospective study, we analyzed data of 906 pregnancies collected in our maternal fetal medicine center, with different patterns of growth: 655 AGA (Appropriate for Gestational Age), 62 SGA (Small for Gestational Age: fetuses born with a weight less than 10° centile, not diagnosed before delivery), 189 FGR (Fetal Growth Restriction, classified in early and late according to gestational week at diagnosis). For each group, we compared maternal characteristics, gestational age at delivery, and perinatal and neonatal outcomes. Risk factors for fetal growth alterations were advanced age, being primiparous, and a lower pregestational BMI. FGR fetuses were born at earlier gestational ages (32 [IQR 29–38] early-FGR and 38 [IQR 36–39] late-FGR), with blood gas values comparable to the AGA group but worse neonatal outcomes related to prematurity. Unexpected SGA fetuses born by vaginal delivery, managed as AGA, were more hyperlactacidemic (4.4 [IQR 2.7–5.5]) and hypoxemic (−5.0 [IQR −7.1–2.8]) at birth than both AGA and FGR. However, neonatal outcomes (accesses and days of hospitalization in NICU) were better than FGR, likely due to gestational age and birthweight similar to AGA.
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Vega-Sanchez, Rodrigo, Hector A. Barajas-Vega, Guadalupe Rozada, Aurora Espejel-Nuñez, Jorge Beltran-Montoya, and Felipe Vadillo-Ortega. "Association between adiposity and inflammatory markers in maternal and fetal blood in a group of Mexican pregnant women." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 12 (2010): 1735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510002825.
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In the present pilot study, we evaluated the effect of maternal adiposity on the plasma concentration of adipocytokines in pregnant women and their newborns. Twenty patients with term gestations without labour were initially selected by pregestational BMI and then classified into two study groups (n 10 each), according to their median value of adiposity (total body fat). Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, leptin and adiponectin in plasma of maternal peripheral blood and fetal cord blood were measured and correlated to maternal adiposity. Maternal adiposity showed a significant negative correlation with fetal adiponectin (r − 0·587, P = 0·01) and IL-6 (r − 0·466, P = 0·05), a significant positive correlation with maternal leptin (r 0·527, P = 0·02) and no correlation with TNF-α or IL-1β. Adiponectin was higher in fetal plasma than in maternal plasma (P = 0·043), but significantly lower in newborns from women with high adiposity than in newborns from women with low adiposity (P = 0·040). Our results suggest that fetuses from obese women may be less able to control inflammation, due to lower circulating anti-inflammatory adipocytokines, which could limit their optimal development or even increase the risk of abortion or preterm labour.
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Mandò, Chiara, Gaia Maria Anelli, Chiara Novielli, et al. "Impact of Obesity and Hyperglycemia on Placental Mitochondria." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018 (August 14, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2378189.
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A lipotoxic placental environment is recognized in maternal obesity, with increased inflammation and oxidative stress. These changes might alter mitochondrial function, with excessive production of reactive oxygen species, in a vicious cycle leading to placental dysfunction and impaired pregnancy outcomes. Here, we hypothesize that maternal pregestational body mass index (BMI) and glycemic levels can alter placental mitochondria. We measured mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, real-time PCR) and morphology (electron microscopy) in placentas of forty-seven singleton pregnancies at elective cesarean section. Thirty-seven women were normoglycemic: twenty-one normal-weight women, NW, and sixteen obese women, OB/GDM(−). Ten obese women had gestational diabetes mellitus, OB/GDM(+). OB/GDM(−) presented higher mtDNA levels versus NW, suggesting increased mitochondrial biogenesis in the normoglycemic obese group. These mitochondria showed similar morphology to NW. On the contrary, in OB/GDM(+), mtDNA was not significantly increased versus NW. Nevertheless, mitochondria showed morphological abnormalities, indicating impaired functionality. The metabolic response of the placenta to impairment in obese pregnancies can possibly vary depending on several parameters, resulting in opposite strains acting when insulin resistance of GDM occurs in the obese environment, characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, mitochondrial alterations represent a feature of obese pregnancies with changes in placental energetics that possibly can affect pregnancy outcomes.
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Santos, Aline Souza Espindola, Josino Costa Moreira, Ana Cristina Simoes Rosa, et al. "Persistent Organic Pollutant Levels in Maternal and Cord Blood Plasma and Breast Milk: Results from the Rio Birth Cohort Pilot Study of Environmental Exposure and Childhood Development (PIPA Study)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (2022): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010778.
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Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) were evaluated in the breast milk and maternal and umbilical cord blood of pregnant women and their newborns in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The concentration of 11 PCB and 17 OCP were measured in 135 samples of maternal, and 116 samples of cord blood plasma, as well as 40, 47, and 45 samples of breast milk at 1st, 3rd, and 6th months after birth, respectively, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). Women were asked to answer an enrollment questionnaire with reproductive, lifestyle, residential and sociodemographic questions. The most commonly detected OCPs and PCBs in the maternal and cord blood were 4,4′-DDE; β-HCH; ɣ-HCH; and PCB 28. 4,4′-DDE was also the most commonly detected OCP in breast milk samples. Although not statistically significant, ∑DDT levels were higher among women with pregestational BMI ≥ 30, and who were non-white and older (age > 40). Newborns with an Apgar score ≤ 8 at minute 5 of life showed significantly higher levels of ∑DDT in the cord blood. Persistent OCPs and PCBs were still detected in maternal and umbilical cord blood and breast milk, even after decades of their banishment in Brazil. They may pose a risk to maternal, fetal and children’s health.
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Lubrano, Chiara, Francesca Parisi, Chiara Coco, Elisabetta Marelli, Eleonora Burello, and Irene Cetin. "Associations between Maternal Nutritional Status, Hemodynamic Parameters, and Delivery Outcomes in Low-Risk Pregnancies: A Prospective Observational Study." Nutrients 16, no. 2 (2024): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16020183.
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Maternal nutritional status represents a pivotal predictor of pregnancy outcome. This prospective observational study investigates the associations between maternal characteristics and nutritional habits at term, hemodynamic parameters, and pregnancy outcomes. Healthy women with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies were enrolled at 36–41 gestational weeks. At enrollment, a nutritional score (0–10) was calculated in order to quantify maternal adherence to a healthy diet and lifestyle. Maternal hemodynamic parameters were assessed by using the Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM), including cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and Smith–Madigan inotropy index (SMII). Pregnancy outcomes were recorded at delivery. Associations between maternal characteristics and nutritional score, hemodynamic parameters, and pregnancy outcomes were investigated by using multi-adjusted generalized linear models. In total, 143 pregnancies were enrolled. Pregestational body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with SVR, and negatively associated with CO and SMII. Additionally, a positive association was detected between the nutritional score and SMII. Finally, CO was positively associated with birth and placental weight, while RVS showed a negative association with birth and placental weight. This study shows that maternal derangements in nutritional status and habits are associated with a compromised hemodynamic profile at term, with additional impacts on intrauterine growth.
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Miturski, Andrzej, Tomasz Gęca, Aleksandra Stupak, Wojciech Kwaśniewski, and Anna Semczuk-Sikora. "Influence of Pre-Pregnancy Obesity on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism with Selected Adipokines in the Maternal and Fetal Compartment." Nutrients 15, no. 9 (2023): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15092130.
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A higher body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of maternal and perinatal complications. This study aimed to analyze selected parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including adipokines, in obese pre-pregnant women, and their influence on the birth weight of newborns. Materials and Methods: The study group (O) consisted of 34 pregnant women with higher BMI (obese) before pregnancy. The control group (C) was 27 pregnant women with target BMI and physiological pregnancy. The BMI index: body weight [kg]/(height [m]2 was assessed on the first obstetrical visit. The research material was the serum of pregnant women collected in the third trimester of pregnancy and umbilical cord blood collected immediately after delivery. Selected parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and adipokines were determined. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the study group and the control group concerning the concentrations of insulin, glucose, VLDL, adiponectin, TNF-α, HOMA-IR, as well as LDH and cholesterol in maternal blood serum and umbilical cord blood serum. Total cholesterol and HDL in both maternal blood serum and umbilical cord blood were statistically significantly lower than those in the control group. The concentration of triglycerides (TG) and resistin in the blood serum of obese mothers were higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the concentrations of TG and resistin in the umbilical cord blood. The concentration of LDL cholesterol in the umbilical blood serum in the obese group was statistically significantly lower than that in the control group. The concentration of leptin in maternal blood serum and umbilical cord blood serum in the study group was statistically significantly higher than that in the control group. Conclusions: Pregestational obesity does not substantially affect the basic parameters of carbohydrate metabolism in pregnant women, but it disturbs the lipid profile, which is manifested by a significant increase in triglycerides and a decrease in the level of HDL cholesterol in the serum. Preexisting obesity increases the concentration of leptin and resistin in the serum of pregnant women, which may be caused by the increased volume of adipose tissue. The concentrations of leptin and resistin in the blood of pregnant women correlate positively, and the concentrations of adiponectin and TNF-α negatively correlate with pre-pregnancy BMI values. There is a positive correlation between the concentration of leptin in the serum of umbilical cord blood and the birth weight of the newborn, which suggests that this parameter contributes to the pathomechanism of macrosomia.
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Nivins, Samson, Jess Reynolds, Gerald F. Giesbrecht, Deborah Dewey, Nicole Letourneau, and Catherine Lebel. "Sex‐specific white matter alterations in children exposed to high pregestational BMI." Obesity, April 6, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.24277.
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AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated whether exposure to high pregestational BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2) is associated with alterations in white matter microstructure in early childhood, explored sex‐specific effects, and examined associations with cognitive performance.MethodsA total of 90 children from the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort underwent diffusion tensor imaging between ages 2 and 7 years. Data were processed using ExploreDTI to obtain mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Pregestational weight was self‐reported by pregnant individuals, height was measured at enrollment, and child cognitive outcomes were assessed at ages 3 to 4 years using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.ResultsChildren exposed to high pregestational BMI had lower FA, but not higher MD, in the superior longitudinal fasciculus and in the body and splenium of the corpus callosum compared with unexposed children (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2). This association persisted when analyzing pregestational obesity and overweight categories separately. Altered FA in splenium of the corpus callosum was associated with poorer cognitive outcomes in exposed children. Exposed male children had higher FA in the fornix, whereas female children had lower FA in the body and splenium of the corpus callosum compared with unexposed peers.ConclusionsHigh pregestational BMI was associated with alterations in white matter microstructure during early childhood in a sex‐specific manner. Promoting healthy lifestyles and weight management among individuals of childbearing age is crucial.
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Guarnotta, Valentina, Mariagrazia Irene Mineo, Emanuela Giacchetto, Maria Pia Imbergamo, and Carla Giordano. "Maternal-foetal complications in pregnancy: a retrospective comparison between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03702-y.
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Abstract Background The aim of the study was a retrospective comparison of the differences in maternal-foetal outcomes between women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). Methods A cohort of 135 patients with pregestational diabetes, 73 with T1DM (mean age 29 ± 5 years) and 62 with T2DM (mean age 33 ± 6 years), in intensive insulin treatment throughout pregnancy were evaluated. Clinical and metabolic parameters and the prevalence of maternal and foetal complications were assessed. Results Women with T1DM showed lower pregestational BMI (p < 0.001), pregestational weight (p < 0.001), weight at delivery (p < 0.001), ∆_total_insulin requirement (IR) at the first, second and third trimesters (all p < 0.001) and higher weight gain during pregnancy (p < 0.001), pregestational HbA1c (p = 0.040), HbA1c in the first (p = 0.004), second (p = 0.020) and third (p = 0.010) trimesters compared to T2DM. Women with T1DM had a higher risk of macrosomia (p = 0.005) than T2DM, while women with T2DM showed higher prevalence of abortion (p = 0.037) than T1DM. At multivariate analysis, pregestational BMI and ∆_total_IR of the first trimester were independently associated with abortion in T2DM, while weight gain during pregnancy was independently associated with macrosomia in T1DM. Conclusion Women with T1DM have a higher risk of macrosomia than T2DM due to weight gain throughout pregnancy. By contrast, women with T2DM have a higher risk of spontaneous abortion than T1DM, due to pregestational BMI and ∆_total_IR in the first trimester.
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VAZQUEZ, LAURA, ELSA VAZQUEZ ARREOLA, HELEN C. LOOKER, et al. "1246-P: Maternal Proinflammatory Markers Associate with Obesity and Glycemic Measures in Pregnancy." Diabetes 73, Supplement_1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db24-1246-p.
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Introduction & Objective: Both maternal adiposity and dysglycemia induce low-grade inflammation that impacts the fetal intrauterine milieu. We examined the association between maternal proinflammatory markers with gestational glycemia, and pregestational BMI. Methods: From the Early Tracking of Childhood Health Determinants (ETCHED) longitudinal observational study, data on 66 pregnant Hispanic (73%) and American Indian women were available (May 2022-Sep 2023); 33% had diabetes. We analyzed baseline glycemic measures (fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, HbA1c), proinflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, hsCRP), and maternal leptin. Results: Mean age was 29.9 years (SD ±6.3), mean pregestational BMI was 33.1 kg/m2 (SD±9.4). Table 1 shows significant positive Spearman correlations between maternal serum IL-6 and hsCRP with pregestational BMI, insulin, HbA1c, C-peptide, and leptin. There was no significant correlation between pregestational BMI and offspring birth weight. In a subset (n=40) of matched samples maternal IL-6 was correlated with cord-blood leptin (r=0.34, p=0.03) and TNF-α (r=0.31, p=0.04). Conclusion: Gestational maternal proinflammatory cytokines were elevated in women with excess adiposity and hyperglycemia. Maternal IL-6 associated with fetal adipocytokines, however, additional data are needed to explore this relationship and its impact on fetal growth and development. Disclosure L. Vazquez: None. E. Vazquez Arreola: None. H.C. Looker: None. R.L. Hanson: None. D. Wasak: None. R. Caballero: None. M. Sinha: None.