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Balhara, Ashok K., Meenakshi Gupta, Surender Singh, Ashok K. Mohanty, and Inderjeet Singh. "Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Bovines: Current Status and Future Directions." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/958540.
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An early and accurate diagnosis of reproductive dysfunctions or aberrations is crucial to better reproductive management in livestock. High reproductive efficiency is a prerequisite for high life-time production in dairy animals. Early pregnancy diagnosis is key to shorten the calving interval through early identification of open animals and their timely treatment and rebreeding so as to maintain a postpartum barren interval close to 60 days. A buffalo, the most important dairy animal in the Indian subcontinent, is known for problems related to high calving interval, late puberty, and high incidence of anestrus. Lack of reliable cow-side early pregnancy diagnosis methods further aggravates the situation. Several methods of pregnancy diagnosis are being practiced in bovine species, yet none qualifies as the ideal pregnancy diagnosis method due to the inherent limitations of sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, speed, and ease of performing the test. The advancement of molecular techniques like proteomics and their applications in animal research has given a new hope to look for pregnancy biomarker molecules in these animals. This review attempts to examine common pregnancy diagnosis methods available for dairy animals, while assessing the usefulness of the modern technologies in detecting novel pregnancy markers and designing future strategies for research in this area.
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Poulsen, Keith P., and Charles J. Czuprynski. "Pathogenesis of listeriosis during pregnancy." Animal Health Research Reviews 14, no. 1 (2013): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252312000242.
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AbstractListeria monocytogenescauses several clinical manifestations in humans and domestic animals. This bacterium is a saprophyte in soil and ensiled feeds, which are sources of infection for food producing animals (i.e. ruminants). The most common route of infection for people is via ingestion of contaminated ready-to-eat food products such as produce, soft cheeses and deli meats. In the United States,L. monocytogenescauses relatively few cases of clinical disease compared to other food-borne pathogens. However, clinical listeriosis is associated with high mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients, pregnant women, neonates, and the elderly.Listeriais an intracellular pathogen, which has been widely used in basic research to elucidate mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis and protective cell-mediated immunity. Despite the sizeable knowledge onL. monocytogenespathogenesis, key points regarding listeriosis during pregnancy and the perinatal period remain unknown. This review summarizes listeriosis in humans and domestic animals during pregnancy, and animal models used to study the pathogenesis and immune response toL. monocytogenesinfection during these periods.
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Hryhorowicz, Magdalena, Daniel Lipiński, Szymon Hryhorowicz, Agnieszka Nowak-Terpiłowska, Natalia Ryczek, and Joanna Zeyland. "Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research." Genes 11, no. 6 (2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060670.
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Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. The development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. Generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Another direction of research, described in this review, focuses on the use of transgenic animals as a source of high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins. The further aspect discussed is the use of genetically modified animals as a source of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation into human recipients, i.e., xenotransplantation. Numerous studies have shown that the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is the most suitable species both as a research model for human diseases and as an optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models.
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Michell, A. R. "Sodium and research in farm animals: problems of requirement, deficit, and excess." Outlook on Agriculture 14, no. 4 (1985): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708501400404.
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There is no doubt of the biological importance of salt in the physiological processes of all animals. Nevertheless, there is great uncertainty about the level of salt intake necessary to maintain the health of farm animals in varying circumstances such as pregnancy and lactation. It appears that published recommendations are far too high, which is not only misleading from the veterinary point of view but is reflected in exaggerated estimates of human requirements.
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Subramani, Ramadevi, Adriana Estrada, Madeline Dixon, et al. "Pregnancy Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Persistently Altering the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis." Cancers 13, no. 13 (2021): 3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133207.
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Early full-term pregnancy is known to reduce the lifetime risk of breast cancer. Although the phenomenon of parity-induced protection is well-established, the physiological mechanisms involved in this protection are not clear. Earlier reports have shown that pregnancy results in alterations of hormone levels. How pregnancy affects hypothalamic hormones and how the change, if any, influences breast cancer is not well understood. Seven-week-old female Lewis rats were given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Two weeks post carcinogen exposure, a set of females were housed with males to generate the parous rats and another set of rats served as the nulliparous controls. Mammary tumorigenesis was assessed for 9 months. Hypothalamic and pituitary levels of hormones were measured at various timepoints. Further, animals were also challenged with growth hormone and prolactin secretagogues to test the effect of pregnancy on the hypothalamic–pituitary hormonal axis. Persistent alterations in the level of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and somatostatin in the hypothalamus of parous animals was observed. Further, we also observed that pregnancy had a significant effect on the pituitary gland and its response to growth hormone and prolactin secretagogues. Our studies using the rodent model system demonstrate that pregnancy could be reducing the risk of breast cancer by persistently altering the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, which could have implications for breast cancers in humans as well.
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Desaulniers, Daniel M., Alan K. Goff, Keith J. Betteridge, Janice E. Rowell, and Peter F. Flood. "Reproductive hormone concentrations in faeces during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in cattle (Bos taurus) and muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 5 (1989): 1148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-165.
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Difficulties associated with blood sampling of wild animals are a deterrent to reproductive research but might be circumvented by the development of noninvasive techniques. Samples of faeces were collected from 4 cyclic and 19 pregnant domestic cows and from 6 female muskoxen during anoestrus, the oestrous cycle, and pregnancy. In cows, the faecal progesterone profile corresponded well with plasma values in cyclic and pregnant animals. Increased concentrations of 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2α could be detected in bovine faeces during luteolysis using data from a group of animals. A large increase in total oestrogen occurred in both faeces and plasma after the 12th week of pregnancy, confirming that faecal oestrogen levels can be used for pregnancy diagnosis. In the muskox, faecal concentations of total oestrogen and progesterone were correlated with reproductive status, and animals that were anoestrous, oestrous, pregnant, or in the luteal phase of the cycle could be recognized.
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Lestari, Tita Damayanti. "Study of the Anti – Pregnancy - Associated Glycoprotein (Anti – Pag) Resulted from Antigen Pag Immunization, as Prospective Early Pregnancy Detector in Animals." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 3 (2016): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0030.
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Abstract Blastocyst protein named pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) has been isolated from pregnant dairy cow serum. PAG yielded from previous research issued from pregnant animals, wherein was specifically produced. This study is an initial research to use PAG as an antigen to be injected to rabbit in order to produce the corresponding antibody. The objective of the research was to study the character of anti-pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (Anti-PAG), as a result of immunization of PAG and to learn its specification reaction. The PAG isolate had bovine origin (molecular weight-MW of 67.34 kDa) and issued from previous research. Injection of PAG isolate could stimulate the production of Anti-PAG as an immunization response. Immunization was done by double booster inoculation. Anti-PAG derived from immunization was characterized via antibody titer value using ELISA technique. Specificity test of Anti-PAG was carried on by Western Blot technique. Results revealed that injection of PAG isolate to the rabbit stimulates anti-PAG production. Concentration of Anti-PAG was 1.192 μg with titer of 1.044. Anti-PAG derived from rabbits recognized Standard PAG antigen (bovine PAG MDBiomed cat. 101-7963-13-3) and PAG isolate derived from previous research. The reaction of antigen antibody is the basic structure of creating a gestation detection kit. Anti-PAG is expected to be the molecular marker in developing a gestation detection kit in the near future.
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Vigueras-Villaseñor, Rosa María, Martín Alejandro Fuentes-Cano, Margarita Chávez Saldaña, et al. "Fetal and Postnatal Nicotine Exposure Modifies Maturation of Gonocytes to Spermatogonia in Mice." Analytical Cellular Pathology 2020 (December 15, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8892217.
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Studies in laboratory animals have shown that male offspring from dams, exposed to nicotine during pregnancy and postnatal periods, show alterations in fertility, although the origin of this is still uncertain. In this study, we examined in a mouse model if the process of gonocyte maturation to spermatogonia was affected in male offspring from dams with nicotine administration during pregnancy and postnatal periods. BALB/C mice, with and without nicotine administrations in pregnancy and postnatal periods, were studied. The animals were euthanized at 3, 7, 10, 16, and 35 days postpartum (dpp). Testicular tissue samples were processed for histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical studies; and testicular lipoperoxidation was determined. It was observed that in the nicotine-exposed animals, there was increased apoptosis and a reduction in the number of gonocytes that matured to spermatogonia. This gonocyte-spermatogonia maturation reduction was associated with a greater immunoreactivity to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the germ cells. Lipoperoxidation was similar in both groups until 16 dpp, with significant reduction at 35 dpp. Our findings suggest that nicotine intake during pregnancy and postnatal periods can affect the process of maturation of gonocytes to spermatogonia and the pool of available spermatogonia for spermatogenesis.
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Hansen, Peter J. "Implications of Assisted Reproductive Technologies for Pregnancy Outcomes in Mammals." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 8, no. 1 (2020): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-084010.
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Development of assisted reproductive technologies has been driven by the goals of reducing the incidence of infertility, increasing the number of offspring from genetically elite animals, facilitating genetic manipulation, aiding preservation and long-distance movement of germplasm, and generating research material. Superovulation is associated with reduced fertilization rate and alterations in endometrial function. In vitro production of embryos can have a variety of consequences. Most embryos produced in vitro are capable of establishing pregnancy and developing into healthy neonatal animals. However, in vitro production is associated with reduced ability to develop to the blastocyst stage, increased incidence of failure to establish pregnancy, placental dysfunction, and altered fetal development. Changes in the developmental program mean that some consequences of being produced in vitro can extend into adult life. Reduced competence of the embryo produced in vitro to develop to the blastocyst stage is caused largely by disruption of events during oocyte maturation and fertilization. Conditions during embryo culture can affect embryo freezability and competence to establish pregnancy after transfer. Culture conditions, including actions of embryokines, can also affect the postnatal phenotype of the resultant progeny.
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Hennessy, Annemarie, Adrian Gillin, and John Horvath. "Cardiovascular Research in Pregnancy: The Role of Animal Models." Hypertension in Pregnancy 12, no. 3 (1993): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641959309042862.
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Fewtrell, M. S. "Session 6: Infant nutrition: future research developments in Europe EARNEST, the early nutrition programming project: EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 66, no. 3 (2007): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665107005708.
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Increasing evidence from lifetime experimental studies in animals and observational and experimental studies in human subjects suggests that pre- and postnatal nutrition programme long-term health. However, key unanswered questions remain on the extent of early-life programming in contemporary European populations, relevant nutritional exposures, critical time periods, mechanisms and the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or reverse programming effects. The EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research (EARNEST) consortium brings together a multi-disciplinary team of scientists from European research institutions in an integrated programme of work that includes experimental studies in human subjects, modern prospective observational studies and mechanistic animal work including physiological studies, cell-culture models and molecular techniques. Theme 1 tests early nutritional programming of disease in human subjects, measuring disease markers in childhood and early adulthood in nineteen randomised controlled trials of nutritional interventions in pregnancy and infancy. Theme 2 examines associations between early nutrition and later outcomes in large modern European population-based prospective studies, with detailed measures of diet in pregnancy and early life. Theme 3 uses animal, cellular and molecular techniques to study lifetime effects of early nutrition. Biomedical studies are complemented by studies of the social and economic importance of programming (themes 4 and 5), and themes encouraging integration, communication, training and wealth creation. The project aims to: help formulate policies on the composition and testing of infant foods; improve the nutritional value of infant formulas; identify interventions to prevent and reverse adverse early nutritional programming. In addition, it has the potential to develop new products through industrial partnerships, generate information on the social and economic cost of programming in Europe and help maintain Europe's lead in this critical area of research.
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Mottola, Michelle F. "The use of animal models in exercise and pregnancy research." Seminars in Perinatology 20, no. 4 (1996): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-0005(96)80015-2.
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Mulder, Carol A. T., Brenda N. Bonnett, S. Wayne Martin, Kerry Lissemore, and Paul D. Page. "The usefulness of the computerized medical records of one practice for research into pregnancy loss in dairy cows." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 21, no. 1 (1994): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(94)90031-0.
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Hines, Tina, Jessica Veeh, and Dawn Grimes. "The Hypo-Osmolality of Pregnancy Does Not Alter Baroreceptor Responses to Acute Changes in Osmolality." Biological Research For Nursing 7, no. 3 (2006): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800405283032.
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Reducing extracellular osmolality by 10-12 mOsm/L reduces baroreceptor firing in vitro in tissues from male rats. Pregnancy is associated with a similar reduction in plasma osmolality (pOsm) as well as with alterations in baroreceptor firing and reduced baroreceptor reflex activity. Mechanisms for reduced baroreflex activity are not yet understood, but they have important implications for maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis in the pregnant female. Thus, this study was designed to test whether changes in plasma osmolality alter baroreceptor discharge during pregnancy. Late-gestation pregnant and virgin control rats were anesthetized, femoral vessels were cannulated for measurement of arterial pressure and drug infusion, and the aortic depressor nerve, containing baroreceptor afferents, was isolated and prepared for recording. Plasma osmolality was measured before and 30 min after graded intraperitoneal injections of NaCl (50-1500 mOsm/L). Arterial pressure, heart rate, and aortic depressor nerve activity (ADNA) were measured continuously before and after injections. A 50 mOsm/L NaCl injection significantly decreased pOsm but did not alter ADNA in either group. Likewise, 1200 mOsm/L NaCl injections significantly increased pOsm and had no effect on ADNA in either group. The 1500 mOsm salt load significantly increased pOsm and ADNA in pregnant rats, and in virgin animals, it increased pOsm but evoked a paradoxical decrease in ADNA. The authors’ studies indicate that pOsm has minimal effects on baroreceptor activity, which are not significantly different during gestation. Their findings suggest that in vitro data from male rats indicating a correlation between pOsm and baroreceptor discharge are not applicable in anesthetized intact female animals.
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Massari, Catia Helena de Almeida Lima, Nadini Oliveira Martins, Angela Faustino Jozala, Denise Grotto, and Marli Gerenutti. "Laboratory animal welfare:." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 55, no. 4 (2019): e145008. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2018.145008.
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Reproductive and developmental toxicology has focused on the need to approach the effects of organism exposure to various drugs during pregnancy after the mid-50’s, when the thalidomide tragedy stroke humanity. In recent decades, this area of study has developed a lot due to animal testing, raising awareness on the need to improve the quality of life of such animals. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how the science of animal welfare can improve scientific research as a whole, including the reproductive and developmental toxicology fields, by emphasizing environmental enrichment in animal facilities. To do so, we conducted an integrative literature review on several quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches that are applicable to toxicology studies. Here, we present evidence that environmental enrichment improves animal welfare and prevents or reduces the negative effects of captive housing, which must be a principle of toxicological research for ethical, legal and scientific reasons.
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Juma, Matthews, Solveig Ericson, Dawn Fun Eng, et al. "Prospective, observational registry of branded imatinib (IM) and nilotinib (NIL) exposure in pregnant women: Voluntary post-authorization safety study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (2012): TPS6638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.tps6638.
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TPS6638 Background: Family planning decisions for cancer patients of childbearing age are impacted by their diagnosis. IM and NIL are category D drugs (demonstrated risk to the fetus based on mechanism of action and findings in animals; however, the benefits of therapy may outweigh the potential risk to the fetus); women should be advised not to become pregnant when taking these drugs. Limited data exist concerning safety of these drugs during pregnancy and consequences of interrupting treatment. The registry does not recommend patients receiving IM or NIL become pregnant, but serves only to document exposures that occur, and collect information on pregnancy outcome, maternal course of disease, and infant follow-up. Methods: The registry intends to enroll 150 women (≥18 years) treated with branded IM and NIL within 6 mo before or during pregnancy (generic IM and NIL reports are excluded). Schedule of visits and treatment is according to local standard of care. Women are divided into 2 exposure cohorts: 1) pregnancy/fetal: received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) within 14 d of conception or at any time during pregnancy; 2) interrupted TKI: received TKIs within 6 mo before conception but interrupted TKIs in preparation for/due to pregnancy. To identify signals of teratogenicity, the registry uses a general population baseline rate of birth defects, and the prevalence of defects in cohorts 1 and 2 may be compared. Cases are quantitatively analyzed for the emergence of unique defects or patterns of defects. Primary objective: monitor TKI-exposed pregnancies to estimate the prevalence of birth defects (calculated by dividing number of birth defects by total number of exposed live births from cohort 1). Secondary objectives are to: 1) determine the impact of treatment interruption on maternal disease status; 2) assess and estimate the prevalence of serious adverse pregnancy outcomes; and 3) assess and estimate the prevalence of developmental delays and functional deficits among infants during the first year of life. Maternal disease status is analyzed, comparing disease status at registration, pregnancy outcome, and 1 y after birth, stratified by length of TKI interruption.
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Baimishev, Murat, Sergey Eremin, Kirill Plemyashov, Hamidulla Baimishev, Igor Konopeltsev, and Kairly Yesengaliev. "The effect of metabolism on the course of labor and the postpartum period in highly productive cows." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700256.
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The purpose of the research is to determine the etiopathogenesis of reproductive dysfunction in highly productive cows. For this, one group of cows was formed on the principle of paranalogs in the amount of 37 animals inseminated in the first sexual hunt after calving, followed by taking blood samples from them using the Monovet system, considering the duration of pregnancy. During the start-up period, blood was taken 1–4 days before calving and on the first day after calving. A total of 253 blood samples were examined. Subsequently, depending on the effectiveness of insemination, animals were divided into two groups. The first group included inseminated cows after the first insemination (20 animals), the second group included 17 unfertilized cows after the first insemination. Subsequently, blood was taken from animals considering the course of childbirth and the postpartum period. Blood counts were studied according to generally accepted methods using certified equipment. The study found that at an early stage of pregnancy, cows have a significant difference in lipid metabolism and in their peroxidation, in the state of antioxidant systems compared to unstable animals. In the process of pregnancy development in cows, there is a decrease in the level of total lipids and their class, and the accumulation of products of transoxidation of lipids is reduced. In animals with retention of the placenta, a low lipid metabolism and a higher level of peroxidation were established already in the dry period. After calving, this difference increases. The obtained data can be used to develop an algorithm for the prevention of postpartum complications in cows by using substances with antioxidant properties.
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MARINOU, K. "Abdominal ultrasonographic imaging of laboratory animals - Current techniques." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, no. 3 (2017): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14933.
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Diagnostic ultrasonography is a non-invasive imaging technique developed and applicable both in reproductive and companion animals for the diagnosis of diseases. During the last years it has also been used in laboratory animals facilitating thus the advances of biomedical research. The ultrasonographic imaging of abdominal organs in laboratory animals may take place in soft tissue organs, such as the liver, the spleen, the kidneys, the urinary bladder, but also the uterus, especially before, during and after pregnancy, as well as during parturition. It has been proved to be extremely useful both for monitoring of organ architecture during several related experimental protocols and for diagnosing possible diseases that may occur during a laboratory animal's lifetime. During the last decade technological progress has been present in scientific life leading in several advances in ultrasonographic imaging. More specifically, ultra high frequency transducers, with a potential of using sophisticated software, are now able to provide researchers with extended field of view images even of small laboratory animals, such as mice. 3D ultrasonography relies on the acquisition of images in multiple scan planes from which a 3D image is created. 4D ultrasonography provides functional data in three dimensions, whereas microbubble contrast agents have shown clinical potential for characterizing blood flow in abdominal vessels, especially with the use of ultra high frequency transducers and 3D imaging. Doppler imaging provides information on blood flow and abdominal organs blood supply. Finally, ultrasound- guided biopsy and injection of substances are important tools in biomedical research protocols.
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Connor, Paul D. "Synthesizing Animal and Human Studies of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, no. 5 (2001): 648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701225120.
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The primary focus of this volume is on the impact of alcohol on brain development. It is a perfect example of how research on both animals and humans can interact to produce very important findings. In the case of prenatal alcohol exposure, dialogue between animal and human researchers has proved to be very profitable for both lines of research. Initial observations by human researchers identified a syndrome of facial stigmata, physical malformations, and early behavioral disturbances that was related to maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy. They gave this syndrome the name Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. However, human researchers were unable to state unequivocally that prenatal alcohol exposure was teratogenic to the fetus. Thus, they turned to animal researchers who were able to model Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a variety of animals and to confirm the teratogenicity of alcohol on the developing fetus. The quarter century of studies of the damage caused by prenatal alcohol exposure is replete with such interactions between these two groups of researchers. Without the input and pioneering studies of animal researchers on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, human researchers would have much less understanding of the damage caused by alcohol exposure in utero or insights into possible treatment or remediation strategies for those damaged by alcohol exposure.
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Briffa, Jessica F., Andrew J. McAinch, Tania Romano, Mary E. Wlodek, and Deanne H. Hryciw. "Leptin in pregnancy and development: a contributor to adulthood disease?" American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 308, no. 5 (2015): E335—E350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00312.2014.
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Emerging research has highlighted the importance of leptin in fetal growth and development independent of its essential role in the maintenance of hunger and satiety through the modulation of neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin neurons. Alterations in maternal-placental-fetal leptin exchange may modify the development of the fetus and contribute to the increased risk of developing disease in adulthood. In addition, leptin also plays an important role in reproductive functions, with plasma leptin concentrations rising in pregnant women, peaking during the third trimester. Elevated plasma leptin concentrations occur at the completion of organogenesis, and research in animal models has demonstrated that leptin is involved in the development and maturation of a number of organs, including the heart, brain, kidneys, and pancreas. Elevated maternal plasma leptin is associated with maternal obesity, and reduced fetal plasma leptin is correlated with intrauterine growth restriction. Alterations in plasma leptin during development may be associated with an increased risk of developing a number of adulthood diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases via altered fetal development and organogenesis. Importantly, research has shown that leptin antagonism after birth significantly reduces maturation of numerous organs. Conversely, restoration of the leptin deficiency after birth in growth-restricted animals restores the offspring's body weight and improves organogenesis. Therefore, leptin appears to play a major role in organogenesis, which may adversely affect the risk of developing a number of diseases in adulthood. Therefore, greater understanding of the role of leptin during development may assist in the prevention and treatment of a number of disease states that occur in adulthood.
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Choi, K. Yeon, Nadia S. El-Hamdi, and Alistair McGregor. "Convalescent Immunity to Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus Induces Limited Cross Strain Protection against Re-Infection but High-Level Protection against Congenital Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (2020): 5997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21175997.
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The guinea pig is the only small animal model for congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) but requires guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV). Current GPCMV research utilizes prototype strain 22122, which limits the translational impact of GPCMV as numerous human CMV strains exist and cCMV is possible in the setting of re-infection. A novel strain of GPCMV (TAMYC) exhibited differences to 22122 in various glycoproteins with GP74 (gO homolog) the most variable (25% difference). Antibody ELISAs for TAMYC-convalescent animals evoked similar immune response to viral glycoprotein complexes (gB, gH/gL, gM/gN, pentamer) and cell-mediated response to pp65 homolog (GP83). Convalescent sera from TAMYC-infected animals neutralized GPCMV infection on fibroblasts but was less effective on epithelial cells. TAMYC-convalescent animals were not protected from dissemination of heterogenous virus challenge (22122). However, in a cCMV protection study, TAMYC-convalescent animals challenged mid-pregnancy (22122) exhibited high-level protection against cCMV compared to seronegative animals with pup transmission reduced from 80% (control) to 12%. Overall, pre-existing immunity in guinea pigs provides limited ability to prevent GPCMV re-infection by a different viral strain but provides a high level of protection against cCMV in heterogenous strain challenge. This level of cross protection against cCMV should be a prerequisite of any CMV vaccine.
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Rodger, JC. "Prospects for the Artificial Manipulation of Marsupial Reproduction and Its Application in Research and Conservation." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890249.
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Techniques to manipulate reproduction and productivity are well established features of the husbandry of domestic animals and the treatment of human infertility. Similar approaches are feasible in marsupials, but little work has been done to apply our considerable basic knowledge of marsupial reproduction to produce practical artificial breeding. If the reproduction and productivity of marsupials could be more effectively controlled it would greatly aid research and profoundly change both current practice in the management of zoo animals, and the strategies employed for the breeding and conservation of rare or endangered species. The present paper sets out the likely agenda, reports progress to date and discusses short and long-term prospects for the artificial breeding of marsupials. Topics discussed include: induced ovulation and superovulation, oocyte and embryo collection, semen collection and the frozen storage of sperm, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, frozen storage of embryos, and the use of surrogate mothers in supporting both pregnancy to term, and the development of young in the pouch.
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Ault, Patricia, Hagop Kantarjian, Susan O'Brien, et al. "Pregnancy Among Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treated With Imatinib." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 7 (2006): 1204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.04.6557.
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Purpose Imatinib has potential teratogenicity in animals, but the effect of exposure to imatinib during conception and pregnancy in humans is not known. Patients and Methods The records of all patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treated with imatinib were reviewed. We report the experience on 19 pregnancies involving 18 patients (10 females and eight males) who conceived while receiving imatinib for the treatment of CML. Results All female patients discontinued therapy immediately on recognition of pregnancy. Three pregnancies (involving two female patients and one male patient) ended in spontaneous abortion, and one patient had an elective abortion. All other pregnancies were uneventful. Two of the 16 babies had minor abnormalities at or shortly after birth (hypospadias in one baby and rotation of small intestine in one baby) that were surgically repaired. All babies have continued normal growth and development. Among female patients who interrupted therapy, five of nine in complete hematologic remission (CHR) at the time of treatment interruption eventually lost CHR, and six experienced an increase in Philadelphia chromosome–positive metaphases. At a median of 18 months after resuming therapy with imatinib, eight patients had a cytogenetic response (complete in three patients). Conclusion Although there is no evidence that a brief exposure to imatinib during conception and pregnancy adversely affects the developing fetus, most patients lose their response after treatment interruption. Patients receiving imatinib should be advised to practice adequate contraception.
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Schlabritz-Loutsevitch, Natalia E., Christopher J. Dudley, Jeremiah J. Gomez, et al. "Metabolic adjustments to moderate maternal nutrient restriction." British Journal of Nutrition 98, no. 2 (2007): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507700727.
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Reduced food availability in pregnancy influences fetal growth, obstetric outcomes and offspring health in both developing and developed countries. The objective of the present study was to determine responses to moderate global maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) during pregnancy in baboons (Papio hamadryas) – an established non-human primate model for pregnancy-related research. Starting at 30 d gestation (dG), twelve pregnant baboons received 70 % of food (MNR group) consumed by twenty ad libitum-fed pregnant controls. Maternal body weight, BMI, food intake and physical activity were measured before pregnancy, at 90 dG and at 165 dG (full-term 180 dG). Fetal and placental weights were recorded at the time of Caesarean section (90 and 165 dG). Activity patterns were also evaluated in fourteen non-pregnant female baboons. Behavioural observations were made in five non-pregnant, six control and four MNR animals. Pregnant baboons decreased overall physical activity and energy-expensive behaviours compared with non-pregnant baboons. In the MNR group, maternal weight, weight gain and maternal physical activity were reduced compared with the control animals. MNR decreased placental weight and volume compared with control, while fetal weight and length were unaffected. We conclude that decreased physical activity and increased usage of maternal available body stores play an important role in the maternal response to pregnancy. Also, adaptations in maternal behaviour and energy utilisation protect fetal growth during moderate MNR.
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Baird, J. D., and L. Aerts. "Research Priorities in Diabetic Pregnancy Today: The Role of Animal Models." Neonatology 51, no. 2 (1987): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000242641.
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Balendran, A., M. Gordon, T. Pretheeban, R. Singh, R. Perera, and R. Rajamahedran. "Decreased fertility with increasing parity in lactating dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 3 (2008): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07127.
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The relationships of parity and progesterone (P4) concentrations during the bred cycle with pregnancy rate (PR) were examined in this study. Breeding records of 163 Holstein heifers and cows (in 1st parity, 2nd parity, and 3rd or 4th parity) from the Uuniversity of British Columbia Dairy Education and Research Centre were used to compare PR among heifers, 1st, 2nd and 3rd/4th parity cows. Blood or milk samples collected from 10 animals of each treatment group were assayed to compare P4 concentrations among treatment groups. Statistical analysis showed that the heifers' first insemination PR (67.9%) was higher (P < 0.05) from 1st parity (42.9%), 2nd parity, (20.0%) and 3rd/4th parity cows (11.9%). P4 concentrations were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Key words: Pregnancy rate, progesterone, parity, cows, heifers
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Rodrigues, Robson Souza, Michelle Igarashi, Livia Saab Muraro, et al. "The occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum in bovine female animals and bovine fetuses in Nossa Senhora do Livramento County, Mato Grosso." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 6 (2016): 4161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p4161.
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Neosporosis is a parasitic disease caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan Neospora caninum, which is responsible for miscarriage cases in cattle countrywide. The vertical or transplacental route with prevalent miscarriages between the 3rd and 6rd months of pregnancyis the main transmission form in cattle. The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of anti-N.caninum antibodies in (Bos indicus) Nellore female animals and fetuses in Nossa Senhora do Livramento County - MT. Blood samples from 489 female bovines and from 128 bovine fetuses over three months of pregnancy were colleted. The research about the anti N. caninum antibodies in bovine females and fetuses was conducted through the Immunofluorescence technique (IFA). We found 2.45% (12) seropositive and 3.91% (5) seropositive to N. caninum in the present study.
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Lopes, Eliane Aversa, Luciane Bizari Coin de Carvalho, Priscila Bernal da Costa Seguro, et al. "Sleep disorders in pregnancy." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 62, no. 2a (2004): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2004000200005.
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CONTEXT: The precise function of sleep in animals and human beings is still unknown, and any sort of physical, social or psychological variation may change the normal sleep-wake cycle. PURPOSE: This research aims is to determine the sleep disorders (SD) for each of the three trimesters of the pregnancy comparing them to the pre-pregnancy state (PG). METHOD: SD were investigated in three hundred pregnant women 11- to 40-years-old through with a brief clinical interview based on directed questions. One hundred pregnant women were considered for each trimester. RESULTS: The rate of pregnant women with insomnia increased by 23% in the 2nd trimester (p< 0.005); the rate for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) by 15% in the 1st trimester (p<0.003), 55% in the 2nd trimester (p<0.001) and by 14% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.002); the rate for mild sleepiness increased by 33% in the 2nd trimester (p<0.002) and by 48% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.001); the rate for specific awakenings increased by 63% in the 1st trimester, by 80% in the 2nd trimester and by 84% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: SD were more frequent during pregnancy comparatively to PG state, mostly at the expenses of EDS and specific awakenings.
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AMIRIDIS (Γ.Σ. ΑΜΟΙΡΙΔΗΣ), S. G., and A. LYMBEROPOULOS (Α. ΛΥΜΠΕΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ). "Applications of ultrasonography in cattle reproduction." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 49, no. 4 (2018): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15781.
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Ultrasonography is becoming a useful diagnostic toolin the field of cattle pathophysiology, aiding to meet the demands of the expanding cattle breeding. Transrectal ultrasonography is a rapid, reliable and safe technique for both the animal and the operator. With the use of ultrasonography in research, the hypothesis concerning the wave - like pattern of follicular growth has been confirmed. In addition it has been proved that follicular growth, development and regression continue during early pregnancy. The application of ultrasonographic techniques in concert with modern biotechnology, boosted the production of embryos from genetically superior cows and prepubertal heifers and indirectly solved the problem of infertility in valuable animals. In clinical practice, the use of ultrasonography for early pregnancy diagnosis and for diagnosis of pathologic conditions which lead to prolonged postpartum anoestrous, makes a considerable contribution to the reduction of calving interval. In this review basic physical principles of ultrasonography are described and selected applications in the field of cow reproduction are discussed.
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Kalynovskyi, H., H. Hryshchuk, L. Yevtukh, et al. "History of development tissue therapy and modern prespectives of it’s application in veterinary medicine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 98 (2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9805.
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Medical products, made of plants, various tissue substrates of animals and humans, have been used for a long time in human and veterinary medicine. Tissue medications of animal origin have been widely used in veterinary science both for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes and as growth factors for fattening of all species. The development of modern biology and some fields of it, human and veterinary medicine in particular, based on the achievements of advanced technologies, provides an opportunity for the appearance of new effective medications in clinical practice. Over time, after the reorganization of the agricultural sector and veterinary medicine as one of its main divisions, tissue medications began to disappear from the range of medical preparations, and they have been almost forgotten and basically not used in recent years. Veterinary medicines market has become overwhelmed with mainly imported synthetic medications and antibiotics. Meanwhile, clinical practice is experiencing an intensive introduction of medications, produced by private factories, which are combinations and mixtures of various existing pharmacological substances. Their annotations indicate a universal and beneficial effect on the body of almost all domestic animals, birds and bees. The paper is aimed at the feasibility study and the restoration necessity of production and use of tissue preparations in veterinary clinical practice. The materials used for the research are the reports published in scientific journals, collections of scientific editions of universities and research establishments, textbooks, newspapers, etc. We have become the first to create tissue medications such as fetoplacentat, made from the uterus and its contents of different pregnancy term of clinically healthy cows, pigs, mares, dogs and cats, and truthenate, made from the larvae of drones aged 5–7 days, for their application in eterinary medicine, obstetrics and gynecology in particular. Production trials of medications carried out on different pregnant animals, have made it possible to identify their corrective effect on the course of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period, high preventive activity in the development of functional disorders, subinvolution and inflammatory processes of the genital organs, as well as in the treatment of different forms of infertility in animals and for the improvement of spermatogenesis of male breeders. Further research will focus on the development and implementation of effective methods and measures aimed at elimination of infertility and improvement of the reproduction of farming animals on condition of the use of tissue preparations.
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Ellis, M., V. R. Fowler, M. F. Franklin, J. D. Wood, and M. A. Varley. "The influence of feeding regimen and lactation length on growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of once-bred gilts." Animal Science 62, no. 3 (1996): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800015113.
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AbstractA study was made to investigate the influence of pregnancy feeding level (ad libitum (AL) and restricted (R); 2·0 kg food per day) and lactation length on growth, carcass, meat quality and processing characteristics of pregnant gilts (P) slaughtered after weaning on day 0 (P·0), day 10 (P·10) or day 35 (P·35) after farrowing. Non-pregnant (NP) control gilts were slaughtered at live weights of approximately 95 kg (NP-L), 135 kg (NP-M), and 160 kg (NP-H). P gilts were mated at an average age of 172 days and an average live weight of 97 kg. Pregnancy per se reduced live weight and lean growth rates compared with NP-H animals which were slaughtered at a similar age to the once-bred animals. Weight loss during lactation tended to increase with lactation length and was higher for gilts given food ad libitum during pregnancy compared with restricted animals. The weight of closely trimmed lean in the carcass was similar for the P·0, P·10 and P·35 groups (59·5 v. 62·2 v. 58·8 kg respectively; average s.e. 2·42) and all once-bred gilt groups virtually doubled trimmed lean yields during pregnancy and lactation. Curing yields were similar for P and NP gilts. As lactation length increased, the fat content of the longissimus dorsi and of the overlying subcutaneous fat layers tended to decrease and the moisture content of these two tissues increased. The major impact offeeding level was on fat levels which were significantly higher for AL animals. Trimmed lean yields were also higher for AL gilts suggesting that lean growth rates were not being maximized on the R feeding regime. Subjective muscle colour scores indicated that the longissmus dorsi from P gilts was darker than from NP-L animals and muscle colour tended to become darker with increasing lactation length. There were few significant differences between treatment groups for eating quality. Meat from once-bred gilts was generally judged to be tougher than that from NP-L animals and toughness generally increased with lactation length. This study confirms the potential of the once-bred gilt as an efficient producer of pig meat but raises issues regarding meat quality that require further research.
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Gruntkovskyi, M. S. "EFFECT OF STIMULIN-VET ON THE COWS PREGNANCY CONSOLIDATION AFTER INSEMINATION." Animal Science and Food Technology 11, no. 4 (2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal2020.04.019.
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Improving the reproductive performance of cattle is one of the main tasks in livestock. Numerous stressors, high productivity, poor feeding, improper conditions of care and operation cause hormonal changes in the system "hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaries" of females, which negatively affects reproduction. As a result, farms do not receive a certain amount of offspring and milk, and in the future - an increase in the infertility rate of uterine cattle. In cows after calving at the initial stage of lactation, the trophic function of the pituitary gland is more aimed at ensuring the secretion of milk than at restoring the cyclic activity of the ovaries. Therefore, to correct the reproductive capacity of cows use: feed additives, hormonal drugs, trace elements, physiotherapy methods and more. There are a small number of studies on the effects of biologically active drugs with neurohumoral action on the reproductive function of cows. The aim of our research was to establish the effects of biologically active substances of the neurotropic-metabolic drug "Stimulin-Cattle" on the reproductive capacity of cows. The studies were conducted on the basis of groups of analogues. The experiment selected cows after the first insemination and females who came back to sexual hunting. Experimental animals on day 7 - 9 of the sexual cycle were injected subcutaneously in the scapular region with 20 ml of the drug "Stimulin-Vet", and control according to the same scheme saline sodium chloride solution 0.9%. Cows were inseminated once by recto-cervical method. Three months later, rectal examinations of the animals were performed to determine pregnancy. The analysis of the obtained results showed that in experimental cows the fertility exceeded the control by 15.4 %. In the experimental group, 56.4 % came to sexual hunting again, and in the control group 71.8 %. Among 22 non-pregnant experimental cows, the cause of infertility in 63.6 % of animals was the anovulatory cycle, and in 36.4 % embryonic mortality. Whereas in the control of animals with anovulatory cycle was less by 42.2 %, and with embryonic mortality by the same percentage is probably higher. This situation with infertile animals suggests that the drug stimulates the development of the corpus luteum on the ovary, which promotes the secretion of more progesterone, which causes better conditions for embryo engraftment and thus reduces embryonic mortality. It was also found that animals after the first insemination react worse to the introduction of the drug than those who were inseminated for the first time, which confirms the level of fertility of 41.7 % vs. 46.7 %, respectively.
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Seliukova, N. Yu, K. V. Misyura, and G. V. Storozhenko. "EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF FETOPLACEENTAL INSUFFICIENCY IN ANIMALS (LITERATURE REVIEW AND OWN OBSERVATIONS)." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 20, no. 4 (2020): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.20.4.225.
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This literature review is devoted to experimental models of placental disorders in animals. Today, our knowledge of the structure and function of the placenta during pregnancy is remaining limited. The use of new technologies and imaging methods in animals that can provide safe monitoring of the growth and function of the placenta in vivo requires preclinical studies and trials in appropriately developed animal models that can be easily translated into a clinical setting. All this, of course, requires the use of test animals for modelling placental pathologies. The review considers the positive and negative aspects of various animals and methods of modelling the pathological conditions during pregnancy. In the experiment, models of fetoplacental insufficiency are very often used, arising from oxidative stress and activation of free radical oxidation. To simulate the experimental fetoplacental insufficiency caused by histotoxic hypoxia, the xenobiotic tetrachloromethane is used. Women of very young and mature reproductive age have a high risk of fetoplacental insufficiency. It is not known exactly how placental insufficiency in mothers will affect the sexual development of pubertal offspring. That is why we conducted a comprehensive experimental study on this issue at the base of V. Danilevsky Institute of Endocrine Pathology Problems, NAMS of Ukraine. To solve this problem, our institute has developed and proposed a new pharmaceutical composition that should not only contribute to the correction of placental insufficiency, but also has a certain prophylactic value for maintaining reproductive potential in adulthood. The study was carried out on Wistar rats of two age groups. We modelled experimental fetoplacental insufficiency and then corrected it with this pharmaceutical composition. Our study made it possible to establish that fetoplacental insufficiency has a different effect on the formation of the reproductive system in male and female rats in puberty. Prophylactic adding of the composition to the food for pregnant female rats with modelled placental insufficiency leads to the decrease in reproductive diseases of their offspring in puberty. Research on animal models provides important insight into the molecular and functional mechanisms underlying fetoplacental insufficiency and intrauterine growth retardation, as it enables to carry out studies, which are not possible in pregnant women.
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Peraçoli, José Carlos, Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge, Maria Salete Sartori, and Roberto Jorge da Silva Franco. "Effects of hypertension on maternal adaptations to pregnancy: experimental study on spontaneously hypertensive rats." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 119, no. 2 (2001): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802001000200003.
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CONTEXT: Animal models for essential hypertension have been used for understanding the human pathological conditions observed in pregnant hypertensive women. OBJECTIVE: To study the possible effects of pregnancy on hypertension and of hypertension on pregnancy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and in their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) counterparts. TYPE OF STUDY: Comparative study using laboratory animals. SETTING: Animal Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine at the Medical School of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Brazil. SAMPLE: Ten to twelve-week-old virgin female normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The animals were separated into four groups: 15 pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-P), 10 non-pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-NP), 15 pregnant normotensive rats (WKY-P), and 10 non-pregnant normotensive rats (WKY-NP). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The blood pressure was evaluated by the tail cuff method, in rats either with or without prior training for the handling necessary for tail cuff measurements. The maternal volemia expansion was indirectly evaluated by weight gain, and by systemic parameters as hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin and sodium retention. The perinatal outcome of pregnancy was evaluated by analysis of resorptions, litter size, rate of low weight and number of stillbirths. RESULTS: The late fall in blood pressure in the pregnant SHR strain and in the normotensive WKY strain can only be detected in rats previously trained to accept the handling necessary for the tail cuff measurement. During pregnancy the body weight gain was significantly higher in WKY than in SHR rats. Systemic parameters were significantly lower in pregnant WKY rats than in non-pregnant WKY rats, while no differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant SHR groups. In pregnant WKY rats the sodium retention was higher from the 13th day onwards, while in SHR rats this occurred only on the 21st day. The characteristics of reproductive function such as number and weight of fetus, perinatal mortality and the resorption rate were significantly affected in the SHR strain. CONCLUSION: The SHR strain may be considered as a model for chronic hypovolemic maternal hypertension, with the fetal growth retardation being determined by this hypovolemic state.
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White, R. G., J. E. Rowell, J. E. Blake, and W. Hauer. "Population structure and dynamics in captive muskoxen at the Large Animal Research Station, 1988-1994." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.3-4.1458.
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The muskox colony at the Large Animal Research Station, started in 1979, totaled 22 individuals before calving in 1988. Between 1988 -1994 cows of breeding age have been maintained on either a high plane (HP) or low plane (LP) of nutrition, and as far as possible, female offspring are kept with their mother's group. During this time the population has increased from 22 to 43 animals (25 females and 18 males). Fifty-four calves were born with an overall sex ratio of 52:48 (male:female). When partitioned between the 2 nutritional planes the sex ratio was HP 45:55 and LP 62:38. The calf/cow ratio was 0.83 in 1988 and 0.86 in 1994. The LP group accounted for most of the variability in pregnancy rate, primarily through delayed puberty and breeding pauses. Calf mortality was due mainly to abortions, stillbirths and neonatal death (n=12), 7 deaths occurred between 2 weeks and 1 year of age. All stillbirths and abortions (n=4) and 6 of 8 neonatal deaths affected calves of HP cows. Thirteen adults died, 4 males were loaned to other facilities and 2 new calves were added.
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Syarifuddin, Syarifuddin, Veny Hadju, and Rahayu Inriasari. "Effect of Honey Variation on Blood Glucose Level in Pregnant Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, T2 (2020): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5200.
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BACKGROUND: In addition to Moringa one of the food products that are often used as supplements is honey. Honey contains carbohydrates and content of antioxidants and other active substances needed during pregnancy.
 AIM: This study aimed to look at the effect of the intervention on the blood glucose levels of normal white pregnant Wistar strain of Moringa honey, honey plus Moringa or natural honey interventions.
 METHODS: This research method uses a quantitative research with experimental lab research type. With a completely randomized pre-test-post-test controlled completely randomized research design. The samples in this study were 24 white Wistar pregnant rats, divided into four groups, the control group, the honey group, the honey plus Moringa group, and the Moringa honey group, each consisting of six animals. The intervention was carried out for 20 days with initial BB measurements pregnancy (pre) and end of pregnancy (post). Data analysis used paired t-test and one-way ANOVA test.
 RESULTS: GD levels showed a significant decrease in GD levels in all groups at the end of pregnancy with a p < 0.05, but a decrease in GD levels between groups did not show a significant difference at the end of the study, the control group (82.33 ± 8.98), honey (83.83 ± 6.67), plus honey (73.17 ± 10.92), and Moringa honey (73.00 ± 6.45) with a p = 0.065 > 0.05.
 CONCLUSION: It shows that honey variation has the effect of controlling blood glucose levels during pregnancy.
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Di Croce, F. A., A. M. Saxton, N. R. Rohrbach, and F. N. Schrick. "138 GENETIC PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR EMBRYO TRANSFER TRAITS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab138.
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Genetic selection has made tremendous progress on economically important traits in the beef industry. Most of the progress has been from quantitative genetics through use of expected progeny differences (EPD). These values allow prediction of differences in progeny of a sire compared to progeny of other sires. Development of EPD for male and female reproductive traits has largely been ignored because of low heritability of reproductive traits, even though reproduction plays a vital role in the economics of beef operations. Therefore, continued research in the area of genetic selection for fertility is becoming increasingly important. Critical limiting factors for animal breeding programs using MOET nucleus schemes include variability in superovulatory response of donor animals and resulting pregnancy of transferred embryos. Thus, the overall objective of this research was to develop genetic parameters associated with MOET to assist producers in identifying animals with greater genetic merit for these protocols. Records were examined from a large-scale MOET system in beef cattle that contained data only for cows in which at least one transferable embryo was obtained. Data on these animals were extracted and analyzed on 10 425 transferred embryos (2900 collections) from 611 donor animals (Angus, Brangus, and Charolais) utilizing semen from 215 bulls. Phenotypic traits examined included pregnancy status of the recipient following transfer (ET-preg; determined by rectal palpation at 60 days post-transfer and/or confirmed calving date of recipient), number of transferable embryos per collection (ET-trans), and number of unfertilized ova at collection (ET-UFO). Basic statistical analysis and pedigree/trait files were developed using procedures in SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Genetic parameters were estimated for a single-trait animal model using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures in Wombat (Meyer K 2007 Zhejiang Uni. Science B 8, 815–821). Wombat also computed EPD and standard errors for each trait evaluated. The model included fixed effects of year as well as random animal and residual effects. The EPD for ET-preg ranged from –6.1 to 4.4% (SE = 2.2 to 4.2) for semen sires (sires of the transferred embryos) and –5.3 to 3.8% (SE = 3.2 to 4.2) for donor animals. Additionally, the heritability estimated for ET-preg was 0.03. Heritability estimated for ET-trans was 0.00, indicating minute genetic variation and thus, EPD were not presented. Heritability estimated for ET-UFO was 0.05 with EPD values (deviation of the number of UFO from the mean) ranging from –0.6 to 0.8 (SE = 0.3 to 0.6) for semen sires and –0.4 to 1.1 (SE = 0.5 to 0.6) for donor cows. As previously shown for reproductive traits, heritability of ET-preg, ET-trans, and ET-UFO was low. Genetic improvement in fertility by selection on embryo transfer traits is possible, but progress would be slow. Further studies are underway on a larger dataset to refine these estimates and to examine repeatability.
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Cortes, Jorge E., Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini, Michael W. Deininger, Elisabetta Abruzzese, Liza DeAnnuntis, and Tim H. Brümmendorf. "Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients Treated with Bosutinib." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (2018): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-110547.
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Abstract Introduction: Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity with bosutinib exposure, with teratogenic events in maternal exposure, but little is known about its effect during conception or pregnancy in humans. Methods: Here we describe pregnancy outcomes in bosutinib-treated patients from the Pfizer safety database, which includes cases from both clinical trials and spontaneous reports. Pregnancy cases reported up to February 28, 2018 were identified by searching the database using the Standardized MedDRA Query Pregnancy and Neonatal Topics in patients receiving bosutinib. Results: The database search identified 33 relevant pregnancy reports, including 17 cases of exposure via the father and 16 cases of maternal exposure. Among the 16 cases of maternal exposure, 5 vaginal deliveries of healthy babies, 2 patient-requested induced abortions, 1 spontaneous abortion, and 1 partial molar pregnancy requiring a dilation and curettage were reported. In 1 case, the patient was reported to have delivered a baby, but the details of the status of the baby was not provided. Outcomes in 6 cases are unknown. Of the healthy deliveries, 4 pregnancies went to full term (≥39 weeks) and 1 was of unknown duration; bosutinib was discontinued during the first trimester of pregnancy in all 5 cases. The reported spontaneous abortion was due to a suspected ectopic pregnancy in a 34-year-old patient who began taking bosutinib 500 mg once daily while pregnant and was thought to be unrelated to bosutinib exposure. Of the 17 cases of exposure via father, 8 vaginal deliveries of healthy babies, 1 Caesarean section delivery of a healthy baby, 4 induced abortions, and 1 spontaneous abortion were reported. The remaining 3 cases had unknown outcomes. Of the 4 induced abortions, 1 was elective due to an unintended pregnancy, and 2 were due to unknown reasons. In the last case, it was reported that the fetus was not growing properly and that the pregnancy would subsequently be terminated; no confirmation of congenital abnormality or further information is available. The reported spontaneous abortion was thought to be unrelated to bosutinib; fetal biopsy revealed basal deciduitis with necrosis loci and bleeding. Conclusions: Overall, a review of the available experience with bosutinib in pregnancy did not identify any safety signals. However, adverse effects of bosutinib exposure at conception or during pregnancy in humans cannot be ruled out, particularly if therapy is not interrupted upon recognition of pregnancy. Bosutinib is not recommended for use during pregnancy, and patients on bosutinib treatment should use effective contraception. Disclosures Cortes: Astellas Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Arog: Research Funding. Gambacorti-Passerini:BMS: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Deininger:Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Blueprint: Consultancy. Abruzzese:Novartis: Consultancy; Ariad: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy. DeAnnuntis:Pfizer Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Brümmendorf:Janssen: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy.
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Zhelavskyi, M. M., S. P. Kernychnyi, V. P. Mizyk, O. Y. Dmytriv, and T. V. Betlinska. "The importance of metabolic processes and immune responses in the development of pathology of cows during pregnancy and postpartum periods." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 2 (2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas3-2.06.
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The reproductive function of cows is ensured by a homeostasis system. The aim of this study to investigate scientific data and analyze modern practical approaches related to metabolic disorders. Also investigating immune response. The object of the research was the cows (Bos taurus taurus) of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. Using the method in groups and periods. The control group of animals The control group of animals (C1, n=137) – cows with a physiological of pregnancy (248-255 days). Re-examination of control animals (C2, n=137) was carried out during the postpartum period. The first experimental group (E1, n = 32) consisted of animals diagnosed with preeclampsia. Cows with a subclinical course of ketosis constituted the second group (E2, n = 52). The development of preeclampsia of cows was accompanied by an increase in the content of medium-sized peptides from 0.2 ± 0.01 to 0.3 ± 0.03 Mol.Wt. (P < 0.01), and an increase in the level of average molecular circulating immune complexes. It is proved that an imbalance in the diet and a deficiency of metabolic energy during the dry period and for 6-8 weeks after birth negatively affects the health of animals, is the cause of metabolic disorders and the manifestation of reproductive pathologies.
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Cendrowska-Pinkosz, Monika, Iwona Łuszczewska-Sierakowska, Wojciech Dworzański, et al. "Influence of caffeine used at various temperature ranges on the concentrations of glucose and total serum protein as well as body weight gain in pregnant rats." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 58, no. 2 (2014): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2014-0048.
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Abstract Caffeine (120 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically to pregnant rats daily on gestational days 8-21. An increase in serum concentration of glucose and total protein was found in animals, which were given caffeine. The protein content proved to be highly significant in the experimental group of animals. The control group showed a negative interdependence between body weight gain and glucose concentration. No correlation was found between body weight gain and total protein concentration, yet the glucose concentration significantly influenced the total protein concentration in this group of animals. Among animals which received caffeine, correlations between total protein and glucose concentrations were observed. The analysis did not show that the glucose or total protein concentration significantly influenced the body weight gain of pregnant female rats in the experimental group. The research conducted suggests the possibility of modulating effects of caffeine on adaptive processes during pregnancy.
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Hamid, MA. "Study on the effect of insemination time on pregnancy rate of Bangladeshi buffalo in intensive farming." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 2 (2019): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i2.40266.
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The study was designed to evaluate the insemination time and pregnancy rate of Bangladeshi buffalo at Lal Teer Livestock Breeding and Research Farm, Bhaluka, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during January 2017 to June 2018. A total of 30 cyclic buffaloes were included in this study. The animals were inseminated under four different times, i.e. inseminated i) between 0-6 hours after seeing first sign of estrous, ii) between 6-12 hours after seeing first sign of estrous, iii) between 12-18 hours after seeing first sign of estrous and v) between 18-24 hours after seeing first sign of estrous. The pregnancies (positive or negative) were confirmed by rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasonography after 60 days of artificial insemination (AI). The total pregnant animals in this study were 40%. The highest pregnancy rate (60%) was observed in insemination between 12-18 hours after seeing first sign of estrous and the lowest pregnancy rate (0%) was observed in insemination between 0-6 hours after seeing first sign of estrous. The findings of the study suggest that, the conception rate of buffalo depend on the time of AI, detection of proper estrus symptoms and site of semen deposition.
 SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 143-152 (2018)
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Scenna, F. N., J. L. Edwards, G. M. Schuenemann, D. A. Roper та F. N. Schrick. "147 PREGNANCY RATES OF RECIPIENT ANIMALS FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF A SELECTIVE PROSTAGLANDIN F2α RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST DURING EMBRYO RECOVERY". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, № 1 (2008): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab147.
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Companion research presented at this meeting has indicated that addition of a prostaglandin2α (PGF2α) receptor (FPr) antagonist to culture medium prevented the detrimental action of PGF2α on embryo development. The aim of this study was to evaluate addition of an FPr antagonist to the collection medium on pregnancy rates after transfer of bovine embryos to recipient animals. An initial experiment was performed to determine in vitro development of in vivo-derived morula-stage frozen-thawed embryos cultured in KSOM-PVA medium with 1000 nm AL-8810 (Cayman Chemical Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA) (AL, n = 94), 1000 nm AL-8810 and 10 ng mL–1 PGF2α (Cayman Chemical Inc.) (AL+PGF, n = 94), 10 ng mL–1 PGF2α (PGF, n = 94), or serving as controls (CON, n = 91). Embryos remained in their treatment for a 30-h period until blastocyst development was recorded. In a subsequent experiment, embryos were recovered (n = 783) from superovulated donors on Day 7 after artificial insemination with medium containing 1000 nm AL-8810 (AL), 100 nM AL-8810 (AL100), or with vehicle (VEH: 1 mL DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in a double blind study. Following collection, embryos were classified by stage and quality, and then transferred fresh to recipients or frozen (ethylene glycol, direct transfer). Frozen embryos, following thawing, were transferred during the subsequent breeding period. Pregnancy rates were determined by ultrasonography (28–35 days post-transfer) and confirmed by calving date. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results from the initial experiment indicated that culture of in vivo-derived bovine embryos in medium containing AL-8810 improved blastocyst development compared to PGF (58.5% v. 45.7%; P = 0.05). In addition, a strong tendency to increase embryo development was observed in AL+PGF compared to PGF treatment group (57% v. 45.7%; P = 0.07). Overall pregnancy rates of fresh and frozen embryos were increased in the AL and AL100 groups (55% and 58%, respectively) compared to VEH (43%; P = 0.009). Since AL treatments did not differ in pregnancy rates, subsequent analysis combined AL and AL100 data. Transfer of frozen embryos collected with medium containing AL-8810 (n = 238) increased pregnancy rates (AL, 45%) compared to embryos recovered without (n = 221) AL-8810 (VEH, 34%; P = 0.01). Transfer of fresh embryos collected with medium containing AL-8810 (n = 241) tended to have increased pregnancy rates (AL, 76%) compared to control (n = 83; VEH, 66%; P = 0.09). Although data collection continues, no abnormalities in calf health, birth weight, or weaning weight have been observed between any treatments. In conclusion, recovery of embryos with flushing medium containing an FPr antagonist improved pregnancy rates after transfer. Funding was provided by Ultimate Genetics and the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station for completion of these studies.
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Matthew, C., M. A. Osborne, Y. Liu, X. Duan, and F. Hou. "Winter rotation length effect on pasture production and animal performance." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (January 1, 2017): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.572.
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Abstract Data comparing pasture production in winter pastures subject to 16, 48 or 72-day rotation lengths were recovered from experiments at Massey University to support teaching of grazing management. 'Farmlets' with 16 breeding ewes on 0.8 ha were run from 2011- 2016, and herbage production estimated from metabolic energy budgeting (MEB). The data illustrate: the roles of pasture cover and animal body weight as buffers to neutralise the impact of weather variability, the use of controlled cover release via the grazing rotation to partially meet winter feed deficit, and the potential value of MEB in systems research. Grass grown from May to September (early pregnancy to mid-lactation) was 3850, 4220 and 4840 kg DM/ha for 16, 48 and 72- day rotations, respectively. As a result of a reduction in herbage accumulation and the premature release of autumn-saved pasture to animals, the 16-day rotation failed to overwinter the animals in five of the 6 years, the exception being a winter with high pasture growth. Keywords: winter rotation length, pasture growth rate, teaching pedagogy
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Roche, John R., Dominique Blache, Jane K. Kay, Dale R. Miller, Angela J. Sheahan, and David W. Miller. "Neuroendocrine and physiological regulation of intake with particular reference to domesticated ruminant animals." Nutrition Research Reviews 21, no. 2 (2008): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422408138744.
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The central nervous system undertakes the homeostatic role of sensing nutrient intake and body reserves, integrating the information, and regulating energy intake and/or energy expenditure. Few tasks regulated by the brain hold greater survival value, particularly important in farmed ruminant species, where the demands of pregnancy, lactation and/or growth are not easily met by often bulky plant-based and sometimes nutrient-sparse diets. Information regarding metabolic state can be transmitted to the appetite control centres of the brain by a diverse array of signals, such as stimulation of the vagus nerve, or metabolic ‘feedback’ factors derived from the pituitary gland, adipose tissue, stomach/abomasum, intestine, pancreas and/or muscle. These signals act directly on the neurons located in the arcuate nucleus of the medio-basal hypothalamus, a key integration, and hunger (orexigenic) and satiety (anorexigenic) control centre of the brain. Interest in human obesity and associated disorders has fuelled considerable research effort in this area, resulting in increased understanding of chronic and acute factors influencing feed intake. In recent years, research has demonstrated that these results have relevance to animal production, with genetic selection for production found to affect orexigenic hormones, feeding found to reduce the concentration of acute controllers of orexigenic signals, and exogenous administration of orexigenic hormones (i.e. growth hormone or ghrelin) reportedly increasing DM intake in ruminant animals as well as single-stomached species. The current state of knowledge on factors influencing the hypothalamic orexigenic and anorexigenic control centres is reviewed, particularly as it relates to domesticated ruminant animals, and potential avenues for future research are identified.
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Skalova, Iva, Tamara Fedorova, and Karolina Brandlova. "Saliva Crystallization in Cattle: New Possibility for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis?" Agricultura tropica et subtropica 46, no. 3 (2013): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2013-0018.
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Abstract Saliva sampling is a non-invasive, simple and low-cost procedure. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence and changes of saliva crystallization in domestic cattle during synchronized oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. We verified saliva crystallization as a method for early pregnancy diagnosis. Eight Holstein cows were included into the research. The samples were collected daily from 16th day before to 34th day after artificial insemination (in total 51 days). We observed the following types of crystallization: none, dotted, branch-like, fir-like, fern-like and combinations of them and an atypical pattern. We confirmed the presence of saliva crystallization in cattle and its changes during oestrus synchronization process, insemination and post-insemination periods. We found significant differences in pregnant and non-pregnant animals between 20th and 29th day after insemination. We concluded that pregnancy diagnosis by saliva crystallization might be possible but the practical application of this method is currently unfeasible.
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DYCK, G. W. "FACTORS INFLUENCING SEXUAL MATURATION, PUBERTY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY IN THE GILT." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 1 (1988): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-001.
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Sexual development of the gilt involves the three distinct phases of sexual maturation, attainment of puberty, and pregnancy. Our knowledge of sexual maturation is at the stage of understanding the process, while puberty and pregnancy are at the stage of manipulation to improve efficiency. The developmental changes associated with sexual maturation are indicative of an orderly sequence of hormonal and anatomical changes that lead to puberty. This process is completed at an average age of 140 d (range > 80 d) and is followed by a "resting" period to the time of puberty. The reasons for variability in the rate of development are unknown and there is no easy method of determining when a gilt is sexually mature. In contrast, puberty is easily defined and occurs an average of 60 d after "completion" of prepubertal development (age range > 100 d). While it is not possible to substantially reduce age at puberty except by selection, puberty can be delayed by dietary intake restriction and by confinement housing (no movement or exposure to mature boars). When gilts are moved and exposed to mature boars, they will be in estrus in a short period of time provided that they have attained sexual maturity. Attempts to induce puberty with hormone injections at a younger age have not been effective because of the variability in age at sexual maturity. Research on the many facets of pregnancy has resulted in development of nutritional and mating management procedures to maximize ovulation rate, pregnancy rate and conception rate. However, there has been little change in litter size at birth, suggesting that the size of the uterus may ultimately limit litter size. Survival of the piglets born can be substantially improved by assisting the gilt during parturition and careiully managing the gilt and litter during lactation. The efficiency of management has been greatly increased by the use of prostaglandin analogues to control the time of parturition. Key words: Gilts, sexual maturation, puberty, litter size
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Winther, Jeanette F., John D. Boice, Anne Louise Svendsen, Kirsten Frederiksen, Marilyn Stovall, and Jørgen H. Olsen. "Spontaneous Abortion in a Danish Population-Based Cohort of Childhood Cancer Survivors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 26 (2008): 4340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.15.2884.
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Purpose Radiation induces germ-cell mutations in experimental animals that result in adverse pregnancy outcomes, as does uterine damage caused by high-dose radiotherapy. We assessed the risks for spontaneous abortion and stillbirths among cancer survivors who received radiotherapy and subsequently became pregnant. Patients and Methods We identified 1,688 female survivors of childhood cancer in the Danish Cancer Registry. Radiation doses to the ovary and uterus were characterized as high to low. The pregnancy outcomes of survivors, 2,737 sisters, and 16,700 comparison women in the population were identified from nationwide registries. The proportions of pregnancies among survivors that resulted in a livebirth, stillbirth, or abortion were compared with the equivalent proportions among the two comparison groups, and proportion ratios (PRs) were computed with sisters as referent. Results More than 34,000 pregnancies were evaluated, 1,479 of which were among cancer survivors. No significant differences were seen between survivors and comparison women in the proportions of livebirths, stillbirths, or all types of abortions combined. Survivors, however, had a 23% excess risk for spontaneous abortion (PR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.5), related primarily to prior radiation treatments (PR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.2) and especially high-dose radiotherapy to the ovaries and uterus (PR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.7 to 4.7). Conclusion The pregnancy outcomes of survivors were similar to those of comparison women. A slight excess risk for spontaneous abortion may have resulted from uterine damage after high-dose pelvic radiotherapy, consistent with previous studies, although radiation-induced germinal mutations or decreased hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function could not be ruled out.
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Soewandi, Bayu Dewantoro P., T. Kostaman, S. Sopiyana, and T. Haryati. "Pengaruh Kawin Sodor (Force Mating) Terhadap Persentase Kebuntingan Kelinci New Zealand White." Jurnal Riset Agribisnis dan Peternakan 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37729/jrap.v5i1.28.
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Rabbits have the potential to produce meat for the animal protein consumption. At present, rabbit farming has developed in Indonesia.The development of rabbit farming is also Rabbits have the potential to produce meat for the animal protein consumption. At present, rabbit farming has developed in Indonesia.The development of rabbit farming is also accompanied by problems in the rabbit productivity. The problem that occurs in rabbit breeders is the low productivity of rabbits. The aim of this research was to identify the effect of force mating to the percentage of pregnancy in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits at Indonesia Research Institute of Animal Production (IRIAP). The material used in this research were 99 heads New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits in the rabbit station at the IRIAP. The treatment in this study is that the dam of NZW is mated in natural mating and force mating. Pregnancy percentage data were analyzed using T test. The results showed that the percentage of pregnancy between natural and force mating was significantly different (P <.05). The percentage of pregnancy with natural mating in rabbits is higher when compared to force mating, but force mating can to increase the high percentage of pregnancy. The conclusion of the study is that the pregnancy percentage for force mating is lower when compared to natural mating. However, force mating can increase the percentage of pregnancy to reach 74%. by problems in the rabbit productivity. The problem that occurs in rabbit breeders is the low productivity of rabbits. The aim of this research was to identify the effect of force mating to the percentage of pregnancy in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits at Indonesia Research Institute of Animal Production (IRIAP). The material used in this research were 99 heads New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits in the rabbit station at the IRIAP. The treatment in this study is that the dam of NZW is mated in natural mating and force mating. Pregnancy percentage data were analyzed using T test. The results showed that the percentage of pregnancy between natural and force mating was significantly different (P <.05). The percentage of pregnancy with natural mating in rabbits is higher when compared to force mating, but force mating can to increase the high percentage of pregnancy. The conclusion of the study is that the pregnancy percentage for force mating is lower when compared to natural mating. However, force mating can increase the percentage of pregnancy to reach 74%.
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Aligazieva, Patimat, Gyulkhanum Dabuzova, Habib Kebedov, Abdula Aligaziev, and Ibragim Abdulaev. "Developments of red steppe breed heifers and its hybrids with Holstein in the period of pregnancy and after calving." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020301011.
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Holstein stud-bulls, selected as improvers, directly have a significant impact on the growth rate of live weight of the resulting offspring. The live weight of crossbred heifers at 18 months of age was 377–388 kg, which is 8–10% higher than that of pure-bred red-steppe peers. At the same time, animals with a blood share of 50 %, bred “in themselves” are characterized by the best indicators of absolute and relative increase in live weight and have a more pronounced milky type of physique on the exterior. Currently, the main place in the structure of the herd of cattle is occupied by the breeding stock, the number of which is increasing every year. The proportion of cows in the herd is increasing over the years is 46.5%, and the rest of the livestock is also increasing accordingly. When growing heifers of cattle, 55-60% of all costs in the structure of their cost are feed stuff. Consequently, the efficiency of rearing is mainly caused by feed conversion ratio increase in muscle, fat and bone tissue, which provides a high level of efficiency of young animals. In our experience, when growing heifers of different genotypes, feeding was carried out according to the norms of the All-Russian research Institute of animal husbandry. The diet structure contained the required amount of concentrates, hay, silage and green fodder.
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Нeranina, L. A. "The influence of sows age on multiple pregnancy and nest weight during weaning." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, no. 2 (2020): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0150.
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The results of the study of the indices of the own productivity of sows of Large White breed of different reproductive ages and the influence of this trait on the multiple pregnancy and the weight of the nest when weaning piglets are presented on the basis of using the documentation of the pedigree registration of pigs of the State Enterprise "Experimental farm" Elite "of the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe NAAN" for the last three years. Based on the results of our research, it was found that the multiple births of sows of group I (18–24 months) is 10.4 heads, the weight of the nest at weaning at the age of 60 days is 181.8 kg, the safety of piglets at weaning is 91 %. Similar indicators in animals of the II and III groups (25–36 and 36 months and older) were 11.1–10.2 heads, 193.8 and 174.2 kg, 96 and 93 %, respectively. The variability of quantitative traits, which were the subject of our research, ranges from 9.3 to 17.5 %, that is, it corresponds to low and medium risk. When determining the influence of the age of mothers on their multiple births and the weight of the nest during weaning of piglets, it was found that the highest correlative relationship – r = 0.44 is observed between the age of the queens 18–24 months and multiple births and weak – r = 0.10 between the age of the uterus 25–36 months and multiple pregnancy. In queens older than 36 months, the correlation between age and productivity is weak and negative, which confirms that with an increase in their age, the reproductive and productive qualities of animals decrease. Improving selection work depending on age is an important and urgent issue in increasing the efficiency of pig breeding, since the volume of pork production depends on it. The age of sows is one of the key factors that affects the reproductive qualities of animals and determines the terms of the economic use of the broodstock, which, in turn, predetermines the need to study this aspect. Key words: pigs, age, sows, productivity, multiple pregnancy, influence, correlation, nest mass.