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Kanekasu, Hitomi, Mayumi Nishioka, Shu Taira, and Hiroko Watanabe. "The Impact of Maternal Prenatal Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety on Infant Birth Weight in Japanese Primiparous Women." Women, Midwives and Midwifery 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36749/wmm.1.2.1-15.2021.
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Introduction: Depressive symptoms and anxiety are the most common mental health problems during pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between each trimester’s maternal depressive symptoms, anxiety, and infant birth weight. Methods: We recruited pregnant women in their second trimester. Participants’ blood and saliva were collected in the second trimester to investigate plasma cortisol and saliva oxytocin levels. Participants completed self-reported questionnaires that included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in the second and third trimesters. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was conducted using stepwise selection. Results: Eighty-one primiparas participated in the study. As the results of linear regression showed, gestational age, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy, and depressive symptoms in the third trimester were associated with infant birth weight. Depressive symptoms in the third trimester predicted lower infant birth weight. In contrast, depressive symptoms in the second trimester, state anxiety, and trait anxiety in both the second and third trimesters did not predict infant birth weight. Similarly, maternal plasma cortisol and saliva oxytocin levels were not related to infant birth weight. Conclusion: Maternal depressive symptoms in the third trimester predicted lower infant birth weight. Mental health care for depressive symptoms in late pregnancy might be important for infant birth weight increases.
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Banik, Shyamal Chandra, Kamrunnahar Alo, Farjana Ahmed, Najmul Islam, and Ferdous Towhid. "Antithyroid Antibody Status During Pregnancy." KYAMC Journal 12, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v12i2.55443.
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Background: Gradual alteration of antithyroid antibody level occurs during different trimesters of gestation. The study finds the type of alteration in Bangladeshi population. Objective: The present study was carried out to find out the alterations of antithyroid antibody levels during each trimester in normal pregnant women in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from July 2016 to June 2017. Total 90 apparently healthy pregnant women of different trimesters, age ranged from 20 to 35 years were selected as study group (Group I). Again according to gestational age, study group was subdivided into 1st trimester of gestation (Group Ia, n=30), 2nd trimester of gestation (Group Ib, n=30) and 3rd trimester of gestation (Group Ic, n=30) respectively for comparison. For assessment of antithyroid antibody status, serum TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab levels were measured by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) method in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA test and Bonferroni test. Results: In this study, mean serum TPO-Ab level was significantly (p≤0.05, p<0.001) lower in 2nd and 3rd trimester in comparison to that of 1st trimester. On the other hand, mean serum Tg-Ab level was significantly (p<0.01, p<0.001) lower in 2nd and 3rd trimester in comparison to that of 1st trimester. Again, this value was significantly (p≤0.05) lower in 3rd trimester than that of 2nd trimester. Conclusion: Antithyroid antibody titre gradually decreases with the progression of trimesters of gestation. KYAMC Journal.2021;12(02): 98-100
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Hanafy, Samy, Neveen E. Srour, and Taymour Mostafa. "Female sexual dysfunction across the three pregnancy trimesters: an Egyptian study." Sexual Health 11, no. 3 (2014): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13153.
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Background Pregnancy is a special period in the life of women characterised by physical, hormonal and psychological changes that, in conjugation with social and cultural influences, could affect women’s sexuality as well as couples’ sexual relationships. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate female sexual dysfunction (FSD) among the three pregnancy trimesters. Methods: A total of 300 healthy heterosexual pregnant Egyptian women with stable marital relationships were included. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was used as a standard method for measuring female sexual function in each pregnancy trimester. Results: There was no significant relationship between FSD and women’s education, work, gravidity and parity. The incidence of FSD demonstrated significant alterations throughout pregnancy, being 68% in the first trimester, decreasing in the second trimester to 51% and increasing to 72% in the third trimester. Sexual desire decreased in the first trimester, was variable in the second trimester and decreased at the end of the third trimester (3.5 ± 1.2, 3.7 ± 1.2 and 3.4 ± 1.1 respectively). Sexual satisfaction declined significantly in the first trimester compared with the second and the third trimesters (4.2 ± 1.1, 4.8 ± 0.8 and 4.6 ± 1.0 respectively). Scores for the arousal, lubrication and orgasm domains were significantly decreased in the third trimester, where pain was increased in the second trimester compared with the first and third trimesters. Conclusion: Female sexual function is affected during pregnancy, with a significant change in all Female Sexual Function Index domains, especially in the first and third trimesters.
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Meyer, Antoine, Marion Fermaut, Jérôme Drouin, Franck Carbonnel, and Alain Weill. "Drug use for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy: A French nationwide study 2010–2018." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0245854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245854.
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Purpose To describe drug prescription for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy. Methods Using the French national health database, we identified pregnancies ending with a birth between April 2010 and December 2018, in France. We studied prescription of antacids, antispasmodics, antinauseants, laxatives and antidiarrheals during pregnancy, between two trimesters before and two trimesters after delivery. We also assessed hospitalization for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy. Results Among 6,365,471 pregnancies, 4,452,779 (74.0%) received at least one gastrointestinal drug during pregnancy; 2,228,275 (37.0%) received an antacid, 3,096,858 (51.5%) an antispasmodic, 1,861,731 (31.0%) an antinauseant, 919,116 (15.3%) a laxative and 617,808 (10.3%) an antidiarrheal. Prescription of proton pump inhibitors doubled from 12.2% in 2010 to 26.0% in 2018, while domperidone use decreased from 18.3% in 2010 to 2.2% in 2018. In addition, prescription of antacids increased from 7.0% during the trimester before pregnancy to 11.8% during the 1st trimester, 17.0% during the 2nd trimester and 23.4% during the 3rd trimester. Antispasmodic use was 10.6% during the trimester before pregnancy, 23.1% during the 1st trimester, 25.2% during the 2nd trimester and 24.0% during the 3rd trimester. Prescription of antinauseant drugs increased from 5.0% during the trimester before pregnancy to 25.7% during the 1st trimester, then decreased to 6.4% during the 2nd trimester and 3.2% during the 3rd trimester. Nausea/vomiting was the most common cause of hospitalization for gastrointestinal symptoms or diseases during pregnancy, although it accounted for only 1.0% of pregnancies. Conclusions Approximately three-quarters of women use drugs for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy in France. Prescription of gastrointestinal drugs during pregnancy should be the subject of more detailed risk-benefit assessment and recommendations.
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Scrinic, Olesea, and E. Circo. "Thyroid screening in pregnancy - a compulsory preventive activity." ARS Medica Tomitana 21, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arsm-2015-0038.
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ABSTRACT Obiectives: To assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in a group of pregnant women, originating from Dobrogea region of southeastern Romania, considered to be an area without iodine deficiency, including the Black Sea area. Materials and methods: We enrolled 324 pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy. Each case was reviewed by a detailed madical history, clinical examination and by serum dosage of thyroid hormones: TSH, FT4, and the antithyroidperoxidase. They were evaluated by comparison with trimester -specific reference range for TSH recommended by American Thyroid Association, then the results were compared with those obtained using the manufacturers reference range. Abortion rate was also analysed. Results: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was different in all the 3 trimesters: subclinical hypothyroidism being the most frequently approx. 24% of all cases; 7% of pregnant women had overt hypothyroidism. Incidence of thyrotoxicosis in entire study cases was approx. 5.5%. The most frecvent thyroid autoimune disorders were Hashimoto thyroiditis: 42 % - I trimester, 26,6% in II trimester and about 12,5 % in III-trimester; Graves disease have an incidence of only 0,9 % (n=3).The difference between reference methods eluded a lower number of cases using manufactures reference range for TSH (P< 0,001), but higher for recommended trimester - specific TSH value, confirming the undervalueted hypothesis. The risk of misclassifying the hypothyroidism is between 3 %-8 %. Conclusion: Necessity for thyroid hormone dosage periodic/trimesterly/ in pregnancy is a preventive measure. The reference values for hormonal dosage requires trimester-specific assessment. The possibility of hormonal disorders during pregnancy is common. The need for specific therapy at diagnosis depends on the nature of hormonal disorder. Further precautions are needed in pregnant women with known autoimmune thyroid disorder or newly diagnosed
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Noshiro, Kiwamu, Takeshi Umazume, Rifumi Hattori, Soromon Kataoka, Takashi Yamada, and Hidemichi Watari. "Hemoglobin Concentration during Early Pregnancy as an Accurate Predictor of Anemia during Late Pregnancy." Nutrients 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040839.
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It is undetermined which blood variables related to iron storage during the first trimester of pregnancy could efficiently predict anemia occurring during the third trimester. Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were assessed longitudinally during the first, second, and third trimesters of 231 healthy Japanese women. None of the patients had anemia in the first trimester and none used iron supplementation before the second trimester blood test. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g/dL for the first trimester and Hb < 10.0 g/dL for the third trimester. Forty-seven (20%) women developed anemia in the third trimester. The first trimester RBC, Hb, hematocrit, and ferritin levels were significantly lower in women with third-trimester anemia than those without anemia. The first trimester hemoglobin level exhibited a greater area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve for prediction of the third trimester anemia than other blood variables; the optimal cut-off (12.6 g/dL) of hemoglobin yielded a sensitivity of 83% (39/47). First trimester hemoglobin levels were significantly better predictors of anemia during the third trimester than the indices of iron storage, including serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC levels.
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Lopes, Eliane Aversa, Luciane Bizari Coin de Carvalho, Priscila Bernal da Costa Seguro, Rosiane Mattar, Ademir Baptista Silva, Lucila B. Fernandes do Prado, and Gilmar Fernandes do Prado. "Sleep disorders in pregnancy." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 62, no. 2a (June 2004): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2004000200005.
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CONTEXT: The precise function of sleep in animals and human beings is still unknown, and any sort of physical, social or psychological variation may change the normal sleep-wake cycle. PURPOSE: This research aims is to determine the sleep disorders (SD) for each of the three trimesters of the pregnancy comparing them to the pre-pregnancy state (PG). METHOD: SD were investigated in three hundred pregnant women 11- to 40-years-old through with a brief clinical interview based on directed questions. One hundred pregnant women were considered for each trimester. RESULTS: The rate of pregnant women with insomnia increased by 23% in the 2nd trimester (p< 0.005); the rate for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) by 15% in the 1st trimester (p<0.003), 55% in the 2nd trimester (p<0.001) and by 14% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.002); the rate for mild sleepiness increased by 33% in the 2nd trimester (p<0.002) and by 48% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.001); the rate for specific awakenings increased by 63% in the 1st trimester, by 80% in the 2nd trimester and by 84% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: SD were more frequent during pregnancy comparatively to PG state, mostly at the expenses of EDS and specific awakenings.
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Mastorakos, George, Georgios Valsamakis, Dimitrios C. Papatheodorou, Ioannis Barlas, Alexandra Margeli, Anastasios Boutsiadis, Evangelia Kouskouni, et al. "The Role of Adipocytokines in Insulin Resistance in Normal Pregnancy: Visfatin Concentrations in Early Pregnancy Predict Insulin Sensitivity." Clinical Chemistry 53, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.084731.
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Abstract Background: Throughout pregnancy maternal adipose tissue is metabolically active, producing adipocytokines involved in the process of insulin resistance. We explored the role of serum adipocytokines, including the newly identified adipocytokine visfatin, in the process of insulin resistance in normal pregnancy. Methods: We examined 80 pregnant nonobese, nondiabetic white women during the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. All study participants underwent anthropometric measurements, adipocytokine evaluation, and a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Homeostasis mathematical model assessment (HOMA-R), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and indices of β-cell secretion were calculated. Results: Maternal weight, percentage total body fat, hip circumference, and indices of β-cell secretion increased significantly during the 3 trimesters, and HOMA-R and ISI increased and decreased, respectively, in the 3rd trimester. During early pregnancy, insulin resistance, β-cell secretion, and weight correlated positively with leptin. During the 1st trimester, visfatin correlated negatively with percentage body fat and was the best positive predictor of 2nd trimester ISI. In the 2nd trimester, serum visfatin was the best negative predictor of percentage body fat. Conclusions: During normal pregnancy of nonobese, nondiabetic women, adipose tissue increases, accompanied by a significant progressive increase of insulin resistance. Visfatin concentrations in the 1st trimester positively predict insulin sensitivity during the 2nd trimester. Body fat mass during 1st trimester of pregnancy is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity during the 2nd trimester and perhaps should be kept under control.
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Noor, Nushrat, Nasim Jahan, and Nayma Sultana. "Serum Copper and Plasma Protein Status in Normal Pregnancy." Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 7, no. 2 (April 5, 2013): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2.14452.
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Background: Gradual alteration of serum copper and some plasma protein levels may occur with advancement of pregnancy, which is associated with increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To observe serum copper and plasma protein levels in normal pregnant women of different trimesters in order to find out their nutritional status. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka, between 1st January 2010 and December 2010. Ninety normal pregnant women of different trimesters with age 20-30 years were included in the study group. They were selected from Out Patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SSMC. Age matched 30 non-pregnant women were taken as control. Serum copper level was measured by Spectrophotometric method, serum total protein and albumin levels were estimated by standard method. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA, Bonferroni and Pearsons correlation coefficient test as applicable. Results: Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in all trimesters of pregnant women compared to control. Again, this value was significantly higher in 3rd trimester than that of in 1st and 2nd trimester and also in 2nd trimester than that of in 1st trimester. In addition, mean serum total protein level was significantly lower in 3rd trimester than control but no statistically significant difference was observed among different trimesters. Again, mean serum albumin level was significantly lower in 2nd and 3rd trimester than 1st trimester and control. In addition, serum Cu concentration showed significant positive correlation with different trimesters of gestation. Conclusion: This study reveals that hypercupremia along with hypoproteinemia occur in pregnant women from 1st to 3rd trimester of gestation. This gradual alteration of micro and macronutrients become more profound with advancement of pregnancy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2.14452 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2012, December; 7(2): 66-71
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Fuchs, Anna, Iwona Czech, Jerzy Sikora, Piotr Fuchs, Miłosz Lorek, Violetta Skrzypulec-Plinta, and Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop. "Sexual Functioning in Pregnant Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214216.
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Sexual activity during pregnancy is determined by emotional, psychosocial, hormonal, and anatomical factors and varies during trimesters. This work aimed to establish women’s sexual activity during each trimester of pregnancy. A total of 624 women were included in the study and filled in the questionnaire three times, once during each trimester of pregnancy. The first part of the survey included questions about socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and medical details of a given pregnancy. The second part was the Polish version of the female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire. Comparison of the mean scores for the overall sexual function of each trimester revealed clinically relevant sexual dysfunction in the second and third trimesters (mean values 25.9 ± 8.7 and 22.7 ± 8.7, respectively; p < 0.01). Women were most sexually active during their second trimester. In the first trimester of pregnancy, women were most likely to choose intercourse in the missionary position. Women with vocational education were characterized by the lowest and homogenous FSFI values. Total FSFI score depended on the martial status—the highest value pertained to married women (25.2 ± 6.9; p = 0.02).
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Behluli, Edon, Gazmend Temaj, Mirsada Behluli, Anila Kamberi, Donika Dragidella, and Blerim Kamberi. "Korelacija bakterija Lactobacillus u slini i OHI, PI, GI i PBI indeksa u trudnica." Collegium antropologicum 46, no. 2 (2022): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.46.2.6.
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Pregnancy is a completely new physiological condition that stimulates important protective forces of the future mother. The changes that occur in the body of the pregnant woman are hormonal, biochemical, anatomical, and histological which are manifested in the functions of all organs. This study included 66 pregnant women in their first pregnancy living in Pristina or coming from nearby places in Kosovo. It aimed at dermining the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI), Plaque Index (PI), Gingival index (GI) and Index of interdental gingival bleeding (PBI) in pregnant women in the first and third trimester of pregnancy. The amount of Lactobacillus in saliva was determined by the diagnostic test of CRT-bacteria. The results show that OHI value in the third trimester of pregnancy for (p = 0.000) was significantly higher than the value in the first trimester; IDP value in the third trimester of pregnancy for (p=0.000) was significantly higher than the first trimester value; GI value in the third trimester of pregnancy was significantly higher than in the first trimester p<0.01(p=0.006); PBI value in the third trimester of pregnancy was significantly higher than in the first trimester (p=0.000). A weak positive correlation was obtained between the OHI index and Lactobacillus in pregnant women in the first and third trimesters (p> 0.05). The correlation between IDP and the value Lactobacillus in pregnant women in the first and third trimesters showed a weak positive value (p> 0.05). The correlation between GI and the value of Lactobacillus in pregnant women in the first and third trimester showed a weak negative insignificant correlation for Spearman Rank Order R = –0.05 and p> 0.05. The results obtained from this study pointed at small differences in the examined parameters which are very important for early detection and timely prevention.
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Ginsberg, J. S., P. Brill-Edwards, R. F. Burrows, R. Bona, P. Prandoni, H. R. Büller, and A. Lensing. "Venous Thrombosis during Pregnancy: Leg and Trimester of Presentation." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 67, no. 05 (1992): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1648485.
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SummaryIn order to determine the relative frequencies of left and right leg venous thrombosis during pregnancy and the frequencies of venous thrombosis during the three trimesters, a cohort study of 60 consecutive patients with a first episode of venous thrombosis during pregnancy was performed. Fifty-eight women had isolated left leg thrombosis, two patients had bilateral venous thrombosis and no patient had isolated right leg venous thrombosis. Thirteen patients had venous thrombosis during the first trimester (21.7%), 28 during the second trimester (46.7%) and 19 during the third trimester (31.7%). These findings indicate that patients with symptoms in the right leg rarely have venous thrombosis. Because leg pain and swelling occur most frequently during the third trimester but venous thrombosis is relatively equally distributed during all three trimesters, patients presenting earlier during pregnancy are more likely to have venous thrombosis than patients presenting later during pregnancy.
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Xing, Jinfang, Enwu Yuan, Jing Li, Yuchao Zhang, Xiangying Meng, Xia Zhang, Shouhua Rong, Zhongxing Lv, Yuan Tian, and Liting Jia. "Trimester- and Assay-Specific Thyroid Reference Intervals for Pregnant Women in China." International Journal of Endocrinology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3754213.
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Objective. The guidelines of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommend an upper limit reference interval (RI) of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of 2.5 mIU/L in the first trimester of pregnancy and 3.0 mIU/L in subsequent trimesters, but some reported ranges in China are significantly higher. Our study aimed to establish trimester- and assay-specific RIs for thyroid hormones in normal pregnant Chinese women. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 2540 women with normal pregnancies (first trimester, n=398; second trimester, n=797; third trimester, n=1345) and 237 healthy nonpregnant control subjects were recruited. Serum TSH, free thyroxin (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels were determined by automated chemiluminescence with an Immulite 2000 system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). After outliers were excluded, the 2.5–97.5th percentiles were used to define the RIs. Results. The RIs of thyroid function in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy and in nonpregnant controls were 0.07–3.96, 0.27–4.53, 0.48–5.40, and 0.69–5.78 mIU/L for TSH and 9.16–18.12, 8.67–16.21, 7.80–13.90, and 8.24–16.61 pmol/L for FT4, respectively. Conclusion. The trimester- and assay-specific RIs of thyroid function during pregnancy differed between trimesters, which suggests that it is advisable to detect and avoid misclassification of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy for women in Henan, China.
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Míguez, M. Carmen, and M. Belén Vázquez. "Prevalence of Depression during Pregnancy in Spanish Women: Trajectory and Risk Factors in Each Trimester." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136789.
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The aims of this research were to determine the trajectories of probable depression and major depression during pregnancy and to identify the associated and predictor variables (sociodemographic, pregnancy-related, and psychological) for both conditions in each trimester of pregnancy. A longitudinal study was carried out with 569 pregnant Spanish women who were assessed in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a clinical interview. Measures of anxiety and stress were also included. The prevalence of probable depression in the first, second, and third trimesters was 23.4%, 17.0%, and 21.4%, respectively, and that of major depression was 5.1%, 4.0%, and 4.7%. Thus, the prevalence of both conditions was the highest in the first and third trimesters. The trajectories of probable depression and major depression followed the same pattern throughout pregnancy. All of the psychological variables studied were associated with both conditions in all three trimesters, with perceived stress being a predictor at all times. The association between the other variables and both conditions of depression was similar. Two exceptions stand out: having had previous miscarriages, which was only associated with probable depression and was also a predictor, in the first trimester; and complications during pregnancy, which was only associated with probable and major depression in the third trimester. These findings should be taken into account in routine pregnancy follow-ups, and necessary interventions should be started in the first trimester.
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Wang, Hui, Hai-Jun Wang, Mingyuan Jiao, Na Han, Jinhui Xu, Heling Bao, Zheng Liu, and Yuelong Ji. "Associations between Dynamic Vitamin D Level and Thyroid Function during Pregnancy." Nutrients 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 3780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183780.
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Optimal Vitamin D (VitD) status and thyroid function are essential for pregnant women. This study aimed to explore associations between dynamic VitD status and thyroid function parameters in each trimester and throughout the pregnancy period. Information on all 8828 eligible participants was extracted from the Peking University Retrospective Birth Cohort in Tongzhou. Dynamic VitD status was represented as a combination of deficiency/sufficiency in the first and second trimesters. Thyroid function was assessed in three trimesters. The associations between VitD and thyroid function were assessed by multiple linear regression and generalized estimating equation models in each trimester and throughout the pregnancy period, respectively. The results indicated that both free thyroxine (fT4; β = 0.004; 95%CI: 0.003, 0.006; p < 0.001) and free triiodothyronine (fT3; β = 0.009; 95%CI: 0.004, 0.015; p = 0.001) had positive associations with VitD status in the first trimester. A VitD status that was sufficient in the first trimester and deficient in the second trimester had a lower TSH (β = −0.370; 95%CI: −0.710, −0.031; p = 0.033) compared with the group with sufficient VitD for both first and second trimesters. In conclusion, the associations between VitD and thyroid parameters existed throughout the pregnancy. Maintaining an adequate concentration of VitD is critical to support optimal thyroid function during pregnancy.
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Harden, Cynthia L. "Pregnancy Effects on Lamotrigine Levels." Epilepsy Currents 2, no. 6 (November 2002): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7597.2002.00068.x.
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Lamotrigine Clearance during Pregnancy Tran TA, Leppik IE, Blesi K, Sathanandan ST, Remmel R Neurology 2002;59(2):251–255 Objective To evaluate changes in lamotrigine (LTG) clearance before, during, and after pregnancy. Methods Twelve pregnancies that had complete steady-state data before, during, and after pregnancy were evaluated. Data included weight, LTG dose, and LTG blood levels at preconception, during pregnancy, and postpartum, and concomitant use of other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and their dosages. Apparent clearance (L/[kg.day]) of LTG was calculated by dose/level/weight for time points at preconception; during the first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester; and postpartum. Apparent clearance was compared between preconception and each of the three trimesters. Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance, the Student-Newman-Keuls test, and the paired Student's t test. Results An increase in apparent clearance (>65%) was observed between preconception and the second and third trimesters (p < 0.05). Eleven pregnancies required higher doses of LTG to maintain therapeutic levels during pregnancy. There was no significant change in apparent clearance between the trimesters. A decrease in apparent clearance was observed between the last two trimesters and postpartum (p < 0.05). In the postpartum period, apparent clearances returned to the preconception baseline, and LTG doses were reduced. Conclusion Pregnancy increases LTG clearance by >50%. This effect occurs early in pregnancy and reverts quickly after delivery. LTG levels should be monitored before, during, and after pregnancy.
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Rahman, Md Hafizur, and Mahbub Ara Chowdhury. "Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH & hCG) and thyroid functions in normal pregnancy." KYAMC Journal 6, no. 2 (August 28, 2017): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v6i2.33740.
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Hormonal changes and maternal demands during pregnancy result in marked changes in maternal thyroid activity. It has been suggested that the thyrotropic effect of hCG in pregnancy increases thyroid activity in addition of thyrotropic effect of TSH. To compare the serum levels of thyroid stimulators (hCG & TSH) and thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)) in normal pregnant women and thus to clarify the role of hCG & TSH on thyroid function in pregnancy, we measured serum hCG, TSH, total T3 & T4 and free T3 & T4 concentrations in the serum samples of 32 pregnant women in their different trimesters and in the serum samples of 22 non-pregnant normal female control. Serum total T3 & T4 were significantly elevated throughout pregnancy in comparison with controls. Free T4 level was elevated at 1st trimester but reduced in 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The free T3 levels were remained unchanged throughout pregnancy and no significant change in pregnancy than non pregnant control. Serum TSH levels were significantly lower at 1st trimester compared to 2nd and 3rd trimester of the pregnancy. Serum hCG levels were highest in 1st trimester. We conclude that hCG, as a weak thyroid stimulator, causes moderate increase in free thyroid hormone levels in 1st trimester which in turn causes a moderate reduction in TSH levels in early pregnancy.KYAMC Journal Vol. 6, No.-2, Jan 2016, Page 623-626
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Khatun, M. Rokeya, Amina Khatun, and Md Nowshad Ali. "Comparison of Liver Function Tests in Normal Pregnancy with Non-pregnant Matched Controls." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 33, no. 1 (October 18, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v33i1.49820.
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Background: Change of liver biochemical profiles is normal during pregnancy. It is almost impossible to understand disease processes that can threaten women during pregnancy without understanding normal physiological change. Aim of this study is to evaluate changes in serum liver function tests in normal pregnant women in first, second and third trimester.
Material and Methods: The cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh in 2019. This study consists of 90 pregnant women and 90 matched control. Among the 90 pregnant women, 30 were in first trimester, 30 were in second trimester and 30 were in third trimester. Blood samples were taken for routine liver function and protein profiles
Results: Serum total and direct bilirubin concentrations were significantly lower in second and third trimester. The mean ALP level was slightly increased in 2nd trimester and drastically increased in 3rd trimesters during pregnancy. Serum ALT and AST activity was significantly increased in third trimester. No significant change in serum total proteins concentration, but serum albumin concentration was significantly lower and serum globulin concentration was significantly higher in all three trimester. Serum albumin/globulin ratio was significantly reduced in second and third trimester.
Conclusion: Relative values of various liver function tests during gestational trimesters appear to be the best guide to confirm the diagnosis and treatment strategies. Thus, gynecologists should routinely monitor liver function tests in all gestational trimesters to avoid the future complications to mother and offspring.
TAJ 2020; 33(1): 17-24
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Tayyem, Reema F., Sabika S. Allehdan, Razan M. Alatrash, Fida F. Asali, and Hiba A. Bawadi. "Adequacy of Nutrients Intake among Jordanian Pregnant Women in Comparison to Dietary Reference Intakes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183440.
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Objective: Maternal nutrition is considered an important pillar in the pregnancy outcomes for both mother and infant. A mother’s malnutrition and inadequate nutrient intake is associated with many undesirable pregnancy outcomes. Hence, assessing the nutritional status of the mother in the early stages of the pregnancy and preventing any inadequacy can preclude many health problems for both mother and infant. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes among Jordanian pregnant women as compared to their corresponding dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a major University Hospital in Jordan. Three hundred pregnant women were invited to participate in the study and 286 agreed to participate. Fifty pregnant women were enrolled at week 9, then 96 pregnant women were at week 20 and 137 pregnant women were at week 30 of pregnancy. The participants completed the interview-based demographic questionnaire, pregnancy physical activity questionnaire, and quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: The mean energy intake was 2768.9 ± 767.8 kcal/day and it was significantly higher in the 3rd trimester (p < 0.05). Women in the 3rd trimester consumed significantly more protein, carbohydrates, and sugar than women in the 1st and 2nd trimesters (p < 0.05). The pregnant women in the 3rd trimester consumed more sodium than women in the 1st and 2nd trimesters (p < 0.05). The vitamin K intake was significantly (p = 0.045) lower in the 2nd trimester than the 1st and 3rd trimesters. The calcium intake was significantly higher in the 3rd trimester than the 1st and 2nd trimesters (p = 0.021). The total micronutrient (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, and D, calcium, and iron) intakes derived from dietary supplements and food sources throughout the 3 trimesters was significantly higher in the 3rd trimester than the 1st and 2nd trimesters (p < 0.05). The vitamin D, calcium, and iron intakes had the most significant increases between the 1st and 3rd trimesters (p < 0.001), while folic acid intake was significantly higher in the 1st trimester than the 2nd and 3rd trimester (p < 0.001). Most women exceeded the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for sodium in all trimesters, while 82% of women exceeded the UL of folic acid in the 1st trimester and from the supplement, not the diet. Conclusion: While the intake of some nutrients from food alone remains below the DRIs in the diets of pregnant women, the intake of other nutrients is above the UL. Raising the awareness of pregnant women about their diet and how a supplement intake can reduce the risk of inadequate intake for many micronutrients and improve their pregnancy outcomes is of great importance.
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Barratclough, A., FM Gomez, JS Morey, JM Meegan, C. Parry, L. Schwacke, ED Jensen, and CR Smith. "Biochemical and hematological biomarkers of reproductive failure in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 144 (May 27, 2021): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03591.
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The physiological demands of pregnancy inevitably result in alterations in both biochemical and hematological parameters as fetal development occurs. The shifts observed in successful pregnancy in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus to support both fetal physiological needs and maternal basal requirements have been established according to each trimester. Detecting aberrations in blood-based biomarkers could help facilitate diagnosis of gestational abnormalities, improve our understanding of factors influencing reproductive outcomes and aid in prediction of reproductive failure. This study retrospectively analyzed 263 blood samples from 15 bottlenose dolphins in 21 failed pregnancies over 28 yr (1989-2017). Most samples remained within normal pregnancy reference ranges; however, significant shifts were observed between trimesters. Hematological alterations, compared to successful pregnancy reference ranges from previously published data, were consistent across failed pregnancies and included an increased prevalence of elevated 2nd and 3rd trimester neutrophils, elevated 2nd trimester monocytes and decreased 3rd trimester eosinophils. In addition, low hematocrit and low red blood cells were more prevalent in the 2nd trimester. Biochemical shifts included an increased prevalence of elevated creatine phosphokinase in the 3rd trimester outside of the normal reference ranges. Across failed pregnancies, calcium and iron were decreased in the 3rd trimester. Significantly decreased progesterone in the 3rd trimester was a negative prognostic indicator of pregnancy outcome with decreasing 3rd trimester progesterone associated with failed pregnancy. This study demonstrates the use of blood-based biomarkers as possible predictors of pregnancy outcome in bottlenose dolphins.
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Pieczyńska, Joanna, Sylwia Płaczkowska, Lilla Pawlik-Sobecka, Izabela Kokot, Rafał Sozański, and Halina Grajeta. "Association of Dietary Inflammatory Index with Serum IL-6, IL-10, and CRP Concentration during Pregnancy." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092789.
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Background: The mother’s diet has a direct impact on fetal development and pregnancy, and can also be important in the course of the body’s inflammatory response. An anti-inflammatory diet can be a promising way to counter an excessive inflammatory response in pregnancy. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the pregnant women’s serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in the course of normal and complicated pregnancy. Research Methods and Procedures: The study included 45 Polish pregnant women recruited to the study. The DII, a literature-based dietary index to assess the inflammatory properties of diet, was estimated based on a seven-day 24-h recall and an food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in each trimester of pregnancy. At the same time as the nutritional interviews, blood samples were collected for the determination of IL-6, IL-10, and CRP concentrations. The studied group was divided into subgroups with normal and complicated pregnancy and depending on the DII median. Results: With the development of pregnancy, the DII score slightly decreased in subsequent trimesters: −1.78 in the first trimester, −2.43 in the second trimester, and −2.71 in the third trimester (p = 0.092). Independent of the trimester of pregnancy and the occurrence of pregnancy complications, the DII score did not affect the differences in the serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and CRP, with the exception of CRP level in the second trimester in women with complicated pregnancy (subgroup with DII < median had a lower CRP level than subgroup with DII > median). In the first and third trimesters, there was a weak but significant positive correlation between the DII score and CRP concentration. During the second trimester, in the group with normal pregnancy and DII below the median, a significant negative correlation between the DII score and the serum IL-6 and IL-10 concentration was noted as well as in the third trimester for IL-6. Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory potential of a pregnant woman’s diet increases slightly with pregnancy development; however, its value has no permanent significant association with the level of CRP, IL-6, and IL-10.
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Agarkova, L. A., I. Yu Buharina, A. L. Ulianich, E. M. Bershkova, and I. V. Tolmachev. "FEATURES OF QUALITY OF LIFE INTERRELATED WITH INDICATORS OF PSYCHOEMOTIONAL STATE OF WOMEN IN THE PERIOD OF EVERY TRIMESTRE OF PREGNANCY." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-4-108-119.
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In the article the actuality of study of quality of life is described as an integrative factor which influences the psychoemotional state of women in the period of pregnancy. According to the study methodology, the content of quality of life is disclosed in the indicators of physical and psychological components of health. By means of method of descriptive statistics and analysis of reliable differences general content is presented and specific features of quality of life in women in the period of the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy are disclosed. It is found that from the first trimester to the third one the content of components of quality of life is characterized by increase of limitations in performing the physical load, improvement of general emotional state and increase of vital force and energy. Features of psychoemotional state of women in the period of the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy are disclosed and described. It is revealed that the state of most women in every trimester of the pregnancy is characterized as a favourable one, however, in the first and last trimester for women a heightened anxiousness, lack of selfconfidence, rigidity, inability to satisfy their own needs are more typical than in the period of the second trimester of pregnancy. On the ground of results of the conducted correlational analysis the interrelationship of indicators of quality of life with indicators of psychoemotional state of pregnant women is shown and described, conditions of physical and psychological well-being in every trimester of pregnancy are identified. It was revealed that in the period of the first and second trimesters of pregnancy the conditions of physical and psychological well-being are as follows: readiness of women to respond flexibly in the new life situation, resistance towards failures, self-confidence and optimal level of anxiousness; in the period of the third trimester of pregnancy: feeling of well-being, positive mood, activity, resistance towards failures and self-confidence.
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Soleimani, Robabeh, Maryam Asgharnia, Mir Mohammad Jalali, Fatemeh Eslamdoust-Siahestalkhi, Seyyed Mousa Kafi Masule, Rahman Iranidoost-Haghighi, and Maryam Kousha. "Comparison of Cognitive Function in Different Trimesters of Pregnancy." Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/cjns.8.30.3.5.
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Background: Although pregnancy is a normal function in women, it is considered as a stressful experience which is associated with many psychological and physical changes in pregnant women. Objectives: This study aims to investigate and compare cognitive function in different trimesters of pregnancy. Materials & Methods: This was a longitudinal cohort study. Participants were 76 pregnantwomen with a mean age of 30.09±6.23 years referred to Al-Zahra Hospital in Rasht, Iran during 2019-2020. Participants were assessed in three trimesters of pregnancy using the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). The multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and repeated measures ANOVA were used for data analysis. All analyses were done in SPSS software v. 19 and Stata v. 14. Results: The mean score of WMS was significantly lower in the third trimester (84.95±12.07) than in the first and second trimesters (89.34±13.13 and 88.72±13.24, respectively) (P=0.001). The results of linear regression analysis showed no significant difference in MMSE score between different trimesters of pregnancy (P>0.05), while the WMS score was significantly different between different pregnancy trimesters; the change in WMS score was statistically significant only in the third trimester (P= 0.04). Conclusion: No impairment in general cognitive function occur during pregnancy, but memory impairment may occur. In the third trimester, pregnant women have the poorest memory function.
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Bérard, Anick, Jin-Ping Zhao, Irene Shui, and Susan Colilla. "Leflunomide use during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212078.
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ObjectivesLeflunomide is known to be embryotoxic and teratogenic in rodents. However, there is less evidence in humans. We quantified the risk of major congenital malformation (MCM), prematurity, low birth weight (LBW) and spontaneous abortion associated with leflunomide exposure during pregnancy in humans.MethodsFrom a cohort of 289 688 pregnancies in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from 1998 to 2015, first-trimester leflunomide exposure and other antirheumatic drug exposures were studied for their association with MCM and spontaneous abortions. Also second or third-trimester leflunomide exposures were examined for associations with prematurity and LBW. Logistic regression model-based generalised estimating equations were used.Results51 pregnancies were exposed to leflunomide during the first trimester, and 21 during the second/third trimesters. Adjusting for potential confounders, use of leflunomide during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with the risk of MCM (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.16; 5 exposed cases). No association was found between second/third-trimester exposure to leflunomide and the risk of prematurity (aOR 4.03, 95% CI 0.91 to 17.85; 7 exposed cases) nor LBW (aOR 1.06, 95%CI 0.90 to 1.25; 8 exposed cases). Pregnancy exposure to leflunomide was also not associated with the risk of spontaneous abortion (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.32; 11 exposed cases).ConclusionsMaternal exposure to leflunomide during pregnancy was not associated with statistically significant increased risk of MCMs, prematurity, LBW or spontaneous abortions. However, given that relatively few women were exposed to leflunomide during pregnancy in this cohort, caution remains warranted.
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Liu, Xin-Chen, Esben Strodl, Li-Hua Huang, Qing Lu, Yang Liang, and Wei-Qing Chen. "First Trimester of Pregnancy as the Sensitive Period for the Association between Prenatal Mosquito Coil Smoke Exposure and Preterm Birth." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 11771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811771.
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Mosquito coils are efficient mosquito repellents and mosquito coil smoke (MCS) contributes to indoor air pollution. However, no prior population-based study has investigated whether prenatal MCS exposure is a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB) and whether exposure to MCS in different trimesters of pregnancy is associated with different levels of risk. The sample involved 66,503 mother–child dyads. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships between prenatal MCS exposure during different trimesters of pregnancy and PTB. We found that prenatal MCS exposure was associated with a greater likelihood of PTB (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.05–1.20). The prenatal MCS exposure during the first trimester was associated with 1.17 (95%CI: 1.09–1.25) times the odds of being PTB, which was higher than exposure during the second trimester (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03–1.19) and during the third trimester (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01–1.16). In the stratified analysis, prenatal MCS exposure significantly increased PTB risk among girls but not among boys. Our results indicated that maternal MCS exposure during pregnancy was associated with PTB and that the first trimester might be the sensitive period. In light of these findings, public health interventions are needed to reduce prenatal exposure to MCS, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Salgado Carvalho, Mª Eduarda, and Joao Manuel Rosado de Miranda Justo. "DESENHO DA GRAVIDEZ E SENSIBILIDADE SONORA: CONTRIBUTOS PARA O ESTUDO DA PSICOLOGIA DA GRAVIDEZ." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 1, no. 1 (September 10, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v1.346.
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Resumo.Introdução: Esta comunicação pretende descrever um estudo longitudinal acerca da aplicação da Escala do Desenho da Gravidez e da Escala da Sensibilidade Sonora-Musical na Gravidez, ambas construídas e validadas para este estudo, numa amostra de 211 mulheres grávidas aguardando a realização das ecografias do II e do III trimestres de gestação. Objectivos: 1) avaliar a evolução das variáveis do desenho da gravidez e das variáveis sonoro-musicais na passagem do II para o III trimestre e 2) analisar a contribuição de cada uma de estas variáveis para o estudo da psicologia da gravidez. Método: 1) estudo longitudinal comparando as variáveis do desenho da gravidez e a sensibilidade sonoro-musical observadas nos dois momentos de avaliação; 2) estudo correlacional entre cada uma destas variáveis e as variáveis de vinculação materna pré-natal e de orientação materna pré-natal. Instrumentos: Escala do Desenho da Gravidez (Carvalho, 2011), Escala da Sensibilidade Sonora-Musical na Gravidez (Carvalho & Justo, 2013), Escala de Vinculação Materna Pré-natal (versão Portuguesa, Camarneiro & Justo, 2010) e Questionário do Paradigma Placentário (versão portuguesa, Carvalho, 2011). Resultados: Os resultados revelam a existência de diferenças significativas, entre o II e o III trimestres nas variáveis estudadas, apontando para: a) um aumento da sensibilidade sonoro-musical no terceiro trimestre, b) uma evolução da auto-representação da imagem materna no terceiro trimestre e c) um aumento da frequência de representação gráfica da posição de apresentação fetal cefálica da imagem do bebé na passagem para o terceiro trimestre. Observaram-se correlações significativas entre, por um lado, as variáveis da sensibilidade sonoro-musical e as variáveis do desenho da gravidez e, por outro lado, as variáveis de orientação materna pré-natal. Registaram-se correlações significativas entre sensibilidade sonoro-musical, por um lado, e vinculação materna pré-natal e a orientação maternal pré-natal, por outro. Conclusão: Será importante investigar a dialética entre a representação do bebé imaginado através de medidas projectivas maternas e a percepção do comportamento fetal recorrendo à observação ecográfica e a medidas biofísicas e hemodinâmicas.Palavras chave: Gravidez, Escala do Desenho da Gravidez, Escala das Representações Sonoro-Musicais na Gravidez, Escala de Vinculação Materna Pré-Natal, Questionário do Paradigma Placentário.Abstract.Background: This paper aims to describe a longitudinal study about the use of the Drawing Pregnancy Scale and of the Sound-Music Representations in Pregnancy Scale, both of it created and validated in a sample of 211 pregnant women while waiting for sonograms of the II and III trimesters of pregnancy. Aims: 1) to assess, the evolution of variables in drawings of pregnancy and also of sound-music variables, by the transition of the II to the III trimester of gestation and 2) to analyze the contribution of each one of these variables for the psychological study of pregnancy. Method: 1) longitudinal study comparing variables in drawings of pregnancy and sound-music variables at the two moments of assessment; 2) correlational study between each one of these variables and variables of maternal pre-natal attachment and also of maternal pre-natal orientation. Instruments: Drawing Pregnancy Scale (Carvalho, 2011), Sound-Music Representations in Pregnancy Scale (Carvalho & Justo, 2013), Maternal Pre-natal Attachment Scale (Portuguese version, Camarneiro & Justo, 2010) and Placental Paradigm Questionnaire (Portuguese version, Carvalho, 2011). Results: Results show the existence of significant diferences between the II and the III trimestres in some of the variables under analysis, suggesting: a) a increase of the sound-music sensibility by the third trimester, b) an evolution of the maternal image at the third trimester and c) an increase of the frequency of the graphical representation of the cephalic fetal presentation of the baby’s image at the third trimester. Significant correlations were observed between, on one side, the variables of soundmusic sensibility and the variables of the pregnancy drawings and, on another side, variables of prenatal maternal orientation. Significant correlations between sound-music sensibility, on one side, and prenatal maternal attachment and prenatal maternal orientation, on the other side, were found. Conclusion: It will be important to investigate about the representation of the imagined baby through maternal projective measures and the perception of fetal behaviour using sonograms as well as biophysical and hemodynamic measures.Keywords: Pregnancy, Drawing Pregnancy Scale, Sound-Music Representations in Pregnancy Scale, Maternal Pre-natal Attachment Scale, Placental Paradigm Questionnaire.
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Salgado Carvalho, Mª Eduarda, and Joao Manuel Rosado de Miranda Justo. "DESENHO DA GRAVIDEZ E SENSIBILIDADE SONORA: CONTRIBUTOS PARA O ESTUDO DA PSICOLOGIA DA GRAVIDEZ." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 4, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v4.596.
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Abstract.Background: This paper aims to describe a longitudinal study about the use of the Drawing Pregnancy Scale and of the Sound-Music Representations in Pregnancy Scale, both of it created and validated in a sample of 211 pregnant women while waiting for sonograms of the II and III trimesters of pregnancy. Aims: 1) to assess, the evolution of variables in drawings of pregnancy and also of sound-music variables, by the transition of the II to the III trimester of gestation and 2) to analyze the contribution of each one of these variables for the psychological study of pregnancy. Method: 1) longitudinal study comparing variables in drawings of pregnancy and sound-music variables at the two moments of assessment; 2) correlational study between each one of these variables and variables of maternal pre-natal attachment and also of maternal pre-natal orientation. Instruments: Drawing Pregnancy Scale (Carvalho, 2011), Sound-Music Representations in Pregnancy Scale (Carvalho & Justo, 2013), Maternal Pre-natal Attachment Scale (Portuguese version, Camarneiro & Justo, 2010) and Placental Paradigm Questionnaire (Portuguese version, Carvalho, 2011). Results: Results show the existence of significant diferences between the II and the III trimestres in some of the variables under analysis, suggesting: a) a increase of the sound-music sensibility by the third trimester, b) an evolution of the maternal image at the third trimester and c) an increase of the frequency of the graphical representation of the cephalic fetal presentation of the baby’s image at the third trimester. Significant correlations were observed between, on one side, the variables of soundmusic sensibility and the variables of the pregnancy drawings and, on another side, variables of prenatal maternal orientation. Significant correlations between sound-music sensibility, on one side, and prenatal maternal attachment and prenatal maternal orientation, on the other side, were found. Conclusion: It will be important to investigate about the representation of the imagined baby through maternal projective measures and the perception of fetal behaviour using sonograms as well as biophysical and hemodynamic measures.Keywords: Pregnancy, Drawing Pregnancy Scale, Sound-Music Representations in Pregnancy Scale, Maternal Pre-natal Attachment Scale, Placental Paradigm Questionnaire.Resumo.Introdução: Esta comunicação pretende descrever um estudo longitudinal acerca da aplicação da Escala do Desenho da Gravidez e da Escala da Sensibilidade Sonora-Musical na Gravidez, ambas construídas e validadas para este estudo, numa amostra de 211 mulheres grávidas aguardando a realização das ecografias do II e do III trimestres de gestação. Objectivos: 1) avaliar a evolução das variáveis do desenho da gravidez e das variáveis sonoro-musicais na passagem do II para o III trimestre e 2) analisar a contribuição de cada uma de estas variáveis para o estudo da psicologia da gravidez. Método: 1) estudo longitudinal comparando as variáveis do desenho da gravidez e a sensibilidade sonoro-musical observadas nos dois momentos de avaliação; 2) estudo correlacional entre cada uma destas variáveis e as variáveis de vinculação materna pré-natal e de orientação materna pré-natal. Instrumentos: Escala do Desenho da Gravidez (Carvalho, 2011), Escala da Sensibilidade Sonora-Musical na Gravidez (Carvalho & Justo, 2013), Escala de Vinculação Materna Pré-natal (versão Portuguesa, Camarneiro & Justo, 2010) e Questionário do Paradigma Placentário (versão portuguesa, Carvalho, 2011). Resultados: Os resultados revelam a existência de diferenças significativas, entre o II e o III trimestres nas variáveis estudadas, apontando para: a) um aumento da sensibilidade sonoro-musical no terceiro trimestre, b) uma evolução da auto-representação da imagem materna no terceiro trimestre e c) um aumento da frequência de representação gráfica da posição de apresentação fetal cefálica da imagem do bebé na passagem para o terceiro trimestre. Observaram-se correlações significativas entre, por um lado, as variáveis da sensibilidade sonoromusical e as variáveis do desenho da gravidez e, por outro lado, as variáveis de orientação materna pré-natal. Registaram-se correlações significativas entre sensibilidade sonoro-musical, por um lado, e vinculação materna pré-natal e a orientação maternal pré-natal, por outro. Conclusão: Será importante investigar a dialética entre a representação do bebé imaginado através de medidas projectivas maternas e a percepção do comportamento fetal recorrendo à observação ecográfica e a medidas biofísicas e hemodinâmicas.Palavras chave: Gravidez, Escala do Desenho da Gravidez, Escala das Representações Sonoro-Musicais na Gravidez, Escala de Vinculação Materna Pré-Natal, Questionário do Paradigma Placentário.
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McGowan, Ciara A., and Fionnuala M. McAuliffe. "Maternal dietary patterns and associated nutrient intakes during each trimester of pregnancy." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 1 (April 12, 2012): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000997.
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AbstractObjectiveTo determine the main dietary patterns of pregnant women during each of the three trimesters of pregnancy and to examine associated nutrient intakes.DesignParticipants completed a 3 d food diary during each trimester of pregnancy. Thirty-six food groups were created and dietary patterns were derived using k-means cluster analysis.SettingNational Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.SubjectsTwo hundred and eighty-five healthy pregnant women aged between 20 and 41 years.ResultsTwo dietary patterns were identified at each time point. They were labelled ‘Unhealthy’ (n 143, 150 and 155 at trimester 1, 2 and 3, respectively) and ‘Health Conscious’ (n 142, 135 and 130 at trimester 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Women in the ‘Health Conscious’ cluster were significantly older, had lower BMI and were higher educated than those in the ‘Unhealthy’ cluster. Of those in the ‘Unhealthy’ cluster in the first trimester (n 143), 103 (72·0 %) continued in this dietary pattern into trimester 2 and eighty-one (56·6 %) continued into trimester 3. Of those in the ‘Health Conscious’ cluster in trimester 1 (n 142), ninety-five (66·9 %) continued in this dietary pattern into trimester 2 and sixty-nine (48·6 %) continued into trimester 3.ConclusionsCluster analysis produced two clearly defined dietary patterns at each stage of pregnancy. Knowledge of maternal dietary patterns is important for the development of pregnancy-specific dietary guidelines. Identifying women with an ‘Unhealthy’ dietary pattern in early pregnancy affords the opportunity for a dietary intervention which may positively impact both maternal and infant health.
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Tabassum, Sobia, Arshia Sabir, Hafiz Muhammad Anwar ul Haq, and Hafiz Muhammad Ejaz ul Haq. "2ND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY;." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 8, 2018): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4474.
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HEMLATA, DR, QAMAR-UR NISA, RUBINA SOLANGI, Suresh Kumar Rathi, and Habib Ullah. "SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 04 (December 10, 2011): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.04.2640.
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Objective: To compare clinical efficacy and side effects of oral misoprotol with vaginal misoprostol for termination of second trimester pregnancy. Design: Interventional Quasi experimental. Setting: Gynae Unit III, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Period: 1st March 2006 to 31st August 2006. Methodology: Sixty patients were selected with thirty in each group i.e thirty for oral route (group A) and thirty for vaginal route(group B). The patients included in this study were those having singleton pregnancy with gestational age between 12 to 26 weeks requiring termination of pregnancy. A dose of 100ug to 200ug was used with maximum of 1200ug in each group of patients. Results: The subjects of either group were similar with respect to mean age, height, weight, parity, gestational age and pre induction Bishop Score. The success rate in group A was 94.4% as compared to group B was 86.8%. intra uterine death was the commonest indication in both groups found in 46.7% women of vaginal misoprostol group and 50% women of oral misoprostol group. Surgical evacuation was needed in 36.7% women of oral misoprostol group and 16.7% women of vaginal misoprostol group. Conclusions: The present study shows misoprostol to be effective for mid trimester abortions, both orally and vaginally, the later route is preferable because it requires lesser doses and produces a shorter induction – abortion interval. However safety data are needed to guide the route choice and well designed studies are necessary.
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Tabassum, Sobia, Arshia Sabir, Hafiz Muhammad Anwar ul Haq, and Hafiz Muhammad Ejaz ul Haq. "2ND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.04.350.
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Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of prostaglandin F2á by extra amnioticroute and I/V oxytocin infusion for induction of labor in 24 hours. Study Design: This wasa randomized control study. Place and Duration of the Study: This study was conductedat the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Civil Hospital, Bahawalpur from March 2017to October 2017. Materials and Methods: A total number of 104 patients (52 given PGF2áand 52 increasing infusion rate of I/V oxytocin) between 13 to 26 weeks of gestation wereenrolled using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Two groups ‘A’ and ‘B’ wereformed having patients of comparable age, parity and gestational age to minimize the effectof confounders. Both the groups were compared for induction delivery interval (hours), andcomplications. Chi square test was used as test of significance and any value <0.05 was takenas statistically significant. Results: The ages of patients ranged from 16-45 years (28.93 + 8years). Gestational ages were between 13-26 weeks (mean 16.48 + 6.43 weeks). The parityranged from 0-9 (mean 3.9 + 2.87). Missed abortion was the major reason for TOP, seen in 71(68.3%). In Gorup-A, all patients aborted / delivered within 28 hours from the start of the infusionso got successful induction in 100% patients whereas 5 (9.6%) patients failed in Group B. InGroup A, successful induction of delivery was done in significantly less interval (11.27+6.2hours) as compared to Group B (18.4+10.8 hours) with a statistically significant p value of0.016.There were 3 (5.8%) patients in Group A and 10 (19.2%) in Group B who developed oneor more complications and this difference turned out to be statistically significant (p=0.038).No major complications developed in any of the groups. Conclusion: Extra amniotic PGF2á ismore effective than I/V Oxytocin for termination of pregnancy.
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CHEN, Danqing, Minyue DONG, Qin FANG, Jing HE, Zhengping WANG, and Xiaofu YANG. "Alterations of serum resistin in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia." Clinical Science 108, no. 1 (December 15, 2004): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20040225.
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Resistin is expressed in human placenta and has been postulated to play a role in regulating energy metabolism in pregnancy. However, changes in serum resistin levels in normal pregnancy and in the setting of pre-eclampsia are far from understood. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the alterations in serum resistin level in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Blood samples were taken from 28 healthy non-pregnant women, 27 women in the first, 26 in the second and 26 in the third trimesters of normal pregnancy and 25 women with pre-eclampsia. Serum resistin concentrations were determined by using an ELISA, and mean serum resistin levels were compared with one-way ANOVA. Serum resistin levels were not significantly different among non-pregnant women and women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (P>0.05 for all). Serum resistin was significantly elevated in the third trimester of normal pregnancy compared with non-pregnant women (P<0.01) and women in the first (P<0.001) and second (P<0.001) trimesters of pregnancy. Serum resistin level was significantly lower in women with pre-eclampsia than women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy (P<0.001), but was comparable with those of non-pregnant women and women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (P>0.05 for all). In conclusion, we found an increase in serum resistin in the third trimester of normal pregnancy, but this increase was not present in pre-eclampsia. We postulate that these associations may offer insight into the mechanisms of maternal adaptation to pregnancy and the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.
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Martimucci, Kristina, Theresa Kuhn, Robyn Bilinski, and Jesus Alvarez-Perez. "Use of the Tei Index in the Conservative Management of TRAP Sequence Pregnancies Diagnosed during the Periviable Period: A Case Series." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2018 (2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2521797.
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Twin Reverse Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) Sequence is a rare complication of monochorionic pregnancies. Without intervention, the viable pump twin in a case of TRAP Sequence may develop high output cardiac failure leading to an intrauterine fetal demise. We present 3 cases of TRAP Sequence pregnancy diagnosed during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. There are minimal sonographic tools for the guidance of a fetal therapeutic interventional procedure during the second trimester or timing of delivery during the third trimester to reduce morbidity and mortality of a viable fetus. Tei index may be a useful sonographic tool in the management of TRAP Sequence during the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
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Julie Christy A, Saraswathi Perumal, and Sumathy G. "Serum 25 hydroxycholecalciferol levels throughout pregnancy - A cross-sectional study in South Indian Pregnant Women." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 2330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4864.
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Vitamin D deficiency has been reported worldwide. It has been reported at suboptimal levels in gestation. The levels vary during various trimesters of pregnancy. This article focuses on the gestation week wise variations observed in the serum cholecalciferol levels during gestation. 100 venous blood samples were collected from singleton, non-smoking pregnancies. The samples were collected in the summer and winter seasons during various weeks of pregnancy. The samples were collected randomly in patients who were not supplemented with vitamin D. The serum cholecalciferol levels were observed to be deficient during the first trimester (below<30 ng/ml), there was an increase in the vitamin D levels in the second trimester (levels<30 ng/ml). During the third trimester, the levels increased gradually. The ratio of cases deficient during the first trimester was higher when compared to the second and third trimesters. The serum cholecalciferol levels remain deficient due to the foetal organogenesis in the first trimester. The serum 25 hydroxy cholecalciferol levels are compensated with the development of the placenta. During the second trimester, it gradually increases and reaches sufficient limits during the third trimester.
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Fuchs, Anna, Agnieszka Dulska, Jakub Bodziony, Mateusz Szul, and Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop. "Female Sexual Function in Twin Pregnancy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063546.
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Introduction: The incidence of twin pregnancy is estimated at 1 per 80 single pregnancies. As the topic of sexual function among women with multiple pregnancy is insufficiently developed, we believe it is appropriate to raise this subject. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 100 women during subsequent trimesters of pregnancy. Results: From a group of 100 women, 54 women were primiparous, while 46 women had a history of previous delivery. The mean overall FSFI (female sexual function index) was found to be 24.3 ± 6.1. Mean FSFI was the highest in the first trimester at 25.6. The result decreased successively to 24.8 ± 7 and 22.6 ± 8.4 in the second and third trimesters, respectively. The patient’s place of residence had a crucial impact on their FSFI score. The results were considerably higher for residents of small and medium towns or cities—24.4 ± 3.8 and 25.9 ± 4.9, respectively—while for those living in rural areas, the FSFI reached only 21.7 ± 5.4. Conclusions: The present study shows that the FSFI decreased throughout twin pregnancy. The lowest observed FSFI occurred in the third trimester, while the highest FSFI occurred during the first trimester.
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Kaur, Manjeet, Roopam Bassi, Kiran Mehta, and Deepinder Kaur. "Study of Serum Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde Levels during Normal Pregnancy." AMEI's Current Trends in Diagnosis & Treatment 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10055-0001.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Pregnancy is accompanied by a high-energy demand of all body functions and an increased oxygen requirement, which can give rise to increased levels of oxidative stress. Aims and objectives The present study was done to assess the levels of oxidative stress in healthy pregnant females by estimating serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and comparing these with nonpregnant females. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 88 female subjects in the age group of 20 to 40 years, who were placed in two groups. Group I consisted of 50 healthy nonpregnant females. Group II consisted of healthy pregnant females further subdivided into three subgroups: Group IIa (1st trimester) n = 38, group IIb (2nd trimester) n = 32, and group IIc (3rd trimester) n = 30. The same subjects were followed up till the 3rd trimester. There was a drop in the number of subjects from 38 to 32 in the 2nd trimester and from 32 to 30 in the 3rd trimester due to noncompliance and development of complications of pregnancy. The subjects were assessed for hemoglobin (Hb), MDA, a marker for lipid peroxidation, and SOD, an antioxidant enzyme along with certain physiological parameters like height, weight, body mass index, and blood pressure in the three trimesters. Results The levels of SOD and MDA were significantly raised with the progression of pregnancy. There was a fall in Hb levels in the 3rd trimester. But no significant correlation could be drawn between the measured parameters in all the trimesters. Conclusion Pregnancy is definitely associated with oxidative stress to the body. Both peroxidation and antioxidation reactions are enhanced during pregnancy. With these findings, we therefore conclude that antioxidant supplements should be prescribed in early pregnancy to prevent the overwhelming of oxidative stress in pregnant females. How to cite this article Bassi R, Sharma S, Mehta K, Kaur M, Kaur D. Study of Serum Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde Levels during Normal Pregnancy. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):1-5.
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Argüello Torres, Juan Daniel, and Geoconda Luzardo. "Gingival Inflammation in the Presence of Bacterial Plaque in Women in the First and Second Trimester of Pregnancy." Journal of America health 2, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37958/jah.v2i1.15.
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Problem: Pregnancy hormonal changes in addition to the low control of the dental plaque generate gingivitis during the first and second trimester of the pregnancy. Objective: This study’s objective was to identify the levels of gingival inflammation having place in the first and second trimester of the pregnancy in relation to a low plaque control. Materials and Methods: This was an analytic descriptive transversal study in which 73 pregnant women that went to their monthly check to the “Centro de Salud Ministerial del Cantón Samborondón” during June and July of the year 2014 were tested. 32 of them were on their first trimester and the 41 left, on their second trimester of pregnancy. They were tested by the recollection in a document of information about their oral hygiene habits, oral hygiene indices, gingival inflammation and the presence of bacterial plaque. Results: 100% of the woman had gingivitis, from which 69.86% presented a moderate type (30.14% in the first and 39.73% in the second trimester). In the oral hygiene examination, 76.71% obtained a regular grade, from which 38.36% showed up in both trimesters. Finally, we found bacterial plaque in 67% of the patients with a range between 50.1-75%, being the 30% in the first and the 37% in the second trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion: It was found gingival inflammation in presence of bacteria plaque in every pregnant patient, showing a slightly higher intensity in the second trimester of pregnancy.
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Savard, Claudia, Agnieszka Bielecki, Anne-Sophie Plante, Simone Lemieux, Claudia Gagnon, Hope A. Weiler, and Anne-Sophie Morisset. "Longitudinal Assessment of Vitamin D Status across Trimesters of Pregnancy." Journal of Nutrition 151, no. 7 (April 8, 2021): 1937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab060.
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ABSTRACT Background The evolution of vitamin D status across pregnancy trimesters and its association with prepregnancy body mass index (ppBMI; in kg/m2) remain unclear. Objectives We aimed to 1) assess trimester-specific serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, 2) compare those concentrations between ppBMI categories, and 3) examine associations between 25(OH)D concentrations, ppBMI, and vitamin D intake. Methods As part of a prospective cohort study, 79 pregnant women with a mean age of 32.1 y and ppBMI of 25.7 kg/m2 were recruited in their first trimester (average 9.3 weeks of gestation). Each trimester, vitamin D intake was assessed by 3 Web-based 24-h recalls and a Web questionnaire on supplement use. Serum total 25(OH)D was measured by LC–tandem MS. Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to assess the evolution of 25(OH)D concentrations across trimesters of pregnancy and comparisons of 25(OH)D concentrations between ppBMI categories were assessed by 1-factor ANOVAs. Stepwise regression analyses were used to identify determinants of 25(OH)D concentrations in the third trimester. Results Mean ± SD serum total 25(OH)D concentrations increased across trimesters, even after adjustments for ppBMI, seasonal variation, and vitamin D intake from supplements (67.5 ± 20.4, 86.5 ± 30.9, and 88.3 ± 29.0 nmol/L at mean ± SD 12.6 ± 0.8, 22.5 ± 0.8, and 33.0 ± 0.6 weeks of gestation, respectively; P < 0.0001). In the first and third trimesters, women with a ppBMI ≥30 had lower serum total 25(OH)D concentrations than women with a ppBMI <25 (P < 0.05); however, most had concentrations >40nmol/L by the second trimester. Vitamin D intake from supplements was the strongest determinant of third-trimester serum total 25(OH)D concentrations (r2 = 0.246, β = 0.51; P < 0.0001). Conclusions There was an increase in serum total 25(OH)D concentrations across trimesters, independent of ppBMI, seasonal variation, and vitamin D intake from supplements. Almost all women had serum total 25(OH)D concentrations over the 40- and 50-nmol/L thresholds, thus our study supports the prenatal use of a multivitamin across pregnancy.
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RK, Peta, Panchal HP, Patel A, Parikh S, Agarwal A, Khanikar D, and Himthani N. "Acute leukemia in pregnancy: Case series from a tertiary care institute." Journal of Medical and Scientific Research 9, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/jmsr.2021/9-13.
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Background: Acute leukemia in pregnancy is estimated to occur in less than one in one lakh pregnancies. Management of these patients differs by the trimester in which they present, because of the differential sensitivity of the fetus to chemotherapy during the three trimesters. Because of the rarity of this situation, there is scarcity of data on the management of these patients. Materials and method: We included patients with acute leukemia diagnosed and treated during pregnancy at our institute and reviewed 3 successive patients for this case series. Results and conclusion: Acute leukemia in pregnancy presents a unique challenge for treatment and requires multidisciplinary co-ordination for treatment. When judiciously managed, good outcomes of disease of mother and fetus can be achieved. Our three patients included one in each trimester; the first trimester patient underwent medical termination of pregnancy and has successfully completed treatment. The second trimester patient underwent induction chemotherapy and delivered a healthy baby. The patient diagnosed in the third trimester delivered a pre-term healthy baby during treatment and continues to be on chemotherapy.
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Gardenghi, Leandro Augusto, Nei Rodrigues Alves Dezotti, Marcelo Bellini Dalio, Wellington de Paula Martins, Edwaldo Edner Joviliano, and Carlos Eli Piccinato. "Lower limb venous diameters and haemodynamics during pregnancy and postpartum period in healthy primigravidae." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 32, no. 10 (December 6, 2016): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516671586.
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Objective Analyse venous haemodynamics in healthy primigravidae during pregnancy and in the postpartum. Methods Cohort with primigravidae evaluated in the three trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum. Duplex evaluated venous diameters and reflux; air plethysmography evaluated venous filling index, ejection fraction, residual volume fraction and outflow fraction in both limbs. Results During pregnancy, diameters increased in bilateral common femoral and right infravalvar great saphenous, but returned to first trimester values after delivery. Reflux developed in one woman (5%) in the second trimester and in two more women (15%) in the third trimester. No reflux was detected in postpartum. Bilateral venous filling index was higher during pregnancy. Bilateral ejection fraction and residual volume fraction did not change. Bilateral outflow fraction increased progressively. The right limb outflow fraction in left lateral decubitus was similar. All changes returned to first trimester values after delivery. Conclusions Healthy primigravidae presented changes in lower limbs’ veins during pregnancy: diameters in bilateral common femoral and infravalvar great saphenous veins increased; new reflux was developed in 15% of women, but there was no venous hypertension. Calf muscular pump function did not change. All changes returned to first trimester values after delivery.
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Hasani, Maryam, Afsaneh Keramat, Raziyeh Maasoumi, Maryam Farjamfar, Masud Yunesian, and Bahare Afshar. "The Frequency of Vaginal Intercourse During Pregnancy: A Systematic and Meta-Analysis Stud." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 7, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2019.01.
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Objectives: Sexual life may change during pregnancy. Due to negative attitudes toward having sex, unpleasant feeling, and fear of several issues, women might avoid vaginal intercourse during pregnancy. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to investigate the frequency of vaginal intercourse in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive literature review was conducted to find the relevant articles published (from December 1990 to April 2018) on the issue including observational studies (e.g., cross-sectional and cohort studies) that certainly determined the mean frequency of vaginal sex throughout pregnancy. In this regard, online international databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were independently explored and checked by two authors. Duplicate articles were removed by the EndNote X7 Reference Manager. The results were analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software. The P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Totally, after excluding the duplicate and irrelevant articles based on having the mean frequency of vaginal intercourse during pregnancy, 13 articles were obtained. The range of vaginal intercourse frequency varied from 6.01 to 21 times every month pre-pregnancy, 3.67-9.87 times monthly in the first trimester, 2.78-7.21 times monthly in the second trimester, and 1.35-5.9 times monthly in the third trimester. Five out of the 13 selected articles reporting the mean and standard deviation were entered the current meta-analysis. The frequency of vaginal intercourse was obtained 7.75 (7.13-8.38) times monthly prior to pregnancy, 4.16 (3.86-4.46) times in the first trimester, 6.37 (5.60-7.14) times monthly in the second trimester, and 1.81 (1.49-2.13) times monthly in the third trimester. Conclusions: Generally, the frequency of vaginal intercourse decreased in the first trimester while increasing in the second trimester. However, a sharp decline was observed between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
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Boychuk, A. V., and T. O. Budnik. "The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance during pregnancy." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) 18, no. 7 (November 13, 2022): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.18.7.2022.1213.
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Background. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with metabolic complications during pregnancy, including insulin resistance. Physiological processes during pregnancy contribute to increased insulin resistance, which, in turn, is the main symptom of gestational diabetes. There is evidence that excessive weight gain during pregnancy negatively affects the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). The aim of the study was to determine the effect of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency during pregnancy on the occurrence of insulin resistance in the third trimester against the background of excessive weight gain. Materials and methods. The prospective study included 65 pregnant women with a gestation period of up to 20 weeks (on average 17 weeks). At the initial stage, a survey (body weight before pregnancy), and a clinical examination were conducted. Subsequent examinations were carried out in the second (20 weeks) and third (28 weeks) trimesters. Weight gain during pregnancy was calculated as the difference in body weight (between the third and second trimester) divided by the number of gestational weeks in that interval, following the Institute of Medicine guidelines. Gestational weight gain was classified as excessive, taking into account pre-pregnancy body mass index. Predicting the probability of insulin resistance (according to the HOMA-IR) was assessed by the dynamics of body weight gain. Results. Median 25(OH)D in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy was 23 and 24 ng/ml, respectively. Vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D < 30 ng/ml) was observed in at least one of the trimesters in 47 (72.3 %) pregnant women, while the permanent nature of vitamin D insufficiency was noted in 36 (55.4 %) cases. Vitamin D deficiency was established in 8 (12.3 %) pregnant women in the second trimester. Excessive weight gain during pregnancy was observed in 34 (52.3 %) women. Insulin resistance was determined in 31 (47.7 %) pregnant women in the third trimester. The median of immunoreactive insulin concentration and HOMA-IR was higher among women with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with insulin resistance in the third trimester of pregnancy, which depends on excessive gestational weight gain.
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Rezgale, Roberta, Iveta Pudule, Vinita Cauce, Kristine Klaramunta Antila, Violeta Bule, Gunta Lazdane, Dace Rezeberga, and Laila Meija. "Iron Status in Pregnant Women in Latvia: An Epidemiological, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study According to WHO and UK Criteria." Medicina 58, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070955.
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Background and Objectives: During pregnancy, iron deficiency anaemia is a common problem associated with health risks for both the mother and her foetus/infant. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of iron deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia, and related dietary patterns in pregnant women in Latvia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, multicentre study included pregnancy data from 974 women. The sample selection was based on the stratification principle (population of women of childbearing age in regions of Latvia). Maternal demographic details, anthropometric measurements, iron status, dietary patterns, and supplementation information were obtained from maternal files and during interviews held in eight outpatient departments of medical institutions and maternity departments. The prevalence was assessed. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to identify associations between iron deficiency and sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, and iron supplement intake during pregnancy. The criterion used for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia is a Hb level <110 g/L in the 1st and 3rd trimesters and <105 g/L during the 2nd trimester as recommended by the WHO. However, the UK guideline was used for borderline iron deficiency, which is an SF level <30 μg/L in all trimesters. Results: The observed prevalence of anaemia was 2.8% in the first trimester, 7.9% in the second trimester, and 27.0% in the third trimester. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 46.7% in the first trimester, 78.1% in the second trimester, and 91.7% in the third trimester. No associations with dietary patterns were found. Single women had 1.85 times the odds (95% CI 1.07 to 3.18) of being anaemic than married women. Conclusions: Iron deficiency affects a large proportion of pregnant women in Latvia in all trimesters, with iron deficiency anaemia affecting pregnant women in the third trimester. Monitoring and intervention should be performed in a timely and more targeted manner.
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Sances, G., F. Granella, RE Nappi, A. Fignon, N. Ghiotto, F. Polatti, and G. Nappi. "Course of Migraine During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Prospective Study." Cephalalgia 23, no. 3 (April 2003): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00480.x.
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The aim of this study was to investigate prospectively the course of migraine during pregnancy and postpartum. Of all the pregnant women consecutively attending an obstetrics and gynaecology department for a routine first-trimester antenatal check-up, 49 migraine sufferers - two were affected by migraine with aura (MA) and 47 by migraine without aura (MO) - who had experienced at least one attack during the 3 months preceding pregnancy were identified, enrolled in the study and given a headache diary. Subsequent examinations were performed at the end of the second and third trimesters and 1 month after delivery. Migraine was seen to improve in 46.8% of the 47 MO sufferers during the first trimester, in 83.0% during the second and in 87.2% during the third, while complete remission was attained by 10.6%, 53.2%, and 78.7% of the women, respectively. Migraine recurred during the first week after childbirth in 34.0% of the women and during the first month in 55.3%. Certain risk factors for lack of improvement of migraine during pregnancy were identified: the presence of menstrually related migraine before pregnancy was associated with a lack of headache improvement in the first and third trimesters, while second-trimester hyperemesis, and a pathological pregnancy course were associated with a lack of headache improvement in the second trimester. Breast feeding seemed to protect from migraine recurrence during postpartum.
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Gunarathne, Sajaan, Nuwan Wickramasinghe, Thilini Agampodi, Indika Prasanna, and Suneth Agampodi. "Nutritional Status and Additional Expenditure on Food During Pregnancy: Evidence From the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_051.
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Abstract Objectives Adherence to specific food consumption patterns is essential for pregnant women to meet the nutritional needs and more concern is required for those who have poor nutritional status. We assessed the nutritional status and the pregnancy-related additional food expenditure (PAFE) during pregnancy in rural Sri Lanka. Methods The study was a part of Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort, a prospective cohort conducted in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka in 2019. Participants were recruited in the 1st trimester and followed up monthly until delivery. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on household economic status and anthropometric measurements. Results Data of 1062 and 169 pregnant mothers were analyzed for the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The mean (SD) age was 28.3 (5.6) years. The mean (SD) monthly household income and the expenditure were USD 262.47 (194.92) and USD 169.04 (113.49) respectively. The mean (SD) PAFE during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters were USD 11.23 (9.84) and USD 8.69 (7.18) [t(47) = 1.116, p = 0.270]. There were statistically significant differences in PAFE across 2nd [F(4,592) = 6.272, p = 0.001] and 3rd trimesters [F(4,61) = 2.697, p = 0.039]. The shares of PAFE out of the total household expenditure were 6.1% and 5.3%. Of the sample, 16.5% of women (n = 167) were in the underweight category (BMI < 18.5). There were no statistically significant differences of PAFE between underweight group [Mean (SD) = 10.73 (8.29)] and others [Mean (SD) = 11.47 (10.39)] in the 2nd trimester [t(667) = -0.702, p = 0.483] and in the 3rd trimester [t(62) = -0.487, p = 0.628]. Of the underweight mothers, 65% were below the middle-income group (income < USD 232.60) and spend the lowest amount per month (M = USD 8.15, SD = 4.55) among other income groups. There is a statistically significant difference of PAFE among different income quintiles in the 2nd trimester [F(4,592) = 6.272, P = 0.001] and in the 3rd trimester [F(4,61) = 2.697, P = 0.039]. Conclusions Even though more concern needs to be towards the mothers under poor nutritional status, there was no significant difference of PAFE among mothers with different nutritional status. The possible reason would be the lack of affordability due to poor income status since spending the lowest amount for PAFE than others. Funding Sources Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD), World Bank.
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Akhter, Tansim, Anders Larsson, Marita Larsson, Anna-Karin Wikström, and Tord Naessen. "Artery wall layer dimensions during normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study using noninvasive high-frequency ultrasound." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): H229—H234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00670.2012.
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The vascular effects of normal pregnancy were investigated by estimating the intima and media thicknesses of the common carotid artery separately using 22-MHz ultrasound (Collagenoson, Meudt, Germany) in 57 healthy women with normal pregnancies and pregnancy outcomes, in all three trimesters and at 1 yr postpartum. A thick intima, thin media, and high intima-to-media (I/M) ratio are signs of a less healthy artery wall. Mean artery wall layer dimensions remained fairly constant during pregnancy, but the intima thickness and I/M thickness ratio appeared to improve (decrease) postpartum ( P < 0.001 for both). The cardiovascular risk parameters of age, body mass index, and blood pressure in the first trimester were associated with higher I/M ratios, especially in the second trimester, whereas higher serum estradiol levels were significantly associated with a lower I/M ratio. Changes from the first to second trimesters in I/M ratio, taking into account differential changes in intima and media thickness, were significantly ( P < 0.05–0.001) associated with all risk parameters tested except age, which was associated with increased intima thickness ( P = 0.02). Associations with third trimester values and changes from first to third trimesters were similar but less apparent. Thus, fairly constant mean artery wall layer dimensions during pregnancy appeared to improve postpartum. However, higher age, body mass index, or blood pressure and lower serum estradiol levels in the first trimester appeared to negatively affect the artery wall, strongly suggesting that pregnancy has negative vascular effects in some women. A less likely explanation involves possible adaptation to physiological changes during and after pregnancy.
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Barone Gibbs, Bethany, Melissa A. Jones, John M. Jakicic, Arun Jeyabalan, Kara M. Whitaker, and Janet M. Catov. "Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity Across 3 Trimesters of Pregnancy: The Monitoring Movement and Health Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0398.
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Background: Though moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity is recommended, limited research exists on sedentary behavior (SED) during pregnancy. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective cohort study to describe objectively measured patterns of SED and activity during each trimester of pregnancy. Women wore thigh- (activPAL3) and waist-mounted (ActiGraph GT3X) activity monitors. SED and activity were compared across trimesters using likelihood ratio tests and described using group-based trajectories. Exploratory analyses associated SED and activity trajectories with adverse pregnancy outcomes and excessive gestational weight gain. Results: Pregnant women (n = 105; mean [SD] age = 31 [5] y; prepregnancy body mass index = 26.2 [6.6] kg/m2) had mean SED of 9.7, 9.5, and 9.5 hours per day (P = .062) across trimesters, respectively. Some activities differed across trimesters: standing (increased, P = .01), stepping (highest in second trimester, P = .04), steps per day (highest in second trimester, P = .008), and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (decreased, P < .001). Prolonged SED (bouts ≥ 30 min) and bouted moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (≥10 min) were stable (P > .05). In exploratory analyses, higher SED and lower standing, stepping, and steps per day trajectories were associated with increased odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes (P < .05). No trajectories were associated with excessive gestational weight gain. Conclusions: Pregnant women exhibited stable SED of nearly 10 hours per day across pregnancy. Future research evaluating SED across pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome risk is warranted.
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Fan, Yuanyuan, Yalu Wang, Chenhui Li, and Ziling Li. "Study on the relationship of iodine nutritional status with thyroid function and autoantibodies in pregnant women in Baotou." Discussion of Clinical Cases 7, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/dcc.v7n1p3.
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Objective: To investigate the relationship of iodine nutritional status with thyroid function in pregnant women in Baotou, and provide a scientific basis for the guide of reasonable iodine supplementation.Methods: By use of As-Ce catalysis spectrophotometry, the urinary iodine concentration was determined in 90 women during different periods of pregnancy admitted to Baogang Hospital of Inner Mongolia from January 2017 to December 2017. The determination of thyroid function and the autoantibody level was carried out by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA).Results: In the early trimester of pregnancy, pregnant women with iodine deficiency, iodine sufficiency and iodine excess accounted for 36.67%, 40.00% and 23.33% respectively; in the middle trimester of pregnancy, they accounted for 66.67%, 26.67% and 6.66% respectively; they made up 40.00%, 40.00% and 20.00% respectively in the late trimester of pregnancy. The rate of iodine deficiency in women in the middle trimester of pregnancy was significantly higher than that in women in the early and the late trimesters of pregnancy respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p < .05). The rate of iodine deficiency in pregnant women was positively correlated to the positivity of thyroid peroxidase antibody. Moreover, it had no relationship with the positivity of thyroglobulin antibody. No matter in the pregnant women with iodine deficiency or with iodine excess, the abnormality rate of thyroid function and autoantibodies was significantly higher than that in the pregnant women with iodine sufficiency. The difference was statistically significant (p < .05).Conclusions: The iodine deficiency in the women in the middle trimester of pregnancy is more severe than that in the women in the early and the late trimesters of pregnancy. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy is positively correlated with the positivity of thyroid peroxidase antibody. Pregnant women with iodine deficiency and iodine excess show a higher abnormality rate of thyroid function and autoantibodies. It is recommended to advocate health education on iodine nutrition to pregnant women, and conduct the dynamic monitoring of urinary iodine concentration and the screening of thyroid function and autoantibodies during pregnancy.
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Ibama, Onengiyeofori, Aleruchi-Didia T. Ngowari, Jonathan Nyebuchi, Konne J. Burabari, and Konne F. Eedee. "The effect of gestational periods on fasting lipid profile, plasma glucose and chromium levels of apparently healthy pregnant women in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20223470.
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Background: Pregnancy is a physiological condition in which the uterus of a woman carries at least one embryo for about 38 weeks, from conception to delivery; during this period, several physiological changes in biochemical and haematological functions occur. Knowledge of these changes however, may be helpful in providing effective care for pregnant women; hence this study was aimed at evaluating the effect of gestational periods on lipid profile, plasma glucose and chromium levels of apparently healthy pregnant women in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.Methods: A total of 200 apparently healthy women were used for the study; 150 of them were pregnant (50 in the first trimester, 50 in the second trimester, and 50 in the third trimester), and the remaining 50 women were not pregnant. They were divided into four (4) groups; group I (control group) consists of 50 non-pregnant women, group II consists of 50 pregnant women in their first trimester, group III consists of 50 pregnant women in their second trimester, while group IV consists of 50 pregnant women in their third trimester. About 8 ml of fasting venous blood was collected from the antecubital fossa of each subject; 3 ml was dispensed into a fluoride oxalate anticoagulant bottle for the determination of plasma glucose concentration. The remaining 5 ml was dispensed into a lithium heparin-anticoagulant bottle for the determination of chromium and lipid profile. The data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test.Results: The results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in glucose levels in the third trimester (group IV) of pregnancy compared to the non-pregnant group (control/group I), and a significant increase in chromium levels in the third trimester (group IV) compared to the non-pregnant group (control/group I), first trimester (group II) and second trimester (group III). Also, plasma triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in the second and third trimesters compared to the non-pregnant group and first trimester. Similarly, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly elevated in the second trimester compared to the non-pregnant group and first trimester, and in the third trimester compared to the non-pregnant group. Contrarily however, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels significantly decreased in the second and third trimesters compared to the non-pregnant group and first trimester, but no significant difference in total cholesterol when all the groups were compared.Conclusions: These findings revealed increased levels of chromium, which may be responsible for the decreased glucose levels in the third trimester. Also, this study revealed that pregnancy had no effect on the total cholesterol levels. However, an upsurge in triglyceride and LDL levels was noted in pregnancy, specifically in the second and third trimesters, whereas a down surge in HDL was noted in the second and third trimesters. The results show good glucose control, but with dyslipidaemia which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases especially arteriosclerosis.
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Zheng, Nengneng, Renyong Guo, Yinyu Yao, Meiyuan Jin, Yiwen Cheng, and Zongxin Ling. "Lactobacillus iners Is Associated with Vaginal Dysbiosis in Healthy Pregnant Women: A Preliminary Study." BioMed Research International 2019 (October 23, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6079734.
Full textAbstract:
Vaginal dysbiosis has been identified to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery and premature rupture of membranes. However, the overall structure and composition of vaginal microbiota in different trimesters of the pregnant women has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the physiological changes of the vaginal microbiota in healthy pregnant women were investigated. A total of 83 healthy pregnant participants were enrolled, who are in the first, second, or third pregnancy trimester. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to explore the abundant bacteria in the vaginal microbiota. No significant difference in the abundance of Gardnerella, Atopobium, Megasphaera, Eggerthella, Leptotrichia/Sneathia, or Prevotella was found among different trimesters, except Lactobacillus. Compared with the first pregnancy trimester, the abundance of L. iners decreased in the second and third trimester while the abundance of L. crispatus was increased in the second trimester. Moreover, we also found that vaginal cleanliness is correlated with the present of Lactobacillus, Atopobium, and Prevotella and leukocyte esterase is associated with Lactobacillus, Atopobium, Gardnerella, Eggerthella, Leptotrichia/Sneathia, and Prevotella. For those whose vaginal cleanliness raised or leukocyte esterase became positive, the richness of L. iners increased, while that of L. crispatus decreased significantly. Our present data indicated that the altered vaginal microbiota, mainly Lactobacillus, could be observed among different trimesters of pregnancy and L. iners could be considered as a potential bacterial marker for evaluating vaginal cleanliness and leukocyte esterase.