Journal articles: 'Prejudice; Social psychology'

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MORINAGA, YASUKO, KEN-ICHI OHBUCHI, TOMOKO IKEGAMI, FUMIAKI TAKA, TOSHIO YOSHIDA, and TSUGUYUKI IZUMI. "Social Psychology of Prejudice:." Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan 59 (March 30, 2020): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5926/arepj.59.304.

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Campbell, Catherine, and Rupert Brown. "Prejudice: Its Social Psychology." British Journal of Sociology 48, no. 2 (June 1997): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/591756.

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Duckitt, John. "Prejudice: its social psychology." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35, no. 2 (June 6, 2013): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2013.803723.

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Schaller, Mark, and Steven L. Neuberg. "Beyond prejudice to prejudices." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 6 (November 20, 2012): 445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12001306.

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AbstractDifferent groups, because they are perceived to pose different threats, elicit different prejudices. Collective action by disadvantaged groups can amplify the perception of specific threats, with predictable and potentially counterproductive consequences. It is important to carefully consider the threat-based psychology of prejudice(s) before implementing any strategy intended to promote positive social change.

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Crawford, Jarret T., and Mark J. Brandt. "Who Is Prejudiced, and Toward Whom? The Big Five Traits and Generalized Prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 10 (March 21, 2019): 1455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219832335.

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Meta-analyses show that low levels of Openness and Agreeableness correlate with generalized prejudice. However, previous studies narrowly assessed prejudice toward low-status, disadvantaged groups. Using a broad operationalization of generalized prejudice toward a heterogeneous array of targets, we sought to answer two questions: (a) Are some types of people prejudiced against most types of groups? and (b) Are some types of people prejudiced against certain types of groups? Across four samples ( N = 7,543), Openness was very weakly related to broad generalized prejudice, r = −.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−.07, −.001], whereas low Agreeableness was reliably associated with broad generalized prejudice, r = −.23, 95% CI [−.31, −.16]. When target characteristics moderated relationships between Big Five traits and prejudice, they implied that perceiver–target dissimilarity on personality traits explains prejudice. Importantly, the relationship between Agreeableness and prejudice remained robust across target groups, suggesting it is the personality trait orienting people toward (dis)liking of others.

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Balkwell, James W., and John Duckitt. "The Social Psychology of Prejudice." Contemporary Sociology 23, no. 1 (January 1994): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2074930.

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Cramer, M. Richard, and Douglas W. Bethlehem. "A Social Psychology of Prejudice." Contemporary Sociology 16, no. 4 (July 1987): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069869.

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Todosijevic, Bojan. "Authoritarian personality: Psychoanalysis of antisemitism and prejudices." Psihologija 41, no. 2 (2008): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0802123t.

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The Authoritarian Personality is one of the most influential studies in social psychology, yet it has been subjected to different, often contradictory interpretations. This paper argues that the most important element of the authoritarian personality theory is the analysis of the psychological functionality of prejudice. Using psychoanalytic conceptual tools, the authors described the psychological logic behind apparently contradictory prejudices, and the function of prejudice in personal psychological 'economy'. In this way, Adorno et al. 'psychoanalyzed' both prejudice and the prejudiced. The first part of the paper presents the original research, with the particular focus on the less familiar aspects. The second part reviews the reactions to the Authoritarian Personality, and analyzes some of the better known criticisms and objections. The paper ends with the review of recent research trends inspired by Adorno et al.?s theory.

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Amodio, David M., and Mina Cikara. "The Social Neuroscience of Prejudice." Annual Review of Psychology 72, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 439–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050928.

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The social neuroscience approach to prejudice investigates the psychology of intergroup bias by integrating models and methods of neuroscience with the social psychology of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Here, we review major contemporary lines of inquiry, including current accounts of group-based categorization; formation and updating of prejudice and stereotypes; effects of prejudice on perception, emotion, and decision making; and the self-regulation of prejudice. In each section, we discuss key social neuroscience findings, consider interpretational challenges and connections with the behavioral literature, and highlight how they advance psychological theories of prejudice. We conclude by discussing the next-generation questions that will continue to guide the social neuroscience approach toward addressing major societal issues of prejudice and discrimination.

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Cantal, Clara, Taciano L. Milfont, Marc S. Wilson, and Valdiney V. Gouveia. "Differential Effects of Right–Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation on Dimensions of Generalized Prejudice in Brazil." European Journal of Personality 29, no. 1 (January 2015): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1978.

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Previous research within a dual–process cognitive–motivational theory of ideology and prejudice has indicated that dimensions of generalized prejudice are structured around attitudes towards dangerous, derogated and dissident groups, and that these prejudice dimensions are differentially predicted by the ideological attitudes of Right–Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). However, to date, these findings have been restricted to New Zealand samples. We describe two studies examining whether the structure of prejudiced attitudes and the differential prediction by RWA and SDO replicate in the Brazilian context, incorporating context–relevant examples of each group—politicians, those from the northeast region of Brazil, and environmentalists. Results broadly supported the three–factor structure of dangerous, derogated, and dissident groups. Consistent with previous research, regression and structural equation analyses showed that RWA explained prejudice against dangerous groups, SDO explained prejudice against derogated groups, and both RWA and SDO explained prejudice against dissident groups. This research provides some evidence for the generalizability of the three–dimensional structure of generalized prejudice and differential prediction by RWA and SDO. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Dabbs, James M., and Rhonda Milun. "PUPIL DILATION WHEN VIEWING STRANGERS: CAN TESTOSTERONE MODERATE PREJUDICE?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 27, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.3.297.

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Undergraduate students, 27 white and 27 black, provided saliva samples for testosterone assay, completed measures of prejudice, and viewed pictures of black and white target persons. Pupil dilation was measured continuously while subjects viewed the pictures and thought about meeting the persons whom they were seeing. Testosterone interacted with prejudice, such that prejudiced individuals who were low in testosterone showed large pupil dilation and prejudiced individuals who were high in testosterone showed small pupil dilation. The interaction of testosterone with prejudice in affecting dilation was not related to the race either of the subject, or of the target being viewed.

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Meeusen, Cecil, Bart Meuleman, Koen Abts, and Robin Bergh. "Comparing a Variable-Centered and a Person-Centered Approach to the Structure of Prejudice." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 6 (July 21, 2017): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617720273.

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Whereas research on generalized prejudice is dominated by variable-centered approaches, which focus on communalities between different types of prejudice, we propose a complementary person-centered approach, looking for subgroups of people characterized by similar patterns of prejudice. To this end, we compare the results of a variable-centered (using confirmatory factor analysis [CFA]) and a person-centered (using latent class analysis [LCA]) approach to generalized prejudice. While CFA points to a multidimensional solution with a strong overlap between prejudice dimensions, LCA distinguishes five prejudice patterns that cannot be organized along a linear continuum of more versus less prejudiced dispositions. Explanatory models for the two solutions are estimated. Results show that the two methods are largely complementary in conceptualizing generalized prejudice.

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MacInnis, Cara C., Elizabeth Page-Gould, and Gordon Hodson. "Multilevel Intergroup Contact and Antigay Prejudice (Explicit and Implicit)." Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, no. 3 (September 26, 2016): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550616671405.

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Intergroup contact at the individual level is robustly associated with lower prejudice, but intergroup contact occurs within a greater regional context. Multilevel examinations thus far have focused on interethnic contact, where both individual- and contextual-level contact are associated with lower explicit prejudice. Given that ethnicity is visible, two lingering questions concern whether (a) contextual contact effects only apply to visible outgroups and (b) contextual contact effects predict implicit prejudice in addition to explicit prejudice. In two studies, we tested these questions in the domain of sexual orientation. Individual- and contextual-level contact were simultaneously (uniquely) associated with lower implicit and explicit prejudice: Individuals having more contact with gay men/lesbians were less prejudiced toward gay men and lesbians, and individuals living in areas with greater contact with gay men/lesbians were less prejudiced toward gay men/lesbians. It seems that people need not directly witness intergroup contact in their region for contextual contact effects to occur.

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Brewer, Marilynn B. "Toward a Social Psychology of Prejudice." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 36, no. 2 (February 1991): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/029411.

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Ford, Thomas E., and Mark A. Ferguson. "Social Consequences of Disparagement Humor: A Prejudiced Norm Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Review 8, no. 1 (February 2004): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0801_4.

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In this article we introduce a “prejudiced norm theory” that specifies the social-psychological processes by which exposure to disparagement humor uniquely affects tolerance of discrimination against members of groups targeted by the humor. Our theory posits that a norm of tolerance of discrimination implied by disparagement humor functions as a source of self-regulation for people high in prejudice. For people high in prejudice, this norm regulates the effect of exposure to disparagement humor on tolerance of subsequently encountered discriminatory events. Our theory contributes to the literature on prejudice and discrimination by delineating the processes by which disparagement humor creates a normative climate of tolerance of discrimination, as well as variables that accentuate and attenuate its effects.

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Hackney, Amy. "Teaching Students about Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination: An Interview with Susan Fiske." Teaching of Psychology 32, no. 3 (July 2005): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top3203_13.

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Susan T. Fiske is professor of psychology, Princeton University (PhD, Harvard University; honorary doctorate, Université Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium). She wrote Social Cognition (with Taylor) on how people make sense of each other. Currently, she investigates emotional prejudices (pity, contempt, envy, and pride) at cultural, interpersonal, and neural levels. She won the American Psychological Association's Early Career Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest for antidiscrimination testimony and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues' Allport Intergroup Relations Award for ambivalent sexism theory (with Glick). She edits the Annual Review of Psychology (with Schacter and Kazdin) and the Handbook of Social Psychology (with Gilbert and Lindzey). She just finished Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology and a year as President of the American Psychological Society. Amy Hackney received her BA in psychology from Indiana University and her MS and PhD in social psychology from Saint Louis University. She began her career as an assistant professor of psychology at Georgia Southern University in the Fall of 2003. She teaches courses in social psychology, psychology and law, psychology of gender, and research methods. She conducts research on racial and gender stereotypes and prejudice. She is particularly interested in how stereotypes and prejudice affect jury decision making and how minority members experience and cope with prejudice.

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Sanchez, Diana T., Kimberly E. Chaney, Sara K. Manuel, and Jessica D. Remedios. "Theory of Prejudice and American Identity Threat Transfer for Latino and Asian Americans." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 7 (April 16, 2018): 972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218759288.

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Latinos and Asian Americans confront similar stereotypes as they are often presumed to be foreigners and subjected to American identity denial. Across six studies (total N = 992), we demonstrate that Latinos and Asians anticipate ingroup prejudice and specific types of subordination (e.g., American identity threat) in the face of outgroup threats that target one another (i.e., stigma transfer). The studies explore whether stigma transfer occurred primarily when shared Latino and Asian stereotype content was a salient component of the prejudice remark (e.g., foreigner stereotypes; Study 3), or when outgroup prejudice targeted a social group with shared stereotype content (Study 4), though neither appeared to substantively moderate stigma transfer. Minority group members who conceptualize prejudiced people as holding multiple biases (i.e., a monolithic prejudice theory) were more susceptible to stigma transfer suggesting that stereotype content is not necessary for stigma transfer because people assume that prejudice is not singular.

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Crandall, Christian S., Jason M. Miller, and Mark H. White. "Changing Norms Following the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617750735.

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The 2016 presidential election was characterized by the remarkable expression of prejudice toward a range of groups. In two closely related studies ( N = 388; 196 supporting Trump, 192 Clinton), we measured (1) perceptions of social norms toward prejudice or (2) people’s own levels of prejudice toward 19 social groups, shortly before and after the election. Some groups were targeted by the Trump campaign (e.g., Muslims, immigrants) and some were not (e.g., atheists, alcoholics). Participants saw an increase in the acceptability of prejudice toward groups Trump targeted but little shift in untargeted groups. By contrast, participants reported a personal drop in Trump-targeted prejudice, probably due changing comparison standards, with no change in prejudice toward untargeted groups. The 2016 election seems to have ushered in a normative climate that favored expression of several prejudices; this shift may have played a role in the substantial increase in bias-related incidents that follow closely upon the election.

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Verkuyten, M., and K. Masson. "‘NEW RACISM’, SELF-ESTEEM, AND ETHNIC RELATIONS AMONG MINORITY AND MAJORITY YOUTH IN THE NETHERLANDS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 23, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1995.23.2.137.

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In Western Europe the concept of ‘new racism’ has emerged. The idea of the incompatibility of different cultures is central to this concept, and this idea leads to the abnormalization and exclusion of ethnic minority groups. This paper studies this form of ethnic prejudice and several of its correlates among ethnic majority and minority youth. The results show, first, that majority youth were more prejudiced than minority youth. Second, that among majority youth prejudice correlated positively with personal self-esteem as well as with self-esteem as an ethnic group member, whereas among minority youth a negative association was found. Third, among majority youth positive ingroup evaluation in combination with prejudice was found, whereas among minority youth a more positive ingroup evaluation was associated with less prejudice. Fourth, among majority youth prejudice was very strongly correlated with a measure of social distance, with rate of voluntary inter-ethnic contacts, and with level of outgroup formation. Among minority youth these associations were much weaker.

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Saucier, Donald A., Megan L. Strain, Stuart S. Miller, Conor J. O’Dea, and Derrick F. Till. "“What do you call a Black guy who flies a plane?”: The effects and understanding of disparagement and confrontational racial humor." HUMOR 31, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2017-0107.

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AbstractWe conducted three studies to test our overarching hypothesis that racial humor may increase or decrease subsequent expressions of prejudice by setting social norms that indicate prejudice is either more or less acceptable, respectively. We selected riddles that were disparaging, confrontational, or neutral, and examined their effects on subsequent prejudiced expressions. We predicted humor that disparaged Blacks would convey that prejudiced expressions are more socially acceptable, resulting in increased expressions of prejudice toward Blacks. Conversely, we predicted humor that confronted prejudiced expressions would convey that prejudiced expressions are less socially acceptable, resulting instead in reduced expressions of prejudice toward Blacks. Our studies demonstrated that, consistent with prejudiced norm theory, disparagement humor, and confrontational humor perceived as disparaging, has the potential to disinhibit expressions of prejudice when used, even in brief social interactions. Our studies also showed that individuals often misinterpreted the subversive nature of confrontational humor, frequently perceiving the confrontation intended to challenge expressions of prejudice as instead intending to disparage Blacks. Thus, while it is possible racial humor may have the potential to tighten norms inhibiting prejudice, the perceptions of confrontational jokes as disparaging may result in jokes (created to subvert and inhibit prejudice) ironically reinforcing prejudiced responding.

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Foster, Don. "Book Review: The Social Psychology of Prejudice." South African Journal of Psychology 24, no. 1 (March 1994): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639402400107.

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Duckitt, John, and Chris G. Sibley. "Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice." European Journal of Personality 21, no. 2 (March 2007): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.614.

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Prior research suggests that individuals' prejudiced attitudes form a single generalized dimension predicted by Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). A dual process approach, however, expects different domains of generalized prejudice that relate differentially to RWA and SDO. To test this, 212 participants rated attitudes to 24 typically disliked groups. Factor analysis revealed three distinct generalized prejudice dimensions. Hierarchical Linear Modelling indicated that attitudes towards a ‘dangerous’ groups domain was significantly related only with RWA, attitudes toward a second ‘derogated’ groups domain was related only to SDO, and attitudes toward a third, ‘dissident’ groups, domain was significantly related to both, but powerfully with RWA and weakly with SDO. These findings have implications for explaining and reducing prejudice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Crandall, Christian S., Angela J. Bahns, Ruth Warner, and Mark Schaller. "Stereotypes as Justifications of Prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 11 (June 9, 2011): 1488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211411723.

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Three experiments investigate how stereotypes form as justifications for prejudice. The authors created novel content-free prejudices toward unfamiliar social groups using either subliminal (Experiment 1, N = 79) or supraliminal (Experiment 2, N = 105; Experiment 3, N = 130) affective conditioning and measured the consequent endorsement of stereotypes about the groups. Following the stereotype content model, analyses focused on the extent to which stereotypes connoted warmth or competence. Results from all three experiments revealed effects on the warmth dimension but not on the competence dimension: Groups associated with negative affect were stereotyped as comparatively cold (but not comparatively incompetent). These results provide the first evidence that—in the absence of information, interaction, or history of behavioral discrimination—stereotypes develop to justify prejudice.

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Onraet, Emma, Alain Van Hiel, Kristof Dhont, Gordon Hodson, Mark Schittekatte, and Sarah De Pauw. "The Association of Cognitive Ability with Right–Wing Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice: A Meta–Analytic Review." European Journal of Personality 29, no. 6 (November 2015): 599–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2027.

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The cognitive functioning of individuals with stronger endorsement of right–wing and prejudiced attitudes has elicited much scholarly interest. Whereas many studies investigated cognitive styles, less attention has been directed towards cognitive ability. Studies investigating the latter topic generally reveal lower cognitive ability to be associated with stronger endorsement of right–wing ideological attitudes and greater prejudice. However, this relationship has remained widely unrecognized in literature. The present meta–analyses revealed an average effect size of r = −. 20 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) [−0.23, −0.17]; based on 67 studies, N = 84 017] for the relationship between cognitive ability and right–wing ideological attitudes and an average effect size of r = −.19 (95% CI [−0.23, −0.16]; based on 23 studies, N = 27 011) for the relationship between cognitive ability and prejudice. Effect sizes did not vary significantly across different cognitive abilities and sample characteristics. The effect strongly depended on the measure used for ideological attitudes and prejudice, with the strongest effect sizes for authoritarianism and ethnocentrism. We conclude that cognitive ability is an important factor in the genesis of ideological attitudes and prejudice and thus should become more central in theorizing and model building. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Christiansen, Neil D., Martin F. Kaplan, and Chris Jones. "RACISM AND THE SOCIAL JUDGMENT PROCESS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF STEREOTYPES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.2.129.

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Based on a framework suggested by information integration theory, this study examined how prejudice affects the use of stereotypes when forming social judgments. Participants reviewed applications for a minority scholarship and rated their liking for each applicant. Embedded in the applications were trait descriptions that varied in the amount, stereotypicality, and valence of the information provided. Evaluations by high-prejudice participants were more negative than those of low-prejudice participants only when the applicant was described by a single negative stereotype; when descriptions contained more information that was negative and stereotypic racism was not a factor. In addition, responses of both groups became more extreme when more traits were provided, especially when traits were positive. Taken together, the results suggest similarly negative predispositions toward minorities, with those of more prejudiced individuals requiring less negative stereotypical information to be activated. Future applications of methodology suggested by information integration theory in the study of racism are discussed.

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Sanchez, Diana T., Kimberly E. Chaney, Sara K. Manuel, Leigh S. Wilton, and Jessica D. Remedios. "Stigma by Prejudice Transfer: Racism Threatens White Women and Sexism Threatens Men of Color." Psychological Science 28, no. 4 (February 1, 2017): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616686218.

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In the current research, we posited the stigma-by-prejudice-transfer effect, which proposes that stigmatized group members (e.g., White women) are threatened by prejudice that is directed at other stigmatized group members (e.g., African Americans) because they believe that prejudice has monolithic qualities. While most stigma researchers assume that there is a direct correspondence between the attitude of prejudiced individuals and the targets (i.e., sexism affects women, racism affects racial minorities), the five studies reported here demonstrate that White women can be threatened by racism (Study 1, 3, 4, and 5) and men of color by sexism (Study 2). Robust to perceptions of liking and the order in which measures were administered, results showed that prejudice transfers between racism and sexism were driven by the presumed social dominance orientation of the prejudiced individual. In addition, important downstream consequences, such as the increased likelihood of anticipated stigma, expectations of unfair treatment, and the attribution of negative feedback to sexism, appeared for stigmatized individuals.

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Dion, Kenneth L. "The social psychology of perceived prejudice and discrimination." Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 43, no. 1 (2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0086899.

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Brotherton, Chris. "The social psychology of stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 17, no. 2 (2007): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.890.

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Carr, Priyanka B., Carol S. Dweck, and Kristin Pauker. "“Prejudiced” behavior without prejudice? Beliefs about the malleability of prejudice affect interracial interactions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, no. 3 (September 2012): 452–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028849.

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Herek, Gregory M. "The Psychology of Sexual Prejudice." Current Directions in Psychological Science 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00051.

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Sexual prejudice refers to negative attitudes toward an individual because of her or his sexual orientation. In this article, the term is used to characterize heterosexuals' negative attitudes toward (a) homosexual behavior, (b) people with a homosexual or bisexual orientation, and (c) communities of gay, lesbian, and bisexual people. Sexual prejudice is a preferable term to homophobia because it conveys no assumptions about the motivations underlying negative attitudes, locates the study of attitudes concerning sexual orientation within the broader context of social psychological research on prejudice, and avoids value judgments about such attitudes. Sexual prejudice remains widespread in the United States, although moral condemnation has decreased in the 1990s and opposition to antigay discrimination has increased. The article reviews current knowledge about the prevalence of sexual prejudice, its psychological correlates, its underlying motivations, and its relationship to hate crimes and other antigay behaviors.

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Rattazzi, Anna Maria Manganelli, and Chlara Volpato. "Social Desirability of Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scales." Psychological Reports 92, no. 1 (February 2003): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.1.241.

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The present paper analyzes the relation between the measurement of subtle and blatant prejudice proposed by Pettigrew and Meertens in 1995 and the tendency to give socially desirable responses. It also tests whether items that measure subtle prejudice are judged as more socially desirable than those that measure blatant prejudice. Data were obtained from two groups, one of 497 Italian high school students and one of 77 university students. In the first case, the analysis concerns the relation between the prejudice scores and scores on a shortened form of Marlowe and Crowne's Social Desirability Scale. In the second case, we analyzed the social desirability judgments expressed on single items of the Pettigrew and Meertens scales. Analyses indicate that (1) neither Subtle nor Blatant Prejudice scores correlate with the tendency to give socially desirable responses and (2) when the items of the two prejudice scales are placed in order on the social desirability continuum, with very few exceptions the Blatant Prejudice items are situated at the not socially acceptable pole and Subtle Prejudice items at the socially acceptable pole.

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Duckitt, John. "Patterns of Prejudice: Group Interests and Intergroup Attitudes." South African Journal of Psychology 22, no. 3 (September 1992): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639202200306.

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Despite their potential importance, relatively little research has been done on intergroup attitudes from the perspective of Realistic Conflict theory (RCT). RCT has also typically been limited to a few rather rudimentary propositions concerning the effects of direct competition between groups of relatively equal status and power. In this paper the author elaborates RCT by systematically extending the analysis to other forms of conflicting group interests and intergroup functionality, such as domination and intergroup scapegoating. Different forms of functional interrelation between groups, and the structural location of groups within social systems, seem to generate qualitatively different patterns of prejudice. These can be differentiated in terms of the characteristic image of the outgroup, the affective and behavioural response to the outgroup, the psychological and attributional mechanisms underlying the prejudiced attitudes, and their functionality for the ingroup. These patterns of prejudice may be viewed as mediating between social structure and social action, thus contributing to the historical process. Finally, research is discussed that suggests a broadened version of RCT may be particularly crucial in explaining prejudiced racial attitudes in South Africa.

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Pirlott, Angela G., and Steven L. Neuberg. "Sexual Prejudice." Social Psychological and Personality Science 5, no. 1 (May 6, 2013): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550613486674.

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Ekehammar, Bo, Nazar Akrami, Magnus Gylje, and Ingrid Zakrisson. "What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, Social Dominance Orientation, or Right‐Wing Authoritarianism?" European Journal of Personality 18, no. 6 (September 2004): 463–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.526.

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Whereas previous research has studied the relation of either (i) personality with prejudice, (ii) personality with social dominance orientation (SDO) and right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), or (iii) SDO and RWA with prejudice, the present research integrates all approaches within the same model. In our study (N = 183), various causal models of the relationships among the Big Five, SDO, RWA, and Generalized Prejudice are proposed and tested. Generalized Prejudice scores were obtained from a factor analysis of the scores on various prejudice instruments (racism, sexism, prejudice toward homosexuals, and mentally disabled people), which yielded a one‐factor solution. The best‐fitting causal model, which was our suggested hypothetical model, showed that Big Five personality had no direct effect on Generalized Prejudice but an indirect effect transmitted through RWA and SDO, where RWA seems to capture personality aspects to a greater extent than SDO. Specifically, Generalized Prejudice was affected indirectly by Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness through RWA, and by Agreeableness through SDO, whereas Neuroticism had no effect at all. The results are discussed against the background of previous research and the personality and social psychology approaches to the study of prejudice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Meeusen, Cecil, and Kristof Dhont. "Parent–Child Similarity in Common and Specific Components of Prejudice: The Role of Ideological Attitudes and Political Discussion." European Journal of Personality 29, no. 6 (November 2015): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2011.

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Using a representative sample of Belgian adolescents (N = 1530) and both their parents, we investigated the parent–child similarity in prejudice towards different out–groups and ideological attitudes (right–wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation). Contrary to previous studies, first, we distinguished between common and specific components of prejudice to test whether the parent–child similarity in one specific type of prejudice was symptomatic of parent–child similarity in prejudice towards out–groups in general. Second, we evaluated whether the parent–child similarity in common and specific components of prejudice was related to the parent–child similarity in ideological attitudes. Third, we investigated the moderating role of political discussion in the intergenerational framework of ideology and prejudice. Results indicated that parent–child similarity was particularly pronounced for the common rather than the specific component of prejudice and that the similarity in ideological attitudes was partly related to the similarity in the common component of prejudice. Finally, adolescents who discuss social and political issues more (versus less) frequently with their parents more strongly resembled their parents in the common component of prejudice and levels of authoritarianism. These results suggest that generalized prejudice runs in families and highlight politicization of the family as an important socialization mechanism. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Webster, Russell J., Mason D. Burns, Margot Pickering, and Donald A. Saucier. "The Suppression and Justification of Prejudice as A Function of Political Orientation." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 1 (January 2014): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1896.

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Politically conservative (versus liberal) individuals generally report more prejudice towards various low–status out–groups. Three studies examined whether prejudice suppression factors—specifically, internal and external motivation to suppress (IMS and EMS, respectively) prejudice—can help explain the relationship between political orientation and prejudice. Study 1 showed that IMS and EMS partially mediated the relationship between political orientation and affective prejudice towards Arabs. Study 2 demonstrated that when justification [right–wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation] and suppression (IMS and EMS) factors are simultaneously tested as mediators, only RWA partially mediated the relationship between political orientation and prejudice towards deviant (e.g. gay men) out–groups, whereas RWA and IMS fully mediated the relationship between political orientation and prejudice towards derogated out–groups (e.g. Blacks). Intriguingly, IMS rendered social dominance orientation effects non–significant for derogated out–groups. Study 3 showed that anticipating an out–group interaction (with a Black or lesbian confederate) diminished the mediational contribution of IMS in the political orientation–prejudice relationship because of increased IMS among participants; yet the increases in IMS did not completely eliminate differences in prejudice as a function of political orientation. Ultimately, these three studies demonstrate that suppression (in addition to justification) factors do help explain the relationship between political orientation and prejudice. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.

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Mandalaywala, Tara M., David M. Amodio, and Marjorie Rhodes. "Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 4 (June 19, 2017): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617707020.

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Why do essentialist beliefs promote prejudice? We proposed that essentialist beliefs increase prejudice toward Black people because they imply that existing social hierarchies reflect a naturally occurring structure. We tested this hypothesis in three studies ( N = 621). Study 1 revealed that racial essentialism was associated with increased prejudice toward Blacks among both White and Black adult participants, suggesting that essentialism relates to prejudice according to social hierarchy rather than only to group membership. Studies 2 and 3 experimentally demonstrated that increasing essentialist beliefs induced stronger endorsement of social hierarchies in both Black and White participants, which in turn mediated the effect of essentialism on negative attitudes toward Black people. Together, these findings suggest that essentialism increases prejudice toward low-status groups by increasing endorsement of social hierarchies and existing inequality.

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Lai, Calvin K., Kelly M. Hoffman, and Brian A. Nosek. "Reducing Implicit Prejudice." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7, no. 5 (May 2013): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12023.

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Pereira, Annelyse, Maria Benedicta Monteiro, and Leoncio Camino. "Social Norms and Prejudice against Homosexuals." Spanish journal of psychology 12, no. 2 (November 2009): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600001943.

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Different studies regarding the role of norms on the expression of prejudice have shown that the anti-prejudice norm influences people to inhibit prejudice expressions. However, if norm pressure has led to a substantial decrease in the public expression of prejudice against certain targets (e.g., blacks, women, blind people), little theoretical and empirical attention has been paid to the role of this general norm regarding sexual minorities (e.g., prostitutes, lesbians and gays). In this sense, the issue we want to address is whether general anti-prejudice norms can reduce the expression of prejudice against homosexual individuals. In this research we investigate the effect of activating an anti-prejudice norm against homosexuals on blatant and subtle expressions of prejudice. The anti-prejudice norm was experimentally manipulated and its effects were observed on rejection to intimacy (blatant prejudice) and on positive-negative emotions (subtle prejudice) regarding homosexuals. 136 university students were randomly allocated to activated-norm and control conditions and completed a questionnaire that included norm manipulation and the dependent variables. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) as well as subsequent ANOVAS showed that only in the high normative pressure condition participants expressed less rejection to intimacy and less negative emotions against homosexuals, when compared to the simple norm-activation and the control conditions. Positive emotions, however, were similar both in the high normative pressure and the control conditions. We concluded that a high anti-prejudice pressure regarding homosexuals could reduce blatant prejudice but not subtle prejudice, considering that the expression of negative emotions decreased while the expression of positive emotions remained stable.

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Hindriks, Paul, Maykel Verkuyten, and Marcel Coenders. "Dimensions of Social Dominance Orientation: The Roles of Legitimizing Myths and National Identification." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 6 (November 2014): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1955.

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Using a representative sample of Dutch natives, the current study examined the distinction between two dimensions of social dominance orientation [SDO–Dominance (SDO–D) and SDO–Egalitarianism (SDO–E)] and their relation with prejudice towards immigrant groups. Results showed that an empirical distinction between the two dimensions could be made. Furthermore, the relation between SDO and prejudice was fully mediated by hierarchy–enhancing (ethnic citizenship, assimilation) and hierarchy–attenuating myths (civic citizenship, multiculturalism), but in different ways for both SDO dimensions. Moreover, there were distinct paths between the SDO dimensions and ethnic prejudice for higher and lower identifiers. For higher identifiers, the relation between SDO–D and prejudice was fully mediated by the endorsement of hierarchy–enhancing myths. For lower identifiers, there was an association between SDO–E and prejudice that was predominantly mediated by the endorsement of hierarchy–attenuating myths. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

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McGillicuddy-De Lisi, Ann, and Merry Bullock. "Ethnic prejudice: A challenge to applied developmental–social psychology." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 26, no. 6 (November 2005): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2005.08.001.

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Federico, Christopher M., and Rafael Aguilera. "The Distinct Pattern of Relationships Between the Big Five and Racial Resentment Among White Americans." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617752063.

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Research on the relationship between the Big Five and prejudice suggests that low agreeableness and low openness to experience are the most consistent personality correlates of prejudice. However, research on this topic has not examined racial resentment (RR) among White Americans, an affectively charged hostility to Blacks rooted in the perception that they lack self-reliance. Based on work suggesting that prejudices like this may have a value-laden component, we argue that the strongest predictors of RR will be those associated with conservatism: conscientiousness and openness. Using three national surveys, we find that conscientiousness and openness are the strongest predictors of RR among White Americans—matching the predictors of ideology but not a stereotyping measure. Extending this, we demonstrate that conscientiousness and openness predict changes in RR over time.

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Perry, Ryan, and Chris G. Sibley. "Social Dominance Orientation." Journal of Individual Differences 32, no. 2 (January 2011): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000042.

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There has been considerable debate regarding the extent to which prejudice results from individual differences versus situational factors affecting self-categorization. We provide evidence for a stable baseline level of association between one individual difference index of prejudice proneness, that of social dominance orientation (SDO), and generalized racist attitudes. Consistent with an individual difference perspective, SDO retained a baseline level of association with racism across conditions invoking ethnic versus personal identity (N = 179 European/white undergraduates). Consistent with a self-categorization theory perspective, however, this association was heightened when ethnic (vs. personal) identity was made salient prior to (but not after) the assessment of SDO. Although the salience of different social identities moderated the association between SDO and prejudice, manipulating identity salience did not entirely remove or alter the direction of the effect. This supports our argument that there exists a baseline level or individual difference component of SDO that predicts prejudice and that cannot be accounted for by the manipulation of social identification as an individual versus a member of the ethnic majority in New Zealand.

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Villano, Paola, and Bruna Zani. "Social Dominance Orientation and Prejudice in an Italian Sample." Psychological Reports 101, no. 2 (October 2007): 614–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.2.614-616.

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Social dominance orientation has been proposed as an important variable in the explanation of prejudice. For an Italian sample of 355, correlations with measures of blatant and subtle prejudice against migrant people showed social dominance orientation was positively related to blatant prejudice. Persons with less education scored higher on social dominance orientation.

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Ekehammar, Bo, and Nazar Akrami. "The relation between personality and prejudice: a variable‐ and a person‐centred approach." European Journal of Personality 17, no. 6 (November 2003): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.494.

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The relationship between Big Five personality (measured by the NEO‐PI) and prejudice was examined using a variable‐ and a person‐centred approach. Big Five scores were related to a generalized prejudice factor based on seven different prejudice scales (racial prejudice, sexism, etc). A correlation analysis disclosed that Openness to Experience and Agreeableness were significantly related to prejudice, and a multiple regression analysis showed that a variable‐centred approach displayed a substantial cross‐validated relationship between the five personality factors and prejudice. A cluster analysis of the Big Five profiles yielded, in line with previous research, three personality types, but this person‐centred approach showed a low cross‐validated relationship between personality and prejudice, where the overcontrolled type showed the highest prejudice and the undercontrolled the lowest, with the resilient falling in between. A head‐to‐head comparison sustained the conclusion that, based on people's Big Five personalities, their generalized prejudice could be predicted more accurately by the variable‐ than the person‐centred approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Stagnaro, Michael N., Yarrow Dunham, and David G. Rand. "Profit Versus Prejudice." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617699254.

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We examine the possibility that self-interest, typically thought to undermine social welfare, might reduce in-group bias. We compared the dictator game (DG), where participants unilaterally divide money between themselves and a recipient, and the ultimatum game (UG), where the recipient can reject these offers. Unlike the DG, there is a self-interested motive for UG giving: If participants expect the rejection of unfair offers, they have a monetary incentive to be fair even to out-group members. Thus, we predicted substantial bias in the DG but little bias in the UG. We tested this hypothesis in two studies ( N = 3,546) employing a 2 (in-group/out-group, based on abortion position) × 2 (DG/UG) design. We observed the predicted significant group by game interaction, such that the substantial in-group favoritism observed in the DG was almost entirely eliminated in the UG: Giving the recipient bargaining power reduced the premium offered to in-group members by 77.5%.

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Bratt, Christopher, Jim Sidanius, and Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington. "Shaping the Development of Prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42, no. 12 (October 13, 2016): 1617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216666267.

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Social dominance orientation (SDO) has been theorized as a stable, early-emerging trait influencing outgroup evaluations, a view supported by evidence from cross-sectional and two-wave longitudinal research. Yet, the limitations of identifying causal paths with cross-sectional and two-wave designs are increasingly being acknowledged. This article presents the first use of multi-wave data to test the over-time relationship between SDO and outgroup affect among young people. We use cross-lagged and latent growth modeling (LGM) of a three-wave data set employing Norwegian adolescents (over 2 years, N = 453) and a five-wave data set with American university students (over 4 years, N = 748). Overall, SDO exhibits high temporal rank-order stability and predicts changes in outgroup affect. This research represents the strongest test to date of SDO’s role as a stable trait that influences the development of prejudice, while highlighting LGM as a valuable tool for social and political psychology.

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Asbrock, Frank, Chris G. Sibley, and John Duckitt. "Right‐wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice: A longitudinal test." European Journal of Personality 24, no. 4 (June 2010): 324–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.746.

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A Dual Process Model (DPM) approach to prejudice proposes that there should be at least two dimensions of generalized prejudice relating to outgroup stratification and social perception, which should be differentially predicted by Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). The current study assessed the causal effects of SDO and RWA on three dimensions of prejudice using a full cross‐lagged longitudinal sample (N = 127). As expected, RWA, but not SDO, predicted prejudice towards ‘dangerous’ groups, SDO, but not RWA, predicted prejudice towards ‘derogated’ groups, and both RWA and SDO predicted prejudice towards ‘dissident’ groups. Results support previously untested causal predictions derived from the DPM and indicate that different forms of prejudice result from different SDO‐ and RWA‐based motivational processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Shelton, J. Nicole. "A Reconceptualization of How We Study Issues of Racial Prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Review 4, no. 4 (November 2000): 374–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0404_6.

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This article shows that when confronted with a problem as complex as racial prejudice, researchers cannot afford to limit themselves to studying prejudice from the perspective of Whites. Many argue that in the research that does focus on Blacks and prejudice, Blacks are studied primarily in terms of their reactions to prejudice. This article challenges researchers to examine how Blacks' racial attitudes and behaviors influence intergroup dynamics between Whites and Blacks. Four areas of research in the prejudice and stereotyping literature that could be used to study Blacks' role in understanding racial prejudice are discussed. Moreover, the implications of studying Blacks in these 4 areas are explored.

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Guinote, Ana, Guillermo B. Willis, and Cristiana Martellotta. "Social power increases implicit prejudice." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46, no. 2 (March 2010): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.012.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prejudice; Social psychology'

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