Journal articles: 'Preliminary references'

1

Anderson, D. "The Admissibility of Preliminary References." Yearbook of European Law 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/14.1.179.

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Hoskins, Mark. "Preliminary References to the ECJ: Some Practical Pointers." Judicial Review 7, no. 3 (September 2002): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10854681.2002.11427220.

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Velarde, M. G. "A few preliminary remarks, quotations and some references." European Physical Journal Special Topics 197, no. 1 (August 2011): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2011-01430-3.

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Teleky, Bernadette Emöke, and Mugur Ciprian Balan. "Hydrogen Production by Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass with High Lignocellulose Content - References Selection Procedure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.475.

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The manuscript presents an objective and rigorous references selection procedure for a literature review concerning the state of the art in the field of bio-hydrogen production by anaerobic digestion of biomass with high lignocellulose content. The references selection procedure is presented in detail, with stages and different including and excluding criteria. The scientific databases and the key words used for their interrogation are also presented. The methodology of references selection consists of the following steps: automatic scientific databases interrogation, manual selection of references from the automatic interrogations results based on titles and abstracts, addition of new references based on study of references list from the previously selected papers, addition of references representing Romanian contributions and selection of papers based on preliminary study of their content. The main obtained results based on preliminary analysis of the selected references consist in presentation of the first published references, of the newest references and of the most cited references. It was highlighted that the trend of publication in anaerobic digestion of biomass with high lignocellulose content with the scope of hydrogen production, is in continuous increasing interest worldwide.

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Iglesias Sánchez, Sara. "Purely Internal Situations and the Limits of EU Law: A Consolidated Case Law or a Notion to be Abandoned?" European Constitutional Law Review 14, no. 1 (March 2018): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019618000111.

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Purely internal situations – Fundamental freedoms – Attribution of powers –Ullens de Schooten– Reverse discrimination – Non-discriminatory obstacles – EU citizenship – Preliminary rulings – Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice – Conditions of admissibility of preliminary references

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Cardini, F., V. Basevi, A. Valentini, and A. Martellato. "Moxibustion and Breech Presentation: Preliminary Results." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 19, no. 02 (January 1991): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x9100017x.

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Moxibustion at the Zhiyin acupuncture point (67 B) is an ancient method of obtaining the version of abnormal presentation of the fetus during the last three months of pregnancy. The authors reviewed the Chinese references on this subject and stressed the importance of parity and gestational age in testing the efficacy of this therapy. Preliminary results are described and compared with those reported in Chinese articles. Success rates in version by moxibustion versus spontaneous version are also compared.

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Kutorga, Ernestas, and Marija Kataržytė. "Hypogeous fungi of Lithuania: a preliminary checklist." Acta Mycologica 43, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2008.016.

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The paper reports on hypogeous fungi known from Lithuania, and data on their habitats, phenology, and distribution. References on the collections kept in the herbaria are also pointed out. The information is based on literature data and re-examination of all available voucher specimens. 22 species (12 genera, 3 phyla) recorded from 124 localities are presented in a preliminary checklist.

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Gippini-Fournier, Eric. "Preliminary References and the Workload of the Court of Justice." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 21, no. 4 (December 2014): 771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x1402100411.

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Fahey, Elaine. "Book Review: Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 18, no. 4 (December 2011): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x1101800410.

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Yan, Chun Hua, Xiang Ping Lai, Mi Fang Yan, and Mao Hua Shan. "Preliminary Design of Demand Response Management System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2769.

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This paper describes the concept and classification of demand response as well as the application status of demand response at home and abroad, designs the overall technical architecture of demand response system, and takes direct load control as an example, then design the entire business process, the internal and external information flow of direct load control based Demand Response system. The research results of this paper will provide China useful references for the future development of demand response management system with independent intellectual property rights.

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Butler, Graham. "The Coming of Age of the Court’s Jurisdiction in the Common Foreign and Security Policy." European Constitutional Law Review 13, no. 04 (December 2017): 673–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019617000268.

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EU external relations law – Court of Justice of the European Union – Common Foreign and Security Policy – Judicial actors – International courts – Jurisdiction – EU law – Primacy – Damages – Infringements – Direct actions – Preliminary references – the Opinion procedure – Staffing – Future scenarios

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Zhang, Jia Qi, and Chang Yu. "Preliminary Study on Design Flow of Recovery of the Waste Container." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.278.

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Container houses have exhibited huge advantages in such aspects as building efficiency, environmental protection and sustainability. This article begins with the present situation of the transformation and application of the waste containers. Then it discusses the characteristics of the containers and provides certain references for the future transformation design of the containers through a case study of the waste containers transformation design flow.

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Broberg, Morten, and Niels Fenger. "Arbitration cases and preliminary references to the European Court of Justice—an assessment of ‘the Danish Solution’." Arbitration International 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiaa003.

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Abstract When a case, that is pending before a national court in one of the Member States of the European Union, requires a decision on the interpretation or validity of an EU legal measure, the national court can seek a preliminary ruling on the matter from the European Court of Justice before deciding the main action. In its preliminary ruling, the European Court of Justice establishes authoritatively the interpretation or validity of the relevant EU legislation. When EU law plays a role in commercial arbitration it may be very useful for arbitration tribunals to have access to the preliminary reference procedure. However, according to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, only ‘a court or tribunal of a Member State’ can make a preliminary reference and this notion does not include commercial arbitration tribunals. In order to give arbitration tribunals access to the preliminary reference procedure Denmark has introduced a scheme which allows them to ask the ordinary Danish courts to make preliminary references on behalf of the arbitration tribunal. This article explains the Danish scheme and considers to what extent it provides a useful model for other Member States.

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Hornuf, Lars, and Stefan Voigt. "Analyzing preliminary references as the powerbase of the European Court of Justice." European Journal of Law and Economics 39, no. 2 (July 2, 2014): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-014-9449-9.

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Pliakos, Asteris, and Georgios Anagnostaras. "Blind Date Between Familiar Strangers: The German Constitutional Court Goes Luxembourg!" German Law Journal 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002996.

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Preliminary references by national constitutional courts are not an everyday occurrence in Union law. No surprise, therefore, that they attract considerable publicity and give rise to a significant amount of academic comment. However, the recent preliminary request of the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC) inGauweilerconstitutes undoubtedly the most important and historic preliminary reference made thus far by a constitutional court. This is not only because it is the very first preliminary request of this particular court, inaugurating potentially a whole new era in its institutional relationships with the Court of Justice and paving the way for other national constitutional courts to make more regular recourse to the preliminary reference procedure; but also because it relates to an issue of central importance for the process of European integration with far reaching economic and political repercussions.

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Xu, Fei, Wen Xiong Xu, and Ke Wang. "Slope Early Warning System Design and Preliminary Practice." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.481.

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Early warning thresholds for slope instability were discussed in this study by means of rheological tests and field measurements due to availability and effectiveness of the data. Five warning levels were specified to take proper measures in different emergent cases. The left bank slope of Jinping I hydropower station was studied as an instance to implement the strategies introduced in the study. The surface displacement thresholds were obtained by analyzing long-term observed displacements (the former three warning levels) and the rheological tests on the rock mass (the last two levels). The results gave out that the thresholds of surface displacement rate for different warning levels were 0.30mm/d, 1.15mm/d, 3.00mm/d and 5.00mm/d. These results could be potential references for other projects.

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Rae, Charlesworth E., Harvey M. Rappaport, and Puneet Mahajan. "Drug Information Sources Used by Community Pharmacists in Louisiana: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 8, no. 1 (January 1992): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259200800109.

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Objective: There is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the type of reference sources that are used by community pharmacists to answer drug information questions. This survey was conducted to determine the frequency of use of selected drug information references by independent and chain pharmacists in Louisiana. Design: A study population of 15 percent of registered pharmacists was obtained by random stratification of all pharmacists on the mailing list of the Louisiana Board of Pharmacy on the basis of zip code and gender. These pharmacists were mailed an uncoded, pretested questionnaire and were asked to complete and return it if they were employed by an independent or chain pharmacy; nonchain and independent pharmacists were asked to return their questionnaires uncompleted. No follow-up was performed. Participants: Ninety-one independent pharmacists (mean age = 45 y; mean years of experience = 21) and 71 chain pharmacists (mean age = 40 y; mean years of experience = 16). Outcome Measures: The frequency of use of selected drug information reference sources by independent and chain pharmacists and the type of drug information questions received by pharmacists were determined. A Statistical Analysis System software program was used to analyze the data. Spearman's rank test was used to determine statistical differences between independent and chain pharmacists. The a priori level of significance was p≤0.05. Results: A 54 percent response rate was obtained. The frequency of usage of textbook references (Spearman's correlation coefficient [rho]=0.837), journals and periodicals (rho=0.937), and general reference sources (rho=0.943) were similar for independent and chain pharmacists. Drug Facts and Comparisons was the most frequently used reference source. The types of drug information requests that were received by both groups of pharmacists were similar (rho=0.90). Conclusions: Independent and chain pharmacists not only receive the same types of drug information questions but they also rely on the same references to answer such questions. Drug Facts and Comparisons was the most used drug information reference, suggesting that this reference is valuable for pharmacists, particularly community pharmacists.

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Chandra, Namitha R., Satish P. Karjagi, and Gazala Hussain. "Pharmaceutical study & preliminary analysis of Sheetala Parpati." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (February 15, 2019): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2233.

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The Parpati kalpana is a thin flake form of mercurial preparation which is unique in the field of Rasashastra. It is one among the Chaturvidha Rasayana and Agnisthayi Murchita Parada Bandha i.e., Pota Bandha of Parada. Sheetala parpati is an Ayurvedic medicine that comes under Parpati kalpana, used in the treatment of difficulty in urination, urinary calculi, dyspepsia, etc. There are two different references of Sheetala Parpati where the ingredients and method of preparation are different. In the present work an attempt has been made to prepare both the varieties of Sheetala parpati along with its analytical study. It is mainly indicated in Mutrakricchra (Dysurea) and other diseases like Amlapitta (Hyperacidity), Udarashoola (Abdominal pain), Ajeerna (Indigestion), Yakritvikara (Hepatic disorder), etc. Keywords: Parpati kalpana, Chaturvidha Rasayana, Sheetala Parpati, Mutrakricchra (Dysurea)

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19

Zhao, X.-L., C. A. Crann, S. Murseli, G. St-Jean, W. E. Kieser, M. Wilk, R. J. Cornett, and I. D. Clark. "A Preliminary ion Source Background Study at Lalonde AMS." Radiocarbon 61, no. 4 (June 6, 2019): 1091–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.58.

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ABSTRACTObservation of the ion source generated background has been an area of focus during our routine analytical work. It is noted that the results of very-low-ratio samples are dependent upon the particular procedures for measurement using the present-day Cs+ sputter ion sources. When measured without excessive Cs+ fluxes and without interleafing with other higher-ratio samples and references, the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) sensitivity can be somewhat improved. In some cases, it appears possible to assess old radiocarbon (14C) samples to beyond the long-standing 60 kyr limit. A number of observational studies are made for the sole purpose of minimizing the final contamination to the rare isotopes that is generated within the ion source.

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Edwards, James R. "‘Public Theology’ in Luke-Acts: The Witness of the Gospel to Powers and Authorities." New Testament Studies 62, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688515000466.

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This study surveys the numerous and diverse powers and authorities to which the gospel is addressed in Luke-Acts, including major Jewish institutions and officials, Herodian rulers, Roman military officers, Greco-Roman officials, diverse officials, and pagan cults and supernatural powers. Well over half the references to authorities in Luke-Acts occur nowhere else in the New Testament. The frequent and diverse references to powers defend Christianity in a preliminary and obvious way from charges of political sedition. In a broader and more important way, however, they redefine power itself according to the standard of the gospel.

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21

Ma, Chao, Zhongjie Wang, and Xiaofei Xu. "Preliminary Discussions on Several Characteristics of Service Value." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2010070103.

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Service is defined as a provider-to-client co-production that creates and captures value while sharing risks. Value plays a central position in the lifecycle of services, for example, new values are defined in service mode, designing service models to support the proposed values, and developing service systems to deliver values to customers and providers. It is also necessary to make clear what kinds of characteristics service value has. In this paper, the authors make a classification on service values and discuss characteristics of service value, that is, transitivity, decomposability, partition, transformation, and dependency. The authors illuminate these characteristics by presenting several practical examples, as well as introducing value-aware service engineering and methodology (VASEM). Results of this paper will provide references to value-oriented service innovation, service design and service system development in SSME domain.

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Gormley, Laurence W. "References for a Preliminary Ruling: Article 234 EC from the United Kingdom Viewpoint." Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 66, no. 2 (2018): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/0033725024123099.

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Lohse, Eva Julia. "The German Constitutional Court and Preliminary References—Still a Match not Made in Heaven?" German Law Journal 16, no. 6 (December 2015): 1491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200021234.

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So far, the German Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht, henceforth:BVerfG) has only made a single preliminary reference to the (now) Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), despite frequent rulings on matters connected with European Union (EU) Law. Its apparent reluctance seemed odd considering the atmosphere of dialogue and cooperation which prevails between the non-constitutional courts and the EU courts. This situation might, however, have changed with the preliminary reference from January 2014, proving predictions on the perceived “most powerful constitutional court” and its relationship to the EU partly wrong. The legal effects of its preliminary reference on the interpretation of Articles 119, 123, 127 ff. of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the validity of Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) by the European Central Bank (ECB) under EU Law are as yet unclear; although the Opinion of the Advocate General Cruz Villalón was delivered in the beginning of 2015, which did not confirm the doubts expressed by theBVerfGabout the conformity of the OMT programme with EU law. Nonetheless, the interpretative scheme and the normative questions as to the reluctance of theBVerfGremain the same after this single referral and offer explanations as to why theBVerfGhad for nearly sixty years not referred a question to the former European Court of Justice (ECJ).

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Bondi, Marina. "The future in reports." Pragmatics of professional discourse 7, no. 1 (April 7, 2016): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.7.1.03bon.

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Company disclosures are often looked at as narrative rather than argumentative or directive texts. And yet “irrealis” statements – references to future or hypothetical processes – do play a role and contribute greatly to the construction of corporate identity. Combining a corpus and a discourse perspective, the paper looks at references to the future in a corpus of CSR (corporate social responsibility) reports. After a preliminary analysis of frequency data, a case study of markers of futurity is presented, focusing on ways of expressing prediction or commitment, together with attitudinal values or evaluations of importance. Keywords and phraseology are studied to highlight how prediction and commitment statements are used to legitimize the company’s (past) conduct.

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Jiang, Bing Chuan, Xiong You, Qing Xia, and Wei Zhang. "Preliminary Study on Voxel-Based Virtual Geographic Environment Representation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 307 (February 2013): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.307.464.

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The expression of virtual geographic environment is based on the surface modeling, such as three-dimensional terrain modeling and rendering most of which are based on the polygon grid and 2D textured. In the expression of extreme terrain, such as caves, cliffs, canyons it seems powerless. However, the voxel-based terrain modeling has been more useful than polygon modeling expression in the field of real-time terrain deformation, extreme terrain simulation and geographic process expression. Furthermore, virtual geographic environment based on the traditional surface model is difficult to realistically simulate the real world which is volumetric. This paper analyzes the trends of the geographical environment representation, and discusses the typical voxel-based applications in natural phenomena simulation, terrain modeling and spatial process analysis. It provides the references for the integrative representation of the unified voxel and surface model, and for the construction of virtual geographic environment unified platform.

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Sorokina, Elena A. "References for a Preliminary Ruling to the European Union Court of Justice: The Substantive Criteria of Admissibility." Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 14, no. 4 (October 9, 2019): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2019-14-4-sorokina.

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The preliminary ruling procedure as stipulated by Article 276 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union had a significant impact on the de-ve lop ment of EU law and became a collaborative tool as part of the dialogue bet-ween supranational and national judges.The mechanism of preliminary ruling enables to ensure a uniform interpretation and application of the provisions of EU law with all member states and consti tutes an instrumental element for preserving the uniformity of the European legal system.When developing the mechanism of preliminary ruling at EU level one consi-dered constitutional & legal traditions of member states, however, for long periods, the EU was perceived as "exotic" one and its impact on the national law was often underesti mated. Initially there were no any clear concepts how the mechanism of preliminary ruling would work. The EU court encouraged national judges of member states to use this mechanism; however, gradually it started introducing certain acceptability criteria in respect of such requests.The practice of the EU Court was summarized in the updated Rules of Procedure of 25 September 2012. During the period from 2014 to 2018, the number of cases sub mitted for preliminary ruling procedure was increasingly growing. Consequently, natio nal courts had started using this procedure relatively intensively and the con so-li dation of acceptability criteria created no serious problems for them.The imposition by the EU Court of minimal requirements towards the substance of requests does not reduce their number, since the acknowledgement of a re quest as inadmissible does not prevent a national court from sending a repeated re quest. However, it contributes to the improvement of quality and efficiency of the pre li mi-nary ruling procedure. The establishment of the respective requirements is necessary to ensure that the EU Court could provide national courts with an interpretation of EU law useful for resolution of a specific dispute and ensure constructiveness of the dialogue.

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Guimarães, Tamar. "A Preliminary List of References for an Unrealized Project at the New Oslo Public Library." Public 31, no. 61 (December 1, 2020): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public_00031_1.

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Listed references for a play in nine acts, on hospitality and its pitfalls, proposed as a public art project for the New Oslo Public Library. The project was not realized. The proposal was to run a series of participatory workshops for library users and library staff. The process would have concluded with the performance of a musical banquet where the final performances were only one aspect of the work instead of its most important part.

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Silva-Filho, José Humberto, Sonia Regina Pasian, and Francisco de Assis Carvalho do Vale. "Typical performance of elderly patients with Alzheimer disease on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 1, no. 2 (June 2007): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10200011.

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Abstract The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological assessment tool designed to assess executive functions, frequently used in cases of cognitive disorders. However, Brazilian neuroscientific settings lack standardization studies of psychological assessment instruments, especially in the neuropsychological area. Thus, the assessment of clinical groups including dementias and particularly Alzheimer´s disease (AD) patients, may be compromised by the lack of analytical references. Objective: To characterize the performance of elderly patients with Alzheimer´s disease on the WCST, aiming at establishing preliminary evaluative norms. Method: Thirty-six elderly patients (mean age of 75.8 years) with mild AD from a teaching hospital were assessed using the printed form of the WCST. Results: The elderly patients with AD had impaired performance on the various WCST technical indicators, highlighting cognitive deficit with traces of stereotyped behavior and failures in working memory, conceptualization and learning. The results allowed preliminary norms to be defined for elderly AD patients on the various WCST indicators, grading their performance in eight diagnostic areas and yielding the identification of different levels of impairment of executive functions in these elderly patients. Conclusions: The results demonstrated specific aspects of performance on the WCST by elderly people with AD, highlighting the effect of the disease on cognitive performance and executive functioning. Those normative references, although preliminary make a significant contribution to the neuropsychological assessment of AD patients in the Brazilian context, within the informative scope of the WCST.

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Roig, Miguel. "Re-Using Text from One's Own Previously Published Papers: An Exploratory Study of Potential Self-Plagiarism." Psychological Reports 97, no. 1 (August 2005): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.1.43-49.

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A preliminary, two-part study explored the extent to which authors reuse portions of their own text from previously published papers. All 9 articles from a recent issue of a psychology journal were selected as target papers. Up to 3 of the most recent references cited in each of the target articles and written by the same authors were also obtained. All target articles and their corresponding references were stored digitally. Then, using specialized software, each reference was compared to its target article to assess the number of strings of text identical to both papers. Only one of the nine target articles reused significant amounts of text from one of its references. To explore further the possibility of additional text reuse, the references in each of the 9 sets of papers were compared against each other. The new comparison identified 5 pairs of papers with a substantial number of identical strings of text of 6 consecutive words in length or longer, but most of the reused text was confined to the Method section. The results suggest that some of these authors reuse their own text with some frequency, but this was largely confined to complex methodological descriptions of a research design and procedure.

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Krisnadi, Ignatius. "“IMAGINE YOURSELF” BEING A DIGNIFIED NATION: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT." Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah 12, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/historia.v12i1.12124.

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This paper is constructed in the purpose to identify the Javanese local wisdom in order to develop a dignified Indonesian nation. Discussion on this paper will cover several issues as follows: identification of the Javanese local wisdom of the previous era, the broken down of society order due to Western culture penetration, and cultural strategy for the purpose of developing a dignified Indonesia.Success in identifying the Javanese local wisdom and causal factors of the Javanese society disorder, as well as the way out of kalabendu era, can be used as references to form cultural strategies in order to develop the dignified Indonesia. The cultural strategies mentioned are as follows: national repentance (National Reconciliation), law enforcement, the clean, honest, impartial and prestigious government’s implementation, cultural movement of corruption eradication, inistilling the sense to value the domestic products and proud to be Indonesian, instilling the culture of being ashamed of doing something improper, science and technology development based on well-mannered, law, and humanity norms, and build social ethos based on religion.

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Leliana, Ayunita, Laily Maulida Septiana Harti, Fauris Zuhri, and Dwi Cahyani Sri Kusumaningtyas. "Digital Literacy: Text Credibility on Critical Reading Material." JET ADI BUANA 6, no. 01 (April 30, 2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/jet.v6.n01.2021.3512.

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With the onset of the digital era, the classroom's teaching and learning process has also shifted. The use of technology makes it easy for lecturers and students to access various information and references on the internet. However, not all of the information and concerns come from reliable and credible sources, so it is necessary to select and sort out the references used. This research's background determines students' ability to find and utilize and evaluate the credibility of information to be used in their writing. Although most students can use digital technology in their daily lives, they have difficulty determining whether the articles or texts from the internet come from credible sources or just subjective opinions that are not strong enough to be used as references in the 2018 class. Students' skills have an impact on the search for reference sources when they write scientific papers. The preliminary observations on students of 2018 and 2019 have shown that some students stated that they were very familiar with information technology and accessed the internet skillfully. Some had difficulty finding the required references. The output of this research is a guide for checking the credibility of references and articles published in journals so that the public can refine the findings of this study by providing contributive input. If the results are positive, it means that they can be applied to other courses in other classes as well.

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Repetto, Giorgio. "Pouring New Wine into New Bottles? The Preliminary Reference to the CJEU by the Italian Constitutional Court." German Law Journal 16, no. 6 (December 2015): 1449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200021210.

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In the ongoing debate about preliminary references raised by constitutional courts, the ItalianCorte costituzionale(Constitutional Court, hereafter, ICC) is apparently a latecomer. Despite its pivotal role in the founding era in which the relationships between Community law and national legal orders were assessed, its reluctance towards preliminary references to the ECJ (since 2009: Court of Justice of the European Union, CJEU) has repeatedly been invoked as a standard in legal scholarship. Whereas from the early 1960s onwards it engaged dialectically with the CJEU, and contributed to some basic tenets of EC lawvis-à-visnational law (direct effect, primacy, limits concerning basic constitutional principles, so-calledcounter-limits), it appeared for a long time to be almost silent on the crucial aspect concerning its ability to enter into a direct dialogue with the CJEU via the preliminary reference procedure. Although this ambivalence may appear contradictory, one should not forget that behind the scenes, dialogue took place along indirect or “hidden” channels. Either in response to claims raised by the judiciary inincidenterproceedings, or in adjudicating disputes between State and Regions inprincipaliterones, the ICC often sent messages and alerts to the CJEU. In so doing, it indirectly contributed to shaping the relationships between EU law and domestic law. In the long run, the absence of the ICC's direct involvement in the relationships with the CJEU has, however, estranged its action from the core of EU law in favor of the partnership between the CJEU and the common judges (both ordinary and administrative).

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Adiputra, Dimas, Mohd Azizi Abdul Rahman, Ubaidillah, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Nurhazimah Nazmi, Muhammad Kashfi Shabdin, Jun Kobayashi, and Mohd Hatta Mohammed Ariff. "Control Reference Parameter for Stance Assistance Using a Passive Controlled Ankle Foot Orthosis—A Preliminary Study." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 4416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204416.

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This paper aims to present a preliminary study of control reference parameters for stance assistance among different subjects and walking speeds using a passive-controlled ankle foot orthosis. Four young male able-bodied subjects with varying body mass indexes (23.842 ± 4.827) walked in three walking speeds of 1, 3, and 5 km/h. Two control references, average ankle torque (aMa), and ankle angular velocity (aω), which can be implemented using a magnetorheological brake, were measured. Regression analysis was conducted to identify suitable control references in the three different phases of the stance. The results showed that aω has greater correlation (p) with body mass index and walking speed compared to aMa in the whole stance phase (p1(aω) = 0.666 > p1(aMa) = 0.560, p2(aω) = 0.837 > p2(aMa) = 0.277, and p3(aω) = 0.839 > p3(aMa) = 0.369). The estimation standard error (Se) of the aMa was found to be generally higher than of aω (Se1(aMa) = 2.251 > Se1(aω) = 0.786, Se2(aMa) = 1.236 > Se2(aω) = 0.231, Se3(aMa) = 0.696 < Se3(aω) = 0.755). Future studies should perform aω estimation based on body mass index and walking speed, as suggested by the higher correlation and lower standard error as compared to aMa. The number of subjects and walking speed scenarios should also be increased to reduce the standard error of control reference parameters estimation.

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Ferguson, Roisean E., Helen P. Carroll, Adrian Harris, Eamonn R. Maher, Peter J. Selby, and Rosamonde E. Banks. "Housekeeping proteins: A preliminary study illustrating some limitations as useful references in protein expression studies." PROTEOMICS 5, no. 2 (February 2005): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200400941.

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Sweet, Alec Stone, and Thomas L. Brunell. "The European Court and the national courts: a statistical analysis of preliminary references, 1961–95." Journal of European Public Policy 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 66–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501768880000041.

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Leijon, Karin. "National courts and preliminary references: supporting legal integration, protecting national autonomy or balancing conflicting demands?" West European Politics 44, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 510–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2020.1738113.

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Lyon, Tim D., and Farrokh Mistree. "A Computer-Based Method for the Preliminary Design of Ships." Journal of Ship Research 29, no. 04 (December 1, 1985): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1985.29.4.251.

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Traditionally, the preliminary ship design process involves satisfying each design requirement sequentially, modifying the dimensions and repeating the process until all requirements are met. This approach neglects the interaction between the major design requirements (such as the effect of stability on deadweight), resulting in an acceptable instead of an optimal design. In order to achieve the most efficient and effective design, a multiple-objective optimization technique has been used. In the past, multiple-objective problems could be solved only in the linear domain using goal programming techniques. The proposed preliminary design optimization model involves a mix of linear and nonlinear goals and constraints and has been solved by a new method (see references [8, 9]). Five comprehensive examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and to provide a basis for comparison with other published work. This is believed to be the first application of nonlinear goal programming in this field. The computer-based method proposed is new and makes an important contribution toward the automation of the preliminary design process.

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Brac De La Perrière, Eloïse. "Manuscripts in Bihari Calligraphy: Preliminary Remarks on a Little-Known Corpus." Muqarnas Online 33, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993_03301p005.

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Within the corpus of manuscripts attributed to Sultanate India (thirteenth to sixteenth centuries), one group of Korans stands out. These Korans, which are in the Bihari script, follow precise and recurrent rules. They are defined by the use of Bihari calligraphy, a writing style specific to the Indian subcontinent, as well as by a common ornamentation and a particular page layout that reveals a complex hermeneutical system. This system is made up of different categories of texts related to the Koran, among which are repeated references to the canonical readings, or qiraʾāt. Several manuscripts also contain a book of divination (fālnāma) appended at the end. The oldest specimens are among the earliest known manuscripts for India, even though their production extended into the nineteenth century, which raises numerous questions about the milieu in which they may have come into existence and the uses for which they may have been intended.

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Vatsov, Mihail. "European Integration Through Preliminary Rulings? The Case of the Bulgarian Constitutional Court." German Law Journal 16, no. 6 (December 2015): 1591–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200021283.

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The preliminary reference procedure under Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is instrumental for the so-called “judicial dialogue” within the European Union (EU). The goals of the preliminary reference procedure are to ensure the uniform interpretation and application of EU law and to contribute to the harmonious development of the law throughout the EU. It was through the preliminary reference procedure to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) that the principles of direct effect and supremacy were developed. It took many years before the first request by a Constitutional Court was sent to the CJEU. So far, the Constitutional Courts of Belgium, Austria, Lithuania, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, and most recently Slovenia, have sent requests for preliminary rulings to the CJEU. By far the most active of these in sending requests has been the Belgian Court. The Portuguese Constitutional Court has indicated that it can request preliminary rulings from the CJEU but is yet to do so. In the other Member States (MS) with Constitutional Courts, references have not been sent yet, although worthy occasions in terms of EU-law-related cases have occurred, as also observed in various contributions in this special issue. These MSs include Bulgaria.

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Zhang, Lingli. "A Preliminary Study on Improving the Teaching Quality of Chinese Language and Culture for International Students." Lifelong Education 9, no. 5 (August 2, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/le.v9i5.1246.

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With the rapid development of my country's economy and the rapid advancement of its international status, the trend of learning Chinese language and culture has set off worldwide. Therefore, how to effectively improve the Chinese language level of foreign students coming to China has become a problem that many teachers need to solve. The author starts with the factors that affect the improvement of foreign students' Chinese proficiency, looking for teaching methods to ensure the rapid improvement of teaching quality, and hopes to provide references for other teachers.

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Verma, Shilpi, Alka Mishra, and Vandana Shrivastava. "Yagya Therapy in Vedic and Ayurvedic Literature: A Preliminary exploration." Interdisciplinary Journal of Yagya Research 1, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/ijyr.v1i1.7.

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There is ample description of Yagya in Vedic literature that refers to its multiple applications such as social development, spiritual development, ecological balance, and preventing and curing diseases. Among them, one important aspect is health. Therapeutic application of Yagya is known as Yagya Therapy or Yagyopathy. In India, people perform Yagya for various reasons and knowingly and unknowingly utilize Yagya as therapy. However, its root-knowledge is not known to them. Hence, it is necessary to find the original references of Yagya Therapy from Vedic and Ayurvedic texts, which will not only strengthen its conceptual understanding, but will also make the basis for public benefit, as well as for further research. Here, the presented study took narrative literature survey approach. The study attempted to shed light on Yagya Therapy using the descriptions from Vedic and Ayurvedic literature. It has been observed that Vedic literature describes treatment of wide range of diseases (both infectious and non-infectious) and ailments through Yagya, along with the precautions, detailed procedures, causes of diseases, therapeutic supplements, etc. Thus, this study will help in the establishment of Yagya Therapy as an important therapeutic approach, and will pave the way for further investigations in this field.

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Burenkov, A. N., A. I. Shapovalova, V. V. Vlasyuk, and N. G. Bochkarev. "Variability of the Broad Emission Hβ Profile in 3C390.3." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 194 (1999): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900162412.

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The object 3C390.3 is a well known broad-line radio galaxy (z=0.056), whose very broad emission lines are variable in time (see Veilleux and Zheng 1991, and Dietrich at al. 1998 for references). It is known as the prototypical source of broad double-peaked Hβ and Hα emission lines. In this paper we present the preliminary results of spectral observations of 3C390.3 in 1995–1998 on 6-m and 1-m telescopes of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS.

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Farcas, Claudia Geanina, Elena Alina Moaca, Razvan Dragoi, Delia Berceanu Vaduva, Iasmina Marcovici, Ciprian Valentin Mihali, and Felicia Loghin. "Preliminary Results of Betulinic Acid-Loaded Magnetoliposomes - a Potential Approach to Increase Therapeutic Efficacy in Melanoma." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 9 (October 15, 2019): 3372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.9.7552.

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Magnetoliposomes were placed into the biomedical spotlight due to their unique structure, preserving also magnetic features valuable for biomedical applications. The present study provides a preliminary evidence of the cytotoxicity induced by betulinic acid-loaded magnetoliposomes (BA-Fe3O4@Lip) on two melanoma cell lines - A375 and B164A5 cells and one healthy cell line - mice epidermis JB6 Cl 41-5a cells, augmented by references to potential biomedical applications. BA-Fe3O4@Lip showed significant cytotoxicity on the melanoma cell lines, compared with the blank liposomal structures. In addition, the healthy cell line displayed good viability rate after exposure to BA-Fe3O4@Lip.

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Huq, M. M. "Indigenous Technological Capability in Developing Countries: A Preliminary Approach to Identification." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 4II (December 1, 1988): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4iipp.517-527.

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There are two important issues, though closely related, which follow from technology transfers. One of these refers to the appropriateness of imported technology to the recipient countries and the other one refers to the development of indigenous technological capability. The first issue has already attracted close attention from a number of people including the present author.' So far as the issue of indigenous technological capability in less developed countries (LDCs) is concerned, a major discussion centering round the topic took place at a conference held at the Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, in May-June 1982.2 Although a number of important areas were debated in the above conference, no attempt was made to make any measurement of ITC achievement in LDCs, the theme of the present paper. In an earlier article, the author had an opportunity to make observations on the use of indigenous and imported technologies in East and West Africa. The present article while making general observations on ITC achievement in developing countries will, however, make specific references to three countries of the Indian sub-continent- India,Pakistanand Banglades

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Bogojević, Sanja. "Judicial Dialogue Unpacked: Twenty Years of Preliminary References on Environmental Matters Initiated by the Swedish Judiciary." Journal of Environmental Law 29, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqx009.

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Yu, Gang, Ming Qiu Zhang, and Han Min Zeng. "Carbon Black Filled Polyolefine as a PTC Material: Melt Rheological Behavior." Advanced Composites Letters 6, no. 6 (November 1997): 096369359700600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359700600604.

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The melt rheological properties of low density polyethylene filled with carbon black as a PTC material have been investigated in the shear rate range 11.52 to 2280s−1. The data obtained in a capillary rheometer were presented to describe the effect of content, morphology and treatments of carbon black as well as shear rate on flow behavior, melt viscosity, temperature sensitivity and shear sensitivity, in hopes of giving preliminary references for a better understanding of the relationship between composition, processing and property of this kind of material.

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Qin, Runqi, and Xinjian Li. "A Preliminary Study on Green Building 3D Modelling Energy-saving Design Combined with Traditional Ecological Concepts." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123703021.

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By combining the green ecological wisdom on traditional Chinese residential buildings, this paper summarized the ideas that can be used for references and applications in modern green energy-saving design. In addition, in view of the inherent shortcomings of traditional residential buildings, this paper proposed a green energy-saving design method for traditional residential buildings based on 3D modelling technology, which is complementary to the traditional ecological construction concept. Based on the establishment of a 3D building information model of traditional residential buildings, the optimal solution for the energy-saving design of green buildings is found through energy-saving adjustments to the building space structure and building spacing parameters.

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Santos, Layara De Paula Sousa, Thiago Augusto Mendes, Gustavo Rodrigues de Oliveira Abreu, Agenor Sousa Santos Neto, and Valéria De Sousa Leitão. "Software para Pré-Dimensionamento de Aterro Sanitário pelo Método Das Trincheiras Destinado a Municípios de Pequeno Porte." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 20, no. 1 (February 27, 2016): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117019912.

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The work was mainly intended to subsidize design elements and management to develop computer application involving the preliminary design of landfills by the method of the trenches for the small municipalities. The computational tool (software) developed in Java requires input data to be supplied by the user so that it processes the calculations for disposal of urban waste and health in landfills run by the method of the trenches. After the entry of data by the user, click on the button "CALCULATE" of the software, then calculations, tables and graphics output is processed and can now be viewed and analyzed. The results of preliminary design for different scenarios (input data) obtained were satisfactory as presented validity compared with the calculation script established by the different academic references of the area as Kroetz (2003) and Ferreira (2008).

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Shrestha, Laxmi, Bishal Joshi, and Anand Kumar. "Writing A Research Paper: A Guide." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 9, no. 01 (June 22, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v9i01.37987.

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INTRODUCTION A research paper is a part of academic writing where there is a gathering of information from different sources. It is multistep process. Selection of title is the most important part of research writing. The title which is interesting should be chosen for the research purpose. All the related information is gathered and the title for research is synthesized. After thorough understanding and developing the title, the preliminary outline is made which maintains the logical path for its exploration. After preliminary research, proper research work is started with collection of previous resources which is then organized and important points are noted. Then research paper is written by referring to outlines, notes, articles, journals and books. The research paper should be well structured containing core parts like introduction, material and methods, results and disscussion and important additional parts like title, abstract, references.

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Dong, Xinlin. "A preliminary research on the burials of the Mongol Khanate period and Yuan Dynasty in northern area." Chinese Archaeology 18, no. 1 (November 27, 2018): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2018-0016.

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Abstract Based on the periodization and zoning of the burials of the Mongol Khanate period and the Yuan Dynasty and referring to the textual materials of the stone tablets and epitaphs and the different funeral customs, this paper classified these burials into the burials of the Mongol people, the burials of the “Mongolized” people, the burials of the “Semu ren (Miscellaneous aliens)” and that of the Han people, and preliminarily summarized the features of the funeral customs of the tombs of the Mongol people, provided references for identifying the tombs of the Mongol Khanate period and the Yuan Dynasty without inscriptions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Preliminary references'

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