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Journal articles on the topic 'Premenstrual phase'
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Bryant, M., K. P. Truesdale, and L. Dye. "Modest changes in dietary intake across the menstrual cycle: implications for food intake research." British Journal of Nutrition 96, no. 5 (2006): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061931.
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Food intake varies across the menstrual cycle in mammals, energy intake usually being greater in the premenstrual phase compared with the postmenstrual phase. Premenstrual increments in energy intake and a preferential selection of carbohydrate have been suggested to be greater in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), who may be more sensitive to cyclical hormonal or neurotransmitter fluctuations. This has direct implications for research within populations of women, especially where the primary outcome is diet or a change in energy balance. We aimed to determine whether: the premenstrual intake of energy and macronutrients differed from the postmenstrual intake; the change in intake across the menstrual cycle differed in women with PMS compared with controls; and the change in intake was related to the severity of premenstrual symptoms. We collected 3 d dietary intake data during the postmenstrual and premenstrual phases of the menstrual cycle in thirty-one women with PMS and twenty-seven control women. The consumption of energy and macronutrient intake were similar between the phases of the cycle in women with PMS. Conversely, intakes were usually greater premenstrually in control women, although not all differences were statistically significant. Exceptions were with non-milk extrinsic sugars and alcohol, which were both consumed in greater amounts in the premenstrual phase in women with PMS. Significant correlations were observed between the severity of symptoms and the change in the consumption of these nutrients. These data suggest that a consideration of the menstrual cycle phase and PMS in diet may not be warranted, especially in cross-sectional analysis, although it may need to be taken into account when examining change in intake during dietary interventions.
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O'Boyle, Michael, Sally K. Severino, and Stephen W. Hurt. "Premenstrual Syndrome and Locus of Control." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 18, no. 1 (1989): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hmnx-9v7j-652x-pwj4.
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Seventy-six women completed a three-month prospective evaluation for premenstrual syndrome (PMS). As a part of the evaluation, they completed Rotter's Locus of Control (LOC) form in the follicular phase and premenstrually. It was found that the LOC scores of women meeting criteria for PMS rose significantly (became more “external”) premenstrually, while scores of women without PMS did not show significant change. In addition, the premenstrual LOC scores of women meeting criteria for PMS were significantly higher than were scores of the non-PMS women. The results are consistent with the idea that cycle related changes in self-perception occur in women demonstrating PMS symptomatology.
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Klebanov, Pamela Kato, and John B. Jemmott. "Effects of Expectations and Bodily Sensations on Self-Reports of Premenstrual Symptoms." Psychology of Women Quarterly 16, no. 3 (1992): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1992.tb00256.x.
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Two experiments examined expectations and bodily sensations in premenstrual symptom reports. Women took a fictitious test that indicated they were either “premenstrual” or “intermenstrual.” In Experiment 1, 48 women were studied during their premenstrual phase. In Experiment 2, 82 women were studied during either their premenstrual or intermenstrual phase. Individual differences in retrospective premenstrual distess were assessed prior to the experiments. Both experiments revealed that the higher the woman's retrospective reports of premenstrual distress, the more symptoms she reported in the lab during her premenstrual phase, regardless of what the test indicated. However, women who were told they were premenstrual reported greater symptoms than women who were told they were intermenstrual. In summary, although expectations affect women's symptom reports regardless of their actual phase and history of reported symptoms, premenstrual symptom reports cannot be dismissed as simply expectations, because some women do experience greater symptoms as they approach menstruation.
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Siniatchkin, M., N. Averkina, and WD Gerber. "Relationship between Precipitating Agents and Neurophysiological Abnormalities in Migraine." Cephalalgia 26, no. 4 (2006): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01061.x.
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The particular mechanisms of migraine anticipation by different precipitating agents are still unknown. The contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded in the premenstrual and ovulation phases of the cycle in both rest and stress conditions in 17 migraine and 15 healthy women. In migraineurs a significant increase of amplitude of the initial CNV component in the premenstrual phase compared with ovulation was observed. During both the ovulation and premenstrual phases both migraineurs and controls demonstrated a significant increase of the CNV amplitude on stress. The increase of the amplitude on stress in the premenstrual phase was more pronounced in migraineurs. This study shows that stress and menstrual cycle are associated with changes of the initial CNV amplitude, probably indicating a higher probability of migraine attacks.
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Udayakumar, Karthika Priyadharshini, Annachira Kushalappa Jayamala, Pavithra Sureshkumar, Latha Radhakrishnan, Tamilselvan Kuppusamy, and Senthil Velou Munian. "ASSESMENT OF STRESS AND COGNITION DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE AMONG YOUNG HEALTHY FEMALES." International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 7, no. 1 (2018): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4481373.
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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Mental stress refers to change in psycho-physiological state that people experience during demanding cognitive activity. The Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal axis reactivity shifts during the adolescent period resulting in stress induced hormonal responses. Stress and cognitive function varies during different phases of menstrual cycle. Hence this study was chosen to find the relation between stress and cognition during different phases of menstrual cycle among adolescent females. AIM: To compare the stress and cognition during different phases of menstrual cycle among adolescent females. METHODOLOGY: After getting institutional ethical committee clearance the tests were carried out in the department of Physiology, SVMCH&RC, Pondicherry. Stress level with perceived stress scale and cognitive functions like Digit symbol substitution test ,Letter digit substitution test , Mini mental status examination , Wechsler memory scale revised , reaction time and critical flicker fusion frequency were determined during the two phases of menstrual cycle among the female volunteers with regular menstrual cycle (n=30). RESULTS : Stress was decreased (p=0.29) in the proliferative phase compared to the premenstrual phase. Cognition was decreased in the premenstrual phase compared to proliferative phase but was not statistically significant. Simple reaction time (p=0.29), choice reaction time (p=0.25) were decreased and CFFF (p=0.24) increased in the proliferative phase compared to premenstrual phase. CONCLUSION : Increase in stress in the premenstrual period is associated with decrease in the cognition among the female adolescents. Thus apart from scholastic activities extra- curricular activities like music, YOGA, dance and physical training can be encouraged to decrease their stress level.
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Pakharenko, Lyudmyla V., Yuri P. Vdovichenko, Nataliia Ya Kurtash, et al. "ESTRADIOL BLOOD LEVEL AND ESR1 GENE POLYMORPHISM IN WOMEN WITH PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 12 (2020): 2581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202012105.
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The aim: To evaluate the association between estrogen receptor (ESR1) α- Xbal polymorphism with estradiol serum blood level in the patients with premenstrual syndrome. Materials and methods: 50 women with premenstrual syndrome and 20 controls were examined. The level of estradiol was measured in the blood serum in both phases of the menstrual cycle by ELISA method. Polymerase chain reaction was used to study ESR1 gene polymorphism (A-351G variant). Results: The estradiol concentration was similar in two phases of the menstrual cycle between healthy women and patients with premenstrual syndrome. But the more growth of estradiol in the luteal phase was determined in the persons with premenstrual syndrome. The rate of GG genotype was the largest in women with severe premenstrual syndrome (χ2=3.52, p=0.06). Also, in the persons with severe premenstrual syndrome who had G allele (GG+AG genotype) the estradiol concentration in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle was on 50.00 % (p=0.02) higher compared to carriers of AA genotype. There was no difference in estradiol level between healthy women with GG+AG genotype and AA genotype. Conclusions: AG polymorphism of ESR1 gene may be the marker of development of premenstrual syndrome.
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Bancroft, John, Ann Cook, David Davidson, John Bennie, and Guy Goodwin. "Blunting of neuroendocrine responses to infusion of L-tryptophan in women with perimenstrual mood change." Psychological Medicine 21, no. 2 (1991): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700020407.
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SYNOPSISThe neuroendocrine response to L-tryptophan infusion was measured at two stages of the menstrual cycle, premenstrually and postmenstrually, in 13 women with and 13 women without premenstrual depression (the MC and NMC groups respectively). Previous studies have shown that in non-depressed women, this challenge test results in an increase in circulating prolactin and growth hormone. In depressed women both responses are blunted. In this study the growth hormone and cortisol responses were smaller in the MC group than the NMC group on both occasions. The prolactin response was blunted premenstrually compared with postmenstrually in both groups. These findings suggest that women who experience premenstrual depression may have neuroendocrine abnormalities throughout the cycle. The neurotransmitter abnormalities reflected in these altered endocrine responses appear to interact with neuroendocrine changes that normally occur premenstrually resulting in a vulnerability to depression at that phase of the cycle.
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Manjula, Jamliya, Patel Jigna, B. Mehta H, and J. Shah C. "EFFECT OF PRE AND POST MENSTRUAL PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE ON SYMPATHETIC FUNCTION TESTS IN HEALTHY ADULT FEMALES." International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 7, no. 1 (2018): 155–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4481724.
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Abstracts: Background: The menstrual cycle is characterized by fluctuations in several hormones, most notably the gonadal steroids, estrogen and progesterone.¹ Sympathetic function tests are the one of the autonomic function tests and it is easy, non invasive test to be carried out. They give us idea about role of gonadal hormone in sympathetic control of cardiovascular system during different phases of menstrual cycle. Aim: Aim of this study is to determine whether fluctuation of reproductive hormone during premenstrual and post menstrual phases affecting sympathetic function tests or not. Objectives: To do and compare sympathetic function tests in pre and post menstrual phase. Methods: Study was carried out in 50 adult healthy female having age group of 26-40 years. Sympathetic function tests were carried out by instrument Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Analyzer (CANS) 504 in Department of Physiology, Government Medical Collage, Bhavnagar. Sympathetic function tests were done using standard protocol and statically analyzed. Results: Statically significant difference was seen between premenstrual phase and postmenstrual phase in all sympathetic function test parameters which includes supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood pressure response to standing and systolic blood pressure response after sustained hand grip test. Interpretation & conclusion: According to this study sympathetic dominance is seen in premenstrual phase of menstrual cycle that may be due to increased level of progesterone and oestrogen in premenstrual phase.
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Hammarbäk, Stefan, Ulla-Britt Ekholm, and Torbjörn Bäckström. "Spontaneous anovulation causing disappearance of cyclical symptoms in women with the premenstrual syndrome." Acta Endocrinologica 125, no. 2 (1991): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1250132.
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Abstract. In the premenstrual syndrome the negative symptoms appear during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum seem to be of great importance in precipitating the syndrome. In a large group of women with premenstrual syndrome investigated daily with symptom ratings and weekly plasma estradiol and progesterone assays, 8 were found to have one ovulatory and one spontaneously occurring anovulatory menstrual cycle. In both these cycles, the post- and premenstrual phases were compared by testing for recurrence of symptoms. All patients showed a highly significant cyclical worsening of negative premenstrual symptoms during the ovulatory cycles, whereas in the anovulatory cycles the cyclical symptoms disappeared, resulting in relief of the premenstrual syndrome. These results support earlier hypotheses, suggesting that the premenstrual syndrome appears as a result of provoking factors produced by the corpus luteum. This view is in line with earlier therapeutic findings showing that induced anovulation can relieve the premenstrual syndrome.
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Lin, Pai-Cheng, Chih-Hung Ko, Yen-Ju Lin, and Ju-Yu Yen. "Insomnia, Inattention and Fatigue Symptoms of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (2021): 6192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126192.
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Aim: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has predictable, cyclic, psychological, and somatic symptoms, such as sleep problems. They result in functional impairment, are aggravated in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and are resolved by menstruation. The present study evaluated the insomnia, inattention, and fatigue symptoms of PMDD and their fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Methods: A total of 100 women were diagnosed as having PMDD based on psychiatric interviews and a prospective investigation of three menstrual cycles. A total of 96 individuals without PMDD were recruited as controls. Their symptoms, namely insomnia, inattention, and fatigue as well as functional impairment were assessed by using the premenstrual symptoms screening tool, the Pittsburgh insomnia rating scale, the attention and performance self-assessment scale, and the fatigue-assessment scale during both premenstrual and follicular phases. Results: In both the premenstrual and follicular phases, women with PMDD experienced more severe insomnia, inattentiveness, and fatigue than did women in the control group. A paired t-test demonstrated that women with PMDD had more severe severity insomnia, inattentiveness, and fatigue in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase. A repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated that the interaction period of PMDD and a menstrual cycle was significantly associated with insomnia, inattentiveness, and fatigue. A further correlation analysis demonstrated that all three symptoms were positively associated with self-reported functional impairment due to PMDD. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that women with PMDD experienced an exacerbation of insomnia, memory problems, difficulty maintaining focus, and fatigue in the premenstrual phase. These symptoms are correlated with PMDD symptoms severity and functional impairment, and as such, they should be evaluated, and interventions should be employed in the late luteal phase of women with PMDD.
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Ramos-Loyo, Julieta, and Araceli Sanz-Martin. "Emotional Experience and Recognition across Menstrual Cycle and in Premenstrual Disorder." International Journal of Psychological Studies 9, no. 4 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n4p33.
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The aim of this study was to determine if differences exist in mood and in the recognition of female and male emotional faces among women in different phases of the menstrual cycle, and in women who suffer from Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) in the premenstrual phase. Both the emotional states and the recognition of female and male emotional faces were assessed in women in each phase of the menstrual cycle: post-menstrual, ovulatory, post-ovulatory and premenstrual. Also evaluated was a group of women who presented symptoms of PMDD during the premenstrual phase. Only the women with PMDD showed significant changes in levels of unpleasant emotions and anxiety. Regardless of group, the highest accuracy was observed for recognition of happiness and disgust, followed by surprise and sadness. The lowest level of recognition was seen for fear and anger. In addition, expressions of happiness and surprise were recognized better on female faces, while fearful and angry expressions were recognized better on male faces. Finally, women in the ovulatory phase and those with PMDD showed higher accuracy when recognizing sadness on male faces. These results suggest that only women with PMDD presented important differences in their emotional experience compared to the other groups. Finally, the gender of the emotion emitter was a factor that affected the recognition of emotions, an effect that was seen to interact slightly with the menstrual cycle phase.
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Chaturvedi, Santosh K., Prabha S. Chandra, G. Gururaj, R. Dhanasekara Pandian, and M. B. Beena. "Suicidal ideas during premenstrual phase." Journal of Affective Disorders 34, no. 3 (1995): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(95)00017-h.
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Manandhar, Seerina Adhikari, Tapas Pramanik, Mrigendra Amatya, and Vinutha Silvanus. "Effect of Premenstrual Stress on Reaction Time among Medical and Dental Students of a Medical College in Kathmandu, Nepal." Nepal Medical College Journal 24, no. 4 (2022): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50578.
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The cyclical variation of ovarian hormones during the menstrual cycle has been implicated as the causative factor for many psychological and physical symptoms referred as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) causing varying degree of stress in females. This study is aimed to find out whether premenstrual stress might cause any alteration in the visual reaction time (VRT) in pre-menstrual and post-menstrual phase. Reaction time is an efficient non-invasive tool to evaluate the sensorimotor efficacy of a person. A cross sectional observational study was carried out in consenting and regularly menstruating 86 undergraduate medical and dental students of age ranging from 18-22 years, for a study period of April 2022 to June 2022. PMS was screened by using the PSST (premenstrual symptoms screening tool) to evaluate the incidence of PMS and the degree of premenstrual stress among the participants. All the participants showed some degree of PMS with 53.4% showing mild and 46.5% showing moderate to severe symptoms while none showed premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). A significant difference in body weight and visual reaction time (P<0.0001) was observed between the premenstrual phase and postmenstrual phase (54.6 ± 7.23 kg Vs 54.2 ± 7.24 kg and 0.959 ± 0.271ms vs 0.811 ± 0.138ms, respectively) irrespective of the PMS degree. The results indicate that premenstrual stress do affect the sensorimotor efficacy in females having PMS.
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Gitanjali, Kumar Ajeet, Ayushi, and Kumar Santosh. "Study of Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Premenstrual and Post Menstrual Phase." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 4 (2023): 479–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12667598.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Menstrual cycle is caused due to cyclical secretion of gonadotropins from pituitary glands which further causes cyclicity of estrogen and progesterone secretion from the ovaries. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> VRT was assessed in pre- and post-menstrual phase with portable instrument. Results were analyzed using Student’s paired <em>t </em>test. Prior approval of the Medical Ethics Committee was obtained for conducting this study in the Department of Physiology of DMCH, Darbhanga. Study duration of Two years. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prolongation of VRT in premenstrual phase is predominantly due to high levels of progesterone. It exerts its action centrally through inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. It delays neuronal conduction time. Effects of progesterone locally acting on the ocular tissue and the intraocular fluid also contribute to prolonging VRT in premenstrual phase.
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DOLLY, GURUMAYUM, and BALAVINDER KAUR B. DR. "A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge of Premenstrual Syndrome among Nursing Students in Selected Nursing Institute in Bangalore." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 8 (2022): 724–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7042120.
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Premenstrual syndrome is the cyclic recurrence of a group of symptoms that appear during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (1-2 weeks prior to menses) and diminish significantly or disappear completely several days after the onset of menstruation. Premenstrual syndrome encompasses a wide variety of symptoms that are unique to and diagnostic of premenstrual syndrome. To be diagnosed with premenstrual syndrome, three conditions must be met: a woman’s symptoms must correspond with the luteal phase and be absent during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle; the symptoms should have some degree of monthly recurrence; and the symptoms must be severe enough to interfere with some aspect of life style. Daily records confirming the severity, impact, and timing of symptoms are essential in confirming the diagnosis and ruling out more chronic disorders.
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Facchinetti, Fabio, Emilia Martignoni, Loridine Fioroni, Grazia Sances, and Andrea R. Genazzani. "Opioid Control of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Cyclically Fails in Menstrual Migraine." Cephalalgia 10, no. 1 (1990): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1990.1001051.x.
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To assess the biological correlates of the precipitation of migraine attacks in the perimenstrual period, plasma b-endorphin (b-EP) and cortisol responses to naloxone (8 mg iv) and corticotropin releasing hormone (100 μg iv) were evaluated in both the follicular phase and the premenstrual period in 7 patients suffering from menstrual migraine and in 7 healthy, asymptomatic control volunteers. In the controls, naloxone evoked a significant release of both b-EP (F = 5.86, p < 0.002) and cortisol (F = 4.43, p < 0.008), independently of the menstrual cycle phase (F = 0.31 and 1.04, for b-EP and cortisol, respectively). Menstrual migraine patients, on the other hand, showed a significant hormone response only in the follicular phase, not in the premenstrual period. Corticotropin releasing hormone significantly increased b-EP and cortisol in both the controls and the menstrual migraine patients, independently of the menstrual cycle phase. In both the naloxone and corticotropin releasing hormone testings, the basal b-EP levels measured in the premenstrual period were lower than those observed in the follicular phase ( p < 0.02). These data demonstrate a cyclical, premenstrual dysfunction of the hypothalamic control exerted by opioids on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Impairment of this fundamental adaptive mechanism (involved in stress responses and in pain control) could establish a causal relationship between menstrual-related migraine attacks and premenstrual opioid hyposensitivity.
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Diener, Don, Francine Linda Greenstein, and P. Diane Turnbough. "Cyclical Variation in Digit-Span and Visual-Search Performance in Women Differing in the Severity of Their Premenstrual Symptoms." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 1 (1992): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.1.67.
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Groups of women differing in the severity of reported premenstrual symptoms were compared over two menstrual cycles on a digit-span task, a visual-search task, and a combination of the two. Neither group exhibited large performance changes during the premenstrual phase of the cycle. High-symptom women differed somewhat from low-symptom women in the effect of menstrual phase on digit-span performance, recalling slightly fewer series correctly during the premenstrual phase. The response latency of high-symptom women on the visual-search task was substantially longer than that of the low-symptom women regardless of menstrual phase. These results suggest that there may be stable differences between high-symptom and low-symptom subjects that are greater than the cyclical fluctuation within either group.
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Bu, Lingling, Yuting Lai, Yingyan Deng, et al. "Negative Mood Is Associated with Diet and Dietary Antioxidants in University Students During the Menstrual Cycle: A Cross-Sectional Study from Guangzhou, China." Antioxidants 9, no. 1 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010023.
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Postpubescent females may have negative mood or premenstrual syndrome during the menstrual cycle; with the emotional and physical symptoms interfering with their quality of life. Little is known about the relationship of dietary behaviors and dietary antioxidant intake with negative mood or premenstrual syndrome in university students in China; so we explored the relationship between negative mood and dietary behavior in female university students during the three menstrual cycle phases. Random sampling was used to enroll 88 individuals from a university in Guangzhou; China in the study. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. During the menstrual phase, tea, black coffee and carbonated beverage intake was higher in the group with a high negative affect scale score than in the low score group (p < 0.05). Likewise; during the premenstrual phase, fresh fruit (banana and red Chinese dates) intake was higher in the group with a high negative affect scale score than in the low-score group (p < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis results showed that negative mood was positively associated with tea, coffee, and carbonated beverage intake during the menstrual phase (β = 0.21, p = 0.0453, odds ratio = 1.23), and negative mood was positively associated with banana and red Chinese dates intake during the premenstrual phase (β = 0.59, p = 0.0172, odds ratio = 1.81). Our results suggest that negative mood may be associated with diet and specific food in university postpubescent females.
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Cross, Giordana B., John Marley, Helen Miles, and Kristyn Willson. "Changes in nutrient intake during the menstrual cycle of overweight women with premenstrual syndrome." British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 4 (2001): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2000283.
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This study presents the nutrient data collected from women who were being screened for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) for entry into an intervention study. Screening was by the Steiner self-rated questionnaire. One hundred and forty-four overweight women completed the screening process and eighty-eight met the criteria for PMS. All women kept 4 d diet diaries pre- and postmenstrually over two menstrual cycles. The mean energy and macronutrient intakes were compared between the pre- and postmenstrual phases. Energy and macronutrient intake was also calculated according to food categories. Goldberg's cut-off limit for the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate was used to exclude data that was incompatible with predicted energy requirements. The diet diaries were also used to determine the mean number of meals or snacks eaten pre- and postmenstrually. Nutrient analysis of the diet diaries of the women with PMS showed a significant increase (P<0.001) in total energy and all macronutrients premenstrually when compared to nutrient intake postmenstrually. Women who did not meet the criteria for PMS showed a significant increase in energy and fat intake (P<0.05) but not in the other macronutrients. When adjusted for energy, data collected from women with PMS showed a premenstrual significant increase in fat, carbohydrate (P<0.05) and simple sugars (P<0.001). There was a significant decrease (P<0.001) in protein premenstrually. Women not meeting the PMS criteria showed no significant difference between pre- and postmenstrual intakes when adjusted for energy. Analysis according to food categories in women with PMS showed a significantly greater intake premenstrually of energy and all macronutrients for cereals, cakes and desserts and high-sugar foods (P<0.001). In women with PMS there was a significantly greater number of ‘episodes of eating’ premenstrually (P<0.001). This study provides further evidence, to support the very limited number of earlier studies, that there is a group of women with PMS who increase their nutrient intake during the premenstrual phase. This could potentially be a contributing factor for some women experiencing difficulties adhering to suggested dietary modification and should be considered when counselling premenopausal women.
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Shanmugaratnam, Shiva, Hari Shanmugaratnam, and Miss Maryam Parisaei. "Premenstrual syndrome." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 6, no. 5 (2013): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738012467442.
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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterised by cyclical physical, behavioural and psychological symptoms occurring during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (the time between ovulation and the onset of menstruation). The symptoms disappear or significantly regress by the end of menstruation. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a more severe variant of premenstrual syndrome. PMS is common and severe symptoms can have detrimental effects on a woman's quality of life. GPs play a key role in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. This article aims to provide an overview of the current evidence and guidelines for recognising and managing PMS in general practice.
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Mira, M., S. Abraham, D. McNeil, et al. "The inter-relationship of premenstrual symptoms." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 5 (1995): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700037430.
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SYNOPSISThe prospective symptom reports of women seeking treatment for premenstrual symptoms and control subjects were investigated. In order to compare symptom reports from premenstrual symptom sufferers and control subjects a method of combining and analysing prospectively collected menstrual cycle symptom data is required. A technique that uses the time of onset of menses and the time of ovulation (as measured by urinary luteinizing hormone excretion) to standardize each cycle into 14 time points was developed. Summary factors were then empirically derived from data collected prospectively from 30 premenstrual symptom sufferers and 19 control subjects. Twenty-two mood symptoms were summarized into a single factor and the 29 most frequently occurring physical symptoms were summarized into two factors. Factor scores were calculated on the basis of these factors and the effect of time during the menstrual cycle on these scores examined. Both physical symptom factor scores increased significantly in the luteal phase for both the premenstrual symptom sufferer group and the control group. The single mood factor score increased significantly in the luteal phase for the premenstrual symptom sufferer group but not for the control group, suggesting that the only qualitative difference between the groups was the presence of cyclic mood symptoms in the premenstrual symptom sufferer group. The premenstrual symptom sufferer group recorded significantly higher scores on each of the three factors than the control group. The correlation between the scores on each of the factors over three cycles was high both in the follicular and luteal phase suggesting that these factor scores provide a reproducible measure of menstrual cycle symptomatology.
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Morales-Lalaguna, Ana Cristina, Izarbe Ríos-Asín, Pilar Pardos-Aguilella, Jorge Pérez-Rey, Elena Estébanez-de-Miguel, and Miguel Malo-Urriés. "The Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Electrical Thresholds for Sensory and Pain Perception: Implications for Exercise and Rehabilitation in Women With and Without Primary Dysmenorrhea—A Pilot Study." Healthcare 13, no. 11 (2025): 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111240.
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Background: Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle (MC) influence pain perception, potentially affecting exercise performance and rehabilitation in women. This effect may be more pronounced in individuals with primary dysmenorrhea (PD), requiring tailored physiotherapeutic and exercise interventions. Objective: To analyze the influence of MC phases on sensory electrical threshold (SET) and pain electrical threshold (PET) in eumenorrheic women with and without PD, considering the potential implications for physical activity and rehabilitation. Methods: An observational longitudinal study was conducted with 34 physically active women, divided into a control group (CG) and a PD group. SET and PET were measured using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at the forearm (peripheral site) and lower abdomen (pain-referred site) across five MC phases. Pain intensity was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: SET and PET were significantly lower in the premenstrual phase (p < 0.001), suggesting increased pain sensitivity. VAS scores were higher in the PD group during all phases, except for the follicular phase (p < 0.033), with the highest pain levels recorded in the menstrual and premenstrual phases. While no significant differences in SET and PET were found between groups across most phases, the PD group exhibited a significantly higher SET in the forearm during the premenstrual phase (p = 0.005), potentially indicating altered central pain modulation. Conclusions: MC-related hormonal fluctuations affect pain sensitivity, particularly in women with PD. These findings underscore the need for phase-specific exercise adaptations and rehabilitation strategies to improve performance, pain management, and recovery in physically active women.
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RAJKUMAR M, VAISHNAVI S, SHRIBALAJI S, and SHARU LATHA BINU AJ. "Comparing the efficacy of saffron with fluoxetine for the effective management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A review." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 12, no. 2 (2024): 2001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.2.1484.
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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) significantly impacts the emotional and physical well-being of women of reproductive age. Various theories have been proposed about its etiology but still, it is unknown. The PMS starts from the luteal stage of women’s menstrual cycle and affects 20% to 40% of women in their reproductive phase. The severe form of PMS is PMDD which typically affects 3% - 5% of women in their reproductive phase. Standard treatments for these conditions include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline. Fluoxetine is mainly used for the treatment of Premenstrual syndrome and Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Fluoxetine appears to be more effective and better tolerated for treating physical and psychological symptoms associated with severe Premenstrual syndrome and Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Herbal remedies like saffron (crocus sativus) consist of three bioactive compounds: procrocin, safranal, and crocin. Saffron exhibits SSRIs-like actions and is also used in the management of PMS and PMDD. This review critically evaluates the comparative effectiveness of saffron and fluoxetine in the management of PMDD, aiming to provide valuable insights for treatment decisions.
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Chaturvedi, Santosh K. "Chronic Pain and the Premenstrual Phase." Clinical Journal of Pain 3, no. 2 (1987): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-198703020-00002.
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Ussher, Jane M., and Janette Perz. "“I feel fat and ugly and hate myself”: Self-objectification through negative constructions of premenstrual embodiment." Feminism & Psychology 30, no. 2 (2020): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353519900196.
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The body is central to women’s construction of premenstrual change as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and to experiences of premenstrual distress. Embodied change, such as bloating or breast tenderness, can act as a marker of PMS. Within biomedical models, PMS is located within the body. Women’s dissatisfaction with their bodies is also reported to be higher in the premenstrual phase of the cycle. What is absent from this analysis is the meaning and experience of embodied change, in the context of broader constructions of femininity and embodiment. In this paper, we adopt a feminist material-discursive theoretical framework to examine the role of premenstrual embodiment in women’s premenstrual distress, drawing on open-ended survey responses and interviews with 83 women who self-diagnose as “PMS sufferers”. We theorize premenstrual body hatred as subjectification, wherein women take up cultural discourse associated with idealized femininity and the stigmatization of the fat body, resulting in self-objectification, distress and dehumanization. However, women can resist negative cultural constructions of premenstrual embodiment. We describe the impact of psychological therapy which increases awareness of emotional and embodied change, resulting in greater acceptance of the premenstrual body and self-care, serving to reduce premenstrual distress and self-objectification.
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SANDRU, Florica, Mihai Cristian DUMITRASCU, Eugenia PETROVA, et al. "Premenstrual syndrome and cortisol." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 16, no. 1 (2021): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2021.1.2.
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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), including the severe subtype premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), DSM-5 category, represents a challenging combination of hormonal, environmental and neuroendocrine dysfunctions with menstrual cycle-related pattern. Controversies around the role of daily stress and associated anomalies of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are related to the fact that stress is all the time, not just a fluctuating element. This is a narrative review on PMS/PMDD and cortisol profile. 46 articles are cited (between 2009 and 2020). PMD/PMDD underlines multiple imbalances and anomalies of the cortisol levels or its secretory pattern may be a few of them, despite the fact that multiple controversies are still present and most of studies are of limited statistical power. Women with PMS may have higher levels of cortisol in relationship to stress independently of the cycle phase, also a delay of CAR (cortisol awakening response) peak and a delayed cortisol slope during day time. It does not seem that CAR pattern is related to the phases of menstrual cycle. CAR anomalies may be associated with pain perception disturbances in PMS females. The most modern area of interest is related to allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite with neuroactive profile. The diurnal serum baseline cortisol and the values of cortisol after dexamethasone suppression test may be similar between patients with PMS and without, but the females with PMS that have higher allopregnanolone associate blunted values of cortisol during the night versus control (without PMS) and versus women with low allopregnanolone levels, thus proving a suboptimal response to stress. Allopregnanolone modules GABA receptors on a paradoxical manner inducing anxiety and irritability during luteal phase on women with a specific predisposal configuration of GABA receptor as those confirmed with PMDD. Overall, PMS/PMDD impairs the quality of life, thus the more we understand about its pathogeny, the easier it gets to control it.
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Padmavathi, P., S. Raja Sankar, and N. Kokilavani. "Premenstrual Symptoms and Academic Performance Among Adolescent Girls." Asian Journal of Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (2013): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/ajhs.v1i1.411.
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Premenstrual syndrome is a psychophysiological stress induced disorder. Stress disturbs the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Changes in heart rate and blood pressure are the most important physiological response following stress.To correlate the premenstrual symptoms and academic performance among adolescent girls. A correlational survey was adopted for the study Setting: Higher secondary school, NamakkalDistrict. 60adolescentgirlsfulfillingtheinclusioncriteriawereselectedbysimplerandomsamplingtechnique.Allparticipantsweregiven a questionnaire to complete; questions were related to Baseline Proforma of adolescent girls, rating scale on the common premenstrual symptoms, Student life stress Inventory, Academic Demand Distress were given 40 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The findings revealed that, there was significantly higher numbers of symptoms perceived 8.46±2.9 follicular and 7.14±2.8, luteal, p=.001 and higher distress (1.25±0.41 follicular and 1.52±0.31 luteal, p=.003) in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase. The academic demand component of academic stress measured daily frequency and distress associated with assignments, papers, projects/presentation and time studying. Within the follicular phase number of assignments due was significantly correlated to symptom perception and distress (.41, .31, respectively) and the number of projects/presentations due was correlated to symptom distress (.29) at p<.05. There were significant correlations between follicular phase symptom perception and distress, and luteal phase symptom distress with academic demand distress. There was significant correlation between premenstrual symptoms and academic performance.
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Harina, Senthil Kumar S, and Karthika Ramalingam. "Effectiveness of Pilates Exercises Versus Stretching Exercise in Reducing Premenstrual Syndrome among College Girls." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 19, no. 2 (2025): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.37506/0j4vdf46.
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Background: The majority of women who are of reproductive age have premenstrual syndrome, a variety of issues that impact them throughout the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. The symptoms of premenstrual syndrome affect both physical and emotional states, and the most commonly experienced symptoms are stiffness or cramps, abdominal cramps, breast pain, and moodiness. To determine the effect of Pilates and stretching exercises on premenstrual syndrome using premenstrual syndrome questionnaire and visual analog scale among young girls. Methods: The study was conducted at Saveetha College of Physiotherapy with 250 female students recruited using convenient sampling. They were recruited and tested using the premenstrual syndrome questionnaire before and after the treatment. Among them, 152 students who had premenstrual symptoms were divided equally into two groups: the Pilates group (n = 76) and the stretching group (n = 76). The Pilates group received Pilates exercises, and the stretching group received stretching exercises for 12 weeks with 3 sessions per week. The visual analogue scale and premenstrual syndrome questionnaire were used as outcome measures for the study. Results: The premenstrual syndrome questionnaire and visual analogue scale pre- and post-test results revealed a significant difference (p<0.0001) between the two groups. where the Pilates group showed better results than the stretching group in reducing premenstrual syndrome.
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Ryan, Samantha, Jane M. Ussher, and Alexandra Hawkey. "Mapping the abject: Women's embodied experiences of premenstrual body dissatisfaction through body-mapping." Feminism & Psychology 32, no. 2 (2022): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09593535211069290.
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Women's body shame and body dissatisfaction increase in the premenstrual phase of the cycle, associated with premenstrual distress. However, the meaning and consequences of premenstrual body dissatisfaction remain underexplored. The aim of this study was to explore how women who report premenstrual body dissatisfaction construct and experience their bodies, using qualitative arts-based methods. Four hundred and sixty women completed online open-ended survey questions and 16 women took part in body-mapping and an interview. Thematic analysis identified three major themes: construction of the premenstrual body as abject, manifested by positioning of the body and self as fat, leaking and dirty; self-policing and self-regulation through increased scrutinising and concealment of the premenstrual body; and resistance of cultural constructions of idealised femininity. These findings emphasise the need to acknowledge changes in body dissatisfaction across the menstrual cycle, and the implication for women's feelings about the self. Internalisation of negative constructions of the female body plays a role in women's experience of premenstrual change and distress. There is a need for further research to examine the role of body management behaviours in premenstrual body dissatisfaction and distress.
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Schmalenberger, Katja M., Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul, Lena Würth, et al. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Within-Person Changes in Cardiac Vagal Activity across the Menstrual Cycle: Implications for Female Health and Future Studies." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (2019): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111946.
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Interest in cardiac vagal activity (CVA; e.g., parasympathetically-mediated heart rate variability) as a biomarker of physical and mental health has increased exponentially in recent years. However, the understanding of sources of within-person change (i.e., intra-individual variance) in CVA is lagging behind. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes and quantifies current empirical evidence of within-person changes in measures of CVA across the menstrual cycle in naturally-cycling premenopausal females. We conducted an extensive literature search following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement in five databases to identify observational studies with repeated measures of CVA in at least two menstrual cycle phases. A broad meta-analysis (nstudies = 37; nindividuals = 1,004) revealed a significant CVA decrease from the follicular to luteal phase (d = −0.39, 95% CI (−0.67, −0.11)). Furthermore, 21 studies allowed for finer-grained comparisons between each of two cycle phases (menstrual, mid-to-late follicular, ovulatory, early-to-mid luteal, and premenstrual). Significant decreases in CVA were observed from the menstrual to premenstrual (nstudies = 5; nindividuals = 200; d = −1.17, 95% CI (−2.18, −0.17)) and from the mid-to-late follicular to premenstrual phases (nstudies = 8; nindividuals = 280; d = −1.32, 95% CI (−2.35, −0.29)). In conclusion, meta-analyses indicate the presence of CVA fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. Future studies involving CVA should control for cycle phase. Recommendations for covarying or selecting cycle phase are provided.
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Blaginin, Andrey A., Tatiana A. Lapshina, Yury A. Emelyanov, Dmitry V. Bakovetc, and Elizabeth A. Dudina. "Tolerability of statokinetic load by female servicemen in different phases of the ovarian–menstrual cycle." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 26, no. 1 (2024): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma567974.
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Currently, women in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are trained in higher flight educational institutions, including the Faculty of Fighter Aviation. In 2022, the first issue of female pilots was conducted. However, the existing selection system, including assessment and training of statokinetic stability, is based on male physiological characteristics and does not consider cyclic hormonal changes occurring in a woman’s body during the ovarian–menstrual cycle. Although the practice of allowing women to fly has been practiced for approximately 100 years, studies in the field of tolerability of statokinetic effects by women, including in different phases of the ovarian–menstrual cycle, have shown contradictory results. The tolerability of the statokinetic load by female servicemen in different phases of the ovarian–menstrual cycle was investigated, considering the nature of its course. Sixty-three female servicemen participated in the study. Taking into account the course of the ovarian–menstrual cycle, the patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 28) had a regular ovarian–menstrual cycle without premenstrual syndrome, group 2 (n = 26) had a regular ovarian–menstrual cycle with premenstrual syndrome, and group 3 (n = 9) were taking combined oral contraceptives. Physiological parameters (blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded before, during, and after the test. The statokinetic load was modeled by performing a rotational test of V.I. Voyachek “otolith reaction-10” in the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian–menstrual cycle. The tolerability of statokinetic load in groups 1 and 3 in different phases of the ovarian–menstrual cycle were not different. In group 2, the luteal phase of the ovarian–menstrual cycle was characterized by a significant deterioration in the tolerability of the statokinetic load compared with the follicular phase of the ovarian–menstrual cycle and with the luteal phase in groups 1 and 3. In addition, in group 2, in the luteal phase of the ovarian–menstrual cycle, a change in the reactivity of the circulatory system to the presentation of a statokinetic load was noted, manifested by higher heart rates. Thus, the phases of the ovarian–menstrual cycle did not affect the tolerability of the statokinetic load in female servicemen with a regular ovarian–menstrual cycle without premenstrual syndrome and in women taking combined oral contraceptives. In female servicemen with a regular ovarian–menstrual cycle and premenstrual syndrome, the tolerance of statokinetic load was dependent on the phases of the ovarian–menstrual cycle and worsened in the luteal phase.
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Núñez-Lauriano, Mariana, Jennifer Lira-Mandujano, M. Carmen Míguez, and Marcela Tiburcio. "Impact of menstrual cycle on smoking cessation: A review." Salud mental 46, no. 6 (2023): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2023.041.
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Background. Information on the way menstrual cycle phases can influence the achievement of tobacco abstinence is contradictory. Objective. A scope review was conducted to determine the effect of the menstrual cycle on tobacco abstinence, considering the phases of the cycle, hormone levels, and premenstrual syndrome. Method. A literature search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Ten articles comparing the phases of the menstrual cycle or analyzing the association between premenstrual syndrome and a withdrawal condition (length of abstinence or withdrawal symptoms) were included. Results. Two main results were identified: 1) there is no difference in withdrawal symptoms and craving between menstrual cycle phases and 2) abstinence rates in the studies were higher during the luteal phase. Discussion and conclusion. The advisability of suggesting that women wishing to quit smoking should begin to do so at the start of the luteal phrase is discussed. However, smoking cessation interventions must consider all the symptoms experienced during the luteal phase.
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Souza, Eliana Gonçalves V., Melissa G. Ramos, Cláudia Hara, Bárbara Perdigão Stumpf, and Fábio L. Rocha. "Neuropsychological performance and menstrual cycle: a literature review." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 34, no. 1 (2012): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2237-60892012000100003.
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Approximately 80% of all women of reproductive age experience psychological and physical changes associated with the premenstrual phase. Cognitive alterations are among the most common complaints. In this context, studies have assessed cognitive performance across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and also in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The main objective of the present study was to review the literature on cognitive function in different phases of the menstrual cycle in women of reproductive age, both healthy and with PMS, in particular premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). We searched MEDLINE and LILACS databases. A total of 27 studies were selected. The studies used heterogeneous methodologies. Most studies suggested that healthy women show small fluctuations in cognitive performance across the menstrual cycle, with low performance scores in the luteal phase for visuospatial and motor skills, attention and concentration, verbal memory, visual memory, working memory, and reaction time. Among women with PMS or PMDD, low performance scores for visuospatial and motor skills, attention and concentration, verbal memory, working memory, reaction time and impulsivity were also detected in the luteal phase. Symptoms observed in PMS/PMDD patients showed low intensity, but greater when compared with healthy women. Evidence indicates fluctuations in cognitive performance in the different phases of the menstrual cycle in healthy and PMS women, with worse performance for women with PMS/PMDD in the luteal phase. However, methodological limitations prevent us from drawing solid conclusions. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of these cognitive fluctuations on patients' daily activities.
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Ouyoung, Laishyang (Melody), Brenda Capobres Villegas, Changxing Liu, Guy Talmor, and Uttam K. Sinha. "Effects of Resonance Voice Therapy on Hormone-Related Vocal Disorders in Professional Singers: A Pilot Study." Clinical Medicine Insights: Ear, Nose and Throat 11 (January 2018): 117955061878693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179550618786934.
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Background: Menstruation-related hormonal alteration can be detrimental to the professional singing voice of women. Resonance Voice Therapy (RVT) has been proven to improve vocal production. However, no research to date has been conducted examining the subjective, acoustic, and stroboscopic effects of RVT on professional female singers having premenstrual or postmenopausal voice disorders. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the vocal effects of RVT with a control cervical-thoracic intervention in healthy female singers during the premenstrual phase as well as in postmenopausal singers and to evaluate which intervention will allow singers to improve vocal performance regardless of changes in hormonal status. Design: A randomized study was designed for this research. The research subjects were 20 professional female singers from the Southern California area, USA, with 10 premenstrual subjects in one group and 10 postmenopausal subjects in the other group. Among each group, 5 subjects were randomly selected to receive RVT and the remaining subjects received cervical-thoracic–focused exercises. The therapies consisted of 1 month of daily 15-minute sessions. For premenstrual subjects, voice data were collected at days 25 to 27 of the premenstrual phase during a scheduled initial voice evaluation. Follow-up data were collected during the same phase of the menstrual cycle (days 25-27) after 1 month of exercises. For postmenopausal subjects, voice data were collected at an initial voice evaluation with follow-up after 1 month of the assigned voice treatment. Outcomes were assessed with the singer’s voice handicap index (VHI), laryngeal videostroboscopic examination, maximum phonation time (MPT), relative average perturbation (RAP), and pitch range before and following completion of therapies. Alleviation or deterioration percentages were used for statistical analysis. Student t test was used for statistical comparison between therapies. Results: The RVT decreased singer’s VHI for both premenstrual and postmenopausal subjects by an average of 67%, compared with 7.8% for the cervical-thoracic therapy. The RVT also effectively decreased RAP by an average of 57% when combining the premenstrual and postmenopausal groups. The RVT increased MPT and pitch range among both premenstrual and postmenopausal subjects. The stroboscopic examination did not detect any significant differences between the 2 interventions. Conclusions: The RVT is effective for professional female singers with hormone-related premenstrual and postmenopausal vocal changes. The RVT is suggested as one of the therapeutic approaches for vocal abnormalities in such a population. A larger cohort may be needed for future research. Level of Evidence: 1b
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Fatemeh, Shobeiri Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi Hadis Sourinezhad Hassan Ahmadinia Maryam Babaei Reza Bekhradi Parastoo Arad Arezoo Shayan*. "EFFECT OF EVENING PRIMROSE ON PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 01 (2018): 390–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1157977.
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Premenstrual syndrome is a set of physical and emotional psychological symptoms which occur periodically during the secretory phase of the menstrual period. This study was done to effect of Evening Primrose on premenstrual syndrome. This clinical double-blind study was conducted on 80 girls student suffered from premenstrual syndrome at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. The samples were then randomly divided in two 40- member groups, Evening Primrose (1000 mg, 2 times per day) and placebo (2 times per day) groups. The subjects were received the therapeutic regimen for 2 months. Data collection tools were collected using questionnaires, daily symptom records (DSR) questionnaires and adverse drug reaction questionnaires of participants before and after intervention were registered and compared. Analyses were carried out by Chi-square, paired t-test using SPSS /21.The result showed that after intervention, severity of premenstrual syndrome was reduced in Evening Primrose group (61.45±21.25 to 21.38±9.05) (P<0.05). Findings revealed that taking Evening Primrose can reduce severity of premenstrual syndrome. So, regarding the little side complications, consumption of Evening Primrose has a useful effect on premenstrual syndrome. Key words: Premenstrual Syndrome, Evening Primrose, Iran
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Nappi, Rossella E., Laura Cucinella, David Bosoni, et al. "Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder as Centrally Based Disorders." Endocrines 3, no. 1 (2022): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/endocrines3010012.
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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) encompass a variety of symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and impair daily life activities and relationships. Depending on the type and severity of physical, emotional or behavioral symptoms, women of reproductive age followed for at least two prospective menstrual cycles may receive one of the two diagnoses. PMDD is the most severe form of PMS, predominantly characterized by emotional and behavioral symptoms not due to another psychiatric disorder. PMS and PMDD are common neuro-hormonal gynecological disorders with a multifaceted etiology. Gonadal steroid hormones and their metabolites influence a plethora of biological systems involved in the occurrence of specific symptoms, but there is no doubt that PMS/PMDD are centrally based disorders. A more sensitive neuroendocrine threshold to cyclical variations of estrogens and progesterone under physiological and hormonal therapies is present. Moreover, altered brain sensitivity to allopregnanolone, a metabolite of progesterone produced after ovulation potentiating GABA activity, along with an impairment of opioid and serotoninergic systems, may justify the occurrence of emotional and behavioral symptoms. Even neuro-inflammation expressed via the GABAergic system is under investigation as an etiological factor of PMS/PMDD. Pharmacological management aims to stabilize hormonal fluctuations and to restore the neuroendocrine balance. The rationale of suppressing ovulation supports prescription of combined hormonal contraception (CHC). Its effect on mood is highly variable and depends on biochemical characteristics of exogenous steroids and on type and severity of symptoms. Hormonal regimens reducing the estrogen-free interval or suppressing menstruation seem better choices. Psychoactive agents, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are effective in reducing the symptoms of PMS/PMDD and may be prescribed continuously or only during the luteal phase. Novel therapeutic approaches include inhibition of progesterone receptors in the brain, i.e., with ulipristal acetate, reduced conversion of progesterone with dutasteride, and modulation of the action of allopregnanolone on the brain GABAergic system with sepranolone.
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SHIIHARA, Yasufumi, Shigeru TAKAHASHI, Masanori MIYAMOTO, and Masahisa KODAMA. "Elevated Skin Potential Level In Premenstrual Phase." Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology 9, no. 1 (1991): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5674/jjppp1983.9.15.
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Khan, Akhtar, Michael Hardway, and Kinza Younas. "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 14, no. 4 (2021): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738021990414.
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An estimated 8-out-of-10 women experience physiological premenstrual symptoms, 3–30% of these women suffer with symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that interfere with daily life, with 1–10% of women suffering from severe PMS symptoms meeting the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMDD can be considered a subdivision of PMS and is a combination of psychological, behavioural and physical symptoms that can vary in intensity and presents cyclically during the luteal phase of ovulatory menstrual cycles. The diagnosis of PMDD and PMS depends on the timing of symptoms, the severity of symptoms and their impact on quality of life. Physiological symptoms (feeling bloated, headache, acne, mood changes and constipation) that do not impact on daily activities and quality of life are considered to be physiological premenstrual symptoms rather than PMS. There is no association with age, educational status or employment for PMS or PMDD.
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Wulan, Sri, Basyariah Lubis, Novita Br Ginting Munthe, Iskandar Markus Sembiring, and Rahmad Gurusinga. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN REMAJA PUTRI TENTANG KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI DENGAN KECEMASAN DALAM MENGHADAPI PREMENSTRUASI SYNDROME." JURNAL KESMAS DAN GIZI (JKG) 4, no. 1 (2021): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jkg.v4i1.847.
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Premenstrual syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle that cause disruption to a person's work and lifestyle. Premenstrual syndrome makes women unable to function normally and requires treatment. This situation causes a decrease in the quality of life of women, for example students who experience premenstrual syndrome cannot concentrate on learning and their motivation to learn decreases because of the pain they feel. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge of young women and anxiety when facing premenstrual syndrome. This type of research is analytic by using a cross-sectional design. The population in this study were all female students in grades VII and VIII at SMP Negeri 1 Merbau in the 2020-2021 school year with a total population of 147 students and the sample in this study was 67 students who were taken by simple random sampling technique. Data analysis with chi-square test. The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between knowledge about reproductive health and anxiety in dealing with premenstrual syndrome with a p value of 0.000. It is recommended for health services to be able to hold counseling about premenstrual syndrome to increase the knowledge of young women about premenstrual syndrome.
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Pletzer, Belinda. "Can premenstrual symptoms help improve women’s healthcare?" Open Access Government 46, no. 1 (2025): 160–61. https://doi.org/10.56367/oag-046-11746.
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Can premenstrual symptoms help improve women’s healthcare? Professor Belinda Pletzer from Paris Lodron University of Salzburg explores if the assessment of premenstrual symptoms can help improve women’s healthcare. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is not uncontroversial as a diagnosis. (1) It was added to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) in 2013, but only made it into the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) – valid since 2022. It is characterised by the cyclical recurrence of a total of five psychological symptoms, including at least one out of four key psychiatric symptoms (mood lability, depression, anxiety, irritability) in the premenstrual phase. Symptoms have to subside a few days after the onset of menses and severely impact women’s everyday functioning and quality of life.
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Halbreich, Uriel, and Henry Tworek. "Altered Serotonergic Activity in Women with Dysphoric Premenstrual Syndromes." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 23, no. 1 (1993): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/j2w0-rtgd-nykk-ff77.
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Objective: Dysphoric Premenstrual Syndromes (PMS) are quite prevalent and in some women they are severe enough to warrant treatment. Their pathophysiology is still unknown, despite increased interest and research. Here we review the possible role of serotonin in the multidimensional interactive pathophysiology of PMS. Method: Over 170 articles are reviewed. An extensive library search has been conducted and articles are included because of their relevance to: 1) the phenomenology of PMS; 2) the putative association of serotonergic (5-HT) activity with syndromes that occur premenstrually; 3) changes in 5-HT activity along the menstrual cycle, especially the late luteal phase; 4) influence of gonadal hormones on serotonergic functions; 5) endocrine strategies for assessment of 5-HT abnormalities; and 6) treatment studies of PMS with serotonergic agonists. Results and Conclusions: The data presented here suggest that post-synaptic serotonergic responsivity might be altered during the late-luteal-premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. Some serotonergic functions of women with PMS might be altered during the entire cycle and be associated with a vulnerability trait. It is hypothesized that gonadal hormones might cause changes in levels of activity of 5-HT systems as part of a multidimensional interactive system. Strategies to evaluate 5-HT activities in the context of the menstrual cycle are discussed—leading to the conclusion that the most promising approach is active stimulation with specific post-synaptic serotonin agonists. Treatment outcome studies of some imperfect compounds that are currently applied as a symptomatic treatment of PMS support the notion that 5-HT is involved in the pathophysiology of these syndromes.
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Alagna, Sheryle W., and Jean A. Hamilton. "Social Stimulus Perception and Self-Evaluation: Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 4 (1986): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00758.x.
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Women in different phases of the menstrual cycle were compared to each other and to men in their responses to a social interaction stimulus: a videotape depicting a female nurse interacting with a hospitalized patient. Sex differences and cycle-phase differences were found for both affective and cognitive dimensions. Premenstrual women reported feeling more dominant, energetic, indifferent, negative, and somewhat more tense than women menstruating or women in the intermenstrual cycle phase. However, they did not differ from men in their affective ratings. Premenstrual women evaluated the nurse as less attractive than did men and they attributed greater responsibility for the nurse's behavior to the patient than men and intermenstrual women. Women in all groups evaluated the nurse as nicer and more pleasant, interesting, concerned and self-assured than did men. All women also felt more friendly toward the nurse and reported that they would be more comfortable asking her questions than the men did. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Hamidovic, Ajna, Nhan Dang, Dina Khalil, and Jiehuan Sun. "Association between Neuroticism and Premenstrual Affective/Psychological Symptomatology." Psychiatry International 3, no. 1 (2022): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint3010005.
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Neuroticism and premenstrual conditions share pleiotropic loci and are strongly associated. It is presently not known which DSM-5 symptoms of premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual mood disorder are associated with neuroticism. We enrolled 45 study participants to provide prospective daily ratings of affective (“depression”, “anxiety, “anger”, “mood swings”) and psychological (“low interest”, “feeling overwhelmed”, and “difficulty concentrating”) symptoms across two-three menstrual cycles (128 total cycles). Generalized additive modeling (gam function in R) was implemented to model the relationships between neuroticism and the premenstrual increase in symptomatology. Significance level was adjusted using the False Discovery Rate method and models were adjusted for current age and age of menarche. Results of the association analysis revealed that “low interest” (p ≤ 0.05) and “difficulty concentrating” (p ≤ 0.001) were significantly associated with neuroticism. None of the remaining symptoms reached statistical significance. The late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by complex symptomatology, reflecting a physiological milieu of numerous biological processes. By identifying co-expression between neuroticism and specific premenstrual symptomatology, the present study improves our understanding of the premenstrual conditions and provides a platform for individualized treatment developments.
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Sonya, Arshad, Nisar Muhammad, and Hiba Hashmi Syeda. "Measure the symptoms related to Pre-Menstrual Syndrome among married and unmarried females during their reproductive life span." International Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research 5, no. 2 (2017): 45–51. https://doi.org/10.29052/IJEHSR.v5.i2.2017.45-51.
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Abstract <strong>Objective: </strong>The study was aimed to estimate premenstrual syndrome and its consequent symptoms in married and unmarried females during menstrual phase, pre-ovulatory phase and post-ovulatory phase. <strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross sectional survey based study has been conducted in young females of 25-35 age groups. Participants were divided into two groups. Group A were with PMS and group B were healthy subjects. The evaluation of manifestations in all three phases was gathered by using PRISM calendar. The data was collected and stored and analyzed by applying Chi-square test by using SPSS v.22.0. <strong>Results: </strong>The result revealed that the severity was different among unmarried (55%) and married (50%) in all three phases of Menstrual cycle. Unmarried female shows their symptoms 54.5% in menstrual phase, 27.3%in post ovulatory phase and 18.2% in pre-ovulatory phase, while married females express 50%, 30%, and 20.0% respectively in all the three phases. The significant (p<0.05) result were recorded in menstrual phase by showing back pain, anxiety, breast pain, headache, depression, nausea, abdominal cramps, irritability and swelling in both married and unmarried women. While Diarrhea and vomiting found on-significant (p>0.05). Constipation was additional significant factor present in married females. <strong>Discussion: </strong>The present study among unmarried females and married females revealed that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) differs in each of three groups. Women of reproductive age either married or unmarried showing significant symptoms of PMS, however different phases have different percentage among these two groups. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to our results, we concluded that in unmarried and married females, PMS were found frequently during menstrual phase and remaining two phases has no prevailing clinical manifestation. Link: http://aeirc-edu.com/ojs14/index.php/IJEHSR/article/view/156/279
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Lapshina, T. A., A. A. Shmidt, Y. A. Emelianov, A. A. Blaginin, and I. A. Barannik. "The effect of various phases of the menstrual cycle on the tolerance of a statoergonometric test." Medical academic journal 20, no. 3 (2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj34771.
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Relevance.Nowadays, there is a worldwide practice of training women for piloting combat aircraft. An important problem arises of studying the tolerability of aerobatic overload by the female body, including during various periods of the ovarian-menstrual cycle.
 The main aim of the studyis to assess the tolerance of prolonged static tension of the muscles of the lower extremities and the abdominal press, as an equivalent to the tolerance of overload, by women in various phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle.
 Methods.The static tension of the muscles of the legs and abdominal muscles is modeled using a five-step statergometric test. Tolerance is evaluated by the dynamics of indicators of computer stabilization before and after the test. The study involves 15 healthy women aged 21-23 years. Registration of estimated indicators is carried out in different phases of the ovarian-menstrual cycle.
 Results.It is established that the postmenstrual phase of ovarian-menstrual cycle is characterized by good tolerance to long-term static tension of the muscles of the legs and abdominal muscles. Load tolerance decreases in the premenstrual phase.
 Conclusion.The obtained data suggest that the tolerance of aerobatic overload in women may decrease in the premenstrual phase compared with the postmenstrual phase.
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Siti, Nur Asiyah, Ramadhan Raden Surayuda Ridwan, Mutiara Churi Azzahra Rizqy, et al. "Mood Changes in Premenstrual Syndrome seen from Hormonal Changes in the Pituitary Gland." International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 07, no. 06 (2024): 4380–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12580218.
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Abstract : <strong>Introduction:</strong> The pituitary gland plays a role in the production of the hormones FSH and LH, which influence development follicles And process ovulation. In addition, the pituitary gland indirectly plays a role in regulating the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter role in arrange atmosphere heart. This research aims to find out about the role of the pituitary gland in mood changes during the premenstrual period. <strong>Methodology:</strong> This research uses a literature study method by examining existing data. <strong>Results:</strong> Research results show that change atmosphere liver in the premenstrual phase can caused by change hormonal, like decline production serotonin consequence decreasing rate hormone estrogen and progesterone, which influence mood and emotions. <strong>Discussion:</strong> The pituitary gland has a role in influencing the ovulation process in the premenstrual phase and also regulates serotonin production which causes an imbalance in the hormones produced by the ovaries, namely estrogen and progesterone, resulting in mood swings.
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Doğan, Selami, Nuray Doğan, Tevfik Tanju Yılmazer, and Kurtuluş Öngel. "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among women aged 15-49 years." Aegean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, no. 3 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/aejog.v2i3.59.
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Objective: Approximately 80% of women in reproductive age experience some premenstrual phase-related changes in the menstrual cycle. We aimed to determine the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptom frequency among women aged 15-49 years in a family practice catchment area.
 Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the women registered to a family practice center in İzmir Bayraklı. Out of 522 women at the age of 15-49 years, 198 participants filled the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF) and answered demographic questions. The main outcome measures were the presence of “premenstrual symptoms” and “premenstrual syndrome”.
 Results: The mean age, waist circumference and BMI of the women were 29.3±9.1 years, 80.4±13.2 cm and 25.2±5.1 kg/m2, respectively. Of the participants, 68.2% (n=131) were single and 60.4% (n=116) were housewives. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was present in all the women involved in the study. Of these, 3.6% were evaluated as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). None of the independent variables in the study revealed as risk factors for PMDD (p>0.05). Mean PAF scores were 2.22±0.90. There was no correlation between PAF scores and the studied variables except for waist circumference (r = -0.17; p = 0.02). The sociodemographic variables were not related with PMS (p> 0.05).
 Conclusions: Training and counseling on the causes and symptoms of PMS should be provided to women, particularly in primary health care facilities, and in-service trainings should be conducted to provide information to the staff working in family practice centers.
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Vittal, Priyanka, and Sushama Thakre. "IJCM_387A: Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among medical undergraduate & postgraduate female students in central India: a cross-sectional study." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 49, Suppl 1 (2024): S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_abstract387.
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Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a menstrual disorder that can be described as a group of physical, behavioural, and emotional symptoms that occurs during the last week of luteal phase, which is usually the week before the mensuration. A study on PMS prevalence among different countries worldwide found that 47.8% of women have PMS. PMS is a common problem with symptoms that can negatively affect daily life. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Premenstrual syndrome and its severity among medical undergraduate and postgraduate female students in central India. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of Premenstrual syndrome among medical undergraduate and postgraduate female students. To assess severity of premenstrual syndrome using the Premenstrual syndrome scale. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 358 participant between the age group of 18 to 45 years. Premenstrual syndrome scale was used to assess the prevalence and severity of premenstrual syndrome. The data was analysed using SPSS software. Results: Age of the study participants range from 20 to 35 years, with mean age of 26.3±4.62 years. The mean age of menarche among participants was 12.8+0.98 years. The prevalence of PMS was 69%. There is a statistically significant association of age at menarche with premenstrual syndrome. Conclusion: The study showed that a higher proportion of medical students had PMS with majority of them having moderate symptoms. Therefore, greater attention needs to be given to PMS as part of healthcare service to improve work-life balance and productivity at work.
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Dang, Nhan, Dina Khalil, Jiehuan Sun, et al. "Behavioral Symptomatology in the Premenstruum." Brain Sciences 12, no. 7 (2022): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070814.
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Objective: Sleep and eating behaviors are disturbed during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle in a significant number of reproductive-age women. Despite their impact on the development and control of chronic health conditions, these behaviors are poorly understood. In the present study, we sought to identify affective and psychological factors which associate with premenstrual changes in sleeping and eating behaviors and assess how they impact functionality. Methods: Fifty-seven women provided daily ratings of premenstrual symptomatology and functionality across two-three menstrual cycles (156 cycles total). For each participant and symptom, we subtracted the mean day +5 to +10 (“post-menstruum”) ratings from mean day −6 to −1 (“pre-menstruum”) ratings and divided this value by participant- and symptom-specific variance. We completed the statistical analysis using multivariate linear regression. Results: Low interest was associated with a premenstrual increase in insomnia (p ≤ 0.05) and appetite/eating (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, insomnia was associated with occupational (p ≤ 0.001), recreational (p ≤ 0.001), and relational (p ≤ 0.01) impairment. Conclusions: Results of the present analysis highlight the importance of apathy (i.e., low interest) on the expression of behavioral symptomatology, as well as premenstrual insomnia on impairment. These findings can inform treatment approaches, thereby improving care for patients suffering from premenstrual symptomatology linked to chronic disease conditions.
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Ajayakumar, Ardra, Shincymol V V, Ansary P Y, and Sara Moncy Oommen. "A case study on effectiveness of bhavita churna of Asoka twak in Premenstrual Syndrome." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 13, no. 1 (2022): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v13i1.2227.
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ABSTRACT
 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disease characterised by manifestation of physical and psychological symptoms in females. It is a disorder of unknown etiology that recurs in the luteal phase of an ovulatory menstrual cycle. In Ayurvedic perspective, vitiation of tridoshas particularly vata can be observed in the pathogenesis of PMS. The Asoka - Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde has got vedanasthapana, pittakaphahara and sokanasana karma which implies that it can cure both somatic and affective symptoms. Bhavana includes processing of churna with liquid extracts to increase the potency. A clinical case of premenstrual syndrome has been selected to study the effectiveness of bhavita churna (processed powder) of stem bark of the drug. The treatment was conducted in the luteal phase (14 days prior to menstruation) for three menstrual cycles and a follow up was also carried out for another three consecutive menstrual cycles. There was significant reduction in symptoms as assessed through Premenstrual Syndrome Scale after 3 cycles of treatment when compared to before treatment. The effect sustained even after follow up. The Asoka - Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde stood as an effective drug for relieving physical and psychological symptoms observed in PMS.
 Key words: Asoka, Premenstrual Syndrome, bhavita churna, vedanasthapana, sokanasana