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Journal articles on the topic 'Premium to NAV'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Erol, Isil, and Tanja Tyvimaa. "Explaining the premium to NAV in publicly traded Australian REITs, 2008–2018." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 38, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 4–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-06-2019-0078.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the levels and determinants of net asset value (NAV) premiums/discounts for publicly traded Australian Real Estate Investment Trust (A-REIT) market during the last decade. A-REITs were severely affected by the global financial crisis as S&P/ASX 200 A-REIT index-listed property stocks experienced 47 per cent discount to NAV, on average, in 2008–2009 crisis. Since 2013, A-REIT sector has exhibited a strong recovery from the financial crisis and traded at high premiums to date. Understanding the relationship between pricing in the public and private real estate markets has taken on great importance as A-REITs continue to trade at significant premium to NAV unlike their counterparts in the USA and Europe. Design/methodology/approach This paper follows a rational approach to explain variations in NAV premiums and explores the company-specific factors such as liquidity, financial leverage, size, stock price volatility and portfolio diversification behind the A-REIT NAV premiums/discounts. The study specifies and estimates a model of cross-sectional and time variation in premiums/discounts to NAV using semi-annual data for a sample of 40 A-REITs over the 2008–2018 period. Findings The results reveal that A-REIT premiums to NAV can be explained not only by the liquidity benefit of listed property stocks but also positive financial leverage effect. During the past decade, A-REITs have followed an aggressive approach in financing their growth by using borrowed funds to purchase assets as the income from the property offsets the cost of borrowing and the risk that accompanies it. Debt-to-equity ratio has to be considered as an important source of NAV premiums as highly geared A-REITs that favoured debt financing over equity financing traded at significant premiums to NAV of their underlying real estate assets. Practical implications The paper includes implications for the REIT market investors. The regression analysis shows that specialty A-REITs with a focus on creative market niches traded at higher premiums compared with other property stocks, especially in the post-GFC recovery period. Specialty REITs are more highly valued by the market than their traditional specialised counterparts (e.g. office and retail REITs), and those pursuing a diversified strategy. Originality/value This paper presents an Australian case study as the A-REIT market provides a suitable environment for testing the effect of financial gearing on the REIT premium to NAV. The study provides empirical evidence supporting the importance of debt-to-equity ratio in explaining the variation in A-REIT NAV premiums.
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Brent, William, Lynne Kelly, Debby Lindsey, and Russell M. Price. "NAV And Risk: The Case Of REITs." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 9, no. 7 (June 23, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v9i7.4679.

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A study is done on Net Asset Value (NAV) of equity REITs from 1993 to 2006. The value (growth) determination of REITs is investigated based on NAV per share as opposed to book value per share since the underlying value of the REITs assets (NAV) drives the trading decision. The NAV to Market ratio (NM) is evaluated as a risk measure when used in a Fama-French and Carhart model setting. We find this measure contributes only 0.10% to the REIT risk premium.
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Patel, Kanak, Ricardo A. M. G. Pereira, and Kirill V. Zavodov. "Mean-Reversion in REITs Discount to NAV & Risk Premium." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 39, no. 3 (May 12, 2009): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11146-009-9185-z.

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4

Brounen, Dirk, David C. Ling, and Melissa Porras Prado. "Short Sales and Fundamental Value: Explaining the REIT Premium to NAV." Real Estate Economics 41, no. 3 (June 7, 2013): 481–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reec.12004.

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5

Shanmugham, R., and Zabiulla. "Pricing Efficiency of Nifty BeES in Bullish and Bearish Markets." Global Business Review 13, no. 1 (January 17, 2012): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097215091101300107.

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This article examines the pricing efficiency of Nifty BeES in bullish and bearish market conditions using high frequency data for a period of seven years. It seeks to address three questions. First, does the portfolio manager of Nifty BeES follow its benchmark replication strategy across different market conditions? Second, whether the portfolio manager minimizes the portfolio return volatility relative to the benchmark volatility. Third, whether the magnitude of premiums/discounts varies in bullish and bearish market conditions. Our findings suggest a significant difference in alpha-generation abilities of fund manager between the two market conditions. Tracking error was found to be relatively high in bearish conditions. The average premium is higher in bearish markets characterized with highest volatility. On the other hand, the average discount is higher in bullish markets characterized with least volatility. The price divergence disappears within three days and the market price and the fund’s net asset value (NAV) get aligned due to arbitrage mechanism.
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Almudhaf, Fahad, and Bader Alhashel. "Pricing efficiency of Saudi exchange traded funds (ETFs)." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 3 (January 2, 2020): 793–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-06-2017-0082.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the pricing efficiency of Saudi Sharia-compliant (i.e. Islamic) exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Design/methodology/approach The paper adheres to a positivist research philosophy with a deductive research approach where data is collected, analyzed and interpreted to examine a hypothesis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions are applied to investigate pricing efficiency and persistence. Findings The results show that Saudi ETFs do not currently offer proper diversification for investors, possibly due to their low trading volumes and the delays of market prices in reflecting net asset value (NAV). On average, ETFs trade at a premium to their NAVs. Moreover, the authors find that the deviations of ETF prices from their NAVs (i.e. premiums or discounts) do not disappear in one day. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between the trading volume of Saudi ETFs and volatility, a significant positive correlation between ETF returns and contemporaneous deviations and a significant negative relationship between returns and lagged deviations. These findings can be interpreted as evidence against the market efficiency of Saudi ETFs. Practical implications Individual and institutional investors can use Saudi ETFs, especially as their efficiency improves with increased trading volume (liquidity). Saudi regulators must increase their efforts to educate market participants and expand the availability of information to enhance transparency and awareness of the benefits of investing in ETFs, which will positively affect liquidity and pricing efficiency in the future. Originality/value This paper is the first to perform empirical tests on Saudi ETFs. Saudi Arabia deserves further attention because it is the most significant stock market in the Gulf Cooperation Council and only recently allowed foreigners to participate.
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7

Kim, Dongshin, and Jonathan A. Wiley. "NAV Premiums & REIT Property Transactions." Real Estate Economics 47, no. 1 (May 9, 2018): 138–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.12239.

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8

Ismailescu, Iuliana. "Determinants of the Time-Variation in Emerging-Market Closed-End Fund Premiums: A Comparison between Equity and Bond Funds." American Economist 52, no. 2 (October 2008): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943450805200207.

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This paper explores the determinant factors of the time-variation in emerging markets closed-end fund premiums, price returns, and NAV returns. After controlling for variables previously proposed in the emerging market closed-end funds literature, such as the U.S. stock market risk, local stock market return, and the percentage change in exchange rates, two hypothesis are used to explain the variation in fund premiums: the U.S. investor sentiment and the market segmentation theory. The results of the time-series analyses show that country funds, regional equity funds, and global bond funds are influenced quite differently by the suggested factors.
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9

Morri, Giacomo, and Alessandro Baccarin. "European REITs NAV discount: do investors believe in property appraisal?" Journal of Property Investment & Finance 34, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 347–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-09-2015-0068.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the NAV discount of European REITs listed in France, the Netherlands and the UK between 2003 and 2014, considering elements of both “rational” and “noise trader” approaches. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis examines the hypothesis that discounts (premiums) are the result of leverage, size, liquidity, risk, performance, investment activity and sentiment. The regressions are initially run against the traditional NAV discount, subsequently using the unlevered NAV discount measure introduced by Morri et al. (2005) in order to clean out the bias generated by the level of leverage. The NAV discount is then adjusted for investor sentiment (appraisal reduction) with the aim of better identifying firm-specific factors, considering distortions induced by sentiment. Findings – Higher liquidity commands lower discounts for French REITs, while Dutch and British REITs, which trade in markets characterized by a higher number of average daily transactions, do not seem to feature discounts resulting from liquidity. For all three samples, operational risk and performance are significant in explaining the NAV discount, the former having a positive relationship with the discount, and the latter a negative one. When measured using the average sector discount, sentiment has a profound effect on the discount, accounting alone for 10-15 per cent of the explanatory power of the model. Practical implications – REITs listed in different markets behave differently. When the discount is adjusted in order to remove the bias resulting from the level of debt, the relationship between leverage and the unlevered discount becomes less pronounced in all cases. Originality/value – The paper considers a new approach to NAV discount puzzle that takes into account market sentiment and appraisals.
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10

Brečko, Daniela. "Kako se odrasli spreminjamo: Osebnostni razvoj in socialna komunikacija." Andragoška spoznanja 4, no. 1-2 (December 1, 1998): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.4.1-2.97.

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Stara domislica je, da se ljudje razvijamo in zorimo le v mladosti, in da je naš osebnostni razvoj zaključen približno s koncem obdobja adolescence. Potemtakem naj bi odraslost predstavljala relativno mirno obdobje brez velikih sprememb in pričakovanj. Toda prvi dvomi v stabilno odraslost so se začeli z opazovanjem in znanstvenim preučevanjem krize srednjih let. Ali je res vse, kar dosežemo v življenju, odvisno od zgodnjega otroštva? Delo Daniele Brečko nam daje imeniten vpogled v zadevno problematiko, začenši z obširno razpravo, kaj je osebnost in kaj je razvoj. V svojem delu se je lotila tudi zgodovinskega pregleda pogledov na osebnost in razvoj, ker so jasno vidni premiki v razmišljanju in gledanju na človeka. Prikazani so pogledi različnih svetovnih mislecev, kronološko zaporedje paradigme pa daje slutiti, da razmišljanje o osebnosti še zdaleč ni zaključeno.
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11

Kanapeckas, Jonas. "Forecasting bond returns using asymmetric regression and investment management." Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 3 (December 3, 1998): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/na.1998.3.0.15259.

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The first section of this research formulates the forecasting task important for managing investment portfolio as well as discusses certain statistical data. The second section is devoted to potential regressors frequently used to forecast risk premiums of bonds, this section extensively use the ideas presented in article [4]. The third section includes the research of asymmetry of relation between risk premiums and regressors. The fourth section is devoted to the investigation of applicability received results in practice.
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12

Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej, and Tomasz Rolski. "Expansions for Markov-modulated systems and approximations of ruin probability." Journal of Applied Probability 33, no. 1 (March 1996): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215264.

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Let N be a stationary Markov-modulated marked point process on ℝ with intensity β∗ and consider a real-valued functional ψ(N). In this paper we study expansions of the form Eψ(N) = a0 + β∗a1 + ·· ·+ (β∗)nan + o((β∗)n) for β∗→ 0. Formulas for the coefficients ai are derived in terms of factorial moment measures of N. We compute a1 and a2 for the probability of ruin φ u with initial capital u for the risk process in the Markov-modulated environment; a0 = 0. Moreover, we give a sufficient condition for ϕu to be an analytic function of β∗. We allow the premium rate function p(x) to depend on the actual risk reserve.
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Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej, and Tomasz Rolski. "Expansions for Markov-modulated systems and approximations of ruin probability." Journal of Applied Probability 33, no. 01 (March 1996): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200103729.

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Let N be a stationary Markov-modulated marked point process on ℝ with intensity β ∗ and consider a real-valued functional ψ(N). In this paper we study expansions of the form Eψ(N) = a 0 + β ∗ a 1 + ·· ·+ (β∗ ) nan + o((β ∗) n ) for β ∗→ 0. Formulas for the coefficients ai are derived in terms of factorial moment measures of N. We compute a 1 and a 2 for the probability of ruin φ u with initial capital u for the risk process in the Markov-modulated environment; a 0 = 0. Moreover, we give a sufficient condition for ϕu to be an analytic function of β ∗. We allow the premium rate function p(x) to depend on the actual risk reserve.
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14

Dios, Alicia. "La pinacoteca del humo Premios Benson & Hedges en el Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (1977–1978)." Culturas, no. 9 (January 1, 2017): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/culturas.v0i9.6150.

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Durante los primeros años de la última dictaduramilitar en Argentina (1976–1983), el Museo Nacio-nal de Bellas Artes continuó funcionando con ciertaautonomía hasta el momento de la intervención porparte de las autoridades oficiales en 1982. Promovióuna serie de exposiciones y premios cuya participaciónera considerada consagratoria para los jóvenes artistasdel momento: los Premios De Ridder (de 1973 a 1977),los Benson & Hedges (1977–1978), y la reapertura delPremio Braque en 1979.En este trabajo propongo analizar la presentación delos Premios Benson & Hedges (b&h) de 1977 en el mnba,en relación con una serie de acontecimientos políticos y socioculturales que darán cuenta de la compleja tramadel campo artístico, atravesado inexorablemente porla coyuntura de la dictadura cívico militar. El objetivoen este estudio es encontrar las pistas que permitanargumentar una hipótesis política acerca de los crucesexistentes entre arte, instituciones públicas, privadas yel mercado publicitario.
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Blake, J. A., C. J. Bult, J. A. Kadin, J. E. Richardson, and J. T. Eppig. "The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): premier model organism resource for mammalian genomics and genetics." Nucleic Acids Research 39, Database (November 3, 2010): D842—D848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq1008.

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16

Morel, Mary-Annick. "Gibanje pogleda, rok in melodije: njihov prispevek k izgradnji smisla v govorjeni francoščini." Linguistica 53, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.53.1.77-90.

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V tej študiji bi radi pokazali nekaj primerov, izbranih iz dveh vizualno posnetih korpusov, ki naj bi ponazorili zadnje hipoteze o tem, kako pogled in premikanje rok v skladu s spremembami melodičnega poteka vplivata na oblikovanje smisla v govorjenem jeziku. Gibanje govorčevih rok sledi modulacijam, s katerimi oblikuje svoje soizjavljalsko stališče: odsotnost pogleda prispeva k enosmerni konstrukciji, s katero govorec v preambuli osnuje temelj, ki naj bi olajšal nadaljevanje izmenjave, medtem ko se poslušalcu vrnjen pogled izoblikuje takrat, ko se pripravlja, da bo v remi izrazil diferencirano stališče, in sicer v skladu s predvidevanjem sogovornikovih odzivov. Gibanje rok pa poteka v skladu s predvidevanjem oblikoskladenjskih in leksikalnih izrazov; z njimi govorec postopoma konceptualizira predmet pogovora in način, kako bo določene lastnosti tega predmeta realiziral. Premiki pogleda, rok in melodije so v aktivni interakciji in simultano sooblikujejo smisel v govorjeni francoščini.
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Lean, Collin Koh Swee, Evan Laksmana, Lê Thu Huong, Elina Noor, and Mélanie Sadozaï. "La Chine et le premier cercle sud-est asiatique Indonésie, Malaisie, Singapour et Viêt Nam." Monde chinois 54, no. 2 (2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mochi.054.0032.

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REHMAN, Hafiz Mamoon, Iqrar Ahmad RANA, Siddra IJAZ, Ghulam MUSTAFA, Faiz Ahmad JOYIA, Iqrar Ahmad KHAN, and Paula M. PIJUT. "In vitro Regeneration of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and the Potential for Genetic Transformation." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40, no. 2 (November 5, 2012): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4028248.

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Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. (Sissoo) is a native forest tree species in Pakistan. Many ecological and economical uses are associated with this premier timber species, but dieback disease is of major concern. The objective of this study was to develop a protocol for in vitro regeneration of Sissoo that could serve as target material for genetic transformation, in order to improve this species. Callus formation and plantlet regeneration was achieved by culturing cotyledons, immature seeds, and mature embryos on a modified Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium supplemented with plant growth regulators. Callus induction medium containing 2.71 ?M 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.93 ?M kinetin produced better callus on all explants tested compared to other treatments, such as 8.88 ?M 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 2.69 ?M ?-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), or 2.71 ?M 2, 4-D and 2.69 ?M NAA. Shoot regeneration was best on MS medium containing 1.4 ?M NAA and 8.88 ?M BA compared to other treatments, such as 1.4 ?M NAA and 9.9 ?M kinetin, or 2.86 ?M indole-3-acetic acid and 8.88 ?M BA. Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1.4 NAA ?M and 8.88 ?M BA was better in general for regeneration regardless of callus induction medium and the type of explant used. Rooting was best on half-strength MS medium with 7.35 ?M indole-3-butyric acid. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized for plantation in the field. Preliminary genetic transformation potential of D. sissoo was evaluated by particle bombardment of callus explants with a pUbiGus vector. The bombarded tissue showed transient Gus activity 1week after bombardment. Transformation of this woody tree is possible provided excellent regeneration protocols. The best combination for regeneration explained in this study is one of such protocols.
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Sikora, Dorota. "Compléments aspectuels et verbes De manière de déplacement en français: entre bornage et télicité." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 12 (November 24, 2015): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2012.005.

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Aspectual complements and verbs expressing ways of movement in French: between boundary marking and telicityConsidered synonymous by some, carefully distinguished by others, the notions of telicity and boundary marking are of crucial importance for studies on aspect. This article offers a reflection on the relation between aspectual properties and certain complement verbs. Through a detailed analysis of the verb syntagmas formed by courir and nager (courir cent mètres, nager le deux-cents-mètres), it is demonstrated that despite the apparent formal similarity, complements like cent mètres and le deux-cents-mètres perform different functions in relation to the predicate: in the first case, they mark boundaries, while in the second they are markers of a property [+ telicity]. A study of a particular problem thus allow for taking part in a more general discussion, providing arguments in favour of distinguishing between telicity and boundary marking.Compléments aspectuels et verbes de manière de déplacement en français: entre bornage et télicitéConsidérées comme équivalentes par certains, soigneusement distinguées par d’autres, les notions de télicité et de bornage ont une importance cruciale pour les études consacrées à l’aspect. Cet article propose une réflexion sur le rapport entre ces propriétés aspectuelles et certains compléments verbaux. À travers des analyses détaillées des syntagmes verbaux que forment courir et nager (courir cent mètres, nager le deux-cents-mètres), il est montré que malgré une similarité formelle apparente, les compléments tels que cent mètres et le deux-cents-mètres assument des fonctions différentes auprès du prédicat : dans le premier cas, ils opèrent un bornage, alors que dans le seconds, ils sont porteurs du trait [+ télicité]. L’étude d’un problème spécifique permet ainsi de prendre part dans une discussion plus générale, en dégageant des arguments en faveur de la distinction entre télicité et bornage.Dopełnienia aspektowe a czasowniki wyrażające sposób przemieszczania w języku francuskim: między określaniem granic a telicznościąPrzez jednych uważane za równoznaczne, przez innych wyraźnie odróżniane, pojęcia teliczności i określania granic mają zasadnicze znaczenie dla studiów dotyczących aspektu. Niniejszy artykuł proponuje refleksję nad stosunkiem pomiędzy owymi właściwościami określającymi aspekt a niektórymi dopełnieniami [czasownikowymi]. Poprzez szczegółową analizę syntagm czasownikowych tworzonych przez courir i nager (courir cent mètres, nager le deux-cents-mètres), wykazano, że pomimo pozornego podobieństwa formalnego, dopełnienia takie jak cent mètres i le deux-cents-mètres pełnią różne funkcje wobec orzeczenia: w pierwszym przypadku dokonują określenia granic, podczas gdy w drugim nadają pewną właściwość [+teliczność]. W ten sposób studia nad specyficznym problemem pozwalają zabrać głos w ogólniejszej dyskusji, przedstawiając nam argumenty przemawiające za rozróżnieniem pomiędzy telicznością a określaniem granic.
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Lopes, D. A. "Les groupes vulnérables parmi les demandeurs d'asile." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 76, no. 808 (August 1994): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100090195.

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Depuis le 4 mai 1975, date à laquelle le premier bateau a accosté sur une petite île au large des côtes du nord-est de la péninsule Malaise, avec à son bord 47 boat people — ou réfugiés de la mer — vietnamiens, le Croissant-Rouge de Malaisie a fourni tous les services nécessaires pour assurer les soins et l'entretien des réfugiés de la mer vietnamiens. Dixneuf années se sont écoulées depuis lors et plus de 250 000 réfugiés de la mer vietnamiens sont arrivés en Malaisie. A l'exception de 6 500 d'entre eux, ils ont tous été soit réinstallés dans des pays tiers, soit rapatriés au Viet Nam. Ceux qui restent sont aujourd'hui hébergés dans deux camps situés l'un à Sungai Besi, l'autre à Cheras, deux localités à quelques kilomètres de Kuala Lumpur.
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Nguyen, Quyen Thi Kim, Long Thanh Nguyen, and Hien Van Huynh. "CURRENT SITUATION AND ROLES OF VietGAP CERTIFICATION TO SHRIMP FARMING: A CASE STUDY OF WHITE LEG SHRIMP FARMING IN SOC TRANG PROVINCE, VIET NAM." Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University 1, no. 37 (March 25, 2020): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.37.2020.381.

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This study was conducted from February to May 2019 through interviewing 105 white leg shrimp intensive farming households according to VietGAP certification in Soc Trang Province in Vietnam, and aimed to evaluate current situation and the efficiency of VietGAP practices regarding disease and quality management. VietGAPhas been operated since 2013 and has grown dramatically. Due to good practices and positive influence of VietGAP guidance, such as reservoir construction (94%); post-larvae testing (100%); reasonable stocking density(40 PL/ m2); and monitoring water using toolkits (100%); disease outbreaks were reduced (40%). Adhering to these measures, the results have been shown that harvest yield has resulted in 2.7 to 5.6 ton/ha/cycle, andprofit being 179 million VND/ha/non-disease cycle and 324 million VND/ha/diseased cycle. Up to 49% VietGAP shrimp was sold directly to the processing companies or their purchasing network, 98% of transactions metrequirements for export, and receiving premium price at two to five thousand VND/kg. Therefore, VietGAP has improved the quality of shrimp for export. However, the ratio of farmers being awarded certification is smallbecause farmers lack financial motivation (no difference in price between GAP vs nonGAP shrimp products) and external support from related organizations.
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Valinhas, Mannuella Luz de Oliveira. "História, movimento e equilíbrio nas “Reflexões sobre a vaidade dos homens”, de Matias Aires." Revista do Centro de Estudos Portugueses 28, no. 40 (December 31, 2008): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2359-0076.28.40.95-112.

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<p>Análise da obra “Reflexões sobre a vaidade dos homens ou Discursos morais sobre os efeitos da vaidade oferecidos a El-Rei Nosso Senhor D. José I”, de Matias Aires. Analyse de l’oeuvre “Reflexões sobre a vaidade dos homens ou Discursos morais sobre os efeitos da vaidade oferecidos a El-Rei Nosso Senhor D. José I”, de Matias Aires. Estudo da página de rosto de <em>A vespa do Parnaso</em>, obra de poesias satíricas de Faustino Xavier de Novais, que apresenta um ponto de ancoragem em certo trecho do primeiro poema aí publicado, “A Vespa”. Esse ponto de ancoragem remete a uma vinculação com um texto de Camilo Castelo Branco, no qual se percebe uma tomada de posição, quanto ao gênero satírico, que Xavier de Novais adotaria dali por diante.</p> <p>Étude de la page de titre de l’<em>A vespa do Parnaso</em>, oeuvre de poésies satiriques de Faustino Xavier de Novais, qui présente un point d’ancrage dans certain passage du premier poème y publié, “A Vespa”. Ce point d’ancrage fait une liaison avec un texte de Camilo Castelo Branco, dans lequel on s’apperçoit une prise de position en rélation au genre satirique que Xavier de Novais prendrait dorénavant.</p>
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Trevizam, Matheus. "O “estilo subjetivo” virgiliano e a tradução portuguesa do mito de Orfeu nas Geórgicas de Antônio Feliciano de Castilho." Revista do Centro de Estudos Portugueses 29, no. 41 (June 30, 2009): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2359-0076.29.41.69-87.

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<p>O crítico norte-americano Brooks Otis propôs, em seu estudo <em>Virgil: a study in civilized poetry</em>, a distinção entre “estilo objetivo” e “estilo subjetivo” nas obras do poeta romano. No primeiro caso, os traços empregado na composição privilegiam a fria tessitura da narrativa, enquanto, no segundo, ocorreria o envolvimento afetivo do narrador com o dito. Para Otis, o relato do mito de Orfeu, segundo se faz em <em>Geórgicas </em>IV 453-527, exemplifica o “estilo subjetivo”, com a “comoção” do narrador diante da dupla morte de Eurídice e da loucura e morte do próprio Orfeu. Assim, após a apresentação ilustrada desse instrumental analítico, comparamos com Virgílio certos pontos da tradução oitocentista do mito de Orfeu pelo Visconde Antônio Feliciano de Castilho, numa tentativa de verificar o grau de recuperação do estilo do original latino no poema traduzido.</p> <p>Le critique américain Brooks Otis a proposé, dans son ouvrage <em>Virgil: a study in civilized poetry</em>, la différentiation entre “style objectif ” et “style subjectif ” à l’oeuvre du poète romain. Dans le premier cas, les traits employés à la composition privilégient le “froid” tissage du récit, tandis que, dans le deuxième, il y aurait l’engagement affectif entre le narrateur et ce qu’il dit. Pour Otis, le récit du mythe d’Orphée, tel qu’on le fait aux <em>Géorgiques </em>IV 453-527, exemplifie le “style subjectif ”, avec la “commotion” du narrateur en face de la double mort d’Euridice et en face de la folie et mort d’Orphée même. Alors, après la presentation illustrée de cet instrumental analythique, nous comparons avec Virgile certaines parties de la traduction du 19ème. siècle du mythe d’Orphée par le Vicomt Antônio Feliciano de Castilho, en essayant de vérifier l’extention de la récuperation du style de l’original latin dans le poème traduit.</p>
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Huang, Shi Ying. "Antioxidiation of Extract of Chinese Quince on Oil." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1705.

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Purposes: antioxidation of Extract of Chinese Quince on Oil was studied in this paper. Methods: the extract of Chinese Quince was prepared first, then to mixed with lard or peanut oil, in order to determinate their antioxidation. Results: the results showed that the extract of water, 50%alcohol,50% methanol and acetic ester had antioxidation on lard and peanut oil. Conclusion: in comparison, it was found that the effect of antioxidation of 50% methanol and water were preferably, and water was the premium. Chinese Quince is the fruit of Common Floweringquince that belongs to family of Rosaceae. Its Chinese name Mugua was first found in <Leigongpaozhilun>, also called Mao or Tiejiaoli in several other Chinese traditional medicine books such as <Erya> and <Qingyilu>. For example, Li shizhen said that according to <Erya> Mao is another name of Mugua. Guopu commented that Mugua is like a small melon which is eatable and that is what the name is after. <Bencaotujing> wrote as ”Mugua is nowadays very popular, while it is of the best type in the city of XuanCheng. Its tree is like a nai tree. Its flowers are in dark red and blossom in the late spring. Its fruits are of size up to water mellon and down to fist. The people in Xuanzhou are good at cultivating Mugua. They plant Mugua in the valleys. When the fruits are ripe they will put them under sunlight and the fruits will turn into red.” Mugua tastes sore and are tender in character. It is good for liver and spleen. It can be used for relaxing muscles, removing body moist and tending stomach [1-5]. Recently the research on its effective factors and the corresponding development of functional food has become an important area. Although the wine making by fermentation of Chinese quince has been reported, the research on the antioxidation effects of extract of Chinese Quince on oil is rather limited. Therefore, we are aiming at providing more theoretical support for discovering the resource of Chinese Quince by focusing on the antioxidation effects of Chinese Quince.
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Karık, Türkan, and Süleyman Murat Yıldız. "The effect of mobbing behaviors on burnout of women’s basketball playersMobbing davranışlarının kadın basketbolcuların tükenmişliği üzerine etkisi." International Journal of Human Sciences 12, no. 2 (August 29, 2015): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v12i2.3349.

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<p>This research was conducted in order to examine the effect of mobbing behaviors on the occupational burnout of women’s basketball players. The research mainly looked into the effects of different dimensions of mobbing, namely as person-related mobbing, work-related mobbing and physically intimidating mobbing, on the emergence of emotional/physical exhaustion and devaluation as well as reduced sense of accomplishment among women’s basketball players. </p><p>The study used the NAQ-F (Negative Acts Questionnaire—Football) scale developed by Yildiz (2015a) to measure mobbing and the ABQ (Athlete Burnout Questionnaire) scale developed by Raedeke and Smith (2001) to measure burnout. Data was gathered from a sample of basketball players (n=97) in the Turkish Women’s Premier Basketball League. Exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were utilized for the evaluation of data.</p><p>The study indicated that person-related mobbing and work-related mobbing had a significant and positive effect on basketball players’ burnout. The emotional/physical exhaustion of basketball players and reduced sense of accomplishment were found to be affected by person-related mobbing while the development of devaluation was positively correlated only with work-related mobbing.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Bu çalışma, mobbing davranışlarının kadın basketbolcuların mesleki tükenmişliği üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada temel olarak mobbing boyutlarından olan kişi ilişkili mobbing, iş ilişkili mobbing ve fiziksel korkutucu mobbingin kadın basketbolcuların duygusal tükenmesi, duyarsızlaşması ve başarıda düşüş hissine olan etkisi ele alınmıştır.</p><p>Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak, mobbing için Yıldız (2015a) tarafından geliştirilen NAQ-F ölçeği (Negative Acts Questionnaire—Football), tükenmişlik için Raedeke ve Smith (2001) tarafından geliştirilen ABQ ölçeği (Athlete Burnout Questionnaire) kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan veriler Türkiye Kadınlar Basketbol 1. Liginde yer alan basketbol takımlarında görev yapan oyunculardan (n=97) elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, korelasyon analizi ve regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. </p><p>Çalışmanın sonucunda kişi ilişkili mobbing ile iş ilişkili mobbingin oyuncuların tükenmişliğini anlamlı ve pozitif olarak etkilediği görülmüştür. Oyuncuların duygusal/fiziksel tükenmesi ve başarıda düşüş hissine “kişi ilişkili mobbing” ile “iş ilişkili mobbing” etki ederken, duyarsızlaşmasına sadece “iş ilişkili mobbing”in etki ettiği bulunmuştur.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>
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Zeidan, Amer M., Nikolai A. Podoltsev, Xiaoyi Wang, Jan Philipp Bewersdorf, Rory M. Shallis, Scott F. Huntington, Natalia Neparidze, et al. "Patterns of Care and Clinical Outcomes with 7+3 Induction Chemotherapy for Patients (pts) with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in the United States (US): A Large Population-Based Study." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-126643.

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#: AMZ and NAP contributed equally to this work Introduction: Anthracycline- and cytarabine-based induction chemotherapy (IC), known as "7+3", has been the standard of care for fit patients (pts) with AML for over 45 years. While various aspects of IC admissions, such as use of mechanical ventilation and dialysis, admission to intensive care units (ICU), and IC-related mortality have been reported in clinical trial setting, little is known about experience and outcomes with 7+3 therapy in real-world settings. We conducted a large population-based retrospective cohort study to assess inpatient care delivered in the US for AML pts receiving 7+3 including IC-related death rates and their predictors. Methods: We used the Premier Healthcare Database, which includes data from geographically diverse, non-profit, nongovernmental, community and teaching hospitals in the US. Premier captures information from 25% of all inpatient admissions across all ages and payor groups. The database includes demographics, diagnoses, and detailed information on diagnostic tests and the use of drugs, procedures, and other inpatient resources, with dates relative to admission. We selected adult (age ≥18 years) AML pts who received 7+3 during their first recorded inpatient stay between 2010 and 2017. Pts were excluded if they 1) were diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia; 2) received "non-7+3" chemotherapy; or 3) had an inpatient length of stay exceeding one year. We defined antifungal prophylaxis (px) as receipt of non-topical agents within the first 14 days after 7+3 initiation and stratified as mold-directed vs not (fluconazole only). Hospitals were categorized based on the mean number of AML pts included in the study per year as low- (&lt;4), medium- (4-8) or high- (≥9) volume, respectively. Aims of this study were to identify treatment and resource utilization patterns in a US population-based dataset of AML pts stratified by hospital volume. Results: A total of 6,442 AML pts from 313 hospitals who received 7+3 were included. Median age was 61 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 50-68 years; 53.1% age ≥ 60 years); 56% of pts were male (Table 1). Median length of stay was 29 (IQR: 25-38) days with percentages of in-hospital death and discharge to hospice of 12.3% and 3.7%, respectively (total 16.0%). In-hospital death or discharge to hospice were lower in high-volume hospitals (14.0%) compared to low- (17.1%, p&lt;.01) and medium- (16.8%, p=.01) volume institutions (Table 1). Among pts who died in hospital, 76.8%, 19.9% and 3.3% died in first 30 days, days 31-60, and more than 60 days from first day of 7+3, respectively. Pts in low volume hospitals (81.7%) were more likely to die in the first 30 days of IC compared to those treated in high volume hospitals (70.4%, p&lt;.01). During their inpatient stay, 12.6% and 4.0% of pts required ICU admissions with mechanical ventilation and dialysis, respectively, with no difference by hospital volume (Table 2). Only 59.2% of pts had claims for bone marrow aspirate/biopsy (BMA) during their inpatient stay. 99.1% received anti-infective medications, and 76.7% received anti-viral medications. Pts in high-volume hospitals were more likely to undergo BMA (p=.02), anti-infective medications (p&lt;.01), and anti-viral medications (p&lt;.01). Of all pts, 14.8% received no antifungal px, while most pts (52.3%) received only fluconazole (non-mold directed) px. Proportions of any antifungal prophylaxis and mold-directed antifungal px were significantly higher for pts treated in high-volume hospitals (91.6% and 61.2%) than those treated in low-volume (81.4% and 41.4%) or medium-volume (82.5% and 40.6%) hospitals (all comparisons significantly different with p&lt;0.01). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the largest population-based study to examine practice patterns and induction mortality for AML pts receiving "7+3" in the US. One of seven pts receiving 7+3 died in the hospital during induction or was discharged to hospice. We observed high use of intensive resources. IC-related mortality, use of any antifungal px, and use of mold-directed antifungal px were significantly better in high-volume hospitals compared to low- and medium-volume hospitals. Further analyses are ongoing to examine other predictors of IC-related deaths. Improved understanding of factors that predict induction-related mortality with 7+3 is vital to develop strategies that improve patient outcomes. Disclosures Zeidan: Boehringer-Ingelheim: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Ariad: Honoraria; Jazz: Honoraria; Medimmune/AstraZeneca: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Acceleron Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Trovagene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BeyondSpring: Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria; Cardinal Health: Honoraria; Seattle Genetics: Honoraria; Daiichi Sankyo: Honoraria; Astellas: Honoraria; Otsuka: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Agios: Honoraria. Podoltsev:Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alexion: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Boehringer Ingelheim: Research Funding; Astellas Pharma: Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Sunesis Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Kartos Therapeutics: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; CTI Biopharma: Research Funding; Celgene: Other: Grant funding, Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; AI Therapeutics: Research Funding; Samus Therapeutics: Research Funding; Arog Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Huntington:Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding. Neparidze:Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC: Research Funding; Eidos Therapeutics: Other: Member of Independent Diagnostic Committee; MMRF/Synteract: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Gore:Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding. Ma:Celgene Corporation: Research Funding. Davidoff:Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding. Wang:Celgene Corporation: Research Funding.
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Kryshtal, Halyna. "Dimension spirituelle en évidence dans le domaine de la santé par la profession des intervenants en soins spirituels (exemple du Québec)." Roczniki Teologiczne 67, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rt.20673-2.

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Uwydatnienie wymiaru duchowego w dziedzinie zdrowia poprzez zawód pracowników opieki duchowej (przykład prowincji Quebec) Obserwujemy ogromne zmiany w społeczeństwach, które wcześniej uchodziły za chrześcijańskie. Fala zeświecczenia doprowadziła do tego, że szkoły lub szpitale katolickie, prowadzone kiedyś przez zgromadzenia zakonne, znalazły się w rękach świeckiego państwa z odpowiednio świecką ideologią. Prowincja Quebec nie jest wyjątkiem. Właśnie Kościół Katolicki był tą instytucją, która dbała przede wszystkim o wymiar duchowy człowieka w powierzonych sobie ośrodkach. Opiekę duchową nad pacjentami sprawowali księża, udzielając sakramentów świętych, pocieszając i podtrzymując chorych oraz ich rodziny na duchu. Wskutek zredukowania roli Kościoła poprzez „spokojną rewolucję” i oddzielenie Kościoła od państwa kapelani szpitalni w Quebecu w większości zostali zastąpieni przez pracowników opieki duchowej. Kuriozalne jest zarazem to, że państwo tak laickie jak Kanada w swoich ustawach dotyczących opieki medycznej wymaga poszanowania prawa człowieka i zapewnienia mu opieki duchowej. Stąd też funkcjonuje oficjalny zawód opiekuna duchowego, przez co sfera duchowa człowieka zostaje niejako uwydatniona – i to jest rzeczą pozytywną. W tym artykule zostało podkreślone, że podmiotem opieki duchowej jest zawsze człowiek, postrzegany jako jedność cielesno-psychiczno-duchowa. Sfera duchowa jest trudna do zdefiniowania. Analizując różne definicje duchowości, można wyodrębnić kilka wspólnych elementów, takich jak poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytania: o tożsamość człowieka („kim jestem?”), o cel i sens życia („po co żyję?”), o sens cierpienia i śmierci („dlaczego mnie to spotkało?”). Wielu odpowiedzi na te pytania znajduje w religii, a więc w relacji z transcendencją/Siłą Wyższą/Bogiem. Niektórzy jednak rozpatrują duchowość w całkowitym oderwaniu od religii. Wówczas głównymi elementami sfery duchowej często są dla nich relacje z bliskimi oraz wartości ogólnoludzkie. Pracownicy opieki duchowej pomagają człowiekowi cierpiącemu w odnalezieniu sensu życia, odkryciu sensu cierpienia oraz przywróceniu równowagi życiowej poprzez zaakceptowanie ograniczeń i nauczenie się życia z nimi. W tej służbie człowiekowi choremu ważna jest obecność przy nim, aktywne słuchanie, dialog, solidarność, współczucie i miłość. Podkreśla się, że pracownikiem opieki duchowej może być każdy, niezależnie od płci, stanu cywilnego lub religijnej przynależności. Niektóre wydziały teologiczne oraz Instytuty religijne, przeżywające obecnie kryzys z powodu niedoboru studentów na kierunek filozofii czy teologii, po zreorganizowaniu się proponują programy kształcenia dla przyszłych pracowników opieki duchowej. Dimension spirituelle en évidence dans le domaine de la santé par la profession des intervenants en soins spirituels (exemple du Québec) Beaucoup de sociétés au monde, auparavant profondément chrétiennes, sont devenues laïques dans les dernières décennies. La société québécoise n’est pas une exception, et les raisons pour cela sont diverses. Nous pouvons observer comment les écoles ou les hôpitaux dirigés par les ordres religieux sont devenus la propriété de l'État. L’Église catholique qui auparavant jouait un rôle important dans la société et prenait soin de l'aspect spirituel des personnes, ne joue presque plus ce rôle. Mais cela ne veut pas dire que les besoins spirituels des personnes et leur soif pour la transcendance soient disparus. Les besoins d'un équilibre global de vie se manifestent lors d’une crise causée par la maladie. C'est surtout dans les moments cruciaux, comme la souffrance, la maladie ou la proximité de la mort que les personnes posent beaucoup de questions sur la spiritualité. Un aspect positif est que la société laïque du Québec a un respect pour les droits des personnes et de leurs besoins spirituels. Pour répondre à ces besoins, une nouvelle profession a vu le jour et elle prend en compte la dimension spirituelle des personnes. Cette dimension doit être au cœur des pratiques de toutes les personnes engagées à donner un support aux malades. La personne dans son ensemble «corps-âme-esprit» doit être au centre pendant tous les soins médicaux. C'est pour cette raison qu'en premier lieu dans cet article, j'ai parlé de la conception de la personne dans laquelle prévalent l’approche globale et intégrative. Ensuite, je me suis concentrée sur la notion de la spiritualité. En démontrant la diversité des définitions de la spiritualité, j'ai souligné les éléments communs, tels que la recherche de réponses aux questions : l'identité d'un être humain („qui suis-je?”), le but et le sens de la vie („pourquoi j'existe?”), le sens de la souffrance et la mort („pourquoi cela m’arrive?”). Le problème du sens et du but de la vie est une question primordiale pour l'homme, même si elle demeure souvent inexprimée. Beaucoup de gens retrouvent les réponses à ces questions dans la religion, dans leurs rapports avec la transcendance / Être Suprême / Dieu. Certaines personnes, cependant, considèrent la spiritualité dans l'isolement complet de la religion. Ensuite, les principaux éléments de la sphère spirituelle sont souvent les relations avec les proches et les valeurs humaines. Les intervenants en soins spirituels aident les personnes souffrantes à retrouver le sens de la vie, de reconstruire un équilibre de vie global et/ou d'apprendre à «vivre avec» leurs limites. Par leur profession ils offrent l'écoute attentive, la possibilité du dialogue, la solidarité, la compassion et l'amour dont les personnes souffrantes ont tant besoin. Il est bien de mentionner que les facultés de théologie et les instituts d'études religieuses se sont réorientés pour proposer des programmes académiques afin de former les intervenants en soins spirituels.
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Subotic, Gojko. "Natpis u Molivoklisiji." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 41 (2004): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0441507s.

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(francuski) Parmi les nombreuses cellules du monast?re de Chilandar ? Kary?s et dans ses environs ? il en restait pr?s de trente au d?but du XX?me si?cle ? la cellule de la Dormition de la Vierge a conserv? la plus ancienne ?glise datant de l'?poque de la domination turque dont le toit en plomb est ? l'origine de l'appellation de cet ?tablissement. Ce petit ?difice trinconque a ?t? d?cor? de peintures murales de style cr?tois qui sont l'oeuvre de peintres appartenant au cercle du ma?tre Th?ophane. Nous sommes renseign?s sur l'?rection et la d?coration de cette ?glise par une inscription peinte appos?e au-dessus de l'entr?e sud, aujourd'hui mur?e, dont le texte, mutil? aux extr?mit?s, a ?galement perdu sa partie finale, qui comptait une, voir deux derni?res lignes. On peut n?anmoins y lire l'ann?e, 7045 (1536/7), une date, 22 octobre, et plusieurs indications chronologiques (indiction, cercle du Soleil, cercle de la Lune, epakt et autres). Ces ?l?ments chronologiques ne correspondent pas, toutefois, ? l'ann?e 7045, mais plut?t 7050. Ceci avait d?j? ?t? remarqu? par Lj. Stojanovic qui est le premier ? avoir publi? cette inscription, en proposant les deux ann?es; malgr? tout, c'est l'ann?e 1536 ou 1537 qui appara?t le plus souvent dans les textes sp?cialis?s pour la datation de l'?rection et de la d?coration de cette ?glise, et ce n'est que ces derniers temps que l'ann?e 1541 a de nouveau ?t? prise en ligne de compte. L'observation du contenu de cette inscription s'est en fait toujours limit?e ? la partie conserv?e du texte. L'incertitude concernant l'ann?e ne peut toutefois ?tre r?solue que si l'on prend ?galement en compte ses parties perdues. En ce sens, la reconstitution de l'inscription dans son int?gralit?, qui est ici propos?e sous forme de dessin, montre qu'?tait tout d'abord mentionn?e l'ann?e 7045 (1536/7), et ensuite la date de la fin des travaux de d?coration murale, le 22 octobre 1541. La partie conserv?e de l'inscription fait ?tat des deux personnages ayant veill? ? l'?rection et la d?coration de l'?glise ? le moine Makarije dont il ne subsiste du nom la?c que la premi?re lettre M..., et Dmitar Janje..., dont la fin du nom est d?truite. Dmitar, comme il appara?t, n'?tait pas un moine mais un la?c, dont Eponyme a ?t? avec raison compris comme un origo ? Janjevac. On a suppos? que Makarije pourrait ne faire qu'un avec l'imprimeur bien connu du m?me nom, qui a ?dit? sa premi?re oeuvre ? Cetinje en 1493, et a plus tard travaill? en Valachie et m?me, le suppose-t-on, ?t? dans les ann?es trente du XVI?me si?cle higoum?ne de Chilandar. L'identification de ce Makarije avec le moine du m?me nom de la Molybokkl?sia impliquerait que l'on peut suivre son activit? au cours de pr?s de six d?cennies. A rencontre de cette supposition on note toutefois l'absence dans l'inscription, comme cela ?t? l'usage, de toute mention de Makarije en tant qu'ancien higoum?ne (pro higoum?ne). D'autre part, on n'a pas relev? jusqu'? pr?sent la possibilit? de reconna?tre devant le nom de Makarije la fin du mot pisac, ce qui signifie qu'il ?tait scribe, copiste. De feit, si nous y ajoutons une note appos?e dans un livre recopi? par Dmitar Janjevac (Dmitar de Janjevo) (Giljferding n' 9) mentionnant ce dernier comme un ?bon scribe?, il est d?j? permis d'en conclure que la cellule de Molybokkl?sia dans laquelle vivaient Makarije et Dmitar ?tait un scriptorium. L'activit? de ces deux scribes ressort ?galement de l'aspect m?me de l'inscription. On y rel?ve en effet des formes pal?ographiques caract?ristiques des manuscrits ? en l'occurrence n'apparaissant pas sur les fresques et les ic?nes. De m?me, les ?l?ments chronologiques mentionn?s (cercle du Soleil, cercle de la Lune, etc.) figurent ? cette ?poque dans les inscriptions indiquant la fin d'un travail sur des manuscrits, mais non sur des fresques. Il va de soi que c'est l'un des deux kelli?tes, Makarije ou Dmitar, et peut-?tre tous les deux, qui ont r?dig? ce texte et d'autres accompagnant sur les fresques, compte tenu que celles-ci ont ?t? ex?cut?es par des ma?tres grecs, cr?tois, qui ignoraient le slave. S'agissant de Dmitar, il a acquis sa formation de scribe ? Janjevo, c?l?bre centre d'exploitation mini?re et march? o? ?tait perp?tu?e l'activit? de copiste. Les inscriptions en slave n'?taient une chose rare dans les cellules du monast?re de Chilandar sises ? Kary?s. Non loin du Pr?taton, dans la cellule Flaska sont conserv?s des restes de la peinture contenant une liste de donateurs, inscrite (cca 1526) dans une r?daction serbo-slave, o? ? c?t? des noms des moines, figurent d'autres noms, et ce non seulement d'hommes mais aussi de femmes, et ce tant monacaux que la?cs. On suppose que ces personnes, ? qui revenait le m?rite de la d?coration de l'ancien ?difice, ?taient originaires de Kratovo, alors le plus important centre d'exploitation mini?re dans les Balkans. A l'?poque o? ?tait ?rig?e et d?cor?e la Molybokkl?sia, nous savons que quelques personnages dot?s d'une remarquable ?rudition vivaient ? Kary?s. Parmi ceux-ci se distinguait tout particuli?rement l'hi?romoine Gavrilo de la cellule de Kaproul?, homme faisant montre d'un vaste champ d'int?r?t et entretenant de nombreux liens tant avec les milieux spirituels du monde orthodoxe qu'avec les cours des pays voisins. Nous sommes assez pr?cis?ment inform?s sur ses origines par une fresque ornant la chapelle de Saint-Jean le Pr?curseur am?nag?e au-dessus du narthex du Pr?taton, ? savoir la repr?sentation de quatre archev?ques li?s ? l'?glise d'Ochrid dans l'espace exigu du sanctuaire. Connu comme un excellent traducteur de textes grecs ?en lanque serbe?, Gavrilo ?tait donc assur?ment originaire du milieu slave. Parall?lement, durant quasiment toute la premi?re moiti? du XVI?me si?cle, l'administration du Pr?taton eut ?galement ? sa t?te l'hi?romoine Serafim. Lui-aussi r?sidait dans une des anciennes cellules, tou K?phou ? Kary?s, o? lui-m?me s'adonnait ? un travail d'?criture. Il a ?crit et recopi? les vies des personnalit?s de son milieu, qu'il connaissait personnellement, instaur? leur culte et fait don au Pr?taton d'ouvrages dans lesquels il a parfois appos? des notes parall?lement en grec et en slave. Quelque peu plus r?cente, la cellule des Trois-Saints, ?galement rattach?e ? Chilandar, vient confirmer l'existence d'un besoin non n?gligeable en traductions et copies r?dig?es en slave ? Kary?s. De son katastichon, conserv? dans un legs de 1575/6, nous apprenons que cet ?tablissement poss?dait quarante deux ouvrages en slave. Il va de soi qu'un r?le particulier en ce sens revenait ? l'ermitage de Saint-Sabbas o?, d?j? au XIII?me si?cle, avait ?t? r?alis?e une importante activit? d'?criture, et o? l'activit? de recopie de manuscrit se poursuivit encore par la suite durant des si?cles. Dans un tel milieu, il va de soi que la Molybokkl?sia se voyait tout naturellement conf?rer un prestige particulier en tant que scriptorium, avec le moine Makarije et Dmitar Janjevac. .
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29

Brounen, Dirk, David C. Ling, and Melissa Porras Prado. "Short Sales and Fundamental Value: Explaining the REIT Premium to NAV." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1469454.

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30

Letdin, Mariya, Stace Sirmans, and G. Stacy Sirmans. "Betting Against the Sentiment in REIT NAV Premiums." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, January 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11146-020-09803-3.

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31

Zhang, Xiaowei. "Law of Two Prices? Revisiting the Noise Trader Model of NAV Premiums." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3731995.

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32

Zarzecki, Dariusz, and Katarzyna Byrka-Kita. "Premia z tytułu kontroli w warunkach polskich." Przegląd Organizacji, February 28, 2012, 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33141/po.2012.02.09.

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W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nad poziomem premii z tytułu kontroli w Polsce. W zależności od daty odniesienia powinna ona odzwierciedlać wspólne korzyści z tytułu kontroli lub sprowadzać się do prywatnych korzyści z tytułu kontroli, realizowanych przez udziałowca dysponującego kontrolą kosztem udziałowców mniejszościowych. W pracy posłużono się podejściem zaproponowanym przez Barclaya i Holdernessa (1989). Grupą transakcji o bezwzględnie najwyższych premiach okazał się zbiór transakcji blokowych z transferem kontroli. (abstrakt oryginalny)
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HERAUD, FRANCISCA BRASILEIRO. "EM BUSCA DO PRIMEIRO JARDIM NAS AMÉRICAS." Textos e Debates 2, no. 17 (April 18, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/2217-1448ted.v2i17.738.

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Atravessar fronteiras, partir alhures em busca de novas paisagens, partir pelo simples prazer da errancia, o retorno ao Jardim Adâmico - às origens - são assuntos que atravessam as literaturas das Américas. Autores com seus personagens andarilhos errantes, exilados de forma voluntária ou involuntária, povoam as literaturas do Continente Americano. O romance O primeiro jardim (Le Premier jardin), de Anne Hébert, escritora quebequense e o conto Os despojos (Los Despojos), de Carlos Fuentes, escritor mexicano de origem panamenha, apresentam personagens centrais que, em busca de suas identidades, empreendem viagens além de suas fronteiras. Essa identidade procurada alhures é encontrada quando esses personagens fazem a viagem de volta ao primeiro jardim, ou seja, às suas origens. O objetivo desse artigo é o de mostrar em quais circunstâncias esses personagens fazem a viagem de volta às suas origens.
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Skralovnik, Samo. "Jakob Aleksič – znanilec pomladi biblične znanosti." Edinost in dialog 74, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.34291/edinost/74/skralovnik.

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V prispevku so kritično ovrednotene razprave, ki jih je dr. Jakob Aleksič objavil v Teološkem zborniku in v Bogoslovnem vestniku. Te niso strogo znanstvene narave, temveč strokovni prikaz, »pregled, ki ima le bolj splošno uvoden značaj« (1955, 144), kakor avtor sam zapiše v sklepu ene svojih bolj dognanih in obsežnih razprav. Na razprave so močno vplivali takratno dogajanje v Cerkvi in veliki premiki na področju uradnega odnosa Katoliške cerkve do Svetega pisma. Skoraj v vsaki razpravi se sklicuje na pomembne papeške dokumente tistega časa, zlasti Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943), Providentissimus Deus (1895) in Humani generis (1953). Kriterij analiziranih razprav je »zgledna cerkvenost« (Stainer 1980, 497), kar pomeni, da njegove razprave »zvesto sledijo nauku cerkvenega učiteljstva« (497). Vsi ti dokumenti imajo izrazito polemično oz. apologetično naravo in jih lahko razumemo, podobno kot večino Aleksičevih razprav, kot odgovor na izzive časa. V tem kontekstu lahko tudi razumemo Aleksičevo navdušenost nad rezultati pozitivnih znanosti, zlasti arheologije in zgodovine, ki še ne kaže povsem treznega, kritičnega in uravnoteženega premisleka glede njihove končne vloge za razumevanje Svetega pisma.
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Nechaeva, Taysiay V., Olga P. Yakutina, and Helen V. Bogolubova. "Hungarian clover (Trifollium pannonicum Jacq.) - perspective forage crop and phytomeliorant (literary review)." Почвы и окружающая среда 3, no. 1 (November 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31251/pos.v3i1.115.

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The aim of the study is to present a review of the general characteristics and cultivation of Hungarian clover (Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.) as a forage crop and phytomeliorant in different regions of Russia based on literature data and own experiments. Hungarian clover (Trifolium pannonicum Jacq.) is a perennial legume plant with a natural area of distribution in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The crop is characterized by good adaptability to new ecological and geographical conditions, high winter hardiness, drought resistance, stable seed yield, low susceptibility to diseases and pests, productive longevity (10-15 years), decorativeness, especially during the flowering period (Fig. 1, 4). Fodder from Hungarian clover (hay, haylage and silage) is of excellent or good quality, and the most valuable fodder is obtained when the crop is mown in the budding phase (Table 7-8). At this time, the plants are well leafy, have tender stems and the biggest content of nutrients in the forage mass. These advantages opened up the prospect of the introduction and use of Hungarian clover in different regions of Russia, including the Middle Urals, the Non-Chernozem zone of the country, the Middle Volga region and the south of Western Siberia. In Russia, three varieties of Hungarian clover have been created and best studied: Premier (originators - Siberian Research Institute of Forages and Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Novosibirsk), Anik (Penza State Agricultural Academy), Snezhok (Zonal Research Institute of the North-East named after N.V. Rudnitsky, Kirov). These varieties are included in the state register for testing and protection of breeding achievements of the Russian Federation, have successfully proven themselves in fodder production and gardening, as well as a phytomeliorant of disturbed lands, including when regrassing erosion dangerous slopes and restoration of coal mining sites. Analysis of the literature and our own data showed that the plasticity of Hungarian clover allowed it to adapt to the agro-climatic conditions of different regions of Russia, in particular the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, and to give a high, guaranteed seed yield, despite the harsh winters and a short growing season. The morphological structure of Hungarian clover with a very powerful and deeply penetrating root system, multi-stemmed and goblet-shaped bush with large leaves and inflorescences (Fig. 2-3; Table 1-2), gives reasons to speak of the high competitiveness of this crop in relation to the species of natural flora (including rhizome grasses), and also allows us to consider this plant as a promising soil-strengthening plant. Mineral fertilizers (Table 6) and other means of chemicalization have a positive effect on the growth and development of Hungarian clover: field germination, winter hardiness, symbiotic and photosynthetic activity, seed productivity and fodder harvest increase. In terms of the content and set of the main nutrients, Hungarian clover is not inferior to the traditionally cultivated Red clover, and even surpasses it with late mowing. The crop is resistant to pathogens as Erysiphe communis (Wallr.) Grew, Cercospora zebrina Pass, Stemphylium sarciniforme Wiltsh, Pseudopeziza trifolii Fuck, Uromyces fallens (Desm.) Kem. It is possible to sow Hungarian clover in spring and summer (Table 9). The summer sowing period (mid-July) is preferable to use when the field is heavily infested, which allows several presowing cultivations. The wide-row sowing method is inferior in productivity to the row sowing (Fig. 8-9), but it should be noted that the first method is preferable for two main reasons: inter-row cultivation can be carried out and the plants are less prone to lodging than with row sowing with a shoot height of more than 85 cm. Hungarian clover sowing in natural meadow communities allows to increase the yield and nutritional value of the grass stand (Table 4-5; Fig. 5, 7). For example, when the Hungarian clover of the variety Premier is sown into a natural meadow community dominated by an active cenosis-forming agent, Poa angustifolia L., clover remains in the herbage for more than 16 years with a share of at least 50%. Thus, Hungarian clover is a new, promising forage crop in Russia and can be recommended for the creation of highly productive, long-term agrocenoses and as a phytomeliorant of disturbed lands.
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"MIGRACIJE IN VARNOST NA STARI CELINI." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2017 ISSUE 19/3 (September 15, 2017): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.19.3.0.

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Dve leti mineva od evropske migrantske krize. Jeseni 2015 je Evropo preplavil begunski val, kakršnega nismo pričakovali in si ga nismo znali predstavljati. Presenetil nas je v vseh pogledih. Sodobna tehnologija, ugledne ustanove in vodilni svetovni strokovnjaki z različnih področij niso predvideli tega, kar se je zgodilo. Evropski pravni red, človekove pravice, schengenski režim in ideje Zahoda, ki so se hitro razblinile, nam pa je ostala samo gola realnost. Kje so begunci zdaj, koliko jih je in kako se počutijo? Kako je begunska kriza vplivala na nacionalnovarnostni sistem, na skupno evropsko obrambno in varnostno politiko? Mediji o tem dve leti pozneje le redko poročajo. Veliko pa se govori o terorističnih napadih po evropskih mestih, o izhodu Velike Britanije iz Evropske unije, o ameriškem predsedniku Donaldu Trumpu in korejskih raketah, ki burkajo Japonsko morje. Samuel P. Huntington je pred leti napisal knjigo Spopad civilizacij. V Sloveniji je izšla leta 2005. Izhajal je iz predpostavke, da bosta glavna razloga za spopade narodov v prihodnosti njihova kulturna in religiozna identiteta. Napovedal je, da bo največjo grožnjo predstavljal ekstremni terorizem. Različne ideologije bodo zamenjali individualno usmerjeni posamezniki, ki jim ne bo več mar za skupno dobro, temveč bodo osredotočeni nase in svoje koristi. Odsotnost ideologij bo nadomestilo vračanje k starodavnim tradicijam. Odzivi na Huntingtonovo delo so bili zelo različni. Nekateri so bili navdušeni, drugi skeptični. Lahko pa ugotovimo, da se je njegova teorija, ki jo je prvič predstavil leta 1992, potrdila na primeru vojne, ki se je zgodila na Zahodnem Balkanu. Ko se je ideologija nekdanje Jugoslavije razblinila, so se narodi in narodnosti vrnili k svojim koreninam in zgodila se je vojna, ki je zahtevala veliko življenj. O dejstvu, da je Zahodni Balkan prelomnica različnih kultur, je pisal tudi Robert D. Kaplan v svojih delih. Najbolj znano med njimi je Balkanski duh, v katerem podrobno preučuje zgodovinsko in kulturno turbulenco v neposredni soseščini zibelke zahodne civilizacije, ki je bila zadnjih več kot dva tisoč let gonilo razvoja Zahoda. Zato nas v tokratni številki Sodobnih vojaških izzivov zanima, kaj je novega na stari celini, s poudarkom na varnostnem, obrambnem in vojaškem področju. V članku Geostrateški premiki v sodobni Evropi Uroš Tovornik preučuje geostrateški pomen odnosov med Francijo, Nemčijo in Veliko Britanijo kot držav, ki so v preteklosti krojile usodo Evrope. Z odločitvijo Velike Britanije o izstopu iz Evropske unije se prej klasični geostrateški trikotnik lahko spremeni v druge odločilne geostrateške povezave, ki staro celino lahko zelo spremenijo. József Kis Benedek piše o posledicah dogajanja v severni Afriki in na Bližnjem vzhodu. Nekateri avtorji so se v bližnji preteklosti spraševali, ali bo po arabski pomladi nastopila arabska zima, sledila pa sta evropska migrantska kriza ter povečanje terorističnih napadov v Evropi. V članku Izzivi iraške, sirske in libijske krize za Evropsko unijo se avtor posveča vprašanju udeležbe borcev na kriznih območjih, ki prihajajo na pomoč iz Evrope. Gospodarska obveščevalna dejavnost: neizogibna izbira je naslov članka, ki ga je napisal Laris Gaiser. V njem poudarja nujnost večje pozornosti, ki jo mora Slovenija nameniti temu področju, da bo zagotavljala večjo dobrobit svojim državljanom. Po letu 1991 je Slovenija dosegla veliko, toda sodobne varnostne smernice določajo, da je poleg klasičnih nalog na obveščevalno-varnostnem področju pomembna tudi gospodarska obveščevalna dejavnost. Kako je s tem v Sloveniji in kaj bi še morali storiti? Slovenska vojska že nekaj let sodeluje v mednarodni operaciji in na misiji v Bosni in Hercegovini. Tam ni edina, saj poleg nje za red in mir skrbijo še številne druge države članice Evropske unije. Kako dolgo bo še tako in kako uspešne so mednarodne varnostne sile na tem območju? Na to in nekatera druga vprašanja poskušajo odgovoriti avtorji Ivana Boštjančič Pulko, Johanna Suhonen in Kari Sainio v članku Ocenjevanje načrtovanja in izvajanja misij ter operacij EU: študija primera EUFOR Althea v Bosni in Hercegovini. Kibernetika, kibernetski prostor in kibernetski napadi so splošno znani pojmi, o katerih zadnje čase veliko slišimo in beremo. Ali te pojme res dobro poznamo? Kako je s pravnimi podlagami na nacionalni ravni in kako je to področje urejeno v mednarodnem okolju? To je izziv, na katerega je treba najti strateške in povsem konkretne odgovore. Enega izmed mogočih lahko najdemo v članku Zakonitost nizkointenzivnih kibernetskih operacij po mednarodnem pravu avtorice Pike Šarf. Vojaško letalstvo je sestavni del sodobnih oboroženih sil. Slovensko je razmeroma mlado in je v svoji kratki zgodovini doživelo več razvojnih faz tako na področju letalske stroke kot tudi v organizacijskem vojaškem smislu. Kakovostno sodelovanje slovenskih vojaških pilotov v mednarodnih operacijah in na misijah ter mednarodnih vojaških vajah priča o tem, da smo na pravi poti. Toda kako naprej? Avtor Mitja Lipovšek se v članku Slovensko vojaško letalstvo danes in čez 20 let sklicuje na misel, da je zgodovina razprava preteklosti s sedanjostjo za prihodnost. Obilo zanimivega branja vam želimo in vas vabimo k sodelovanju tudi kot avtorje člankov.
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37

Adams, Jillian Elaine. "Marketing Tea against a Turning Tide: Coffee and the Tea Council of Australia 1963–1974." M/C Journal 15, no. 2 (May 2, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.472.

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The Coming of Coffee Before World War II, Australians followed British tradition and largely drank tea. When coffee challenged the tea drinking habit in post-war Australia, the tea industry fought back using the most up-to-date marketing techniques imported from America. The shift to coffee drinking in post-war Australia is, therefore, explored through a focus on both the challenges faced by the tea industry and how that industry tackled the trend towards coffee. By focusing on the Australian Tea Council’s marketing campaign promoting tea as a fashionable drink and preferable to coffee, this article explores Australia’s cultural shift from tea drinking to coffee drinking. This complex and multi-layered transition, often simply explained by post-war migration, provides an opportunity to investigate other causal aspects of this shift. In doing so, it draws on oral histories—including of central figures working in the tea and coffee industries—as well as reports in newspapers and popular magazines, during this period of culinary transition. Australians always drank coffee but it was expensive, difficult and inconsistent to brew, and was regarded as a drink “for the better class of person” (P. Bennett). At the start of World War II, Australia was second only to Britain in terms of its tea consumption and maintaining Australia’s supply of tea was a significant issue for the government (NAA, “Agency Notes”). To guarantee a steady supply, tea was rationed, as were many other staples. Between 1941 and 1955, the tea supply was under government control with the Commonwealth-appointed Tea Control Board responsible for its purchase and distribution nationwide (Adams, “From Instant” 16). The influence of the USA on Australia’s shift from tea-drinking has been underplayed in narratives of the origins of Australia’s coffee culture, but the presence of American servicemen, either stationed in Australia or passing through during the war in the Pacific, had a considerable impact on what Australians ate and drank. In 2007, the late John Button noted that:It is when the countries share a cause that the two peoples have got to know each other best. Between 1942 and 1945, when Australia’s population was seven million, one million US service personnel came to Australia. They were made welcome, and strange things happened. American sporting results and recipes were published in the newspapers; ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’ was played at the start of theatre and concert performances. Australians were introduced to the hot dog; Americans, reluctantly, to the dim sim. 10 or 15 years after the war, there were stories of New York cab drivers who knew Australia well and spoke warmly of their wartime visits. For years, letters between Australia and the US went back and forth between pen friends […] following up friendships developed during the war. Supplying the daily ration of coffee to American servicemen was another concern for the Australian government as Australia had insufficient roasting capacity to supply this coffee—and so three roasting machines were shipped to Australia to help meet this new demand (NAA, MP5/45 a). To ensure a steady supply, coffee too came under the control of the Tea Controller and the Tea Control Board became the Tea and Coffee Control Board. At this time, civilians became more aware of coffee as newspapers raised its profile and Australian families invited American servicemen in their homes. Differences in food preferences between American servicemen and Australians were noticed, with coffee the most notable of these. The Argus reported that: “The main point of issue in these rival culinary fancies is the longstanding question of coffee” (“Yanks Differ” 8). It concluded that Australians and Americans ate the same foods, only prepared in different ways, but the most significant difference between them was the American “preference for coffee” (8). When Australian families invited hosted servicemen in their homes, housewives needed advice on how to make prepare coffee, and were told:One of the golden rules for hostesses entertaining American troops should be not to serve them coffee unless they know how to make it in the American fashion [...] To make coffee in the proper American fashion requires a special kind of percolating. Good results may be obtained by making coffee with strong freshly ground beans and the coffee should be served black with cream to be added if required (“Coffee for Americans” 5). Australian civilians also read reports of coffee, rather than tea, being served to Australian servicemen overseas, and the following report in The Argus in 1942 shows: “At Milne Bay 100 gallons of coffee were served to the men after pictures had been shown each night. Coffee was not the only comfort to be supplied. There were also chocolate, tobacco, toothpaste, and other articles appreciated by the troops” (“Untitled” 5). Due largely to tea rationing and the presence of American servicemen, Australia’s coffee consumption increased to 500 grams per person per annum between 1941 and 1944, but it also continued to rise in the immediate post-war period when the troops had departed (ABS). In May 1947, the Tea (and Coffee) Controller reported an increased consumption of 54 per cent in the two years after the war ended (NAA, MP5/45 b). Tea Loses Its Way Australian tea company and coffee roaster, Bushells, had an excellent roast and ground coffee—Bushells Pure Coffee—according to Bill Bennett who worked for the company from 1948 to 1950 (B. Bennett). It was sold freshly roasted in screw-top jars that could be re-used for storage in the kitchen or pantry. In 1945, in a series of cartoon-style advertisements, Bushells showed consumers how easy it was to make coffee using this ground beans, but the most significant challenge to tea’s dominance came not with this form of coffee, but in 1948 with the introduction of Nestlé instant coffee. Susie Khamis argues that “of all the coffee brands that vied for Australians’ attention, Nestlé was by far the most salient, by virtue of its frequency, timeliness and resonance” (218). With Nestlé instant coffee, “you use just the quantity you need for each cup and there are no grounds or sediment. Nescafé made perfect full-flavoured coffee in a matter of seconds” (Canberra Times). Figure 1. Advertisement for Nestlé Coffee. The Canberra Times 5 Aug. 1949: 2. Figure 2. Advertisement for Bushells Coffee. The Argus 22 Aug. 1945: 11. Instant coffee, as well as being relatively cheap, solved the “problem” of its brewing and was marketed as convenient, economical, and consistent. It also was introduced at a time when the price of tea was increasing and the American lifestyle had great appeal to Australians. Khamis argues that the discovery of instant coffee “spoke to changes in Australia’s lifestyle options”, noting that the “tea habit was tied to Australia’s development as a far-flung colonial outpost, a daily reminder that many still looked to London as the nation’s cultural capital; the growing appeal of instant coffee reflected a widening and more nuanced cultural palate” (218). Instant coffee, modernity, America, and glamour became thus entwined in a period when Australia’s cultural identity “was informed less by the staid conservatism of Britain than the heady flux of the new world glamour” (Khamis 219). In the 1950s, Australians were seduced by espresso coffee presented to them in imaginatively laid out coffee lounges featuring ultra modern décor and streamlined fittings. Customers were reportedly “seduced by the novelty of the impressive-looking espresso machines, all shining chrome and knobs and pressure gauges” (Australasian Confectioner and Restaurant Journal 61). At its best, espresso coffee is a sublime drink with a rich thick body and a strong flavour. It is a pleasure to look at and has about it an air of European sophistication. These early coffee lounges were the precursors of the change from American-style percolated coffee (Adams, “Barista” vi). According to the Australasian Confectioner and Restaurant Journal, in 1956 espresso coffee was changing the way people drank coffee “on the continent, in London and in other parts of the world,” which means that as well as starting a new trend in Australia, this new way of brewing coffee was making coffee even more popular elsewhere (61). The Connoisseurship of Coffee Despite the popularities of cafés, the Australian consumer needed to be educated to become a connoisseur, and this instruction was provided in magazine and newspaper articles. Rene Dalgleish, writing for Australian Home Beautiful in 1964, took “a look around the shops” to report on “a growing range of glamorous and complicated equipment designed for the once-simple job of brewing a cup of tea, or more particularly, coffee” (21). Although she included teapots, her main focus was coffee brewing equipment—what it looked like and how it worked. She also discussed how to best appreciate coffee, and described a range of home grinding and brewing coffee equipment from Turkish to percolation and vacuum coffee makers. As there was only one way of making tea, Dalgleish pays little attention to its method of brewing (21) and concludes the piece by referring only to coffee: “There are two kinds of coffee drinkers—those who drink it because it is a drink and coffee lovers. The sincere coffee lover is one who usually knows about coffee and at the drop of a hat will talk with passionate enthusiasm on the only way to make real coffee” (21). In its first issue in 1966, Australasian Gourmet Magazine reflected on the increased consumption and appreciation of coffee in a five-page feature. “More and more people are serving fine coffee in their homes,” it stated, “while coffee lounges and espresso bars are attracting the public in the city, suburbs and country towns” (Repin and Dressler 36). The article also noted that there was growing interest in the history and production of coffee as well as roasting, blending, grinding, and correct preparation methods. In the same year, The Australian Women’s Weekly acknowledged a growing interest in both brewing, and cooking with, coffee in a lift-out recipe booklet titled “Cooking with Coffee.” This, according to the Weekly, presented “directions that tell you how to make excellent coffee by seven different methods” as well as “a variety of wonderful recipes for cakes, biscuits, desserts, confectionary and drinks, all with the rich flavor of coffee” (AWW). By 1969, the topic was so well established that Keith Dunstan could write an article lampooning coffee snobbery in Australian Gourmet Magazine. He describes his brother’s attention to detail when brewing coffee and his disdain for the general public who were all drinking what he called “muck”. Coffee to the “coffee-olics” like his brother was, Dunstan suggested, like wine to the gourmand (5). In the early 1960s, trouble was brewing in the tea business. Tea imports were not keeping pace with population growth and, in 1963, the Tea Bureau conducted a national survey into the habits of Australian tea drinkers (McMullen). This found that although tea was the most popular beverage at the breakfast table for all socio-economic groups, 30 per cent of Australian housewives did not realise that tea was cheaper than coffee. 52 per cent of coffee consumed was instant and one reason given for coffee drinking between meals was that it was easier to make one cup (Broadcasting and Television “Tea Gains”). Marketing Tea against a Turning Tide Coffee enjoyed an advantage that tea was unlikely to ever have, as the margin between raw bean and landed product was much wider than tea. Tea was also traditionally subject to price-cutting by grocery chains who used it as a loss leader “to bring the housewife into the store” (Broadcasting and Television “Tea Battles”) and, with such a fine profit margin, the individual tea packer had little to allocate for marketing expenses. In response, a group of tea merchants, traders and members of tea growing countries formed The Tea Council of Australia in 1963 to pool their marketing funds to collectively market their product. With more funds, the Council hoped to achieve what individual companies could not (Adams “From Instant” 1-19). The chairman of the Tea Council, Mr. G. McMullan, noted that tea was “competing in the supermarkets with all beverages that are sold […]. All the beverages are backed by expensive marketing campaigns. And this is the market that tea must continue to hold its share” (McMullen 6). The Tea Council employed the services of Jackson Wain and Company for its marketing and public relations campaign. Australian social historian Warren Fahey worked for the company in the 1960s and described it in an interview. He recalled: Jackson Wain was quite a big advertising agency. Like a lot of these big agencies of the time it was Australian owned by Barry Wain and John Jackson. Jackson Wain employed some illustrious creative directors at that time and its clients were indeed big: they had Qantas, Rothmans, the Tea Council, White Wings—which was a massive client—and Sunbeam. And they are just some of the ones they had. Over the following eleven years, the Tea Council sought innovative ways to identify target markets and promote tea drinking. Much of this marketing was directed at women. Since women were responsible for most of the household shopping, and housewives were consuming “incidental” beverages during the day (that is, not with meals), a series of advertisements were placed in women’s magazines. Showing how tea could be enjoyed at work, play, in the home, and while shopping, these kick-started the Tea Council’s advertising campaign in 1964. Fahey remembers that: tea was seen as old-fashioned so they started to talk about different aspects of drinking tea. I remember the images of several campaigns that came through Jackson Wain of the Tea Board. The Women’s Weekly ones were a montage of images where they were trying to convince people that tea was refreshing […] invigorating […] [and] friendly. Figure 3. Tea Council Advertisement. The Australian Women’s Weekly 29 Jan. 1964, 57. Radio was the Tea Council’s “cup of tea”. Transistor and portable radio arrived in Australia in the 1950s and this much listened to medium was especially suited to the Tea Council’s advertising (Tea Council Annual Report 1964). Radio advertising was relatively low-cost and the Council believed that people thought aurally and could picture their cup of tea as soon as they heard the word “tea”. Fahey explains that although radio was losing some ground to the newly introduced television, it was still the premier media, largely because it was personality driven. Many advertisers were still wary of television, as were the agencies. Radio advertisements, read live to air by the presenter, would tell the audience that it was time for a cuppa—“Right now is the right time to taste the lively taste of tea” (Tea Council Annual Report 1964)—and a jingle created for the advertisement completed the sequence. Fahey explained that agencies “were very much tuned into the fact even in those days that women were a dominant fact in the marketing of tea. Women were listening to radio at home while they were doing their work or entertaining their friends and those reminders to have a cup of tea would have been quite useful triggers in terms of the marketing”. The radio jingle, “The taste of tea makes a lively you” (Jackson Wain, “Tea Council”) aired 21,000 times on 85 radio stations throughout Australia in 1964 (Tea Council of Australia Annual Report). In these advertisements, tea was depicted as an interesting, exciting and modern beverage, suitable for consumption at home as outside it, and equally, if not more, refreshing than other beverages. People were also encouraged to use more tea when they brewed a pot by adding “one [spoonful] for the pot” (Jackson Wain, “Tea Council”). These advertisements were designed to appeal to both housewives and working women. For the thrifty housewife, they emphasised value for money in a catchy radio jingle that contained the phrase “and when you drink tea the second cup’s free” (Jackson Wain “Tea Council”). For the fashionable, tea could be consumed with ice and lemon in the American fashion, and glamorous fashion designer Prue Acton and model Liz Holmes both gave their voices to tea in a series of radio advertisements (Tea Council of Australia, “Annual Reports”). This was supported with a number of other initiatives. With the number of coffee lounges increasing in cities, the Tea Council devised a poster “Tea is Served Here” that was issued to all cafes that served tea. This was strategically placed to remind people to order the beverage. Other print tea advertisements targeted young women in the workforce as well as women taking time out for a hot drink while shopping. Figure 4. “Tea Is Served Here.” Tea Council of Australia. Coll. of Andy Mac. Photo: Andy Mac. White Wings Bake-off The cookery competition known as the White Wings Bake-Off was a significant event for many housewives during this period, and the Tea Council capitalised on it. Run by the Australian Dairy Board and White Wings, a popular Australian flour milling company, the Bake-Off became a “national institution […] and tangible proof of the great and growing interest in good food and cooking in Australia” (Wilson). Starting in 1963, this competition sought original recipes from home cooks who used White Wings flour and dairy produce. Winners were feted with a gala event, national publicity and generous prizes presented by international food experts and celebrity chefs such as Graham Kerr. Prizes in 1968 were awarded at a banquet at the Southern Cross Hotel and the grand champion won A$4,750 and a Metters’ cooking range. Section winners received A$750 and the stove. In 1968, the average weekly wage in Australia was A$45 and the average weekly spend on food was $3.60, which makes these significant prizes (Talkfinancenet). In a 1963 television advertisement for White Wings, the camera pans across a table laden with cakes and scones. It is accompanied by the jingle, “White Wings is the Bake Off flour—silk sifted, silk sifted” (Jackson Wain, “Bake-Off”). Prominent on the table is a teapot and cup. Fahey noted the close “simpatico” relationship between White Wings and the Tea Council:especially when it came down to […] the White Wings Bake Off [...]. Tea always featured prominently because of the fact that people were still in those days baking once a week [...] having that home baking along side a cup of tea and a teapot was something that both sides were trying to capitalise on. Conclusion Despite these efforts, throughout the 1960s tea consumption continued to fall and coffee to rise. By 1969, the consumption of coffee was over a kilogram per person per annum and tea had fallen to just over two kilograms per person per year (ABS). In 1973, due to internal disputes and a continued decline in tea sales, the Tea Council disbanded. As Australians increasingly associated coffee with glamour, convenience, and gourmet connoisseurship, these trajectories continued until coffee overtook tea in 1979 (Khamis 230) and, by the 1990s, coffee consumption was double that of tea. Australia’s cultural shift from tea drinking to coffee drinking—easily, but too simplistically, explained by post-war migration—is in itself a complex and multi layered transition, but the response and marketing campaign by the Tea Council provides an opportunity to investigate other factors at play during this time of change. Fahey sums the situation up appropriately and I will conclude with his remarks: “Advertising is never going to change the world. It can certainly persuade a market place or a large percentage of a market place to do something but one has to take into account there were so many other social reasons why people switched over to coffee.” References Adams, Jillian. Barista: A Guide to Espresso Coffee. Frenchs Forest NSW: Pearson Education Australia, 2006. -----. “From Instant Coffee to Italian Espresso: How the Cuppa Lost its Way.” Masters Thesis in Oral History and Historical Memory. Melbourne: Monash University, 2009. Advertisement for Bushells Coffee. The Argus 22 Aug. (1945): 11. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. “4307.0 Apparent Consumption of Tea and Coffee, Australia 1969-1970.” Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000. Australasian Confectioner and Restaurant Journal. “Espresso Comes to Town.” Australian Confectioner and Restaurant Journal Feb. (1956): 61. Bennett, Bill. Interview. 22 Jun. 2007. Bennett, Peter. Interview. 10 Mar. 2010. Broadcasting and Television. “Tea Gains 98% Market Acceptance.” Broadcasting and Television 6 Jun. (1963): 16. -----. “Tea Battles Big Coffee Budgets.” Broadcasting and Television News 14 Oct. (1965): 16. Button, John. “America’s Australia: Instructions for a Generation.” The Monthly Feb. (2007) 28 Mar. 2012 ‹http://www.themonthly.com.au/monthly-essays-john-button-americas-australia-instructions-generation-456›. Canberra Times, The. Advertisement for Nestle Coffee. The Canberra Times 5 Aug. (1949): 2. “Coffee for Americans.” The Argus 20 Apr. (1942): 5.Dalgleish, Rene. “Better Tea and Coffee.” Australian Home Beautiful Jun. (1964): 21–5. Dunstan, Keith. “The Making of a Coffee-olic.” The Australian Gourmet Magazine Sep./Oct. (1969): 5. Fahey, Warren. Interview. 19 Aug. 2010. Howard, Leila. ‘Cooking with Coffee.” The Australian Women’s Weekly 6 Jul. (1966): 1–15. Jackson Wain. “The Bake-off Flour!” TV Commercial, 30 secs. Australia: Fontana Films for Jackson Wain, 1963. 1 Feb. 2012 ‹www.youtube.com/watch?v=1X50sCwbUnw›. -----. “Tea Council of Australia.” TV commercials, 30 secs. National Film and Sound Archive, 1964–1966. Khamis, Susie. “ It Only Takes a Jiffy to Make.” Food Culture and Society 12.2 (2009): 218–33. McMullen, G. F. The Tea Council of Australia Annual Report. Sydney, 1969. National Archives of Australia [NAA]. Agency Notes CP629/1. “History of the Tea Control and Tea Importation Board, January 1942–December 1956.” -----. Series MP5/45 a. Minutes of the Tea Control Board. 17 Aug. 1942. -----. Series MP5/45 b. Minutes of the Tea Control Board. 29 May 1947. Repin, J. D., and H. Dressler. “The Story of Coffee.” Australian Gourmet Magazine 1.1 (1966): 36–40. Talkfinance.net. “Cost of Living: Today vs. 1960.” 1 May 2012 ‹http://www.talkfinance.net/f32/cost-living-today-vs-1960-a-3941› Tea Council of Australia. Annual Reports Tea Council of Australia 1964–1973. ----- Advertisement. The Australian Women’s Weekly 3 Jul. (1968): 22.“Untitled.” The Argus 20 Apr. (1942): 5. Wilson, Trevor. The Best of the Bake-Off. Sydney: Ure Smith, 1969.“Yanks and Aussies Differ on ‘Eats’.” The Argus 4 Jul. (1942): 8.
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Almila, Anna-Mari. "Fabricating Effervescence." M/C Journal 24, no. 1 (March 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2741.

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Abstract:
Introduction In November 2020, upon learning that the company’s Covid-19 vaccine trial had been successful, the head of Pfizer’s Vaccine Research and Development, Kathrin Jansen, celebrated with champagne – “some really good stuff” (Cohen). Bubbles seem to go naturally with celebration, and champagne is fundamentally associated with bubbles. Yet, until the late-seventeenth century, champagne was a still wine, and it only reached the familiar levels of bubbliness in the late-nineteenth century (Harding). During this period and on into the early twentieth century, “champagne” was in many ways created, defined, and defended. A “champagne bubble” was created, within which the “nature” of champagne was contested and constructed. Champagne today is the result of hundreds of years of labour by many sorts of bubble-makers: those who make the bubbly drink, and those who construct, maintain, and defend the champagne bubble. In this article, I explore some elements of the champagne bubble, in order to understand both its fragility and rigidity over the years and today. Creating the Champagne Bubble – the Labour of Centuries It is difficult to separate the physical from the mythical as regards champagne. Therefore the categorisations below are always overlapping, and embedded in legal, political, economic, and socio-cultural factors. Just as assemblage – the mixing of wine from different grapes – is an essential element of champagne wine, the champagne bubble may be called heterogeneous assemblage. Indeed, the champagne bubble, as we will see below, is a myriad of different sorts of bubbles, such as terroir, appellation, myth and brand. And just as any assemblage, its heterogeneous elements exist and operate in relation to each other. Therefore the “champagne bubble” discussed here is both one and many, all of its elements fundamentally interconnected, constituting that “one” known as “champagne”. It is not my intention to be comprehensive of all the elements, historical and contemporary. Indeed, that would not be possible within such a short article. Instead, I seek to demonstrate some of the complexity of the champagne bubble, noting the elaborate labour that has gone into its creation. The Physical Champagne and Champagne – from Soil to Bubbles Champagne means both a legally protected geographical area (Champagne), and the wine (here: champagne) produced in this area from grapes defined as acceptable: most importantly pinot noir, pinot meunier (“black” grapes), and chardonnay (“white” grape). The method of production, too, is regulated and legally protected: méthode champenoise. Although the same method is used in numerous locations, these must be called something different: metodo classico (Italy), método tradicional (Spain), Methode Cap Classique (South Africa). The geographical area of Champagne was first legally defined in 1908, when it only included the areas of Marne and Aisne, leaving out, most importantly, the area of Aube. This decision led to severe unrest and riots, as the Aube vignerons revolted in 1911, forcing the inclusion of “zone 2”: Aube, Haute-Marne, and Seine-et-Marne (Guy). Behind these regulations was a surge in fraudulent production in the early twentieth century, as well as falling wine prices resulting from increasing supply of cheap wines (Colman 18). These first appellations d’origine had many consequences – they proved financially beneficial for the “zone 1”, but less so for the “zone 2”. When both these areas were brought under the same appellation in 1927, the financial benefits were more limited – but this may have been due to the Great Depression triggered in 1929 (Haeck et al.). It is a long-standing belief that the soil and climate of Champagne are key contributors to the quality of champagne wines, said to be due to “conditions … most suitable for making this type of wine” (Simon 11). Already in the end of the nineteenth century, the editor of Vigneron champenois attributed champagne’s quality to “a fortunate combination of … chalky soil … [and] unrivalled exposure [to the sun]” (Guy 119) among other things. Factors such as soil and climate, commonly included in and expressed through the idea of terroir, undoubtedly influence grapes and wines made thereof, but the extent remains unproven. Indeed, terroir itself is a very contested concept (Teil; Inglis and Almila). It is also the case that climate change has had, and will continue to have, devastating effects on wine production in many areas, while benefiting others. The highly successful English sparkling wine production, drawing upon know-how from the Champagne area, has been enabled by the warming climate (Inglis), while Champagne itself is at risk of becoming too hot (Robinson). Champagne is made through a process more complicated than most wines. I present here the bare bones of it, to illustrate the many challenges that had to be overcome to enable its production in the scale we see today. Freshly picked grapes are first pressed and the juice is fermented. Grape juice contains natural yeasts and therefore will ferment spontaneously, but fermentation can also be started with artificial yeasts. In fermentation, alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2) are formed, but the latter usually escapes the liquid. The secret of champagne is its second fermentation, which happens in bottles, after wines from different grapes and/or vineyards have been blended for desired characteristics (assemblage). For the second fermentation, yeast and sugar are added. As the fermentation happens inside a bottle, the CO2 that is created does not escape, but dissolves into the wine. The average pressure inside a champagne bottle in serving temperature is around 5 bar – 5 times the pressure outside the bottle (Liger-Belair et al.). The obvious challenge this method poses has to do with managing the pressure. Exploding bottles used to be a common problem, and the manner of sealing bottles was not very developed, either. Seventeenth-century developments in bottle-making, and using corks to seal bottles, enabled sparkling wines to be produced in the first place (Leszczyńska; Phillips 137). Still today, champagne comes in heavy-bottomed bottles, sealed with characteristically shaped cork, which is secured with a wire cage known as muselet. Scientific innovations, such as calculating the ideal amount of sugar for the second fermentation in 1836, also helped to control the amount of gas formed during the second fermentation, thus making the behaviour of the wine more predictable (Leszczyńska 265). Champagne is characteristically a “manufactured” wine, as it involves several steps of interference, from assemblage to dosage – sugar added for flavour to most champagnes after the second fermentation (although there are also zero dosage champagnes). This lends champagne particularly suitable for branding, as it is possible to make the wine taste the same year after year, harvest after harvest, and thus create a distinctive and recognisable house style. It is also possible to make champagnes for different tastes. During the nineteenth century, champagnes of different dosage were made for different markets – the driest for the British, the sweetest for the Russians (Harding). Bubbles are probably the most striking characteristic of champagne, and they are enabled by the complicated factors described above. But they are also formed when the champagne is poured in a glass. Natural impurities on the surface of the glass provide channels through which the gas pockets trapped in the wine can release themselves, forming strains of rising bubbles (Liger-Belair et al.). Champagne glasses have for centuries differed from other wine glasses, often for aesthetic reasons (Harding). The bubbles seem to do more than give people aesthetic pleasure and sensory experiences. It is often claimed that champagne makes you drunk faster than other drinks would, and there is, indeed, some (limited) research showing that this may well be the case (Roberts and Robinson; Ridout et al.). The Mythical Champagne – from Dom Pérignon to Modern Wonders Just as the bubbles in a champagne glass are influenced by numerous forces, so the metaphorical champagne bubble is subject to complex influences. Myth-creation is one of the most significant of these. The origin of champagne as sparkling wine is embedded in the myth of Dom Pérignon of Hautvillers monastery (1638–1715), who according to the legend would have accidentally developed the bubbles, and then enthusiastically exclaimed “I am drinking the stars!” (Phillips 138). In reality, bubbles are a natural phenomenon provoked by winter temperatures deactivating the fermenting yeasts, and spring again reactivating them. The myth of Dom Pérignon was first established in the nineteenth century and quickly embraced by the champagne industry. In 1937, Moët et Chandon launched a premium champagne called Dom Pérignon, which enjoys high reputation until this day (Phillips). The champagne industry has been active in managing associations connected with champagne since the nineteenth century. Sparkling champagnes had already enjoyed fashionability in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth century, both in the French Court, and amongst the British higher classes. In the second half of the nineteenth century, champagne found ever increasing markets abroad, and the clientele was not aristocratic anymore. Before the 1860s, champagne’s association was with high status celebration, as well as sexual activity and seduction (Harding; Rokka). As the century went on, and champagne sales radically increased, associations with “modernity” were added: “hot-air balloons, towering steamships, transcontinental trains, cars, sports, and other ‘modern’ wonders were often featured in quickly proliferating champagne advertising” (Rokka 280). During this time, champagne grew both drier and more sparkling, following consumer tastes (Harding). Champagne’s most important markets in later nineteenth century included the UK, where the growing middle classes consumed champagne for both celebration and hospitality (Harding), the US, where (upper) middle-class women were served champagne in new kinds of consumer environments (Smith; Remus), and Russia, where the upper classes enjoyed sweeter champagne – until the Revolution (Phillips 296). The champagne industry quickly embraced the new middle classes in possession of increasing wealth, as well as new methods of advertising and marketing. What is remarkable is that they managed to integrate enormously varied cultural thematics and still retain associations with aristocracy and luxury, while producing and selling wine in industrial scale (Harding; Rokka). This is still true today: champagne retains a reputation of prestige, despite large-scale branding, production, and marketing. Maintaining and Defending the Bubble: Formulas, Rappers, and the Absolutely Fabulous Tipplers The falling wine prices and increasing counterfeit wines coincided with Europe’s phylloxera crisis – the pest accidentally brought over from North America that almost wiped out all Europe’s vineyards. The pest moved through Champagne in the 1890s, killing vines and devastating vignerons (Campbell). The Syndicat du Commerce des vins de Champagne had already been formed in 1882 (Rokka 280). Now unions were formed to fight phylloxera, such as the Association Viticole Champenoise in 1898. The 1904 Fédération Syndicale des Vignerons was formed to lobby the government to protect the name of Champagne (Leszczyńska 266) – successfully, as we have seen above. The financial benefits from appellations were certainly welcome, but short-lived. World War I treated Champagne harshly, with battle lines stuck through the area for years (Guy 187). The battle went on also in the lobbying front. In 1935, a new appellation regime was brought into law, which came to be the basis for all European systems, and the Comité National des appellations d'origine (CNAO) was founded (Colman 1922). Champagne’s protection became increasingly international, and continues to be so today under EU law and trade deals (European Commission). The post-war recovery of champagne relied on strategies used already in the “golden years” – marketing and lobbying. Advertising continued to embrace “luxury, celebration, transport (extending from air travel to the increasingly popular automobile), modernity, sports” (Guy 188). Such advertisement must have responded accurately to the mood of post-war, pre-depression Europe. Even in the prohibition US it was known that the “frivolous” French women might go as far as bathe in champagne, like the popular actress Mistinguett (Young 63). Curiously, in the 1930s Soviet Russia, “champagne” (not produced in Champagne) was declared a sign of good living, symbolising the standard of living that any Soviet worker had access to (at least in theory) (Gronow). Today, the reputation of champagne is fiercely defended in legal terms. This is not only in terms of protection against other sparkling wine making areas, but also in terms of exploitation of champagne’s reputation by actors in other commercial fields, and even against mass market products containing genuine champagne (Mahy and d’Ath; Schneider and Nam). At the same time, champagne has been widely “democratised” by mass production, enabled partly by increasing mechanisation and scientification of champagne production from the 1950s onwards (Leszczyńska 266). Yet champagne retains its association with prestige, luxury, and even royalty. This has required some serious adaptation and flexibility. In what follows, I look into three cultural phenomena that illuminate processes of such adaptation: Formula One (F1) champagne spraying, the 1990s sitcom Absolutely Fabulous, and the Cristal racism scandal in 2006. The first champagne bottle is said to have been presented to F1 grand prix winner in Champagne in 1950 (Wheels24). Such a gesture would have been fully in line with champagne’s association with cars, sport, and modernity. But what about the spraying? Surely that is not in line with the prestige of the wine? The first spraying is attributed to Jo Siffert in 1966 and Dan Gurney in 1967, the former described as accidental, the latter as a spontaneous gesture of celebration (Wheels24; Dobie). Moët had become the official supplier of F1 champagnes in 1966, and there are no signs that the new custom would have been problematic for them, as their sponsorship continued until 1999, after which Mumm sponsored the sport for 15 years. Today, the champagne to be popped and sprayed is Chanson, in special bottles “coated in the same carbon fibre that F1 cars are made of” (Wheels24). Such an iconic status has the spraying gained that it features in practically all TV broadcasts concerning F1, although non-alcoholic substitute is used in countries where sale of alcohol is banned (Barker et al., “Quantifying”; Barker et al., “Alcohol”). As disturbing as the champagne spraying might look for a wine snob, it is perfectly in line with champagne’s marketing history and entrepreneurial spirit shown since the nineteenth century. Nor is it unheard of to let champagne spray. The “art” of sabrage, opening champagne bottle with a sable, associated with glamour, spectacle, and myth – its origin is attributed to Napoleon and his officers – is perfectly acceptable even for the snob. Sparkling champagne was always bound up with joy and celebration, not a solemn drink, and the champagne bubble was able to accommodate middle classes as well as aristocrats. This brings us to our second example, the British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. The show, first released in 1992, featured two women, “Eddy” (Jennifer Saunders) and “Patsy” (Joanna Lumley), who spent their time happily smoking, taking drugs, and drinking large quantities of “Bolly” (among other things). Bollinger champagne may have initially experienced “a bit of a shock” for being thus addressed, but soon came to see the benefits of fame (French). In 2005, they hired PR support to make better use of the brand’s “Ab Fab” recognisability, and to improve its prestige reputation in order to justify their higher price range (Cann). Saunders and Lumley were warmly welcomed by the Bollinger house when filming for their champagne tour Absolutely Champers (2017). It is befitting indeed that such controversial fame came from the UK, the first country to discover sparkling champagne outside France (Simon 48), and where the aspirational middle classes were keen to consume it already in the nineteenth century (Harding). More controversial still is the case of Cristal (made by Louis Roederer) and the US rap world. Enthusiastically embraced by the “bling-bling” world of (black) rappers, champagne seems to fit their ethos well. Cristal was long favoured as both a drink and a word in rap lyrics. But in 2006, the newly appointed managing director at the family owned Roederer, Frédéric Rouzaud, made comments considered racist by many (Woodland). Rouzard told in an interview with The Economist that the house observed the Cristal-rap association “with curiosity and serenity”. He reportedly continued: “but what can we do? We can’t forbid people from buying it. I’m sure Dom Pérignon or Krug would be delighted to have their business”. It was indeed those two brands that the rapper Jay-Z replaced Cristal with, when calling for a boycott on Cristal. It would be easy to dismiss Rouzard’s comments as snobbery, or indeed as racism, but they merit some more reflection. Cristal is the premium wine of a house that otherwise does not enjoy high recognisability. While champagne’s history involves embracing new sorts of clientele, and marketing flexibly to as many consumer groups as possible (Rokka), this was the first spectacular crossing of racial boundaries. It was always the case that different houses and their different champagnes were targeted at different clienteles, and it is apparent that Cristal was not targeted at black rap artists. Whereas Bollinger was able to turn into a victory the questionable fame brought by the white middle-class association of Absolutely Fabulous, the more prestigious Cristal considered the attention of the black rapper world more threatening and acted accordingly. They sought to defend their own brand bubble, not the larger champagne bubble. Cristal’s reputation seems to have suffered little – its 2008 vintage, launched in 2018, was the most traded wine of that year (Schultz). Jay-Z’s purchase of his own champagne brand (Armand de Brignac, nicknamed Ace of Spades) has been less successful reputation-wise (Greenburg). It is difficult to break the champagne bubble, and it may be equally difficult to break into it. Conclusion In this article, I have looked into the various dilemmas the “bubble-makers” of Champagne encountered when fabricating what is today known as “champagne”. There have been moments of threat to the bubble they formed, such as in the turn of nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and eras of incomparable success, such as from the 1860s to 1880s. The discussion has demonstrated the remarkable flexibility with which the makers and defenders of champagne have responded to challenges, and dealt with material, socio-cultural, economic, and other problems. It feels appropriate to end with a note on the current challenge the champagne industry faces: Covid-19. The pandemic hit champagne sales exceptionally hard, leaving around 100 million bottles unsold (Micallef). This was not very surprising, given the closure of champagne-selling venues, banning of public and private celebrations, and a general mood not particularly prone to (or even likely to frown upon) such light-hearted matters as glamour and champagne. Champagne has survived many dramatic drops in sales during the twentieth century, such as the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the post-financial crisis collapse in 2009. Yet they seem to be able to make astonishing recoveries. Already, there are indicators that many people consumed more champagne during the festive end-of-year season than in previous years (Smithers). For the moment, it looks like the champagne bubble, despite its seeming fragility, is practically indestructible, no matter how much its elements may suffer under various pressures and challenges. References Barker, Alexander, Magdalena Opazo-Breton, Emily Thomson, John Britton, Bruce Granti-Braham, and Rachael L. Murray. “Quantifying Alcohol Audio-Visual Content in UK Broadcasts of the 2018 Formula 1 Championship: A Content Analysis and Population Exposure.” BMJ Open 10 (2020): e037035. <https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/8/e037035>. Barker, Alexander B., John Britton, Bruce Grant-Braham, and Rachael L. Murray. “Alcohol Audio-Visual Content in Formula 1 Television Broadcasting.” BMC Public Health 18 (2018): 1155. <https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-6068-3>. Campbell, Christy. 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European Commission. “Wine.” 4 Mar. 2021 <https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/plants-and-plant-products/plant-products/wine_en#:~:text=Related%20links-,Overview,consumption%20and%2070%25%20of%20exports>. French, Phoebe. “Joanna Lumley and Jennifer Saunders to Star in Absolutely Champers.” The Drinks Business 20 Dec. 2017. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2017/12/joanna-lumley-and-jennifer-saunders-to-star-in-absolutely-champers/>. Greenburg, Zack O. “The Real Story behind Jay Z's Champagne Deal.” Forbes 6 Nov. 2014. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2014/11/06/why-jay-zs-champagne-news-isnt-so-new/?sh=6e4eb8f07528>. Gronow, Jukka. “Caviar with Champagne Good Life and Common Luxury in Stalin's Soviet Union.” Suomen Antropologi 4 (1998). Guy, Colleen M. When Champagne Became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity. London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. 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Leszczyńska, D. “A Cluster and Its Trajectory: Evidence from the History of the French Champagne Production Cluster.” Labor History 57.2 (2016): 258-276. <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0023656X.2016.1161140>. Liger-Belair, Gérard, Guillaume Polidori, and Philippe Jeandet. “Recent Advances in the Science of Champagne Bubbles.” Chemical Society Reviews 37 (2008): 2490–2511. <https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/cs/b717798b#!divAbstract>. Mahy, Aude, and Florence d’Ath. “The Case of the ‘Champagner Sorbet’ – Unlawful Exploitation or Legitimate Use of the Protected Name ‘Champagne’?” EFFL 1 (2017): 43-48. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/26451418?seq=1>. Micallef, Joseph V. “How Champagne Is Bouncing Back after the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Forbes 15 Nov. 2020. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.forbes.com/sites/joemicallef/2020/11/15/how-champagne-is-bouncing-back-after-the-covid-19-pandemic/?sh=3300e4125784>. Phillips, Rod. A Short History of Wine. London: Penguin, 2000. Remus, Emily A. “Tippling Ladies and the Making of Consumer Culture: Gender and Public Space in ‘Fin-de- Siècle’ Chicago.” The Journal of American History 101.3 (2014): 751-77. <https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/101/3/751/796447?login=true>. Ridout, Fran, Stuart Gould, Carlo Nunes, and Ian Hindmarch. “The Effects of Carbon Dioxide in Champagne on Psychometric Performance and Blood-Alcohol Concentration.” Alcohol and Alcoholism 38.4 (2003): 381-85. <https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/38/4/381/232628>. Roberts, C., and S.P. Robinson. “Alcohol Concentration and Carbonation of Drinks: The Effect on Blood Alcohol Levels.” Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 14.7 (2007): 398-405. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17720590/>. Robinson, Frances. “Champagne Will Be Too Hot for Champagne Research Warns.” Decanter. 12 Jan. 2004. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/champagne-will-be-too-hot-for-champagne-research-warns-103258/>. Rokka, Joonas. “Champagne: Marketplace Icon.” Consumption Markets & Culture 20.3 (2017): 275-283. <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10253866.2016.1177990?journalCode=gcmc20>. Schneider, Marius, and Nora Ho Tu Nam. “Champagne Makes the Dough Sour: EUIPO Board of Appeal Allows Opposition against Registration of Champagnola Trade Mark Based on Evocation of Champagne PDO.” Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 15.9 (2020): 675-676. <https://academic.oup.com/jiplp/article/15/9/675/5905791>. Schultz, Abby. “20 Minutes With: Frédéric Rouzaud on Cristal, Biodynamics, and Zero Dosage.” Penta. 31 Dec. 2018. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.barrons.com/articles/20-minutes-with-frederic-rouzaud-on-cristal-biodynamics-and-zero-dosage-01546280265>. Simon, André L. The History of Champagne. London: Octobus, 1972. Smith, Andrew F. Drinking History: Fifteen Turning Points in the Making of American Beverages. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Smithers, Rebecca. “Britons Turn to Luxury Food and Drink to See Out Dismal 2020 in Style.” The Guardian 28 Dec. 2020. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/28/britons-turn-luxury-food-drink-see-out-dismal-2020-style?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Gmail>. Teil, Geneviève. “No Such Thing as Terroir? Objectivities and the Regimes of Existence of Objects.” Science, Technology & Human Values 37.5 (2012): 478-505. <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0162243911423843>. Wheels24. “Champagne Returns to F1 podium.” 2 Aug. 2017. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.news24.com/wheels/FormulaOne/champagne-returns-to-f1-podium-20170802>. Woodland, Richard. “Rapper Jay-Z Boycotts ‘Racist’ Cristal.” Decanter 16 June 2006. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/rapper-jay-z-boycotts-racist-cristal-94054/>. Young, Robert K. “Out of the Ashes: The American Press and France's Postwar Recovery in the 1920s.” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 28.1 (2002): 51-72. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299224?seq=1>.
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39

Haller, Beth. "Switched at Birth: A Game Changer for All Audiences." M/C Journal 20, no. 3 (June 21, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1266.

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Abstract:
The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) Family Network show Switched at Birth tells two stories—one which follows the unique plot of the show, and one about the new openness of television executives toward integrating more people with a variety of visible and invisible physical embodiments, such as hearing loss, into television content. It first aired in 2011 and in 2017 aired its fifth and final season.The show focuses on two teen girls in Kansas City who find out they were switched due to a hospital error on the day of their birth and who grew up with parents who were not biologically related to them. One, Bay Kennish (Vanessa Marano), lives with her wealthy parents—a stay-at-home mom Kathryn (Lea Thompson) and a former professional baseball player, now businessman, father John (D.W. Moffett). She has an older brother Toby (Lucas Grabeel) who is into music. In her high school science class, Bay learns about blood types and discovers her parents’ blood types could not have produced her. The family has professional genetic tests done and discovers the switch (ABC Family, “This Is Not a Pipe”).In the pilot episode, Bay’s parents find out that deaf teen, Daphne Vasquez (Katie Leclerc), is actually their daughter. She lives in a working class Hispanic neighbourhood with her hairdresser single mother Regina (Constance Marie) and grandmother Adrianna (Ivonne Coll), both of whom are of Puerto Rican ancestry. Daphne is deaf due to a case of meningitis when she was three, which the rich Kennishes feel happened because of inadequate healthcare provided by working class Regina. Daphne attends an all-deaf school, Carlton.The man who was thought to be her biological father, Angelo Sorrento (Gilles Marini), doesn’t appear in the show until episode 10 but becomes a series regular in season 2. It becomes apparent that Daphne believes her father left because of her deafness; however, as the first season progresses, the real reasons begin to emerge. From the pilot onwards, the show dives into clashes of language, culture, ethnicity, class, and even physical appearance—in one scene in the pilot, the waspy Kennishes ask Regina if she is “Mexican.” As later episodes reveal, many of these physical appearance issues are revealed to have fractured the Vasquez family early on—Daphne is a freckled, strawberry blonde, and her father (who is French and Italian) suspected infidelity.The two families merge when the Kennishes ask Daphne and her mother to move into their guest house in order get to know their daughter better. That forces the Kennishes into the world of deafness, and throughout the show this hearing family therefore becomes a surrogate for a hearing audience’s immersion into Deaf culture.Cultural Inclusivity: The Way ForwardShow creator Lizzy Weiss explained that it was actually the ABC Family network that “suggested making one of the kids disabled” (Academy of Television Arts & Sciences). Weiss was familiar with American Sign Language (ASL) because she had a “classical theatre of the Deaf” course in college. She said, “I had in the back of my head a little bit of background at least about how beautiful the language was. So I said, ‘What if one of the girls is deaf?’” The network thought it was wonderful idea, so she began researching the Deaf community, including spending time at a deaf high school in Los Angeles called Marlton, on which she modelled the Switched at Birth school, Carlton. Weiss (Academy of Television Arts & Sciences) says of the school visit experience:I learned so much that day and spoke to dozens of deaf teenagers about their lives and their experiences. And so, this is, of course, in the middle of writing the pilot, and I said to the network, you know, deaf kids wouldn’t voice orally. We would have to have those scenes only in ASL, and no sound and they said, ‘Great. Let’s do it.’ And frankly, we just kind of grew and grew from there.To accommodate the narrative structure of a television drama, Weiss said it became clear from the beginning that the show would need to use SimCom (simultaneous communication or sign supported speech) for the hearing or deaf characters who were signing so they could speak and sign at the same time. She knew this wasn’t the norm for two actual people communicating in ASL, but the production team worried about having a show that was heavily captioned as this might distance its key—overwhelmingly hearing—teen audience who would have to pay attention to the screen during captioned scenes. However, this did not appear to be the case—instead, viewers were drawn to the show because of its unique sign language-influenced television narrative structure. The show became popular very quickly and, with 3.3 million viewers, became the highest-rated premiere ever on the ABC Family network (Barney).Switched at Birth also received much praise from the media for allowing its deaf actors to communicate using sign language. The Huffington Post television critic Maureen Ryan said, “Allowing deaf characters to talk to each other directly—without a hearing person or a translator present—is a savvy strategy that allows the show to dig deeper into deaf culture and also to treat deaf characters as it would anyone else”. Importantly, it allowed the show to be unique in a way that was found nowhere else on television. “It’s practically avant-garde for television, despite the conventional teen-soap look of the show,” said Ryan.Usually a show’s success is garnered by audience numbers and media critique—by this measure Switched at Birth was a hit. However, programs that portray a disability—in any form—are often the target of criticism, particularly from the communities they attempting to represent. It should be noted that, while actress Katie Leclerc, who plays Daphne, has a condition, Meniere’s disease, which causes hearing loss and vertigo on an intermittent basis, she does not identify as a deaf actress and must use a deaf accent to portray Daphne. However, she is ASL fluent, learning it in high school (Orangejack). This meant her qualifications met the original casting call which said “actress must be deaf or hard of hearing and must speak English well, American Sign Language preferred” (Paz, 2010) Leclerc likens her role to that of any actor to who has to affect body and vocal changes for a role—she gives the example of Hugh Laurie in House, who is British with no limp, but was an American who uses a cane in that show (Bibel).As such, initially, some in the Deaf community complained about her casting though an online petition with 140 signatures (Nielson). Yet many in the Deaf community softened any criticism of the show when they saw the production’s ongoing attention to Deaf cultural details (Grushkin). Finally, any lingering criticisms from the Deaf community were quieted by the many deaf actors hired for the show who perform using ASL. This includes Sean Berdy, who plays Daphne’s best friend Emmett, his onscreen mother, played by actress Marlee Matlin, and Anthony Natale who plays his father; their characters both sign and vocalize in the show. The Emmett character only communicates in ASL and does not vocalise until he falls in love with the hearing character Bay—even then he rarely uses his voice.This seemingly all-round “acceptance” of the show gave the production team more freedom to be innovative—by season 3 the audience was deemed to be so comfortable with captions that the shows began to feature less SimCom and more all-captioned scenes. This lead to the full episode in ASL, a first on American mainstream television.For an Hour, Welcome to Our WorldSwitched at Birth writer Chad Fiveash explained that when the production team came up with the idea for a captioned all-ASL episode, they “didn’t want to do the ASL episode as a gimmick. It needed to be thematically resonant”. As a result, they decided to link the episode to the most significant event in American Deaf history, an event that solidified its status as a cultural community—the 1988 Deaf President Now (DPN) protest at Gallaudet University in Washington. This protest inspired the March 2013 episode for Switched at Birth and aired 25 years to the week that the actual DPN protest happened. This episode makes it clear the show is trying to completely embrace Deaf culture and wants its audience to better understand Deaf identity.DPN was a pivotal moment for Deaf people—it truly solidified members of a global Deaf community who felt more empowered to fight for their rights. Students demanded that Gallaudet—as the premier university for deaf and hard-of-hearing students—no longer have a hearing person as its president. The Gallaudet board of trustees, the majority of whom were hearing, tried to force students and faculty to accept a hearing president; their attitude was that they knew what was best for the deaf persons there. For eight days, deaf people across America and the world rallied around the student protestors, refusing to give in until a deaf president was appointed. Their success came in the form of I. King Jordan, a deaf man who had served as dean of the College of Arts & Sciences at the time of the protest.The event was covered by media around the world, giving the American Deaf community international attention. Indeed, Gallaudet University says the DPN protest symbolized more than just the hiring of a Deaf president; it brought Deaf issues before the public and “raised the nation’s consciousness of the rights and abilities of deaf and hard of hearing people” (Gallaudet University).The activities of the students and their supporters showed dramatically that in the 1980s deaf people could be galvanized to unite around a common issue, particularly one of great symbolic meaning, such as the Gallaudet presidency. Gallaudet University represents the pinnacle of education for deaf people, not only in the United States but throughout the world. The assumption of its presidency by a person himself deaf announced to the world that deaf Americans were now a mature minority (Van Cleve and Crouch, 172).Deaf people were throwing off the oppression of the hearing world by demanding that their university have someone from their community at its helm. Jankowski (Deaf Empowerment; A Metaphorical Analysis of Conflict) studied the Gallaudet protest within the framework of a metaphor. She found a recurring theme during the DPN protest to be Gallaudet as “plantation”—which metaphorically refers to deaf persons as slaves trying to break free from the grip of the dominant mastery of the hearing world—and she parallels the civil rights movement of African Americans in the 1960s. As an example, Gallaudet was referred to as the “Selma of the Deaf” during the protest, and protest signs used the language of Martin Luther King such as “we still have a dream.” For deaf Americans, the presidency of Gallaudet became a symbol of hope for the future. As Jankowski attests:deaf people perceived themselves as possessing the ability to manage their own kind, pointing to black-managed organization, women-managed organizations, etc., struggling for that same right. They argued that it was a fight for their basic human rights, a struggle to free themselves, to release the hold their ‘masters’ held on them. (“A Metaphorical Analysis”)The creators of the Switched at Birth episode wanted to ensure of these emotions, as well as historical and cultural references, were prevalent in the modern-day, all-ASL episode, titled Uprising. That show therefore wanted to represent both the 1988 DPN protest as well as a current issue in the US—the closing of deaf schools (Anderson). The storyline focuses on the deaf students at the fictitious Carlton School for the Deaf seizing one of the school buildings to stage a protest because the school board has decided to shut down the school and mainstream the deaf students into hearing schools. When the deaf students try to come up with a list of demands, conflicts arise about what the demands should be and whether a pilot program—allowing hearing kids who sign to attend the deaf school—should remain.This show accomplished multiple things with its reach into Deaf history and identity, but it also did something technologically unique for the modern world—it made people pay attention. Because captioning translated the sign language for viewers, Lizzy Weiss, the creator of the series, said, “Every single viewer—deaf or hearing—was forced to put away their phones and iPads and anything else distracting … and focus … you had to read … you couldn’t do anything else. And that made you get into it more. It drew you in” (Stelter). The point, Weiss said, “was about revealing something new to the viewer—what does it feel like to be an outsider? What does it feel like to have to read and focus for an entire episode, like deaf viewers do all the time?” (Stelter). As one deaf reviewer of the Uprising episode said, “For an hour, welcome to our world! A world that’s inconvenient, but one most of us wouldn’t leave if offered a magic pill” (DR_Staff).This episode, more than any other, afforded hearing television viewers an experience perhaps similar to deaf viewers. The New York Times reported that “Deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers commented by the thousands after the show, with many saying in effect, “Yes! That’s what it feels like” (Stelter).Continued ResonancesWhat is also unique about the episode is that in teaching the hearing viewers more about the Deaf community, it also reinforced Deaf community pride and even taught young deaf people a bit of their own history. The Deaf community and Gallaudet were very pleased with their history showing up on a television show—the university produced a 30-second commercial which aired within the episode, and held viewing parties. Gallaudet also forwarded the 35 pages of Facebook comments they’d received about the episode to ABC Family and Gallaudet President T. Alan Hurwitz said of the episode (Yahr), “Over the past 25 years, [DPN] has symbolised self-determination and empowerment for deaf and hard of hearing people around the world”. The National Association of the Deaf (NAD) also lauded the episode, describing it as “phenomenal and groundbreaking, saying the situation is very real to us” (Stelter)—NAD had been vocally against budget cuts and closings of US deaf schools.Deaf individuals all over the Internet and social media also spoke out about the episode, with overwhelmingly favourable opinions. Deaf blogger Amy Cohen Efron, who participated in 1988′s DPN movement, said that DPN was “a turning point of my life, forcing me to re-examine my own personal identity, and develop self-determinism as a Deaf person” and led to her becoming an activist.When she watched the Uprising episode, she said the symbolic and historical representations in the show resonated with her. In the episode, a huge sign is unfurled on the side of the Carlton School for the Deaf with a girl with a fist in the air under the slogan “Take Back Carlton.” During the DPN protest, the deaf student protesters unfurled a sign that said “Deaf President Now” with the US Capitol in the background; this image has become an iconic symbol of modern Deaf culture. Efron says the image in the television episode was much more militant than the actual DPN sign. However, it could be argued that society now sees the Deaf community as much more militant because of the DPN protest, and that the imagery in the Uprising episode played into that connection. Efron also acknowledged the episode’s strong nod to the Gallaudet student protestors who defied the hearing community’s expectations by practising civil disobedience. As Efron explained, “Society expected that the Deaf people are submissive and accept to whatever decision done by the majority without any of our input and/or participation in the process.”She also argues that the episode educated more than just the hearing community. In addition to DPN, Uprising was filled with other references to Deaf history. For example a glass door to the room at Carlton was covered with posters about people like Helen Keller and Jean-Ferdinand Berthier, a deaf educator in 19th century France who promoted the concept of deaf identity and culture—Efron says most people in the Deaf community have never heard of him. She also claims that the younger Deaf community may also not be aware of the 1988 DPN protest—“It was not in high school textbooks available for students. Many deaf and hard of hearing students are mainstreamed and they have not the slightest idea about the DPN movement, even about the Deaf Community’s ongoing fight against discrimination, prejudice and oppression, along with our victories”.Long before the Uprising episode aired, the Deaf community had been watching Switched at Birth carefully to make sure Deaf culture was accurately represented. Throughout season 3 David Martin created weekly videos in sign language that were an ASL/Deaf cultural analysis of Switched at Birth. He highlighted content he liked and signs that were incorrect, a kind of a Deaf culture/ASL fact checker. From the Uprising episode, he said he thought this quote from Marlee Matlin’s character said it all, “Until hearing people walk a day in our shoes they will never understand” (Martin). That succinctly states what the all-ASL episode was trying to capture—creating an awareness of Deaf people’s cultural experience and their oppression in hearing society.Even a deaf person who was an early critic of Switched at Birth because of the hiring of Katie Leclerc and the use of SimCom admitted he was impressed with the all-ASL episode (Grushkin):all too often, we see media accounts of Deaf people which play into our society’s perceptions of Deaf people: as helpless, handicapped individuals who are in need of fixes such as cochlear implants in order to “restore” us to society. Almost never do we see accounts of Deaf people as healthy, capable individuals who live ordinary, successful lives without necessarily conforming to the Hearing ‘script’ for how we should be. And important issues such as language rights or school closings are too often virtually ignored by the general media.In addition to the episode being widely discussed within the Deaf community, the mainstream news media also covered Uprising intensely, seeing it as a meaningful cultural moment, not just for the Deaf community but for popular culture in general. Lacob wrote that he realises that hearing viewers probably won’t understand what it means to be a deaf person in modern America, but he believes that the episodeposits that there are moments of understanding, commonalities, and potential bridge-building between these two communities. And the desire for understanding is the first step toward a more inclusive and broad-minded future.He continues:the significance of this moment can’t be undervalued, nor can the show’s rich embrace of deaf history, manifested here in the form of Gallaudet and the historical figures whose photographs and stories are papered on the windows of Carlton during the student protest. What we’re seeing on screen—within the confines of a teen drama, no less—is an engaged exploration of a culture and a civil rights movement brought to life with all of the color and passion it deserves. It may be 25 years since Gallaudet, but the dreams of those protesters haven’t faded. And they—and the ideals of identity and equality that they express—are most definitely being heard.Lacob’s analysis was praised by several Deaf people—by a Deaf graduate student who teaches a Disability in Popular Culture course and by a Gallaudet student who said, “From someone who is deaf, and not ashamed of it either, let me say right here and now: that was the most eloquent piece of writing by someone hearing I have ever seen” (Emma72). The power of the Uprising episode illustrated a political space where “groups actively fuse and blend their culture with the mainstream culture” (Foley 119, as cited in Chang 3). Switched at Birth—specifically the Uprising episode—has indeed fused Deaf culture and ASL into a place in mainstream television culture.ReferencesABC Family. “Switched at Birth Deaf Actor Search.” Facebook (2010). <https://www.facebook.com/SwitchedSearch>.———. “This Is Not a Pipe.” Switched at Birth. Pilot episode. 6 June 2011. <http://freeform.go.com/shows/switched-at-birth>.———. “Not Hearing Loss, Deaf Gain.” Switched at Birth. YouTube video, 11 Feb. 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5W604uSkrk>.Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. “Talking Diversity: ABC Family’s Switched at Birth.” Emmys.com (Feb. 2012). <http://www.emmys.com/content/webcast-talking-diversity-abc-familys-switched-birth>.Anderson, G. “‘Switched at Birth’ Celebrates 25th Anniversary of ‘Deaf President Now’.” Pop-topia (5 Mar. 2013). <http://www.pop-topia.com/switched-at-birth-celebrates-25th-anniversary-of-deaf-president-now/>.Barney, C. “’Switched at Birth’ Another Winner for ABC Family.” Contra Costa News (29 June 2011). <http://www.mercurynews.com/tv/ci_18369762>.Bibel, S. “‘Switched at Birth’s Katie LeClerc Is Proud to Represent the Deaf Community.” Xfinity TV blog (20 June 2011). <http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2011/06/20/switched-at-births-katie-leclerc-is-proud-to-represent-the-deaf-community/>.Chang, H. “Re-Examining the Rhetoric of the ‘Cultural Border’.” Essay presented at the American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Dec. 1988.DR_Staff. “Switched at Birth: How #TakeBackCarlton Made History.” deafReview (6 Mar. 2013). <http://deafreview.com/deafreview-news/switched-at-birth-how-takebackcarlton-made-history/>.Efron, Amy Cohen. “Switched At Birth: Uprising – Deaf Adult’s Commentary.” Deaf World as I See It (Mar. 2013). <http://www.deafeyeseeit.com/2013/03/05/sabcommentary/>.Emma72. “ABC Family’s ‘Switched at Birth’ ASL Episode Recalls Gallaudet Protest.” Comment. The Daily Beast (28 Feb. 2013). <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/abc-family-s-switched-at-birth-asl-episode-recalls-gallaudet-protest.html>.Fiveash, Chad. Personal interview. 17 Jan. 2014.Gallaudet University. “The Issues.” Deaf President Now (2013). <http://www.gallaudet.edu/dpn_home/issues.html>.Grushkin, D. “A Cultural Review. ASL Challenged.” Switched at Birth Facebook page. Facebook (2013). <https://www.facebook.com/SwitchedatBirth/posts/508748905835658>.Jankowski, K.A. Deaf Empowerment: Emergence, Struggle, and Rhetoric. Washington: Gallaudet UP, 1997.———. “A Metaphorical Analysis of Conflict at the Gallaudet Protest.” Unpublished seminar paper presented at the University of Maryland, 1990.Lacob, J. “ABC Family’s ‘Switched at Birth’ ASL Episode Recalls Gallaudet Protest.” The Daily Beast 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/abc-family-s-switched-at-birth-asl-episode-recalls-gallaudet-protest.html>.Martin, D. “Switched at Birth Season 2 Episode 9 ‘Uprising’ ASL/Deaf Cultural Analysis.” David Martin YouTube channel (6 Mar. 2013). <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA0vqCysoVU>.Nielson, R. “Petitioned ABC Family and the ‘Switched at Birth’ Series, Create Responsible, Accurate, and Family-Oriented TV Programming.” Change.org (2011). <http://www.change.org/p/abc-family-and-the-switched-at-birth-series-create-responsible-accurate-and-family-oriented-tv-programming>.Orangejack. “Details about Katie Leclerc’s Hearing Loss.” My ASL Journey Blog (29 June 2011). <http://asl.orangejack.com/details-about-katie-leclercs-hearing-loss>.Paz, G. “Casting Call: Open Auditions for Switched at Birth by ABC Family.” Series & TV (3 Oct. 2010). <http://seriesandtv.com/casting-call-open-auditions-for-switched-at-birth-by-abc-family/4034>.Ryan, Maureen. “‘Switched at Birth’ Season 1.5 Has More Drama and Subversive Soapiness.” The Huffington Post (31 Aug. 2012). <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/maureen-ryan/switched-at-birth-season-1_b_1844957.html>.Stelter, B. “Teaching Viewers to Hear with Their Eyes Only.” The New York Times 8 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/09/arts/television/teaching-viewers-to-hear-the-tv-with-eyes-only.html>.Van Cleve, J.V., and B.A. Crouch. 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Chavdarov, Anatoliy V. "Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 Journal > Special Issue > Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 > Page 5 “Quantative Methods in Modern Science” organized by Academic Paper Ltd, Russia MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE GENUS GAGEA SALISB., GROWING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION Authors: Zhamal T. Igissinova,Almash A. Kitapbayeva,Anargul S. Sharipkhanova,Alexander L. Vorobyev,Svetlana F. Kolosova,Zhanat K. Idrisheva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00041 Abstract: Due to ecological preferences among species of the genus GageaSalisb, many plants are qualified as rare and/or endangered. Therefore, the problem of rational use of natural resources, in particular protection of early spring plant species is very important. However, literary sources analysis only reveals data on the biology of species of this genus. The present research,conducted in the spring of 2017-2019, focuses on anatomical and morphological features of two Altai species: Gagealutea and Gagea minima; these features were studied, clarified and confirmed by drawings and photographs. The anatomical structure of the stem and leaf blade was studied in detail. The obtained research results will prove useful for studies of medicinal raw materials and honey plants. The aforementioned species are similar in morphological features, yet G. minima issmaller in size, and its shoots appear earlier than those of other species Keywords: Flora,gageas,Altai species,vegetative organs., Refference: I. Atlas of areas and resources of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan.Almaty, 2008. II. Baitenov M.S. Flora of Kazakhstan.Almaty: Ġylym, 2001. III. DanilevichV. G. ThegenusGageaSalisb. of WesternTienShan. PhD Thesis, St. Petersburg,1996. IV. EgeubaevaR.A., GemedzhievaN.G. The current state of stocks of medicinal plants in some mountain ecosystems of Kazakhstan.Proceedings of the international scientific conference ‘”Results and prospects for the development of botanical science in Kazakhstan’, 2002. V. Kotukhov Yu.A. New species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) from Southern Altai. Bot. Journal.1989;74(11). VI. KotukhovYu.A. ListofvascularplantsofKazakhstanAltai. Botan. Researches ofSiberiaandKazakhstan.2005;11. VII. KotukhovYu. The current state of populations of rare and endangered plants in Eastern Kazakhstan. Almaty: AST, 2009. VIII. Kotukhov Yu.A., DanilovaA.N., AnufrievaO.A. Synopsisoftheonions (AlliumL.) oftheKazakhstanAltai, Sauro-ManrakandtheZaisandepression. BotanicalstudiesofSiberiaandKazakhstan. 2011;17: 3-33. IX. Kotukhov, Yu.A., Baytulin, I.O. Rareandendangered, endemicandrelictelementsofthefloraofKazakhstanAltai. MaterialsoftheIntern. scientific-practical. conf. ‘Sustainablemanagementofprotectedareas’.Almaty: Ridder, 2010. X. Krasnoborov I.M. et al. The determinant of plants of the Republic of Altai. Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 2012. XI. Levichev I.G. On the species status of Gagea Rubicunda. Botanical Journal.1997;6:71-76. XII. Levichev I.G. A new species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal. 2000;7: 186-189. XIII. Levichev I.G., Jangb Chang-gee, Seung Hwan Ohc, Lazkovd G.A.A new species of genus GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity.2019; 12: 341-343. XIV. Peterson A., Levichev I.G., Peterson J. Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2008; 46. XV. Peruzzi L., Peterson A., Tison J.-M., Peterson J. Phylogenetic relationships of GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) in Italy, inferred from molecular and morphological data matrices. Plant Systematics and Evolution; 2008: 276. XVI. Rib R.D. Honey plants of Kazakhstan. Advertising Digest, 2013. XVII. Scherbakova L.I., Shirshikova N.A. Flora of medicinal plants in the vicinity of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Collection of materials of the scientific-practical conference ‘Unity of Education, Science and Innovation’. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2011. XVIII. syganovA.P. PrimrosesofEastKazakhstan. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2001. XIX. Tsyganov A.P. Flora and vegetation of the South Altai Tarbagatay. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT,2014. XX. Utyasheva, T.R., Berezovikov, N.N., Zinchenko, Yu.K. ProceedingsoftheMarkakolskStateNatureReserve. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009. XXI. Xinqi C, Turland NJ. Gagea. Flora of China.2000;24: 117-121. XXII. Zarrei M., Zarre S., Wilkin P., Rix E.M. Systematic revision of the genus GageaSalisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran.BotJourn Linn Soc.2007;154. XXIII. Zarrei M., Wilkin P., Ingroille M.J., Chase M.W. A revised infrageneric classification for GageaSalisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data.Phytotaxa.2011:5. View | Download INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSION CROPPING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NO-TILL CROP ROTATIONS Authors: Victor K. Dridiger,Roman S. Stukalov,Rasul G. Gadzhiumarov,Anastasiya A. Voropaeva,Viktoriay A. Kolomytseva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00042 Abstract: This study was aimed at examining the influence of succession cropping on the economic efficiency of no-till field crop rotations on the black earth in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol krai. A long-term stationary experiment was conducted to examine for the purpose nine field crop rotation patterns different in the number of fields (four to six), set of crops, and their succession in crop rotation. The respective shares of legumes, oilseeds, and cereals in the cropping pattern were 17 to 33, 17 to 40, and 50 to 67 %. It has been established that in case of no-till field crop cultivation the economic efficiency of plant production depends on the set of crops and their succession in rotation. The most economically efficient type of crop rotation is the soya-winter wheat-peas-winter wheat-sunflower-corn six-field rotation with two fields of legumes: in this rotation 1 ha of crop rotation area yields 3 850 grain units per ha at a grain unit prime cost of 5.46 roubles; the plant production output return and profitability were 20,888 roubles per ha and 113 %, respectively. The high production profitabilities provided by the soya-winter wheat-sunflower four-field and the soya-winter-wheat-sunflower-corn-winter wheat five-field crop rotation are 108.7 and 106.2 %, respectively. The inclusion of winter wheat in crop rotation for two years in a row reduces the second winter wheat crop yield by 80 to 100 %, which means a certain reduction in the grain unit harvesting rate to 3.48-3.57 thousands per ha of rotation area and cuts the production profitability down to 84.4-92.3 %. This is why, no-till cropping should not include winter wheat for a second time Keywords: No-till technology,crop rotation,predecessor,yield,return,profitability, Refference: I Badakhova G. Kh. and Knutas A. V., Stavropol Krai: Modern Climate Conditions [Stavropol’skiykray: sovremennyyeklimaticheskiyeusloviya]. Stavropol: SUE Krai Communication Networks, 2007. II Cherkasov G. N. and Akimenko A. S. Scientific Basis of Modernization of Crop Rotations and Formation of Their Systems according to the Specializations of Farms in the Central Chernozem Region [Osnovy moderniz atsiisevooborotoviformirovaniyaikh sistem v sootvetstvii so spetsi-alizatsiyeykhozyaystvTsentral’nogoChernozem’ya]. Zemledelie. 2017; 4: 3-5. III Decree 330 of July 6, 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia “On Approving Coefficients of Converting to Agricultural Crops to Grain Units [Ob utverzhdeniikoeffitsiyentovperevoda v zernovyyee dinitsysel’s kokhozyaystvennykhkul’tur]. IV Dridiger V. K., About Methods of Research of No-Till Technology [O metodikeissledovaniytekhnologii No-till]//Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC (Dostizheniyanaukiitekhniki APK). 2016; 30 (4): 30-32. V Dridiger V. K. and Gadzhiumarov R. G. Growth, Development, and Productivity of Soya Beans Cultivated On No-Till Technology in the Zone of Unstable Moistening of Stavropol Region [Rost, razvitiyeiproduktivnost’ soiprivozdelyvaniipotekhnologii No-till v zone ne-ustoychivog ouvlazhneniyaStavropol’skogokraya]//Oil Crops RTBVNIIMK (Maslichnyyekul’turyNTBVNIIMK). 2018; 3 (175): 52–57. VI Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Eroshenko F. V., Stukalov R. S., Gadzhiumarov, R. G., Effekt of No-till Technology on erosion resistance, the population of earthworms and humus content in soil (Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till naprotivoerozionnuyuustoychivost’, populyatsiyudozhdevykhcherveyisoderzhaniyegumusa v pochve)//Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 9 (2): 766-770. VII Karabutov A. P., Solovichenko V. D., Nikitin V. V. et al., Reproduction of Soil Fertility, Productivity and Energy Efficiency of Crop Rotations [Vosproizvodstvoplodorodiyapochv, produktivnost’ ienergeticheskayaeffektivnost’ sevooborotov]. Zemledelie. 2019; 2: 3-7. VIII Kulintsev V. V., Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Kovtun V. I., Zhukova M. P., Effekt of No-till Technology on The Available Moisture Content and Soil Density in The Crop Rotation [Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till nasoderzhaniyedostupnoyvlagiiplotnost’ pochvy v sevoob-orote]// Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8 (6): 795-99. IX Kulintsev V. V., Godunova E. I., Zhelnakova L. I. et al., Next-Gen Agriculture System for Stavropol Krai: Monograph [SistemazemledeliyanovogopokoleniyaStavropol’skogokraya: Monogtafiya]. Stavropol: AGRUS Publishers, Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013. X Lessiter Frank, 29 reasons why many growers are harvesting higher no-till yields in their fields than some university scientists find in research plots//No-till Farmer. 2015; 44 (2): 8. XI Rodionova O. A. Reproduction and Exchange-Distributive Relations in Farming Entities [Vosproizvodstvoiobmenno-raspredelitel’nyyeotnosheniya v sel’skokhozyaystvennykhorganizatsiyakh]//Economy, Labour, and Control in Agriculture (Ekonomika, trud, upravleniye v sel’skomkhozyaystve). 2010; 1 (2): 24-27. XII Sandu I. S., Svobodin V. A., Nechaev V. I., Kosolapova M. V., and Fedorenko V. F., Agricultural Production Efficiency: Recommended Practices [Effektivnost’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogoproizvodstva (metodicheskiyerekomendatsii)]. Moscow: Rosinforagrotech, 2013. XIII Sotchenko V. S. Modern Corn Cultivation Technologies [Sovremennayatekhnologiyavozdelyvaniya]. Moscow: Rosagrokhim, 2009. View | Download DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS PORTABLE SEISMOMETER DESIGNED FOR USE AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Authors: Mikhail A. Abaturov,Yuriy V. Sirotinskiy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00043 Abstract: This paper is concerned with solving one of the issues of the general problem of designing geophysical equipment for the natural climatic environment of the Arctic. The relevance of the topic has to do with an increased global interest in this region. The paper is aimed at considering the basic principles of developing and the procedure of testing seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. In this paper the indicated issue is considered through the example of a seismic module designed for petroleum and gas exploration by passive seismoacoustic methods. The seismic module is a direct-burial portable unit of around 5 kg in weight, designed to continuously measure and record microseismic triaxial orthogonal (ZNE) noise in a range from 0.1 to 45 Hz during several days in autonomous mode. The functional chart of designing the seismic module was considered, and concrete conclusions were made for choosing the necessary components to meet the ultralow-temperature operational requirements. The conclusions made served for developing appropriate seismic module. In this case, the components and tools used included a SAFT MP 176065 xc low-temperature lithium cell, industrial-spec electronic component parts, a Zhaofeng Geophysical ZF-4.5 Chinese primary electrodynamic seismic sensor, housing seal parts made of frost-resistant silicone materials, and finely dispersed silica gel used as water-retaining sorbent to avoid condensation in the housing. The paper also describes a procedure of low-temperature collation tests at the lab using a New Brunswick Scientific freezing plant. The test results proved the operability of the developed equipment at ultralow temperatures down to -55°C. In addition, tests were conducted at low microseismic noises in the actual Arctic environment. The possibility to detect signals in a range from 1 to 10 Hz at the level close to the NLNM limit (the Peterson model) has been confirmed, which allows monitoring and exploring petroleum and gas deposits by passive methods. As revealed by this study, the suggested approaches are efficient in developing high-precision mobile seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. The solution of the considered instrumentation and methodical issues is of great practical significance as a constituent of the generic problem of Arctic exploration. Keywords: Seismic instrumentation,microseismic monitoring,Peterson model,geological exploration,temperature ratings,cooling test, Refference: I. AD797: Ultralow Distortion, Ultralow Noise Op Amp, Analog Devices, Inc., Data Sheet (Rev. K). Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD797.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). II. Agafonov, V. M., Egorov, I. V., and Shabalina, A. S. Operating Principles and Technical Characteristics of a Small-Sized Molecular–Electronic Seismic Sensor with Negative Feedback [Printsipyraboty I tekhnicheskiyekharakteristikimalogabaritnogomolekulyarno-elektronnogoseysmodatchika s otritsatel’noyobratnoysvyaz’yu]. SeysmicheskiyePribory (Seismic Instruments). 2014; 50 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3103/S0747923914010022. III. Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Ya.,Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaema, T., Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F. Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science. 2015; 1 (9): 158-167. IV. Anthony, R. E., Aster, R. C., Wiens, D., Nyblade, Andr., Anandakrishnan, Sr., Huerta, Audr., Winberry, J. P., Wilson, T., and Rowe, Ch. The Seismic Noise Environment of Antarctica. Seismological Research Letters. 2015; 86(1): 89-100. DOI: 10.1785/0220150005 V. Brincker, R., Lago, T. L., Andersen, P., and Ventura, C. Improving the Classical Geophone Sensor Element by Digital Correction. In Conference Proceedings: IMAC-XXIII: A Conference & Exposition on Structural Dynamics Society for Experimental Mechanics, 2005. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242452637_Improving_the_Classical_Geophone_Sensor_Element_by_Digital_Correction(Date of access September 2, 2019). VI. Bylaw 164 of the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation “On adopting amendments to SNiP 31-01-99 “Construction climatology”. URL: https://base.garant.ru/2322381/(Date of access September 2, 2019). VII. Chao Xu, Junbo Wang, Deyong Chen, Jian Chen, Bowen Liu, Wenjie Qi, XichenZheng, Hua Wei, Guoqing Zhang. The Electrochemical Seismometer Based on a Novel Designed.Sensing Electrode for Undersea Exploration. 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems &Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS &EUROSENSORS XXXIII). IEEE, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808450. VIII. Chebotareva, I. Ya. New algorithms of emission tomography for passive seismic monitoring of a producing hydrocarbon deposit: Part I. Algorithms of processing and numerical simulation [Novyye algoritmyemissionnoyto mografiidlyapassivnogoseysmicheskogomonitoringarazrabatyvayemykhmestorozhdeniyuglevodorodov. Chast’ I: Algoritmyobrabotki I chislennoyemodelirovaniye]. FizikaZemli. 2010; 46(3):187-98. DOI: 10.1134/S106935131003002X IX. Danilov, A. V. and Konechnaya, Ya. V. Analytical comparison of seismic instruments for stationary surveys in the Arctic [Sravnitel’nyyanalizseysmicheskoyapparaturydlyastatsionarnykhnablyudeniy v Arktike]. DSYS. URL: https://dsys.ru/upload/id254_docPDF_FranzJosefLand.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). X. Dew point temperature calculator. Maple Tech. International LLC. URL: https://www.calculator.net/dew-point-calculator.html?airtemperature=20&airtemperatureunit=celsius&humidity=0.34&dewpoint=&dewpointunit=celsius&x=51&y=14(Date of access September 2, 2019). XI. Frolov, A. S. Matching of wave fields recorded by different geophysical receivers [Soglasovaniyevolnovykhpoley, poluchennykh s primeneniyemrazlichnoyregistriruyushcheyapparatury]. Abstracts IX International scientific and technical conference competition of young specialists “Geophysics-2013”. Saint-Petersburg: Gubkin University, 2013. URL: https://www.gubkin.ru/faculty/geology_and_geophysics/chairs_and_departments/exploration_geophysics_and_computers_systems/files/2013_SPb_Frolov.pdf. (Date of access September 2, 2019). XII. Gibbons, S. J., Asming, V., Fedorov, A., Fyen, J., Kero, J., Kozlovskaya, E., Kværna, T., Liszka, L., Näsholm, S.P., Raita, T., Roth, M., Tiira, T., Vinogradov, Yu. The European Arctic: A laboratory for seismoacoustic studies. Seism. Res. Letters. 2015; 86 (3): 917–928. XIII. GOST 8.395-80. State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Reference conditions of measurements while calibrating. General requirements [Gosudarstvennayasistemaobespecheniyaedinstvaizmereniy. Normal’nyyeusloviyaizmereniypripoverke. Obshchiyetrebovaniya]. Moscow: Standartinform, 2008. URL: http://gostrf.com/normadata/1/4294821/4294821960.pdf (Date of access September 2, 2019). XIV. Guralp 6TD. Operators’ Guide. Document Number: MAN-T60-0002, Issue J: April, 2017. Guralp Systems Limited. URL: https://www.guralp.com/documents/MAN-T60-0002.pdf (Date of access September 2, 2019). XV. Inshakova, A. S., Barykina, E. S., and Kozlov, V. V. Role of silica gel in adsorption air drying [Rol’ silikagelya v adsorbtsionnoyosushkevozdukha]. AlleyaNauki (Alley of Science). 2017; 15. URL: https://www.alley- science.ru/domains_data/files/November2017/ROL%20SILIKAGELYa%20V%20ADSORBCIONNOY%20OSUShKE%20VOZDUHA.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). XVI. Ioffe, D. and Pozdnyakov, P. Searching for Hidden Reserves of Modern Microchip Circuits. Part I [Poiskskrytykhrezervovsovremennykhmikroskhem. Chast’ I].Komponenty I tekhnologii (Components and Technologies). 2015; 4: 144-46. XVII. Jiang Xu, Xi Wang, Ningyi Yuan, Jianning Ding, Si Qin, Joselito M. Razal, Xuehang Wang, ShanhaiGe, Gogotsi, Yu. Extending the low temperature operational limit of Li-ion battery to −80 °C. Energy Storage Materials (IF0). Published 2019-04-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.033. XVIII. Kouznetsov, O. L., Lyasch, Y. F., Chirkin, I. A., Rizanov, E. G., LeRoy, S. D., Koligaev, S. O. Long-term monitoring of microseismic emissions: Earth tides, fracture distribution, and fluid content. SEG, APPG Interpretation. 2016: 4 (2): T191–T204. XIX. Laverov, N. P., Bogoyavlenskiy, V. I., Bogoyavlenskiy, I. V. Fundamental Aspects of Rational Management of the Petroleum and Gas Resources of the Arctic and the Russian Continental Shelf: Strategy, Prospects, and Problems [Fundamental’nyyeaspektyratsional’nogoosvoyeniyaresursovneftiigazaArktiki I shel’faRossii: strategiya, perspektivyi problem].Arktika: ekologiya I ekonomika [Arctic: Ecology and Economy]. 2016; 2 (22): 4-13. XX. Lee, P. Low Noise Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimal Noise Performance, Analog Devices, Inc., AN-940 Application Note. Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/AN-940.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXI. Markatis, N., Polychronopoulou, K., Tselentis, Ak. Passive seismic tomography: A passive concept actively evolving. First Break. 2012; 30 (7): 83-90. XXII. Matveev, I. V. and Matveeva, N. V. Portable seismic recorder “SEISAR-5” with very low energy consumption for autonomous work in harsh climatic conditions [Portativnyyseysmicheskiyregistrator «Seysar-5» s ochen’ nizkimenergopotrebleniyemdlyaavtonomnoyraboty v slozhnykhklimatic heskikhusloviyakh]. Nauka I tekhnologicheskierazrabotki (Science and Technological Developments). 2017; 96 (3): 33-40. [Special Issue “Applied Geophysics: New Developments and Results. Part 1. Seismology and Seismic Exploration]. DOI: 10.21455/std2017.3-3. XXIII. Mishra, R. The Temperature Ratings of Electronic Parts.Electronics Cooling magazine. URL: http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2004/02/the-temperature-ratings-of-electronic-parts(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXIV. Moore, Sue E.; Stabeno, Phyllis J.; Van Pelt, Thomas I. The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) project. Deep-Sea Research Part II. 152: 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.05.013. XXV. MS-SPORT Viscous Silicone Lubricant with Fluoroplastic. ToR2257-010-45540231-2003. OOO VMPAUTO, URL: https://smazka.ru/attachments/get/469/ms-sport-tds.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXVI. New Brunswick™ Premium -86 °C Freezers. Operating manual. URL: https://www.eppendorf.com/product-media/doc/en/142770_Operating-Manual/New-Brunswick_Freezers_Operating-manual-86-C-Premium-Freezers.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXVII. New seismic digitizer/recorder for passive seismic monitoring applications. LandTech Enterprises. URL: http://www.landtechsa.com/Images/Instrument/SRi32L/SRi32L.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXVIII. Parker, T., Winberry, P., Huerta, A., Bainbridge, G., Devanney, P. Direct Burial Broadband Seismic Instrumentation for Polar Environments. Nanometrics Inc. 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View | Download COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOOT PATHOLOGY WHO UNDERWENT WEIL OPEN OSTEOTOMY BY CLASSICAL METHOD AND WITHOUT STEOSYNTHESIS Authors: Yuriy V. Lartsev,Dmitrii A. Rasputin,Sergey D. Zuev-Ratnikov,Pavel V.Ryzhov,Dmitry S. Kudashev,Anton A. Bogdanov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00044 Abstract: The article considers the problem of surgical correction of the second metatarsal bone length. The article analyzes the results of treatment of patients with excess length of the second metatarsal bones that underwent osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis. The results of treatment of patients who underwent metatarsal shortening due to classical Weil-osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis were analyzed. The first group consisted of 34 patients. They underwent classical Weil osteotomy. The second group included 44 patients in whomosteotomy of the second metatarsal bone were not by the screw. When studying the results of the treatment in the immediate postoperative period, weeks 6, 12, slightly better results were observed in patients of the first group, while one year after surgical treatment the results in both groups were comparable. One year after surgical treatment, there were 2.9% (1 patient) of unsatisfactory results in the first group and 4.5% (2 patients) in the second group. Considering the comparability of the results of treatment in remote postoperative period, the choice of concrete method remains with the operating surgeon. Keywords: Flat feet,hallux valgus,corrective osteotomy,metatarsal bones, Refference: I. A novel modification of the Stainsby procedure: surgical technique and clinical outcome [Text] / E. Concannon, R. MacNiocaill, R. Flavin [et al.] // Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Dec., Vol. 20(4). – P. 262–267. II. Accurate determination of relative metatarsal protrusion with a small intermetatarsal angle: a novel simplified method [Text] / L. Osher, M.M. Blazer, S. Buck [et al.] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Sep.-Oct., Vol. 53(5). – P. 548–556. III. Argerakis, N.G. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment [Text] / N.G. Argerakis, L.Jr. Weil, L.S. Sr. Weil // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Apr., Vol. 8(2). – P. 89–94. IV. Bauer, T. Percutaneous forefoot surgery [Text] / T. Bauer // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2014. – Feb., Vol. 100(1 Suppl.). – P. S191–S204. V. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity [Text] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2015. – Sep.-Oct., Vol.54(5). – P. 852–855. VI. Chopra, S. Characterization of gait in female patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity [Text] / S. Chopra, K. Moerenhout, X. Crevoisier // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 30(6). – P. 629–635. VII. Computer assisted planning and custom-made surgical guide for malunited pronation deformity after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report [Text] / M. Hirao, S. Ikemoto, H. Tsuboi [et al.] // Comput. Aided Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 19(1-3). – P. 13–19. VIII. Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model [Text] / D.Y. Lee, S.G. Seo, E.J. Kim [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Jan., Vol.36(1). – P. 1–10. IX. Correlative study between length of first metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia after osteotomy of first metatarsal [Text]: [Article in Chinese] / F.Q. Zhang, B.Y. Pei, S.T. Wei [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. – 2013. – Nov. 19, Vol. 93(43). – P. 3441–3444. X. Dave, M.H. Forefoot Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Shod and Unshod Populations [Text] / M.H. Dave, L.W. Mason, K. Hariharan // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 8(5). – P. 378–383. XI. Does arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint correct the intermetatarsal M1M2 angle? Analysis of a continuous series of 208 arthrodeses fixed with plates [Text] / F. Dalat, F. Cottalorda, M.H. Fessy [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6). – P. 709–714. XII. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution after percutaneous hallux valgus correction using the Reverdin-Isham osteotomy [Text]: [Article in Spanish] / G. Rodríguez-Reyes, E. López-Gavito, A.I. Pérez-Sanpablo [et al.] // Rev. Invest. Clin. – 2014. – Jul., Vol. 66, Suppl. 1. – P. S79-S84. XIII. Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral [Text] / A.V. Boychenko, L.N. Solomin, S.G. Parfeyev [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Nov., Vol. 36(11). – P. 1339–1343. XIV. Endolog technique for correction of hallux valgus: a prospective study of 30 patients with 4-year follow-up [Text] / C. Biz, M. Corradin, I. Petretta [et al.] // J. OrthopSurg Res. – 2015. – Jul. 2, № 10. – P. 102. XV. First metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: comparison of straight versus oblique osteotomy [Text] / S.H. Han, E.H. Park, J. Jo [et al.] // Yonsei Med. J. – 2015. – May, Vol. 56(3). – P. 744–752. XVI. Long-term outcome of joint-preserving surgery by combination metatarsal osteotomies for shortening for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Text] / H. Niki, T. Hirano, Y. Akiyama [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – Sep., Vol. 25(5). – P. 683–638. XVII. Maceira, E. Transfer metatarsalgia post hallux valgus surgery [Text] / E. Maceira, M. Monteagudo // Foot Ankle Clin. – 2014. – Jun., Vol. 19(2). – P.285–307. XVIII. Nielson, D.L. Absorbable fixation in forefoot surgery: a viable alternative to metallic hardware [Text] / D.L. Nielson, N.J. Young, C.M. Zelen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2013. – Jul., Vol. 30(3). – P. 283–293 XIX. Patient’s satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases [Text] / A. Mouton, V. Le Strat, D. Medevielle [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6 Suppl.). – P. S217–S220. XX. Preference of surgical procedure for the forefoot deformity in the rheumatoid arthritis patients–A prospective, randomized, internal controlled study [Text] / M. Tada, T. Koike, T. Okano [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – May., Vol. 25(3). – P.362–366. XXI. Redfern, D. Percutaneous Surgery of the Forefoot [Text] / D. Redfern, J. Vernois, B.P. Legré // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 32(3). – P. 291–332. XXII. Singh, D. Bullous pemphigoid after bilateral forefoot surgery [Text] / D. Singh, A. Swann // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Feb., Vol. 8(1). – P. 68–72. XXIII. Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy [Text] / J. Lucas y Hernandez, P. Golanó, S. Roshan-Zamir [et al.] // Bone Joint J. – 2016. – Mar., Vol. 98-B(3). – P. 365–373. XXIV. Weil, L.Jr. Scarf osteotomy for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity [Text] / L.Jr. Weil, M. Bowen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2014. – Apr., Vol.31(2). – P. 233–246. View | Download QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE IN HEALTHYDOGS Authors: Roman A. Tcygansky,Irina I. Nekrasova,Angelina N. Shulunova,Alexander I.Sidelnikov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00045 Abstract: Purpose.To determine the quantitative echogenicity indicators (and their ratio) of the layers of stomach and small intestine wall in healthy dogs. Methods. A prospective 3-year study of 86 healthy dogs (aged 1-7 yrs) of different breeds and of both sexes. Echo homogeneity and echogenicity of the stomach and intestines wall were determined by the method of Silina, T.L., et al. (2010) in absolute values ​​of average brightness levels of ultrasound image pixels using the 8-bit scale with 256 shades of gray. Results. Quantitative echogenicity indicators of the stomach and the small intestine wall in dogs were determined. Based on the numerical values ​​characterizing echogenicity distribution in each layer of a separate structure of the digestive system, the coefficient of gastric echogenicity is determined as 1:2.4:1.1 (mucosa/submucosa/muscle layers, respectively), the coefficient of duodenum and jejunum echogenicity is determined as 1:3.5:2 and that of ileum is 1:1.8:1. Clinical significance. The echogenicity coefficient of the wall of the digestive system allows an objective assessment of the stomach and intestines wall and can serve as the basis for a quantitative assessment of echogenicity changes for various pathologies of the digestive system Keywords: Ultrasound (US),echogenicity,echogenicity coefficient,digestive system,dogs,stomach,intestines, Refference: I. Agut, A. Ultrasound examination of the small intestine in small animals // Veterinary focus. 2009.Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 20-29. II. Bull. 4.RF patent 2398513, IPC51A61B8 / 00 A61B8 / 14 (2006.01) A method for determining the homoechogeneity and the degree of echogenicity of an ultrasound image / T. Silina, S. S. Golubkov. – No. 2008149311/14; declared 12/16/2008; publ. 09/10/2010 III. Choi, M., Seo, M., Jung, J., Lee, K., Yoon, J., Chang, D., Park, RD. Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2002. Vol. 64. – № 1. – P. 17-21. IV. Delaney, F., O’Brien, R.T., Waller, K.Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel thickness compared to weight in normal dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2003 Vol. 44, № 5. Р 577-580. V. Diana, A., Specchi, S., Toaldo, M.B., Chiocchetti, R., Laghi, A., Cipone, M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the small bowel in healthy cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2011. – Vol. 52, № 5. – Р. 555-559. VI. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Errors in abdominal ultrasonography in dogs and cats // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2012. Vol. 53. – № 9. – P. 514-519. VII. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2014. Vol. 55. – № 12. – P. 630-634. VIII. Gaschen, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., Shannon, D., Kearney, M., Gaschen, F. The effects of food intake and its fat composition on intestinal echogenicity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 546-550 IX. Gaschen, L., Kircher, P., Stussi, A., Allenspach, K., Gaschen, F., Doherr, M., Grone, A. Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies // Veterinary radiology and ultrasound. – 2008. – Vol. 49. – № 1. – Р. 56-64. X. Gil, E.M.U. Garcia, D.A.A. Froes, T.R. In utero development of the fetal intestine: Sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs // Theriogenology. 2015. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 681-686. XI. Gladwin, N.E. Penninck, D.G., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs // American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2014. Vol. 75, №4. Р. 349-353. XII. Gory, G., Rault, D.N., Gatel, L, Dally, C., Belli, P., Couturier, L., Cauvin, E. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2014. Vol. 55, № 5. P. 552-560. XIII. Günther, C.S. Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B. Assessment of the inter- and intraobserver variability for sonographical measurement of intestinal wall thickness in dogs without gastrointestinal diseases | [Inter-und Intraobserver-Variabilitätbei der sonographischenBestimmung der Darmwanddicke von HundenohnegastrointestinaleErkrankungen] // Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere. 2014. Vol. 42 №2. Р. 71-78. XIV. Hanazono, K., Fukumoto, S., Hirayama, K., Takashima, K., Yamane, Y., Natsuhori, M., Kadosawa, T., Uchide, T. Predicting Metastatic Potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dog by ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2012. Vol. 74. – № 11. – P. 1477-1482. XV. Heng, H.G., Lim, Ch.K., Miller, M.A., Broman, M.M.Prevalence and significance of an ultrasonographic colonic muscularishyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2015. Vol. 56 № 6. P. 666-669. XVI. Ivančić, M., Mai, W. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of renal vs. hepatic ultrasonographic intensity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2008. Vol. 49. № 4. Р. 368-373. XVII. Lamb, C.R., Mantis, P. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2008. Vol. 39. – № 9. – P. 437-441. XVIII. Le Roux, A. B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N, Kearney, M.T., Gaschen, L.Ex vivo correlation of ultrasonographic small intestinal wall layering with histology in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 534-545. XIX. Nielsen, T. High-frequency ultrasound of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of young cats / T. Nielsen [et al.] // Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 4. – Р. 303-309. XX. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In Nyland T.G., Mattoon J.S. (eds): Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002, 2nd ed. Р. 207-230. XXI. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In: PenninckD.G.,d´Anjou M.A. Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2008. Р. 281-318. XXII. Penninck, D.G., Nyland, T.G., Kerr, L.Y., Fisher, P.E. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals // Veterinary Radiology. 1990. Vol. 31. №3. P. 134-141. XXIII. Penninck, D.G.,Webster, C.R.L.,Keating, J.H. The sonographic appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis in cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2010. – Vol. 51, № 4. – Р. 458-461. XXIV. Pollard, R.E.,Johnson, E.G., Pesavento, P.A., Baker, T.W., Cannon, A.B., Kass, P.H., Marks, S.L. Effects of corn oil administered orally on conspicuity of ultrasonographic small intestinal lesions in dogs with lymphangiectasia // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2013. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 390-397. XXV. Rault, D.N., Besso, J.G., Boulouha, L., Begon, D., Ruel, Y. Significance of a common extended mucosal interface observed in transverse small intestine sonograms // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2004. Vol. 45. №2. Р. 177-179. XXVI. Sutherland-Smith, J., Penninck, D.G., Keating, J.H., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2007. Vol. 48. – № 1. – P. 51-57. View | Download EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS Authors: Larisa A. Merdenova,Elena A. Takoeva,Marina I. Nartikoeva,Victoria A. Belyayeva,Fatima S. Datieva,Larisa R. Datieva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00046 Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the functional reserves of the body to quantify individual health; adaptation, psychophysiological characteristics of the health quality of medical students in different seasons of the year. When studying the temporal organization of physiological functions, the rhythm parameters of physiological functions were determined, followed by processing the results using the Cosinor Analysis program, which reveals rhythms with an unknown period for unequal observations, evaluates 5 parameters of sinusoidal rhythms (mesor, amplitude, acrophase, period, reliability). The essence of desynchronization is the mismatch of circadian rhythms among themselves or destruction of the rhythms architectonics (instability of acrophases or their disappearance). Desynchronization with respect to the rhythmic structure of the body is of a disregulatory nature, most pronounced in pathological desynchronization. High neurotism, increased anxiety reinforces the tendency to internal desynchronization, which increases with stress. During examination stress, students experience a decrease in the stability of the temporary organization of the biosystem and the tension of adaptive mechanisms develops, which affects attention, mental performance and the quality of adaptation to the educational process. Time is shortened and the amplitude of the “initial minute” decreases, personal and situational anxiety develops, and the level of psychophysiological adaptation decreases. The results of the work are priority because they can be used in assessing quality and level of health. Keywords: Desynchronosis,biorhythms,psycho-emotional stress,mesor,acrophase,amplitude,individual minute, Refference: I. Arendt, J., Middleton, B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75_S) – General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2017: 250-259. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010). II. BalandinYu.P. A brief methodological guide on the use of the agro-industrial complex “Health Sources” / Yu.P. Balandin, V.S. Generalov, V.F. Shishlov. Ryazan, 2007. III. Buslovskaya L.K. Adaptation reactions in students at exam stress/ L.K. Buslovskaya, Yu.P. Ryzhkova. Scientific bulletin of Belgorod State University. Series: Natural Sciences. 2011;17(21):46-52. IV. Chutko L. S. Sindromjemocionalnogovygoranija – Klinicheskie I psihologicheskieaspekty./ L.S Chutko. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2013. V. Eroshina K., Paul Wilkinson, Martin Mackey. The role of environmental and social factors in the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory tract in children of primary school age in Moscow. Medicine. 2013:57-71. VI. Fagrell B. “Microcirculation of the Skin”. The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation. 2013:423. VII. Gurova O.A. Change in blood microcirculation in students throughout the day. New research. 2013; 2 (35):66-71. VIII. Khetagurova L.G. – Stress/Ed. L.G. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz: Project-Press Publishing House, 2010. IX. Khetagurova L.G., Urumova L.T. et al. Stress (chronomedical aspects). International Journal of Experimental Education 2010; 12: 30-31. X. Khetagurova L.G., Salbiev K.D., Belyaev S.D., Datieva F.S., Kataeva M.R., Tagaeva I.R. Chronopathology (experimental and clinical aspects/ Ed. L.G. Khetagurov, K.D. Salbiev, S.D.Belyaev, F.S. Datiev, M.R. Kataev, I.R. Tagaev. Moscow: Science, 2004. XI. KlassinaS.Ya. Self-regulatory reactions in the microvasculature of the nail bed of fingers in person with psycho-emotional stress. Bulletin of new medical technologies, 2013; 2 (XX):408-412. XII. Kovtun O.P., Anufrieva E.V., Polushina L.G. Gender-age characteristics of the component composition of the body in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2019; 3:139-145. XIII. Kuchieva M.B., Chaplygina E.V., Vartanova O.T., Aksenova O.A., Evtushenko A.V., Nor-Arevyan K.A., Elizarova E.S., Efremova E.N. A comparative analysis of the constitutional features of various generations of healthy young men and women in the Rostov Region. Modern problems of science and education. 2017; 5:50-59. XIV. Mathias Adamsson1, ThorbjörnLaike, Takeshi Morita – Annual variation in daily light expo-sure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol consent rations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length – Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36: 6 – 15. XV. Merdenova L.A., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A. Features of the study of biological rhythms in children. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and technical sciences. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod, 2017, pp. 119-123. XVI. Ogarysheva N.V. The dynamics of mental performance as a criterion for adapting to the teaching load. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;16:5 (1): S.636-638. XVII. Pekmezovi T. Gene-environment interaction: A genetic-epidemiological approach. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2010;29:131-134. XVIII. Rapoport S.I., Chibisov S.M. Chronobiology and chronomedicine: history and prospects/Ed. S.M. Chibisov, S.I. Rapoport ,, M.L. Blagonravova. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Press. Moscow, 2018. XIX. Roustit M., Cracowski J.L. “Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods” – Microcirculation 2012; 19 (1): 47-64. XX. Rud V.O., FisunYu.O. – References of the circadian desinchronosis in students. Ukrainian Bulletin of Psychoneurology. 2010; 18(2) (63): 74-77. XXI. Takoeva Z. A., Medoeva N. O., Berezova D. T., Merdenova L. A. et al. Long-term analysis of the results of chronomonitoring of the health of the population of North Ossetia; Vladikavkaz Medical and Biological Bulletin. 2011; 12(12,19): 32-38. XXII. Urumova L.T., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A., Datieva L.R. – The study of some health indicators of medical students in different periods of the year. Health and education in the XXI century. 2016; 18(4): 94-97. XXIII. Westman J. – Complex diseases. In: Medical genetics for the modern clinician. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. XXIV. Yadrischenskaya T.V. Circadian biorhythms of students and their importance in educational activities. Problems of higher education. Pacific State University Press. 2016; 2:176-178. View | Download TRIADIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors: Stanislav A.Kudzh,Victor Ya. Tsvetkov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00047 Abstract: The present study of comparison methods based on the triadic model introduces the following concepts: the relation of comparability and the relation of comparison, and object comparison and attributive comparison. The difference between active and passive qualitative comparison is shown, two triadic models of passive and active comparison and models for comparing two and three objects are described. Triadic comparison models are proposed as an alternative to dyadic comparison models. Comparison allows finding the common and the different; this approach is proposed for the analysis of the nomothetic and ideographic method of obtaining knowledge. The nomothetic method identifies and evaluates the general, while the ideographic method searches for unique in parameters and in combinations of parameters. Triadic comparison is used in systems and methods of argumentation, as well as in the analysis of consistency/inconsistency. Keywords: Comparative analysis,dyad,triad,triadic model,comparability relation,object comparison,attributive comparison,nomothetic method,ideographic method, Refference: I. AltafS., Aslam.M.Paired comparison analysis of the van Baarenmodel using Bayesian approach with noninformativeprior.Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8(2) (2012) 259{270. II. AmooreJ. E., VenstromD Correlations between stereochemical assessments and organoleptic analysis of odorous compounds. Olfaction and Taste (2016) 3{17. III. BarnesJ., KlingerR. Embedding projection for targeted cross-lingual sentiment: model comparisons and a real-world study. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 691{742. doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11561 IV. Castro-SchiloL., FerrerE.Comparison of nomothetic versus idiographic-oriented methods for making predictions about distal outcomes from time series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research 48(2) (2013) 175{207. V. De BonaG.et al. Classifying inconsistency measures using graphs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 937{987. VI. FideliR. La comparazione. Milano: Angeli, 1998. VII. GordonT. F., PrakkenH., WaltonD. The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 10(15) (2007) 875{896. VIII. GrenzS.J. The social god and the relational self: A Triad theology of the imago Dei. Westminster: John Knox Press, 2001. IX. HermansH.J. M.On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning.Journal of Personality 56(4) (1988) 785{812. X. JamiesonK. G., NowakR. Active ranking using pairwise comparisons.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2011) 2240{2248. XI. JongsmaC.Poythress’s triad logic: a review essay. Pro Rege 42(4) (2014) 6{15. XII. KärkkäinenV.M. Trinity and Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine of the Trinity in Christian Theology of Religions. London: Routledge, 2017. XIII. KudzhS. A., TsvetkovV.Ya. Triadic systems. Russian Technology Magazine 7(6) (2019) 74{882. XIV. NelsonK.E.Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory of language acquisition.Children’s Language 6 (1987) 289{331. XV. NiskanenA., WallnerJ., JärvisaloM.Synthesizing argumentation frameworks from examples. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 503{554. XVI. PührerJ.Realizability of three-valued semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Artificial Intelligence 278 (2020) 103{198. XVII. SwansonG.Frameworks for comparative research: structural anthropology and the theory of action. In: Vallier, Ivan (Ed.). Comparative methods in sociology: essays on trends and applications.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 141{202. XVIII. TsvetkovV.Ya.Worldview model as the result of education.World Applied Sciences Journal 31(2) (2014) 211{215. XIX. TsvetkovV. Ya. Logical analysis and variable scales. Slavic Forum 4(22) (2018) 103{109. XX. Wang S. et al. Transit traffic analysis zone delineating method based on Thiessen polygon. Sustainability 6(4) (2014) 1821{1832. View | Download DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING WEAR-RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR ICE CYLINDER." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES spl10, no. 1 (June 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00048.

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