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Journal articles on the topic 'Premonitiry Urges'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 February 2023

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1

Openneer, Thaïra J. C., Zsanett Tárnok, Emese Bognar, Noa Benaroya-Milshtein, Blanca Garcia-Delgar, Astrid Morer, Tamar Steinberg, Pieter J. Hoekstra, and Andrea Dietrich. "The Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale in a large sample of children and adolescents: psychometric properties in a developmental context. An EMTICS study." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 29, no. 10 (December 4, 2019): 1411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01450-1.

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AbstractPremonitory urges are uncomfortable physical sensations preceding tics that occur in most individuals with a chronic tic disorder. The Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) is the most frequently used self-report measure to assess the severity of premonitory urges. We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PUTS in the largest sample size to date (n = 656), in children aged 3–16 years, from the baseline measurement of the longitudinal European Multicenter Tics in Children Study (EMTICS). Our psychometric evaluation was done in three age-groups: children aged 3–7 years (n = 103), children between 8 and 10 years (n = 253), and children aged 11–16 years (n = 300). The PUTS exhibited good internal reliability in children and adolescents, also under the age of 10, which is younger than previously thought. We observed significant but small correlations between the severity of urges and severity of tics and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and between severity of urges and ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and internalizing and externalizing behaviors, however, only in children of 8–10 years. Consistent with previous results, the 10th item of the PUTS correlated less with the rest of the scale compared to the other items and, therefore, should not be used as part of the questionnaire. We found a two-factor structure of the PUTS in children of 11 years and older, distinguishing between sensory phenomena related to tics, and mental phenomena as often found in obsessive–compulsive disorder. The age-related differences observed in this study may indicate the need for the development of an age-specific questionnaire to assess premonitory urges.

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2

Hartman, Jenny. "Premonitory urges and Touretting volcanoes." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 15, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 154–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.15.1.07har.

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Abstract Causative meaning including, but not limited to, causation, prevention, and enabling is realized in language use through force construal. Force is explored in this article through consideration of narratives on Tourette Syndrome, a disorder that is largely characterized by its constitutive actions (vocal and motor tics). To account for force construal, the article proposes a merger of a vector model for the description of force in language and cognition and a lexical semantic model of ontologies and construals. Force is accounted for in terms of a number of configurations (cause, enable, prevent, withstand, and despite) that are realized through construal operations. This merger of explanatory models allows nuanced and flexible description of forceful meaning in actual language use.

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Beetsma, Daniel J. V., Marcel A. van den Hout, Iris M. Engelhard, Marleen M. Rijkeboer, and Danielle C. Cath. "Does Repeated Ticking Maintain Tic Behavior? An Experimental Study of Eye Blinking in Healthy Individuals." Behavioural Neurology 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/753020.

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Tics in Tourette syndrome (TS) are often preceded by “premonitory urges”: annoying feelings or bodily sensations. We hypothesized that, by reducing annoyance of premonitory urges, tic behaviour may be reinforced. In a2×2experimental design in healthy participants, we studied the effects of premonitory urges (operationalized as air puffs on the eye) and tic behaviour (deliberate eye blinking after a puff or a sound) on changes in subjective evaluation of air puffs and EMG responses on the m. orbicularis oculi. The experimental group with air puffs + blinking experienced a decrease in subjective annoyance of the air puff, but habituation of the EMG response was blocked and length of EMG response increased. In the control groups (air puffs without instruction to blink, no air puffs), these effects were absent. When extrapolating to the situation in TS patients, these findings suggest that performance of tics is reinforced by reducing the subjective annoyance of premonitory urges, while simultaneously preventing habituation or even inducing sensitisation of the physiological motor response.

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Beetsma, Daniel J. V., Marcel A. van den Hout, Iris M. Engelhard, Marleen M. Rijkeboer, and Danielle C. Cath. "Does Repeated Ticking Maintain Tic Behavior? An Experimental Study of Eye Blinking in Healthy Individuals." Behavioural Neurology 27, no. 1 (2013): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/642487.

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Tics in Tourette Syndrome (TS) are often preceded by 'premonitory urges': annoying feelings or bodily sensations. We hypothesized that, by reducing annoyance of premonitory urges, tic behaviour may be reinforced. In a 2X2 experimental design in healthy participants, we studied the effects of premonitory urges (operationalized as air puffs on the eye) and tic behaviour (deliberate eye blinking after a puff or a sound) on changes in subjective evaluation of air puffs, and EMG responses on the m. orbicularis oculi. The experimental group with air puffs+ blinking experienced a decrease in subjective annoyance of the air puff, but habituation of the EMG response was blocked and length of EMG response increased. In the control groups (air puffs without instruction to blink, no air puffs), these effects were absent. When extrapolating to the situation in TS patients, these findings suggest that performance of tics is reinforced by reducing the subjective annoyance of premonitory urges, while simultaneously preventing habituation or even inducing sensitisation of the physiological motor response.

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5

Rajagopal, Sangeerthana, Stefano Seri, and Andrea Eugenio Cavanna. "Premonitory Urges and Sensorimotor Processing in Tourette Syndrome." Behavioural Neurology 27, no. 1 (2013): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/984836.

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Most patients with Tourette syndrome report characteristic sensory experiences (premonitory urges) associated with the expression of tic symptoms. Despite the central role of these experiences to the clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome, little is known about their underlying brain processes. In the present article we present the results of a systematic literature review of the published studies addressing the pathophysiological mechanisms of premonitory urges. We identified some preliminary evidence for specific alterations in sensorimotor processing at both cortical and subcortical levels. A better insight into the brain correlates of premonitory urges could lead to the identification of new targets to treat the sensory initiators of tics in patients with Tourette syndrome.

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6

Gev, Ella, Tammy Pilowsky-Peleg, Sylvana Fennig, Noa Benaroya-Milshtein, Douglas W. Woods, John Piacentini, Alan Apter, and Tammar Steinberg. "Acceptance of premonitory urges and tics." Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 10 (July 2016): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.06.001.

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7

McGuire, Joseph F., Nicole McBride, John Piacentini, Carly Johnco, Adam B. Lewin, Tanya K. Murphy, and Eric A. Storch. "The premonitory urge revisited: An individualized premonitory urge for tics scale." Journal of Psychiatric Research 83 (December 2016): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.007.

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8

Essing, Jana, Ewgeni Jakubovski, Nikolas Psathakis, Sinan N. Cevirme, James F. Leckman, and Kirsten R. Müller-Vahl. "Premonitory Urges Reconsidered: Urge Location Corresponds to Tic Location in Patients With Primary Tic Disorders." Journal of Movement Disorders 15, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21045.

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Objective In patients with Tourette syndrome and other primary tic disorders (PTDs), tics are typically preceded by premonitory urges (PUs). To date, only a few studies have investigated the location and frequency of PUs, and contrary to clinical experience, the results suggest that PUs are not located in the same anatomic region as the tics. This study aimed to further explore PU location and frequency in detail, differentiating the kind and complexity of the corresponding tics, in a large sample of patients with PTD.Methods A total of 291 adult (≥ 18 years) patients with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic PTD were included. The study was conducted online, assement included tics and the general characterization of PUs and a sophisticated body drawing for locating PUs.Results We found that PUs were located in the same body area as, or in direct proximity to, the corresponding tic. Most frequently, PUs were located in the face and at the head (62.1%). Compared with simple tics, complex (motor and vocal) tics were more often preceded by a PU; but there was no difference in PU frequency observed between motor tics and vocal tics. PUs were more often experienced at the front than at the back of the body (73% vs. 27%), while there was no difference between the right and left sides (41.6% vs. 41.3%).Conclusion The strong association between PU and tic location further supports the hypothesis that PUs represent the core of PTD. Accordingly, future therapies should focus on treating PUs to achieve greater tic reduction.

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9

Sutherland Owens, Ashley N., Euripedes C. Miguel, and Neal R. Swerdlow. "Sensory Gating Scales and Premonitory Urges in Tourette Syndrome." Scientific World JOURNAL 11 (2011): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2011.57.

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Sensory and sensorimotor gating deficits characterize both Tourette syndrome (TS) and schizophrenia. Premonitory urges (PU) in TS can be assessed with the University of Sao Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale (USP-SPS) and the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS). In 40 subjects (TS: n = 18; healthy comparison subjects [HCS]: n = 22), we examined the relationship between PU scores and measures of sensory gating using the USP-SPS, PUTS, Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI), and Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA), as well symptom severity scales. SGI, but not SIAPA, scores were elevated in TS subjects (p < 0.0003). In TS subjects, USP-SPS and PUTS scores correlated significantly with each other, but not with the SGI or SIAPA; neither PU nor sensory gating scales correlated significantly with symptom severity. TS subjects endorse difficulties in sensory gating and the SGI may be valuable for studying these clinical phenomena.

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10

McGuire, Joseph, Nicole McBride, John Piacentini, Carly Johnco, Adam B. Lewin, Tanya K. Murphy, and Eric A. Storch. "4.34 The Premonitory Urge Revisited: An Individualized Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 56, no. 10 (October 2017): S240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.250.

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11

KANE, MICHAEL J. "Premonitory Urges as “Attentional Tics” in Tourette's Syndrome." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 33, no. 6 (July 1994): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199407000-00005.

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12

Kleimaker, Alexander, Maximilian Kleimaker, Christian Beste, Tobias Bäumer, and Alexander Münchau. "Somatosensory Processing in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000273.

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Abstract. In Tourette syndrome, premonitory urges preceding tics play a prominent role, e. g., as an urge to perform a certain action, but also as a cold or warm feeling, the feeling of a mounting tension in the muscles involved in tics or other unpleasant perceptions. The execution of tics results in a temporary reduction of these feelings. Additionally, there is a hypersensitivity to external stimuli and a high level of distractibility. In corroboration of these findings, adolescent Tourette patients show a thinning of the primary somatosensory cortex and secondary somatosensory areas. Also, reduced prepulse inhibition and reductions of short afferent inhibition provide further evidence for deficient inhibitory and gating functions in Tourette patients.

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13

WOODS, DOUGLAS W., JOHN PIACENTINI, MICHAEL B. HIMLE, and SUSANNA CHANG. "Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS)." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 26, no. 6 (December 2005): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200512000-00001.

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14

Steinberg, Tamar, Sharona Shmuel Baruch, Adva Harush, Ruvi Dar, Doug Woods, John Piacentini, and Alan Apter. "Tic disorders and the premonitory urge." Journal of Neural Transmission 117, no. 2 (December 23, 2009): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0353-3.

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15

Nam, Seok Hyun, Juhyun Park, and Tae Won Park. "Clinical Aspects of Premonitory Urges in Patients with Tourette’s Disorder." Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.180025.

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16

Eddy, Clare M., and Andrea E. Cavanna. "Premonitory Urges in Adults With Complicated and Uncomplicated Tourette Syndrome." Behavior Modification 38, no. 2 (September 16, 2013): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445513504432.

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17

Capriotti, Matthew R., Bryan C. Brandt, Jennifer E. Turkel, Han-Joo Lee, and Douglas W. Woods. "Negative Reinforcement and Premonitory Urges in Youth With Tourette Syndrome." Behavior Modification 38, no. 2 (March 2014): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445514531015.

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18

Crossley, Eleanor, Stefano Seri, Jeremy S. Stern, Mary M. Robertson, and Andrea E. Cavanna. "Premonitory urges for tics in adult patients with Tourette syndrome." Brain and Development 36, no. 1 (January 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2012.12.010.

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19

Rajagopal, Sangeerthana, and Andrea E. Cavanna. "Premonitory urges and repetitive behaviours in adult patients with Tourette syndrome." Neurological Sciences 35, no. 6 (March 7, 2014): 969–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1706-8.

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20

Houghton, David C., Matthew R. Capriotti, Lawrence D. Scahill, Sabine Wilhelm, Alan L. Peterson, John T. Walkup, John Piacentini, and Douglas W. Woods. "Investigating Habituation to Premonitory Urges in Behavior Therapy for Tic Disorders." Behavior Therapy 48, no. 6 (November 2017): 834–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.004.

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21

刘, 鑫. "The Correlation between Premonitory Urges and Tic Symptoms Severity in TS Children." Advances in Clinical Medicine 12, no. 02 (2022): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acm.2022.122141.

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22

Rae, Charlotte L., Dennis E. O. Larsson, Sarah N. Garfinkel, and Hugo D. Critchley. "Dimensions of interoception predict premonitory urges and tic severity in Tourette syndrome." Psychiatry Research 271 (January 2019): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.036.

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23

Conceição, Vasco A., Ângelo Dias, Ana C. Farinha, and Tiago V. Maia. "Premonitory urges and tics in Tourette syndrome: computational mechanisms and neural correlates." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 46 (October 2017): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.009.

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24

Brandt, Valerie C., Christian Beck, Valeria Sajin, Magdalena K. Baaske, Tobias Bäumer, Christian Beste, Silke Anders, and Alexander Münchau. "Temporal relationship between premonitory urges and tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome." Cortex 77 (April 2016): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.008.

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25

Dieringer, Meike, Christian Beck, Julius Verrel, Alexander Münchau, Bartosz Zurowski, and Valerie Brandt. "Quality and temporal properties of premonitory urges in patients with skin picking disorder." Cortex 121 (December 2019): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.08.015.

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26

Ganos, Christos, Ursula Kahl, Odette Schunke, Simone Kühn, Patrick Haggard, Christian Gerloff, Veit Roessner, Götz Thomalla, and Alexander Münchau. "Are premonitory urges a prerequisite of tic inhibition in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome?" Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 83, no. 10 (July 28, 2012): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-303033.

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27

Niccolai, Valentina, Silvana Korczok, Jennifer Finis, Melanie Jonas, Götz Thomalla, Hartwig Roman Siebner, Kirsten Müller-Vahl, Alexander Münchau, Alfons Schnitzler, and Katja Biermann-Ruben. "A peek into premonitory urges in Tourette syndrome: Temporal evolution of neurophysiological oscillatory signatures." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 65 (August 2019): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.05.039.

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28

Li, Ying, Fang Wang, Jingran Liu, Fang Wen, Chunmei Yan, Jishui Zhang, Xiaoyan Lu, and Yonghua Cui. "The Correlation Between the Severity of Premonitory Urges and Tic Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 29, no. 9 (November 1, 2019): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2019.0048.

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29

Gu, Yi, Ying Li, and Yonghua Cui. "Correlation between premonitory urges and tic symptoms in a Chinese population with tic disorders." PEDIATRIC INVESTIGATION 4, no. 2 (June 2020): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ped4.12189.

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30

Raines, Jeremy M., and Matt W. Specht. "The Current Understanding of Premonitory Urge Phenomena in Chronic Tic Disorders." Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports 3, no. 4 (November 8, 2016): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40473-016-0099-9.

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31

Ganos, Christos, Alicia Garrido, Irene Navalpotro-Gómez, Lucia Ricciardi, Davide Martino, Mark J. Edwards, Manos Tsakiris, Patrick Haggard, and Kailash P. Bhatia. "Premonitory urge to tic in tourette's is associated with interoceptive awareness." Movement Disorders 30, no. 9 (April 16, 2015): 1198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26228.

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32

Brandt, Valerie C., Johanna Hermanns, Christian Beck, Tobias Bäumer, Bartosz Zurowski, and Alexander Münchau. "The temporal relationship between premonitory urges and covert compulsions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder." Psychiatry Research 262 (April 2018): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.041.

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33

Rozenman, Michelle, Olivia E. Johnson, Susanna W. Chang, Douglas W. Woods, John T. Walkup, Sabine Wilhelm, Alan Peterson, Lawrence Scahill, and John Piacentini. "Relationships Between Premonitory Urge and Anxiety in Youth With Chronic Tic Disorders." Children's Health Care 44, no. 3 (December 9, 2014): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2014.986328.

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34

Cavanna, Andrea E., Kevin J. Black, Mark Hallett, and Valerie Voon. "Neurobiology of the Premonitory Urge in Tourette’s Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Treatment Implications." Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 29, no. 2 (April 2017): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16070141.

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35

Li, Ying, Ji-Shui Zhang, Fang Wen, Xiao-Yan Lu, Chun-Mei Yan, Fang Wang, and Yong-Hua Cui. "Premonitory urges located in the tongue for tic disorder: Two case reports and review of literature." World Journal of Clinical Cases 7, no. 12 (June 26, 2019): 1508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i12.1508.

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36

Yan, Junjuan, Liping Yu, Fang Wen, Fang Wang, Jingran Liu, Yonghua Cui, and Ying Li. "The severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette syndrome and its relationship with premonitory urges: a meta-analysis." Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 20, no. 11 (October 6, 2020): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1826932.

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37

Capriotti, Matthew R., Flint M. Espil, Christine A. Conelea, and Douglas W. Woods. "Environmental factors as potential determinants of premonitory urge severity in youth with Tourette syndrome." Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 2, no. 1 (January 2013): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.10.004.

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38

Reese, Hannah E., Lawrence Scahill, Alan L. Peterson, Katherine Crowe, Douglas W. Woods, John Piacentini, John T. Walkup, and Sabine Wilhelm. "The Premonitory Urge to Tic: Measurement, Characteristics, and Correlates in Older Adolescents and Adults." Behavior Therapy 45, no. 2 (March 2014): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.002.

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39

He, Jason L., Mark Mikkelsen, David A. Huddleston, Deana Crocetti, Kim M. Cecil, Harvey S. Singer, Richard A. E. Edden, Donald L. Gilbert, Stewart H. Mostofsky, and Nicolaas A. J. Puts. "Frequency and Intensity of Premonitory Urges‐to‐Tic in Tourette Syndrome Is Associated With Supplementary Motor Area GABA+ Levels." Movement Disorders 37, no. 3 (December 2, 2021): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28868.

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40

Gulisano, Mariangela, Paola Calì, Filippo Palermo, Mary Robertson, and Renata Rizzo. "Premonitory Urges in Patients with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: An Italian Translation and a 7-Year Follow-up." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 25, no. 10 (December 2015): 810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2014.0154.

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Kleimaker, Maximilian, Alexander Kleimaker, Christian Beste, Soyoung Q. Park, and Alexander Maximilian Münchau. "Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000274.

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Abstract. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a common, multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. Although numerous neuroanatomical and neurophysiological particularities have been documented, there is no general concept or overarching theory to explain the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome. Given the premonitory urges that precede tics and the altered sensorimotor processing in Tourette syndrome, the “Theory of Event Coding” (TEC) seems to be an attractive framework. TEC assumes that perceptions and actions are bound together and encoded using the same neural code to form so-called “event files.” Depending on the strength of the binding between perception and action, partial repetition of features of an event file can lead to increasing cost because existing event files need to be reconfigured. This is referred to as “partial repetition costs”, which appear to be increased in Tourette patients. This indicates stronger binding within “event files” in Tourette.

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42

O'Connor, Kieron, Marc Lavoie, Pierre Blanchet, and Marie-Ève St-Pierre-Delorme. "Evaluation of a cognitive psychophysiological model for management of tic disorders: an open trial." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 1 (July 2016): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154518.

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BackgroundTic disorders, in particular chronic tic disorder and Tourette syndrome, affect about 1% of the population. The current treatment of choice is pharmacological or behavioural, addressing tics or the premonitory urges preceding tic onset.AimsThe current study reports an open trial evaluating the effectiveness of a cognitive psychophysiological treatment addressing Tourette-specific sensorimotor activation processes rather than the tic.MethodForty-nine people with Tourette syndrome and 36 people with chronic tics completed 10 weeks of individual cognitive psychophysiological therapy. Outcome measures included two tic severity scales and psychosocial measures.ResultsPost-treatment both groups had significantly improved on the tic scales with strong effect sizes across tic locations and complex and simple tics, maintained at 6-month follow-up with further change in perfectionism and self-esteem.ConclusionsThe cognitive psychophysiological approach targeting underlying sensorimotor processes rather than tics in Tourette's and chronic tic disorder reduced symptoms with a large effect size.

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43

Sandor, P., J. M. Silveira, D. Mikulis, and A. Crawley. "fMRI Strategies for Detecting Brain Activation Related to Premonitory Urge in Patients with Tourette Syndrome." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (May 1998): S923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31756-7.

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44

Specht, Matt W., Douglas W. Woods, Cassandra M. Nicotra, Laura M. Kelly, Emily J. Ricketts, Christine A. Conelea, Marco A. Grados, Rick S. Ostrander, and John T. Walkup. "Effects of tic suppression: Ability to suppress, rebound, negative reinforcement, and habituation to the premonitory urge." Behaviour Research and Therapy 51, no. 1 (January 2013): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.09.009.

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45

Draper, Amelia, Georgina M. Jackson, Paul S. Morgan, and Stephen R. Jackson. "Premonitory urges are associated with decreased grey matter thickness within the insula and sensorimotor cortex in young people with Tourette syndrome." Journal of Neuropsychology 10, no. 1 (November 5, 2015): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12089.

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46

Wagner-Altendorf, Tobias A., Veit Roessner, and Thomas F. Münte. "Swearing, Cursing, Coprophenomena." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000277.

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Abstract. In healthy individuals, expletive language occurs as swearing/cursing, in patients with Tourette syndrome as coprolalia. Swearing and coprolalia thus have been likened as two ends of a continuum. Both occur apparently automatically, are triggered by emotional activation, e. g., by stress or pain, and are typically instantiations of nonpropositional language. Neurobiologically, a thalamo-cortical-limbic dysfunction is discussed. However, there are notable differences between the two: While swearing fulfills intra- and inter-individual functions coprolalia seems less functional and can result in considerable social stigma because of their occurrence in socially inappropriate situations. Patients with coprolalia report antecedents, especially feelings of urge and premonitory sensations, like itches or tingles. Finally, coprolalia seems to extend to more serious and insulting expressions compared to “everyday” swearwords.

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Cavanna, Andrea E. "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome as a paradigmatic neuropsychiatric disorder." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918000834.

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Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a chronic and complex tic disorder accompanied by specific behavioral problems in the majority of patients. With its multifaceted interplay between motion and emotion, this condition is a paradigmatic example of the science and art of clinical neuropsychiatry. This review article encompasses the clinical phenomenology of motor and vocal tics and associated sensory experiences (premonitory urges), as well as the behavioral spectrum of the most common comorbidities, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder, affective symptoms, and impulsivity. Knowledge of the contributions of both tics and behavioral problems to patients’ health-related quality of life across the lifespan should assist treating clinicians in formulating a targeted management plan. Although the exact pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome remains elusive, research into therapeutic interventions has expanded the range of available interventions across multiple domains. A thorough understanding of the neurology and psychiatry of this condition is of key importance to meet the needs of this patient population, from the formulation of an accurate diagnosis to the implementation of effective treatment strategies.

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Kim, Mira, Sang-Keun Chung, Jong-Chul Yang, Jong-Il Park, Seok Hyun Nam, and Tae Won Park. "Development of the Korean Form of the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale: A Reliability and Validity Study." Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.200013.

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Himle, Michael B., Douglas W. Woods, Christine A. Conelea, Christopher C. Bauer, and Kevin A. Rice. "Investigating the effects of tic suppression on premonitory urge ratings in children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome." Behaviour Research and Therapy 45, no. 12 (December 2007): 2964–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.007.

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Pile, Victoria, Jennifer Y. F. Lau, Marta Topor, Tammy Hedderly, and Sally Robinson. "Interoceptive Accuracy in Youth with Tic Disorders: Exploring Links with Premonitory Urge, Anxiety and Quality of Life." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48, no. 10 (May 18, 2018): 3474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3608-8.

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