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1

Sarwary, A. M. E., D. F. Stegeman, L. P. J. Selen, and W. P. Medendorp. "Generalization and transfer of contextual cues in motor learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (2015): 1565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00217.2015.

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We continuously adapt our movements in daily life, forming new internal models whenever necessary and updating existing ones. Recent work has suggested that this flexibility is enabled via sensorimotor cues, serving to access the correct internal model whenever necessary and keeping new models apart from previous ones. While research to date has mainly focused on identifying the nature of such cue representations, here we investigated whether and how these cue representations generalize, interfere, and transfer within and across effector systems. Subjects were trained to make two-stage reachin
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2

Padgett, C., A. Biggs, and F. Scott-Park. "Premovement testing of cattle." Veterinary Record 158, no. 12 (2006): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.12.418-a.

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3

Huang, Ying-Zu, Yao-Shun Chang, Miao-Ju Hsu, Alice M. K. Wong, and Ya-Ju Chang. "Restoration of Central Programmed Movement Pattern by Temporal Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Training in Patients with Spinal Cerebellar Atrophy." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/462182.

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Disrupted triphasic electromyography (EMG) patterns of agonist and antagonist muscle pairs during fast goal-directed movements have been found in patients with hypermetria. Since peripheral electrical stimulation (ES) and motor training may modulate motor cortical excitability through plasticity mechanisms, we aimed to investigate whether temporal ES-assisted movement training could influence premovement cortical excitability and alleviate hypermetria in patients with spinal cerebellar ataxia (SCA). The EMG of the agonist extensor carpi radialis muscle and antagonist flexor carpi radialis musc
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4

Scott-Park, F., and A. Biggs. "Premovement testing for bovine TB." Veterinary Record 158, no. 16 (2006): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.16.571.

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5

Griffin, Darcy M., and Peter L. Strick. "The motor cortex uses active suppression to sculpt movement." Science Advances 6, no. 34 (2020): eabb8395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb8395.

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Even the simplest movements are generated by a remarkably complex pattern of muscle activity. Fast, accurate movements at a single joint are produced by a stereotyped pattern that includes a decrease in any preexisting activity in antagonist muscles. This premovement suppression is necessary to prevent the antagonist muscle from opposing movement generated by the agonist muscle. Here, we provide evidence that the primary motor cortex (M1) sends a command signal that generates this premovement suppression. Thus, output neurons in M1 sculpt complex spatiotemporal patterns of motor output not onl
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6

Lebedev, M. A., J. M. Denton, and R. J. Nelson. "Vibration-entrained and premovement activity in monkey primary somatosensory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 4 (1994): 1654–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.4.1654.

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1. Primary somatosensory cortical (SI) neurons exhibit characteristic activity before the initiation of movements. This premovement activity (PMA) may result from centrally generated as well as from peripheral inputs. We examined PMA for 55 SI neurons (10, 13, 28, and 4 in areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2, respectively) with activity that was entrained to vibrotactile stimulation (i.e., was temporally correlated with the stimulus). We sought to determine whether the temporal characteristics of vibration-entrained discharges would change throughout the reaction time period, and, if they did, whether thes
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7

Singh, Jaswinder, Robert T. Knight, N. Rosenlicht, Joan M. Kotun, D. J. Beckley, and D. L. Woods. "Abnormal premovement brain potentials in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 8, no. 1 (1992): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(92)90058-d.

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8

Voorn, Frans J. "A negative premovement potential in the rat." Psychobiology 16, no. 1 (1988): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03327302.

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9

Mushiake, H., M. Inase, and J. Tanji. "Neuronal activity in the primate premotor, supplementary, and precentral motor cortex during visually guided and internally determined sequential movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 3 (1991): 705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.3.705.

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1. Single-cell activity was recorded from three different motor areas in the cerebral cortex: the primary motor cortex (MI), supplementary motor area (SMA), and premotor cortex (PM). 2. Three monkeys (Macaca fuscata) were trained to perform a sequential motor task in two different conditions. In one condition (visually triggered task, VT), they reached to and touched three pads placed in a front panel by following lights illuminated individually from behind the pads. In the other condition (internally guided task, IT), they had to remember a predetermined sequence and press the three pads with
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10

Wischnewski, Miles, Greg M. Kowalski, Farrah Rink, et al. "Demand on skillfulness modulates interhemispheric inhibition of motor cortices." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 6 (2016): 2803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01076.2015.

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The role of primary motor cortex (M1) in the control of hand movements is still unclear. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of unimanual performance reported a relationship between level of precision of a motor task and additional ipsilateral M1 (iM1) activation. In the present study, we determined whether the demand on accuracy of a movement influences the magnitude of the inhibitory effect between primary motor cortices (IHI). We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure active IHI (aIHI) of the iM1 on the contralateral M1 (cM1) in the premovement period of a
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11

Duan, Feng, Hao Jia, Zhe Sun, Kai Zhang, Yangyang Dai, and Yu Zhang. "Decoding Premovement Patterns with Task-Related Component Analysis." Cognitive Computation 13, no. 5 (2021): 1389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09941-7.

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12

Mortimer, James A., Peter Eisenberg, and Suzanne S. Palmer. "Premovement silence in agonist muscles preceding maximum efforts." Experimental Neurology 98, no. 3 (1987): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(87)90263-9.

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13

Moritani, T., та M. Shibata. "Premovement electromyographic silent period and α-motoneuron excitability". Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 4, № 1 (1994): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-6411(94)90024-8.

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14

Nakajima, Toshi, Ryosuke Hosaka, Hajime Mushiake, and Jun Tanji. "Covert Representation of Second-Next Movement in the Pre-Supplementary Motor Area of Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 4 (2009): 1883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90636.2008.

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We attempted to analyze the nature of premovement activity of neurons in medial motor areas [supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA] from a perspective of coding multiple movements. Monkeys were trained to perform a series of two movements with an intervening delay: supination or pronation with either forearm. Movements were initially instructed with visual signals but had to be remembered thereafter. Although a well-known type of premovement activity representing the forthcoming movements was found in the two areas, we found an unexpected type of activity that represented a second-next mo
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15

Ryun, Seokyun, June Sic Kim, Sang Hun Lee, Sehyoon Jeong, Sung-Phil Kim, and Chun Kee Chung. "Movement Type Prediction before Its Onset Using Signals from Prefrontal Area: An Electrocorticography Study." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/783203.

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Power changes in specific frequency bands are typical brain responses during motor planning or preparation. Many studies have demonstrated that, in addition to the premotor, supplementary motor, and primary sensorimotor areas, the prefrontal area contributes to generating such responses. However, most brain-computer interface (BCI) studies have focused on the primary sensorimotor area and have estimated movements using postonset period brain signals. Our aim was to determine whether the prefrontal area could contribute to the prediction of voluntary movement types before movement onset. In our
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16

De Nil, Luc, Silvia Isabella, Cecilia Jobst, Soonji Kwon, Fatemeh Mollaei, and Douglas Cheyne. "Complexity-Dependent Modulations of Beta Oscillations for Verbal and Nonverbal Movements." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6S (2021): 2248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00275.

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Purpose The planning and execution of motor behaviors require coordination of neurons that are established through synchronization of neural activity. Movements are typically preceded by event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the beta range (15–30 Hz) primarily localized in the motor cortex, while movement onset is associated with event-related synchronization (ERS). It is hypothesized that ERD is important for movement preparation and execution, and ERS serves to inhibit movement and update the motor plan. The primary objective of this study was to determine to what extent movement-related
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17

Lebedev, M. A., and R. J. Nelson. "Rhythmically Firing Neostriatal Neurons in Monkey: Activity Patterns During Reaction-Time Hand Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 4 (1999): 1832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.4.1832.

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While previous studies have identified rhythmically firing neurons (RFNs) in monkey neostriatum and these rhythmic firing patterns have been shown to evolve in neostriatal tonically active neurons (TANs) after dopamine input depletion, the activity patterns of RFNs during motor behavior are still far from completely understood. We examined the single-unit activity patterns of neostriatal neurons, recorded in awake behaving monkeys during a wrist movement task, for evidence of rhythmic activity. Monkeys made ballistic wrist flexion and extension movements in response to vibrotactile cues. Anima
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18

Murase, N. "Abnormal premovement gating of somatosensory input in writer's cramp." Brain 123, no. 9 (2000): 1813–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.9.1813.

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19

Bennett, R. M. "Farm costs associated with premovement testing for bovine tuberculosis." Veterinary Record 164, no. 3 (2009): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.3.77.

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20

Ng, Tommy H. B., Paul F. Sowman, Jon Brock, and Blake W. Johnson. "Premovement brain activity in a bimanual load-lifting task." Experimental Brain Research 208, no. 2 (2010): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2470-5.

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21

Gordon, Ronald, H. J. Michalewski, T. Nguyen, and Arnold Starr. "Premovement and Cognitive Brain Potentials in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 5, no. 3-4 (1999): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j092v05n03_12.

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22

Elliott, Digby, and John Madalena. "The Influence of Premovement Visual Information on Manual Aiming." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 3 (1987): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401802.

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Three experiments were conducted to determine whether a visual representation of the movement environment, useful for movement control, exists after visual occlusion. In Experiment 1 subjects moved a stylus to small targets in five different visual conditions. As in other studies (e.g. Elliott and Allard, 1985), subjects moved to the targets in a condition involving full visual information (lights on) and a condition in which the lights were extinguished upon movement initiation (lights off). Subjects also pointed to the targets under conditions in which the lights went off 2, 5 and 10 sec pri
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23

Hiraoka, Koichi, Masaru Notani, Akira Iwata, Fumiko Minamida, and Kazuo Abe. "Premovement Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability in Patients with Parkinson's Disease." International Journal of Neuroscience 120, no. 2 (2010): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207450903411141.

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24

Hiraoka, Koichi, Akiyoshi Matsugi, Noriyuki Kamata, and Akira Iwata. "Premovement Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability before Simple and Sequential Movement." Perceptual and Motor Skills 111, no. 1 (2010): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/15.25.27.pms.111.4.129-140.

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25

Ortiz, T. A., D. S. Goodin, and M. J. Aminoff. "Neural processing in a three-choice reaction-time task: a study using cerebral evoked-potentials and single-trial analysis in normal humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 5 (1993): 1499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1499.

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1. Previous studies have shown that the long latency event-related potentials (ERPs) reflect certain aspects of the sensory discrimination process, although the coupling of these ERPs to the actual discrimination is variable. Indeed, we have previously shown that during a two-choice reaction time task the discrimination is accomplished as a two-stage process, with the more frequently occurring stimulus discriminated at an earlier point than the rarer stimulus. The present paper examines the hypothesis that, in a three-choice reaction time task, the discrimination is similarly organized, i.e.,
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26

Kukleta, M., and M. Lamarche. "The impact of a decision process upon scalp recorded premovement potential." Cognitive Brain Research 4, no. 3 (1996): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00060-2.

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27

Iriki, Atsushi, Michio Tanaka, Yoshiaki Iwamura, Miki Taoka, and Takashi Toda. "Attention-related premovement activities of neurons in the monkey somatosensory cortex." Neuroscience Research Supplements 19 (January 1994): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(94)92890-8.

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28

Hiraoka, Koichi, and Kazuo Abe. "7. Premovement facilitation of corticospinal excitability before simple and sequential movement." Clinical Neurophysiology 121, no. 7 (2010): e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.088.

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29

Elliott, Digby, and Randy Calvert. "The influence of uncertainty and premovement visual information on manual aiming." Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie 44, no. 4 (1990): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0084263.

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30

Kaethler, Lynea B., Katlyn E. Brown, Sean K. Meehan, and W. Richard Staines. "Investigating Cerebellar Modulation of Premovement Beta-Band Activity during Motor Adaptation." Brain Sciences 13, no. 11 (2023): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13111523.

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Enhancing cerebellar activity influences motor cortical activity and contributes to motor adaptation, though it is unclear which neurophysiological mechanisms contributing to adaptation are influenced by the cerebellum. Pre-movement beta event-related desynchronization (β-ERD), which reflects a release of inhibitory control in the premotor cortex during movement planning, is one mechanism that may be modulated by the cerebellum through cerebellar-premotor connections. We hypothesized that enhancing cerebellar activity with intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) would improve adaptation ra
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31

Umilta, M. A., T. Brochier, R. L. Spinks, and R. N. Lemon. "Simultaneous Recording of Macaque Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex Neuronal Populations Reveals Different Functional Contributions to Visuomotor Grasp." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 1 (2007): 488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01094.2006.

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To understand the relative contributions of primary motor cortex (M1) and area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) to visually guided grasp, we made simultaneous multiple electrode recordings from the hand representations of these two areas in two adult macaque monkeys. The monkeys were trained to fixate, reach out and grasp one of six objects presented in a pseudorandom order. In M1 326 task-related neurons, 104 of which were identified as pyramidal tract neurons, and 138 F5 neurons were analyzed as separate populations. All three populations showed activity that distinguished the six obj
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32

Kukleta, M., and M. Lamarche. "The early component of the premovement readiness potential and its behavioral determinants." Cognitive Brain Research 6, no. 4 (1998): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(97)00040-2.

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33

Jech, R., and E. Ru̇žička. "P470 Premovement evoked potentials related to the fast phase of spontaneous nystagmus." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (1996): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(96)88645-7.

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34

Bötzel, K., M. Mayer, W. H. Oertel, and W. Paulus. "Frontal and parietal premovement slow brain potentials in Parkinson's disease and aging." Movement Disorders 10, no. 1 (1995): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870100114.

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35

McInnes, Aaron N., Ottmar V. Lipp, James R. Tresilian, Ann‐Maree Vallence, and Welber Marinovic. "Premovement inhibition can protect motor actions from interference by response‐irrelevant sensory stimulation." Journal of Physiology 599, no. 18 (2021): 4389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp281849.

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36

Ibáñez, J., R. Hannah, L. Rocchi, and J. C. Rothwell. "Premovement Suppression of Corticospinal Excitability may be a Necessary Part of Movement Preparation." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 5 (2019): 2910–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz283.

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Abstract In reaction time (RT) tasks corticospinal excitability (CSE) rises just prior to movement. This is preceded by a paradoxical reduction in CSE, when the time of the imperative (“GO”) stimulus is relatively predictable. Because RT tasks emphasise speed of response, it is impossible to distinguish whether reduced CSE reflects a mechanism for withholding prepared actions, or whether it is an inherent part of movement preparation. To address this question, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to estimate CSE changes preceding 1) RT movements; 2) movements synchronized with a pre
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37

Tanii, K., T. Sadoyama, and M. Sameshima. "Temporal relationships of EMG changes preceding voluntary movement to premovement cortical potential shifts." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 67, no. 5 (1987): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(87)90004-6.

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38

Collins, D. F., J. D. Brooke, and W. E. McIlroy. "The independence of premovement H reflex gain and kinesthetic requirements for task performance." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section 89, no. 1 (1993): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(93)90082-z.

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39

Vvedensky, Victor L., and Andrey O. Prokofyev. "Timing of Cortical Events Preceding Voluntary Movement." Neural Computation 28, no. 2 (2016): 286–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00802.

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We studied magnetic signals from the human brain recorded during a second before a self-paced finger movement. Sharp triangular peaks were observed in the averaged signals about 0.7 second before the finger movement. The amplitude of the peaks varied considerably from trial to trial, which indicated that the peaks were concurrent with much longer oscillatory processes. One can cluster trials into distinct groups with characteristic sequences of events. Prominent short trains of pulses in the beta frequency band were identified in the premovement period. This observation suggests that during pr
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40

Schall, JD, DP Hanes, KG Thompson, and DJ King. "Saccade target selection in frontal eye field of macaque. I. Visual and premovement activation." Journal of Neuroscience 15, no. 10 (1995): 6905–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06905.1995.

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41

Nguyen, Vinh T., Michael Breakspear, and Ross Cunnington. "Reciprocal Interactions of the SMA and Cingulate Cortex Sustain Premovement Activity for Voluntary Actions." Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 49 (2014): 16397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2571-14.2014.

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42

Weeks, Douglas L., and Stephen A. Wallace. "Premovement posture and focal movement velocity affects on postural responses accompanying rapid arm movement." Human Movement Science 11, no. 6 (1992): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(92)90038-d.

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43

Kimura, K., Y. Nomura, Y. Nagao, et al. "P23-5 Pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS) Premovement gating in SEPs and voluntary saccades." Clinical Neurophysiology 121 (October 2010): S240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(10)60980-7.

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44

Zehr, E. Paul, and Digby G. Sale. "Ballistic Movement: Muscle Activation and Neuromuscular Adaptation." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 19, no. 4 (1994): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h94-030.

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Movements that are performed with maximal velocity and acceleration can be considered ballistic actions. Ballistic actions are characterized by high firing rates, brief contraction times, and high rates of force development. A characteristic triphasic agonist/antagonist/agonist electromyographic (EMG) burst pattern occurs during ballistic movement, wherein the amount and intensity of antagonist coactivation is variable. In conditions of low-grade tonic muscular activity, a premovement EMG depression (PMD; or silent period, PMS) can occur in agonist muscles prior to ballistic contraction. The a
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45

Umeda, Tatsuya, Tadashi Isa, and Yukio Nishimura. "The somatosensory cortex receives information about motor output." Science Advances 5, no. 7 (2019): eaaw5388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw5388.

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During voluntary movement, the somatosensory system not only passively receives signals from the external world but also actively processes them via interactions with the motor system. However, it is still unclear how and what information the somatosensory system receives during movement. Using simultaneous recordings of activities of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), the motor cortex (MCx), and an ensemble of afferent neurons in behaving monkeys combined with a decoding algorithm, we reveal the temporal profiles of signal integration in S1. While S1 activity before movement initiation is
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46

Fetner, Tina. "THE RELIGIOUS RIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA: EVANGELICAL COMMUNITIES, CRITICAL JUNCTURES, AND INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURES*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 24, no. 1 (2019): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-24-1-95.

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Why has the religious right been more influential in the United States than in Canada? Traditional approaches to the study of social movements focus only on the life of the movement, from emergence to decline. Instead, I conduct a historical, comparative analysis on the premovement activities of evangelical Christian communities in these two countries from 1925–1975. Employing insights from historical institutionalism, I identify two critical junctures in the historical development of evangelical communities that suppressed the entrepreneurship and institution-building activities of Canadian e
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47

Copithorne, David B., Davis A. Forman, and Kevin E. Power. "Premovement Changes in Corticospinal Excitability of the Biceps Brachii are Not Different Between Arm Cycling and an Intensity-Matched Tonic Contraction." Motor Control 19, no. 3 (2015): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2014-0022.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if supraspinal and/or spinal motoneuron excitability of the biceps brachii were differentially modulated before: 1) arm cycling and 2) an intensity-matched tonic contraction. Surface EMG recordings of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs) were used to assess supraspinal and spinal motoneuron excitability, respectively. MEP amplitudes were larger and onset latencies shorter, before arm cycling and tonic contraction when compared with rest with no intent to move, but with no difference between motor outputs.
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48

Zehr, E. P., D. G. Sale, and J. J. Dowling. "572 AGONIST PREMOVEMENT DEPRESSION IS NOT A NATURALLY ACQUIRED LEARNED MOTOR RESPONSE IN KARATE-TRAINED SUBJECTS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (1994): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00574.

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49

Kempf, Florian, Andrea A. Kühn, Andreas Kupsch, et al. "Premovement activities in the subthalamic area of patients with Parkinson's disease and their dependence on task." European Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 10 (2007): 3137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05536.x.

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50

Kimura, K., Y. Nomura, Y. Nagao, K. Hachimori, Masami Segawa, and Masaya Segawa. "Involvement of sensory system in generalized dystonia – Evaluation of premovement gating in somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 9 (2007): e193-e194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.028.

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