Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Préparation échantillon'
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Pommies, Lilas. "Intégration de la préparation des échantillons dans une analyse par spectrométrie de masse et PCR isotherme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASQ001.
Full textBioanalysis is the identification and the quantification of biological molecules or active biological agent in a sample. It is divided into several stages: sample collection and sending to the laboratory; sample preparation to make it compatible with the analysis method; analysis and, finally, measurement of the events occurring during the analysis.During this thesis, two analysis were studied: mass spectrometry, more specifically MALDI-TOF and an isothermal PCR called Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).The main aim was to make these methods compatible with field use. To achieve this, the SPID, a device patented by CEA, was adapted to both technologies. This device enables a bacterial suspension to be filtered, concentrated, extracted and detected by lateral flow immunoassay. The SPID is a tool that eliminate the need for centrifugation or washing, methods traditionally used to prepare sample for MALDI and LAMP.To analyze ribosomal proteins by MALDI-TOF, an extraction buffer compatible with this technic had to be developed. Indeed, to facilitate bacterial lysis, the use of detergents is often recommended but detergents can prevent the identification of bacteria by mass spectrometry. The results were compared with a reference protocol proposed by Bruker. Using SPID, three bacterial species were identified at a concentration of 107 CFU/mL in a simple medium and in urine. In contrast, the reference protocol identified the same species at a concentration of 106 CFU/mL.To make heating step compatible with filed use, an autonomous heating station was designed during the thesis. This station heats the SPID tank for 40 minutes at 65°C. It could be battery-powered.The amplification products, called amplicons, are detected by lateral flow immunoassay. Amplicons are end-labeled using two pirmers. One primer is labeled with digoxygenin, the other with biotin. The amplicon is captured by an anti-digoxigenin antibody, immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane; and revealed using streptavidin coupled to gold nanoparticles.With the optimizations made during the thesis, the complete LAMP field protocol takes less than an hour : from de sample preparation to the detection
Bisceglia, Émilie. "Méthodes physiques d’extraction de micro-organismes à partir d’échantillons sanguins à l'aide de microsystèmes." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DENS0042/document.
Full textExtraction of pathogens from a biological sample is a key step for efficient diagnostic tests of infectious diseases. For bloodstream infections, current diagnostic methods are usually based on bacterial growth and take several days to provide valuable information. An accelerated result would have a high medical value to adjust therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study is to design a new approach for separation and concentration of microorganisms directly from a blood sample, to avoid time-consuming growth stages. We report a method based on two different microsystems connected in series: it combines modification of conductivity and osmolarity of the sample with generic capture of microorganisms by dielectrophoresis. First we explore the impact of conductivity and osmolarity on the dielectric properties of blood cells and microorganisms. Dilution and acoustic forces are both analyzed to transfer blood cells and microorganisms to the optimized buffer. Then we demonstrate the feasibility of achieving the dielectrophoretic separation of microorganisms from blood cells in a low conductivity and low osmolarity medium inside a fluidic device. The structure of the device is optimized with numerical simulations and experiments performed on blood samples and various microorganisms (E. coli, S. epidermidis and C. albicans).The generic capture of microorganisms is validated, and we achieved a separation of 97% efficiency with E. coli, with an optimal inlet velocity around 100-200 µm.s-1. Finally, we propose an improved microsystem to perform the sample preparation step on a larger volume (1-10mL) in a few hours, in order to fit the medical need
Bisceglia, Émilie. "Méthodes physiques d'extraction de micro-organismes à partir d'échantillons sanguins à l'aide de microsystèmes." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957785.
Full textGouache, Thibault. "Forage alternatif dual de régolithe extra-terrestre : évolution d'une solution bio-inspirée." Toulouse, ISAE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ESAE0011.
Full textWuchner, Klaus. "Préparation et analyse de micropolluants organiques dans des échantillons environnementaux (extraction par fluide supercritique ; préconcentration et analyse en ligne HPLC)." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT069G.
Full textDérue, Cédric. "Microscopie SIMS d'espèces diffusibles chez les végétaux : Mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de préparation des échantillons et d'observation d'échantillons congelés hydratés." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES031.
Full textThis work is a new contribution to the preparation of biological samples to study the distribution of diffusible ions using SIMS microscopy (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry). We compare the capabilities of the SIMS technique for imaging the inorganic cations with those of the others analytical imaging techniques. The main part of the work was to develop a new method for the dynamic SIMS analysis of frozen-hydrated samples under Fast Atom Bombardment (neutral oxygen). We describe the new cold stage built especially for our IMS 4F SIMS analyser. We show that referencing to the ice characteristic ions in the measurement of the relative sensitivity factors of Na, K, Mg and Ca cations gave non reliable results whatever the freezing mode (Plunge Freezing or High Pressure Freezing). Sensitivity factors relative to K gave, in contrast, results of reasonable accuracy. We show images of the cations distributions obtained with frozen-hydrated samples of ivy camomile and flax. We measured the inorganic ions ratios in the vacuoles of the cells of flax hypocotyl. These measurements revealed a high diversity in ionic contains of vacuoles even of adjacent cells. We also describe a new sample preparation method of plant samples without contact with a liquid to prevent the loss of diffusible species (“vapour phase method”). We used this method to appraise the SIMS applicability to boron studies in plants. We show that the SIMS technique has the potential for the simultaneous quantitative detection of the 10B and 11B isotopes in plant cells
Pariot, Christine. "Implication des ions inorganiques dans la différenciation des fibres chez le lin : approche par microscopie ionique analytique." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES021.
Full textGueye-Follet, Marie-Laure. "Relations ioniques dans l'activité cambiale et la xylogénèse : approche par microscopie ionique analytique." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES050.
Full textFouet, Marc. "Microfluidique 3D et actionneurs magnétiques : de leur intégration à la préparation d'échantillons biologiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30036/document.
Full textMicrofluidic chips are key elements for solutions and biological samples handling and analysis. They are enablers for micro-scale studies and are the cornerstone of lab on chips, at the cutting edge of medical diagnostics. The aim of this thesis work was to explore functional possibilities offered by 3D microfluidic architectures for the development of diagnostic tools relying on cell sorting, tagging and handling. These functions were investigated on monocytes sub-populations, which are markers for many inflammatory diseases. In order to cover a consistent series of necessary steps for complex biological samples pretreatment, three additional functions were studied: size sorting with hydrodynamic filtration, immuno-isolation by magnetic separation, and on-chip tagging with magnetic microparticles. To perform tagging reactions, a micromixer based on diffusion and flow split and recombination (baker's transform) was fabricated and characterized. Analytical (diffusion) and numerical (diffusion-advection) models are showed, together with test experiments on the devices for mixing reactions of fluorescein/water and cells/microbeads. New approaches of hydrodynamic filtration based size sorting were investigated by devising 3D bypass structures, that allow developing a mixing strategy (tagging reactions) suited to cells and particles. An analytical model for flows and sorting efficiency is introduced and compared to the devices characterization. Furthermore, it was shown that this approach also enables sorting of sub-micron particles (like blood microparticles). All 3D microfluidic systems were obtained thanks to an original dry film photoresist stacking (lamination) technique, dramatically reducing micro-fabrication time, even though compatible with standard process. This fabrication technique also enables magnetic micro-sources integration in lab on chips by realizing planar micro-coils underneath microfluidic channels. By coupling the effects of integrated micro-coils to the fields generated by external magnets, we brought the proof of concept of systems dedicated to trapping, focusing and separating (in flow) magnetic microbeads. Models (magnetic fields and forces) are described along with devices characterization. Conception of specific instrumentation (current source) for micro-coils actuation is also shown, as it allows time and intensity control over applied magnetic fields
Wu, Chang. "Dispositif microfluidique utilisant la technologie d’électromouillage sur isolant dédié à la préparation d’échantillons pour des analyses biologiques : application au suivi en ligne de bioprocédés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10173/document.
Full textThis work presents the concept, fabrication technology and characterization of a sample preparation unit using an original approach coupling channel-based continuous and electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD)-based digital microfluidics. The major advantage of ‘digital’ is the accurate control of multiple reagents without the need of a complex network of microvalves, while unprocessed and reprocessed ‘continuous’ format is ideal for coupling with upstream and downstream microfluidic devices. We have developed two generations. In our first work, a three layers PSP (Pyrex-Silicon-Pyrex) configuration with hydrophobic liquid-solid interfaces was employed. An original adhesive wafer bonding technique has been optimized that is sufficiently generic to be used in diverse MEMS processes. However, the preliminary characterization results have shown that most real samples used in bioprocessing could not be handled by this first prototype. To address this issue, we have developed a bilayer PS (Pyrex-Silicon) configuration with superhydrophobic liquid-solid interfaces made by chemical nanotexturation of silicon. Thanks to the low contact angle hysteresis of this superhydrophobic surface, the friction resistance and bio-adsorption on the surface were largely reduced allowing transport of real complex liquids. Finally, this prototype has been successfully used for preconditioning samples taken from a yeast bio-reactor and then delivered to analytical modules either an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or a capillary electrophoresis (CE) device coupled with a mass spectrometry (MS)
Bousoumah, Radia. "Le challenge de l’analyse multi-résidus de perturbateurs endocriniens à activité estrogénique dans les fluides et tissus biologiques humains : Choix de stratégies de préparation des échantillons et de mesure par spectrométrie de masse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0028.
Full textFor over twenty years, the issue of endocrine disruptors (EDs) mobilizes the scientific community and public authorities because of the negative effects, actual or suspected, of these compounds on human health. In particular, the generation of internal exposure data (impregnation) in some subpopulations, which are recognized or assumed as being sensitive (pregnant women, fetuses, infants), is both a priority and a demanding field associated with a certain rarity. Considering their structural diversity and with regards to their physicochemical properties, the simultaneous analysis of a large panel of EDs remains a real analytical challenge. In this context, the objective of this work was to develop a multi-residue method for the simultaneous isolation and measurement of estrogenic endocrine disruptors (13 EDs in total). Firstly, an analysis method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after chemical derivatisation by dansyl chloride was developed. Secondly, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP with phenolic imprint) was implemented for the simultaneous extraction of the targeted EDs from aqueous medium and biological matrices of increasing complexity (urine, serum, breast milk). The strategy developed on MIP was applied, after validation, to a set of samples (maternal serum, cord serum and urine of newborns). Finally, a column support grafted with estrogen receptor α (ERα column) was applied for the simultaneous isolation of the targeted compounds from an aqueous medium
Muller, Leslie. "Développements de méthodes de préparation d’échantillons pour l’analyse protéomique quantitative : application à la recherche de biomarqueurs de pathologies." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF067/document.
Full textLabel-free quantitative proteomics strategies are very attractive for diseases biomarkers researches. These approaches require the full control and the repeatability of the analytical workflow. In particular, the sample preparation has to be repeatable enough to ensure the quality and reliability of the results. Objectives of this work were to optimize and develop analytical methods for quantitative proteomics, with a special focus on the sample preparation step. Thus, an innovative, easy and fast protocol allowing the analysis of high sample numbers with high repeatability was developed and further optimized: the “Tube-Gel” protocol. Besides,sample preparations adapted to a variety of biological matrices were developed for the search of biomarkers. The developed methods and their application allowed the identification of potential biomarkers for a variety of diseases: glioblastoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and renal transplants failures
Pariset, Eloïse. "Développement d'un dispositif microfluidique de Déplacement Latéral Déterministe (DLD) pour la préparation d'échantillons biologiques, en vue de l'extraction de vésicules extracellulaires." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY027/document.
Full textOver the past decades, Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have demonstrated strong potential as new biomarkers for liquid biopsy. Indeed, since EVs are fingerprints of parent cells, they can be exploited as early diagnostic tools. However, owing to their small size and high heterogeneity, EVs are challenging to extract from biofluids. In particular, reproducible and standardized protocols are required to perform fast, efficient, and cost-effective preparation of undamaged EV subpopulations from limited sample volumes. Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) appears to be a promising microfluidic technology for this preparation by means of passive and label-free separation. DLD performs size-based separation of particles around a critical diameter that can be fine-tuned according to design parameters in an array of micropillars. Across the numerous biotechnological applications of DLD, none has yet successfully performed the complete extraction of EVs from unprocessed biofluids. This is the underlying motivation of this thesis, which outlines technological enhancements that make DLD separation more predictable, efficient, and easy-to-integrate. Based on both numerical and experimental developments, predictive models are proposed in order to anticipate particle behavior and to help in the design of efficient DLD devices. In addition to the optimization of single DLD devices, this thesis also addresses the issue of system integration. An innovative approach of serial connection between DLD modules is proposed to address the sequential sorting of particles from a complex biofluid and ensure that there is no loss of function of individual DLD devices when operated alone or in series. Two biological applications illustrate the potential of DLD-based sample preparation systems: the isolation of E. coli bacteria from human blood samples for sepsis diagnostics and the extraction of EVs from cell culture media with the perspective of liquid biopsy applications. And as sample preparation cannot be dissociated from detection or characterization, this thesis moreover highlights the potential integration of DLD in an all-in-one microfluidic device for both sample preparation and analysis of extracted EVs. Such a portable and autonomous device could overcome some of the current limitations with regard to the clinical use of EVs
Chendo, Christophe. "Approche multidimensionnelle en spectrométrie de masse MALDI pour la caractérisation des polymères synthétiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4759.
Full textThis thesis manuscript describes methodological developments in MALDI-MS to characterize synthetic polymers, as well as associated fundamental studies carried out to rationalize unexpected results, allowing new insights in the MALDI process. Studied samples were synthesized by controlled radical polymerization and contained fragile end-groups that do not survive the ionization step. A multidimensional approach, combining high resolution mass spectrometry (MS and MS/MS) with ion mobility spectrometry, allowed a full characterization of in-source newly formed terminations in the case of polystyrene. For poly(4-vinylpyridine), a more specific experimental protocol was required to overcome the propensity of monomeric units to interact with matrix molecules. These strong interactions were revealed by P4VP/matrix complexes in which the type of bonds (covalent vs non covalent) changes with the MALDI source pressure. Using a source operated at quite high pressure, a reactive MALDI phenomenon was evidenced to generate a new P4VP species in which one matrix molecule was incorporated in the chain end. A model involving a radical coupling process was proposed to account for the formation of these covalent adducts. The high density of the MALDI plume in such "high pressure" source would also be responsible for the unexpected formation of doubly charged species for small synthetic polymers (Mn < 5 kDa). These results are consistent with charge transfers in the gas phase as the process for cation adduction of synthetic polymers in MALDI
Agnese, Fabio. "Advanced transmission electron microscopy studies of semiconductor nanocrystals synthesized by colloidal methods." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY043/document.
Full textThe investigations of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) led to fascinating scientific results in optoelectronic devices. In order to fulfill certain requirements, i.e. cheaper costs, higher efficiencies, environmental friendly components etc., new methods are explored in solution-processing, band gap and energy level engineering. Particularly, the method of synthesis can alter the optoelectronic properties. Therefore, a better understanding of the intricate factors during synthesis will lead to improved performances. Advanced electron microscopy provides a precise way to gather information about morphology, crystal structure and chemical composition of materials with a spatial resolution down to the atomic level. The first part of this thesis deals with the optimization of the synthesis and sample preparation for high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).The second part deals with the growth mechanism of Cu2ZnSnS4 NCs synthesized by a colloidal method. The morphology and stoichiometry of the samples extracted after different time intervals are characterized by HRTEM and electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). Two complementary methods, Nanobeam Precession Electron Diffraction (NPED) and High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy by High Angle Annular Dark-Field Imaging (HRSTEM-HAADF), provide an in-depth crystal structure characterization.Moreover, the crystal structure of CsPbBr3 NCs is solved by probing STEM-HAADF simulations. This approach is able to differentiate cubic and orthorhombic crystal structures, which is otherwise impossible by diffraction techniques. Finally, the influence of synthesis methods on the morphology and crystal structure of CuFeS2 NCs is investigated by HRTEM for thermoelectric applications
Lanshoeft, Christian. "Generic mass spectrometric workflows for mAb-related therapeutic protein quantification in pre-clinical species." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF070/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis focused on the development of generic mass spectrometry (MS)-based workflows for monoclonal antibody (mAb)-related therapeutic protein quantification in pre-clinical species. First, the development of bottom-up sample preparation protocols either based on direct serum digestion or immuno-capture allowed mAb-related therapeutic protein quantification over five orders of magnitude whereas the employment of peptides from the constant region of the mAb demonstrated the versatility of such generic liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-MS/MS)-based approaches. Second, high-resolution MS (HRMS) instruments were evaluated as an alternative to triple quadrupole mass analyzers, traditionally utilized for bottom-up mAb quantification by LC-MS/MS. The major benefit of HRMS incorporation into the workflow was associated with the possibility to quantify simultaneously mAb-related therapeutic proteins directly at an intact level, providing an information level far beyond the one obtained with bottom-up LC-MS/MS methodologies. Hence, the pivotal role of HRMS for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of mAb-related therapeutic proteins was further outlined throughout this doctoral work
Chendo, Christophe. "Approche multidimensionnelle en spectrométrie de masse MALDI pour la caractérisation des polymères synthétiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4759.
Full textThis thesis manuscript describes methodological developments in MALDI-MS to characterize synthetic polymers, as well as associated fundamental studies carried out to rationalize unexpected results, allowing new insights in the MALDI process. Studied samples were synthesized by controlled radical polymerization and contained fragile end-groups that do not survive the ionization step. A multidimensional approach, combining high resolution mass spectrometry (MS and MS/MS) with ion mobility spectrometry, allowed a full characterization of in-source newly formed terminations in the case of polystyrene. For poly(4-vinylpyridine), a more specific experimental protocol was required to overcome the propensity of monomeric units to interact with matrix molecules. These strong interactions were revealed by P4VP/matrix complexes in which the type of bonds (covalent vs non covalent) changes with the MALDI source pressure. Using a source operated at quite high pressure, a reactive MALDI phenomenon was evidenced to generate a new P4VP species in which one matrix molecule was incorporated in the chain end. A model involving a radical coupling process was proposed to account for the formation of these covalent adducts. The high density of the MALDI plume in such "high pressure" source would also be responsible for the unexpected formation of doubly charged species for small synthetic polymers (Mn < 5 kDa). These results are consistent with charge transfers in the gas phase as the process for cation adduction of synthetic polymers in MALDI