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1
Ryabtseva, Ekaterina V. "The Role of Judicial Councils as Authorities of the Judicial Community in Individual Regulation of Judicial Activities." Russian judge 2 (February 4, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3791-2021-2-36-40.
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The activity of councils of judges in Russia is of a systemic nature, including various forms of individual influence on legal relations: opinions, resolutions, consulting on the prevention of corruption, compliance with ethical standards, prevention of conflicts of legal interests, and other reputational risks. The paper considers one of the activities of the councils of judges in the form of preparation of conclusions, which play a significant role in the formation of a uniform law enforcement practice in the process of individual regulation of judicial activity. The conclusions are of an explanatory nature and are taken into account by the qualification collegiums of judges when making decisions regarding judges and candidates for the position of judges. The essence of the conclusions of the councils of judges is substantiated as a kind of individual regulation of legal relations. The analysis of individual conclusions of the councils of judges made it possible to classify various methods of individual regulation in the process of law enforcement. It is concluded that the councils of judges are the subject of law enforcement, which, through individual regulation, provide certainty in the assessment of reputational risks, their prevention and suppression in the behavior of a judge through the interpretation of the principles and norms of law; overcoming conflicts in law; the use of optional, alternative, relatively specific, dispositive, etc. principles and norms of law; overcoming gaps in law; individualization of law in the form of opinions, decisions, consultation.
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Tsilmak, O. M. "Types of activity of a judge at the preparatory stage to court hearings." Law and Safety 71, no. 4 (2018): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2018.4.22.
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It has been noted that the reform of the judicial and legal system is undergoing in Ukraine. Its main objective is to update the judicial branch of power to restore confidence in the court. Judicial activity is quite complex and multifunctional. Therefore, the personality of a judge, his level of qualification, competence and professionally important characteristics are of great importance for this activity.
 The author from the point of view of psychological science has analyzed the content of the basic normative and legal acts regulating judicial activity, as well as its content at the preparatory stage; has conducted a survey of judges on their main areas of activity during the preparation for court hearings. On this basis, the author has distinguished the following interrelated types of judge’s activities: organizational, managerial, psychological, communicative, epistemological, research, strategic and tactical, constructive, prognostic and fixative. These types are the basis of ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of the trial process (criminal proceedings). The author has specified the task for each type of judge’s activity.
 It has been noted that the types of activity of a judge at the preparatory stage of court hearings: 1) are stipulated by such main groups of professionally important qualities as intellectual, psycho-physiological, perceptual, leadership, moral, communicative, socially oriented, specific, control and evaluation; 2) are provided by such basic types of competence as auto-psychological, psychological, communicative, general cultural, conflict, management, legal, informational and technological, strategic and tactical. It has been stressed that the above mentioned provisions will improve theoretical positions of forensic psychology, as well as will contribute to the development of competitive principles for the selection of judges.
 The author has indicated perspective directions of research: 1) definition of the main professionally important qualities and varieties of competence by substantiating and specifying the main tasks of the types of judge’s activity at the main and final stages; 2) development of a psychic profile of a judge; 3) research of the level of development of the components that determine the competence of a judge and the compilation of “Judge’s Map of Competence”; 4) determining the directions of preparation of candidates for judicial activity; 5) specification of the basic forms and criteria of their qualification assessment.
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Klepinin, Pavel А. "The Influence of Administrative Legal Acts on the Establishment of Discriminatory Requirements for Candidates for the Position of Judge." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 5 (April 25, 2024): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2024.5.26-31.
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The article discusses problematic issues about the ratio of the categories “specialty” and “enlarged group of specialties” for the purpose of determining how to overcome the educational qualification for candidates for the position of judge. The author raises the question of the existence of discriminatory, unconstitutional requirements for the indication of the specialty “Jurisprudence” as a prerequisite for education by candidates for the position of judge, regardless of the fact that the lawyer qualification can be obtained by completing educational programs in other specialties. In addition, the article draws attention to the requirements for candidates for the position of judge in international courts. The article also discusses the inadmissibility of incorporation of organizational and functional requirements of by-laws into federal laws. Based on the analysis of the current Russian legislation regulating the organization of personnel policy in related fields, taking into account international standards.
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Onischuk, Mykola. "Innovations of judge education in Ukraine: development strategy for 2021–2025." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 4(33) (March 15, 2021): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2020-4(33)-1.
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There are modern institutional development of National school of judges of Ukraine status and the prospects of further development of judge education are certain in Ukraine are reflected in the article. An author outlines strategic directions of development of judge education on 2021-2025, among that: institutional development of National school of judges of Ukraine, improvement of the National standards of judge education, modification of primary judge education (special preparation of candidates on justiceship), use of the newest forms and methods of educating in judge education, introduction of institute of tutorship for newly appointed judges and development of complex tutor for the workers of Service of judicial guard. Inculcating the National standards of judge education, National School of Judges of Ukraine is oriented on the further updating of maintenance of judge education on based on competence approach depending on experience of judges, level and specialization of court, and also taking into account their individual necessities.At development and teaching of educational courses weight of the valued constituent and taking into account of social context of realization of justice rises taking into account three measuring (knowledge, ability and skills, values and relations). In the plans of National School of Judges of Ukraine : further development of innovativeness of judge education, introduction of the systems of monitoring of quality of judge education and improvement of the system of regular evaluation of judges on results preparation, development of psychological constituent in preparation of judges and candidates on justiceship, improvement of the system of preparation, retraining and in-plant training of coaches (teachers). National School of Judges of Ukraine works on expansion of variability subjects of educational products, inclusive with the input of interdisciplinary and interdepartmental practices of studies (judges, public prosecutors, advocates, helpers of judges and others like that), development of the controlled from distance studies, encouragement and more deployment of educational events real-time (on-line), including the input of the mixed studies (combination of eye and controlled from distance forms), by creation of online-catalogue of accessible educational courses and possibility for their electing, by development of the standardized requirements and methodical recommendations for realization of online-training and seminars. Keywords: judge education, National school of judges of Ukraine, preparation of judges, training form of educating, special preparation of candidates on justiceship, preparation of workers of vehicles of courts.
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Vitvitskyi, Sergey, Olena Nazymko, and Tetiana Ponomarova. "ECONOMIC COMPONENT OF THE JUDICIAL CAREER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 9, no. 4 (2023): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-4-72-78.
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The aim of this article is to review the concept of judicial immutability as a fundamental criterion for evaluating the national judiciary system and to ascertain the distinctive features of selecting qualified candidates for judgeship. Additionally, the present condition of the judiciary formation will be examined, alongside identifying the essential economic requirements necessary and sufficient to promote the development of the judiciary system in Ukraine. A scientific discussion of the problem of creating an impartial and transparent procedure for the formation of the judiciary. It is noted that the principle of judicial immutability as a basic criterion for assessing the national judicial system is implemented through: 1) the normatively defined age limit of a judge; 2) a non-alternative list of cases in which a judge may be transferred to another position (including a lower one) without his consent; 3) the established procedure for bringing a judge to disciplinary responsibility; 4) an extensive system of bodies performing organisational, administrative and control functions; 5) provision for the assessment of a judge's activity by independent public bodies (the Council for Public Integrity); 6) available competitive selection for the position, except for the cases established by law. It is found that the current state of formation of the judiciary can be defined as unsatisfactory, which is due to the following reasons: 1) unstable functioning of the institutions responsible for the competitive selection of candidates for vacant positions of judges; 2) inhibition of the judicial reform as a result of the introduction of the legal regime of martial law; 3) decrease in the quality of the financing of the judicial system due to the unstable political and economic situation in the country; 4) lack of an effective algorithm for bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility; 5) an excessively extensive system of subjects for assessing the compliance of candidates for the position of a judge with the requirements set forth in regulatory and legal acts. Results. It is established that the peculiarities of the qualification selection of candidates for the position of a judge include: 1) selection of judicial candidates based on three criteria (competence; professional ethics; integrity); 2) differentiation of subjects for assessing the compliance of a candidate for the position of a judge with a certain criterion defined by law; 3) lack of clear procedural requirements for the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine as a body tasked with the formation of the judiciary; 4) predominance of discretionary powers of the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine as the main basis for consideration by the High Council of Justice of recommendations on appointment of a candidate for the position of a judge. It is specified that the economic component of the system of career advancement of judges requires solving such problems as: 1) timely identification and elimination of corruption risks and threats, which should be carried out not by branching the bodies involved in the evaluation of candidates for the position of a judge, but by improving the qualification selection procedure; 2) improving the secondment procedure as a temporary transfer of a judge to another court of the same level and specialisation, which became particularly relevant in connection with the introduction of a special legal regime of martial law and the temporary occupation of certain areas of the state; 3) improving the procedure for attracting international donors for financial support to the judiciary and standardising the procedure for obtaining and using such funds.
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Dolynska, Maria, and Alyona Dutko. "Comparative Analysis of the Requirements for Candidates for the Position of a Judge in Ukraine and the Republic of Poland." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 15, no. 2 (2022): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tkp.5125.
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Qualification requirements for candidates for the position of judges are a system of requirements and conditions for admission to the position of a judge and a kind of guarantor of high-quality justice, high moral and professional level of holders of judicial power. Usually, the system of general requirements for candidates for the position of judge in different states is represented by the criteria of citizenship, higher legal education, minimum or maximum age requirements, practical work experience, high business and professional qualities. The system of special requirements differs in aspects of specialized judicial training or completion of the required internship. In the article, the authors conclude that today it is necessary to improve the system of selection of judicial personnel in Ukraine.
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Pryimachenko, Dmytro, and Anna Maslova. "PUBLIC INTEGRITY COUNCIL AS A SUBJECT OF PUBLIC CONTROL OVER JUDGES ACTIVITY." Journal of International Legal Communication 14, no. 3 (2024): 81–91. https://doi.org/10.32612/uw.27201643.2024.14.3.pp.81-91.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the requirements of European partners set forth in the Memorandum of Understanding between Ukraine and the European Union within the framework of the new large-scale macro-financial assistance of the EU of January 16, 2023, which directly emphasizes the implementation of clauses in the area of the Rule of Law regarding the selection of judges. The article analyzes the legislation regulating the activity of the Public Integrity Council at the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine. The authors have singled out the controversial issues faced by the Public Integrity Council during the assessment of professional ethics and integrity of current judges and candidates for the position of judge in the period from 2016 to 2020. It proposes ways of solving the outlined controversial issues in order to improve the activities of the Public Integrity Council. The article is devoted to the study of the status of the body in the system of ensuring the integrity of judges, which is an institution of civil society the Public Integrity Council. The institution is designed to strengthen public confidence in the integrity of new personnel, but the regulation of the legal status has numerous gaps that regulate the status of the Public Integrity Council. The problem is the absence of the scientific basis for the formation of legislation regulating the status of the Public Integrity Council, highlighting controversial issues faced by the Public Integrity Council during the assessment of professional ethics and integrity of current judges and candidates for the position of judge. The legally enshrined involvement of the public in the evaluation of judges and candidates for the position of judge significantly strengthened the role of civil control in the procedures of selection and appointment to the position of judge. This innovation for the judicial system of Ukraine became a historical milestone in the process of judicial reform. The new procedure for the selection of candidates for the position of judge and the verification of current judges, prescribed in the 2016 version of the Law of Ukraine "On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges", should ensure awareness and the opportunity for the public to understand the cause-and-effect relationship between the evaluation and the decision made.
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Kulikov, O. "Judge performance indicator evaluation system: improvement continues." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 79 (2023): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.79.2.43.
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This article is an analytical work where author investigates the possible directions of improvement of the existing methodological basis of the procedure for evaluation the competences and qualities of persons who will form the judicial corps in Ukraine. The main focus of the research is directed to the analysis of the indicators used to assess the professional and personal features of judges (candidates for the positions of judges), to the repeatability of such indicators, as well as to the validity of including one or another indicator in the appropriate set of indicators, which in their combination will give an answer to questions regarding the compliance of a judge (candidate for the position of judge) with one or another evaluation criterion. It should be noted that in previous works, the author has already begun to study from a similar angle such two important indicators of judge evaluation as indicators of «effectiveness of administration of justice» and «activities to increase the professional level». In this study, the author continues the analysis of indicators for the correctness of their assignment to one or another criterion, establishing their fair weight in the overall assessment of the competencies of a judge (candidate for the position of judge) and includes, in particular, among them such indicators as «integrity», «honesty «, «decency», «discipline», «understanding and compliance with rules and norms» and others.
 Analyzing the problem of repeating the same indicators within the scope of different sub-criteria, the author of the article tries to prove the point of view that the existing approach reduces the reliability of the relevant criteria, artificially overestimates or underestimates their weight in the overall evaluation of the abilities of a judge (candidate for the position of judge). As a result, the study proves the necessity of eliminating of the repetition of the same indicators and adjust their weight to the fair value.
 The final aim of the conducted analysis is to encourage the legislative and judicial branches of power to take actions and steps that would systematize the existing methodology for evaluating the performance of judges (candidates for the positions of judges) and would help more accurately identify useful features in candidates that will dfine the professional community of Ukrainians judges in the nearest future.
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Wijayanti, Winda, Nuzul Quraini M, and Siswantana Putri R. "Transparansi dan Partisipasi Publik dalam Rekrutmen Calon Hakim Konstitusi." Jurnal Konstitusi 12, no. 4 (2016): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk1241.
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Recruitment is not an arena of “hazing” and the addition of bureaucracy but a forum to explore the nature of integrity, capability, and independence of the candidates for constitutional judges. The process of recruiting candidates for constitutional judges to choose the recruitment system based on the principle of transparency, participatory, objective, and accountability to the people of the early stages and mechanisms of recruitment until the determination of the constitutional judges candidates that can lead to public confidence and form of democracy because of the position of the control and balance between state with people. Thus, the recruitment process needs to be accompanied by a written rule that can evolve as needed to create the best candidates for constitutional judges based recruitment process by filing recruitment agency and SOP (Standard Operational of Procedure). The problem is not on the persons making the recruitment, agency nominate candidates for judge, and the lack of setting the terms of the constitutional judge best candidate, but the choice of constitutional judges are recruited to promote open to the public process. DPR as one of the agency of the state to file a constitutional justice through the recruitment team can choose the right man in the right position through the selection of recruitment mechanism in accordance with the constitutional.
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Kravtsova, L. Y. "About the Requirements for Candidates to the Bodies of Regional Constitutional Justice." Siberian Law Herald 2022.1 (2022): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2022.1.17.
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The abolition of charter courts is planned until January 1, 2023. The regional legislator will have to choose other bodies of constitutional control and it must choose the order in which the organs will be formed and requirements to candidates. The article discusses requirements for candidates for the position of judge are components of his status. These requirements will be components of the status of members of the regional constitutional justice. The regional legislator should take into account the experience of the requirements for candidates of charter courts. The results show that it is necessary to establish increased requirements for candidates to the bodies of constitutional justice; these are the requirements of qualifications, age, but not republican citizenship.
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Harkusha, Vyacheslav. "Peculiarities of the procedure of selection and appointment of a judge." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 3, no. 3 (2020): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-3-79-82.
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The article deals with state of modern staffing of the judiciary, the problematic issues of the selection and appointment of a judge. In particular, the legislation that determines the procedure for selection for the position of a judge, as well as the stages of such selection are analyzed. The shortcomings of the legislation have been identified and proposals have been made to improve and optimize this procedure. It is proposed to adopt the Law of Ukraine, which will amend the procedure for forming the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine. Take measures to elect members of the High Qualifica-tions Commission of Judges of Ukraine and complete the selection for the position of a judge of a local court, as well as continue the competition for vacant positions of appellate courts. It is proposed to simplify the selection procedure for the position of a local court judge. It is rea-sonable to carry out special training of candidates for the position of a judge only in the specialty chosen by the candidate. Due to this, you can at least halve the period of special training - from 12 to 6 months. It is also justified inexpediency to conduct 2 exams during the selection - entrance and then quali-fication. It is proposed to unite them and immediately after the selection exam to conduct a qualifying exam, to determine the rating of candidates, on the basis of which to hold a competition for vacant positions of judges in specific courts. Taking into account the specializations chosen by the candidates, it is proposed to carry out special training with an internship in the court where the candidate won the competition. During the special training, a special examination of the candidate and his / her integrity must be performed. In case of successful implementation of the special training program and passing the special examination of the candidate, the High Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine (or the High Council of Justice) submits to the President applications for appointment. It is proposed to conduct an interview with the candidate only in the event that the results of a special inspection will establish the circumstances that require additional explanations of the candidate. It is also proposed to enshrine at the legislative level a strategy for the development and im-provement of the administration of justice for at least 10 years. Changes to the legislation and adjustment of certain norms are possible only within the framework of the adopted strategy.
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Irina I., Kiryushchenko. "Improving the Legal Regulation of the Selection of Candidates for the Position of Judge." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 4 (March 14, 2023): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2023.4.42-51.
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Legal relations related to the selection of candidates for the position of judge, as well as defects and lacunae of legal regulation of this process are considered. The purpose of the study is a legal analysis of the legal regulators of the selection of candidates for judicial positions, identifying their features. This goal is achieved through the solution of the following tasks: research of the selection process of candidates for the position of judges in the Russian Federation at the current stage; identification of problems of legal regulation based on the analysis of legal norms and practice of their application; formulation of proposals on the prospects for their optimization. The research methodology consisted of methods of empirical cognition and analysis, comparative, formal legal methods and a systematic approach. The various views of researchers are analyzed and as a result, the existing problems in the legal regulation of the studied area are disclosed and summarized, proposals for improving the existing Russian legal acts are formulated. The conclusion is made about the need for a psychodiagnostic examination of the applicant, which should become a mandatory component of his dossier. It is noted that the competitive selection should be carried out on an adversarial basis by evaluating the applicant»s dossier according to an approved scale of objective criteria, a possible minimum set of such criteria is proposed. Amendments are proposed that limit the discretion of the qualification boards of judges and provide a closed list of grounds for refusing a recommendation to an applicant. The author offers innovations designed to optimize the procedures for selecting qualified personnel.
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Onishuk, Mykola. "Improving of judicial education through the institutional development of the National School of Judges of Ukraine." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 3(28) (December 19, 2019): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2019-3(28)1.
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The article reveals the peculiarities of establishment and institutional development of National school of judges of Ukraine (NSJU) as an institution with a special status in the judicial system. The paper discusses main methodological principles for initial and periodical training of judges, as well as special training of candidates for the position of judge, which are defined in the Concept of National Standards for Judicial Education, approved by NSJU as a special document. According to the values which are declared in the document the main scope of judicial education is not only giving knowledge but also special skills development. It is the reason for implementing of interactive approaches to the learning process. The institution aims to integrate digital innovations into judicial education. It is the digitization of judicial education that will allow NSJU to move to the identification of individual educational needs of the judge and the formation of personalized training programs. Distance learning as a form of periodic training of judges plays a significant role in the development of judicial education. This form of training makes educational process flexible and dynamic, creates an opportunity for each listener, regardless of the level of court and judicial specialization, to work on the recommended personal schedule of the course. The article also deals with the specialties of initial training of candidates for the position of judge which is conducted in accordance with European standards for the organization of judicial educational events. In addition to law courses, the focus of initial training is also on issues of judicial ethics and integrity, anti-corruption legislation, psychological adaptation to judicial activity, judicial discipline, litigation management and alternative dispute resolution, international and European law. Interactive trainings and internships for candidates for the position of judge are aimed to expand and deepen legal knowledge, as well as to develop judicial skills and understanding the social context of justice. It is declared in the article that NSJU has introduced the Judicial Education Assessment Methodology, which has become a criterion for the effectiveness of the School's activity as a judicial education institution and is an important element of improving of all components of the educational process. Key words:National School of Judges of Ukraine, judicial education, methods of judicial education, training of judges, special training of candidates for the position of judge. References Strategy for the Reform of the Judiciary, Judiciary and Related Legal Institutions for 2015-2020: Approved by Presidential Decree of May 20, 2015 No. 276/2015. URL: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/276/2015 [Ukr.]. On the Judiciary and the Status of the Court: Law of Ukraine in Ed. from 02.06.2016. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1402-19/ed20160602 [Ukr.]. The concept of national standard judicial educational institutions: Annex 5 to the NSAU Regulations, required order dated 24.06.2016 No. 34. URL: http://www.nsj.gov.ua/en/about/symbols/ [Ukr.]. NSJU Development Strategy for 2016-2020. URL: http://www.nsj.gov.ua/files/14676144821452070855%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1% 96% D1% 8F_% D1% 80% D0% BE% Opinion No 4 (2003) Advisory Councils of the Council of the European Courts, with respect, Committee on the Activity and the Ministry of Justice at the national and European levels, dedicated to November 27, 2003. URL: https://court.gov.ua/inshe/mss/ [Ukr.].
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Makhinchuk, Vitalii. "Integrity as a newest factor in assessment of candidates for the position of judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 1(50) (May 2, 2025): 30–44. https://doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2025-1(50)-2.
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The term «integrity» has been used in Ukrainian legal doctrine since 2006. The latter has undergone significant transformations in Ukrainian legislation over the nearly 20 years of its existence; it has evolved from a certain slogan in the work of state bodies and their activities to a principle and requirement for relevant candidates for the judiciary. The concept of «integrity» has gained special attention in the context of the fight against corruption in Ukraine, in particular, the requirement of integrity appeared in the Constitution of Ukraine (Article 127) in 2016. Today, the principle of integrity is becoming more and more widespread in Ukrainian legislation, and the author devotes this article to the problematic aspects that have arisen as a result of the assessment of the respective candidates for the position of a judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine through the prism of the latter's integrity analysis. The author focuses on such key concepts of integrity as its components, analyzing each of them in detail. The article also reveals the problematic issues related to determining the circle of close relatives who may be the objects of research when studying a candidate's candidacy. The author pays special attention to the issue of the temporal limits of conducting and implementing the integrity assessment of a particular candidate for the position of a judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. The author emphasizes the need to take into account the relevant realities of social life when assessing candidates, taking into account the peculiarities caused by national, historical, religious and other characteristics. Key words: integrity, academic integrity, close relatives, corruption, ethical standards, components of integrity assessment.
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Hudyma, Vitaliy. "International Standards for the Formation of the Judiciary as a Basis for Improving the Guarantees of Independence of the Court and Judges in Ukraine." Path of Science 7, no. 5 (2021): 4011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.70-9.
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The article covers the international standards and reveals their features in the context of the formation of the judiciary as a basis for improving the guarantees of independence of the court and judges. It is established that the reorganization of the judiciary will affect the relationship between the Supreme Council of Justice and the Supreme Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine. Ensuring the independence of the judiciary is currently one of the main priorities of this reorganization. It is determined that the main principles of independence of the judiciary and judges are legality, freedom of personal beliefs, in particular, a high level of legal awareness. It is established that one of the guarantees of the independence of the court and judges is the procedure of selecting candidates for the position of a judge. It was found out that a judge could not be subject to disciplinary action for a court decision that he had made, except in cases of a crime or disciplinary misconduct. It is proved that the main grounds for bringing a judge to disciplinary responsibility are: 1) cases of frequent reversal of court decisions made by a particular judge, based on the grounds of their illegality and/or unfoundedness; 2) non-compliance by a judge with the requirements of procedural decisions, which provide the basic principles of the tasks of court proceedings, or failure to take into account some evidence that is present in the case file during the trial and the relevant court decision. It is established that the international standards of formation of the corps of judges are divided into 1) standards that determine the procedure for selection of staff for the position of a judge; 2) standards that contain requirements for personnel applying for the position of a judge; 3) standards that define the features of the training of judges; 4) standards that define guarantees in the course of judges’ performance of their duties. It is proposed to identify areas of legal and organizational improvement of forming the judiciary in Ukraine as the prospects for further research in this direction.
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Wiaderna-Kuśnierz, Renata. "Nieznany epizod z życia lwowskiego profesora prawa rzymskiego Marcelego Chlamtacza, czyli słów kilka o wyborach i kandydatach na stanowisko sekretarza Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego w roku akademickim 1894/95." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 4 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.4.323-338.
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<p>At the end of 1894, the University of Lwów announced a public competition for the position of the secretary of the university. A few months later the university received seven applications from young lawyers. As it turned out later the winner was Marceli Chlamtacz – a Roman law scholar, for whom it was one of the steps of his academic career. In the first part of the paper, I discussed, among others, circumstances of the elections and professional achievements of candidates until the time of elections. In the second one, were presented results of the elections and illustrated careers of competing lawyers that they had after 1895. Apart from M. Chlamtacz other persons famous in the later years applied for the position: Aleksander Doliński – professor of commercial law at Lwów’s Jan Kazimierz University, co-author of the Polish Commercial Code; Tadeusz Bujak – judge of courts in Kraków, Vienna and Warsaw; Jan Wierzbowski – attorney and judge in Stanisławów, philanthropist and donor of the Lwów’s Scientific Society; Jan Waygart – held a degree of doctor of law, specialist in military justice, Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry of Military Affairs; Jan Błeszyński – doctor of law at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, expert in the field of theater, literature and translations. The last one who applied for the above-mentioned position was widely unknown alumni of law Kazimierz Tychowski, a Ukrainian.</p>
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Talbert-Johnson, Carolyn. "Establishing Internationally Competent Leaders for the Future: Promoting an Agenda for Social Justice, Equity, and Intercultural Sensitivity." International Journal of Educational Reform 18, no. 3 (2009): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678790901800301.
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To be successful in a global economy, U.S. candidates must possess international knowledge, intercultural communication skills, and global perspectives to effectively teach diverse student populations. Unfortunately, teacher education programs have not prepared candidates to be internationally competent leaders for the future. Schools of education with international exchange programs are in a unique position to engage candidates in firsthand exploration of cultural and diversity understandings. In this article, I identify pervasive problems with preparation programs and suggest the need for a multicultural, global perspective with a social justice agenda. I conclude the article with justification for new initiatives to ensure that inclusive practices are promoted.
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McKenzie, Mark J., Cynthia R. Rugeley, and Michael A. Unger. "Investigating How Voters Weigh Issues and Partisanship in Judicial Elections." American Review of Politics 33 (January 1, 2013): 295–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2012.33.0.295-321.
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Drawing on a 2009 statewide telephone poll of registered voters in Texas, this study investigates how voters react to politicized campaigning, judicial experience and partisan cues when voting for judge. We analyze individual-level data by employing an experimental design in which respondents were provided information about a hypothetical judicial candidate (varying in both campaign theme and in partisanship) and then asked about the likelihood of voting for that candidate. We found that in a partisan election state such as Texas, individuals rely heavily on party as a shortcut when evaluating judicial candidates, even when accounting for judicial experience. We also found that respondents with greater levels of political sophistication were more likely to be influenced by a candidate’s issue position on frivolous lawsuits.
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Tristina, Tristina, Darmiko Suhendra, and Muhammad Nurdin. "PERALIHAN AKAD NIKAH BERWALI HAKIM PENGGANTI WALI NASAB MENURUT HUKUM ISLAM (Studi Di Kantor Urusan Agama Kecamatan Sungailiat Semester 1 Tahun 2023)." JYRS: Journal of Youth Research and Studies 4, no. 1 (2023): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32923/jyrs.v4i1.3791.
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Marriage is a teaching based on the Koran and Sunnah in various ways of expressing it. In carrying out a wedding, of course you have to fulfill the pillars of marriage. One of the pillars of marriage is having a guardian. Guardianship in marriage is carried out by the guardian of the lineage and the guardian of the judge. The main problem in this research is the marriage contract which should be carried out by the nasab guardian or natural guardian, whereas for several reasons the consent in the marriage contract is carried out by the judge's guardian with the main problem being what is the reason for the transfer of the marriage contract to a judge replacing the nasab guardian at the Office of Religious Affairs Sungailiat District and what is the view of Islamic law regarding the position of guardian judge. This research is qualitative research using a juridical-empirical approach. The sources of this research are Primary Legal Materials (observations and interviews), Secondary Legal Materials (books, journals and other scientific works), data preparation is carried out by studying activities to understand an object from an event based on knowledge and previously known ideas. Based on the results of research on the reasons for the transition to a marriage contract with a judge as guardian according to Islamic law, marriage data for semester 1 of 2023 at the KUA, Sungailiat District, there are several factors that cause this transition, namely due to a break in the lineage, namely the guardian dies, the guardian of the lineage is unseen, namely the whereabouts of the guardian of the lineage are unknown. , the guardian of the lineage is of a different religion, the guardian of the lineage is adholic or reluctant, the child was born out of wedlock and the guardian is carrying out the Hajj or Umrah. It is for these reasons that the marriage contract is carried out with a guardian judge. The position of the judge's guardian according to Islamic law is that the judge's guardian acts as a substitute guardian in the event of the absence of a guardian and his status is valid as long as the terms and conditions apply. Key words: Guardian of Nasab, Guardian Judge, Islamic Law
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Shunko, M. H. "ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CANDIDATES FOR THE POSITION OF JUDGE OF THE HIGHER SPECIALIZED COURT." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 5 (2021): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-5/49.
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Narindra, Arlen Citra, Fathimah Natia Salsabila, Nazwa Ayuni, and Rayyan Muhammad Aulia. "ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT’S DECISION REGARDING THE AGE LIMIT FOR PRESIDENTIAL AND VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES." Problematika Hukum 6, no. 1 (2024): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/ph.v6i1.5152.
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<p>The constitutional court or commonly abbreviated (MK) is the guardian of the constitution in the scope of Indonesian state administration. In this case the constitutional court is tasked with reviving the constitution and enforcing it if there are violations that occur. Indiscriminately and remain straight on the existing codification. However, recently, the Constitutional Court was shaken by an extraordinary new problem that had never been experienced before. The impact of this case finally dragged the chief judge Anwar Usman down from his position. This research will discuss the problem of the decision handed down by the Constitutional Court on the judicial review of Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections in determining the minimum age limit for the president which finally dragged the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court for violating ethics and allegations of nepotism.</p><p>Keywords: Constitutional Court; President; age limit; nepotism; ethics</p>
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Hudyma, Vitaliy. "Formation’s Principles of the Judiciary of Ukraine." Path of Science 7, no. 6 (2021): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.71-5.
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The article reveals and researches the basic principles of the formation of the judiciary in Ukraine. It is established that judicial corps should be understood as an appropriate number of civil servants who hold the relevant positions as judges in the judicial bodies of Ukraine. It has been proved that judges make universally binding decisions, which determine, for example, other processes of maintaining law and order in the state. It is determined that the legislation lacks a clear definition of the term “judiciary” and lacks the primary grounds and principles by which the process of formation of the judicial corps in Ukraine should take place. It is established that the principles of formation of the judiciary in Ukraine should be based on the requirements for candidates for the position of judges, which are defined by Article 69, “Requirements for candidates for the position of the judge” of the Law of Ukraine “On Judiciary and the Status of Judges”. It is proved that one of the components of the procedure for the formation of the judiciary in Ukraine is the qualification assessment of candidates for the position of judges. It was found out that the qualification assessment of judges by the criterion of professional competence should be based on the principle of specialization and instance. It is established that the main principles based on which the appointment of judges-candidates for the positions of members of the Supreme Council of Justice are: the principle of the rule of law; the principle of professionalism; the principle of publicity; the principle of political neutrality. It is determined that one of the critical principles of formation of the judiciary in Ukraine should be the principle of non-political influence, namely its essence is revealed in the fact that entities that will participate both directly and indirectly in the formation of the judiciary should not, in any case, have any relation to the political sphere. It is noted that the prospects for further research in this area are the study of the holistic system and features of the formation of the judiciary in Ukraine.
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Siddiqui, Hasan Rasheed. "WHO JUDGES THE JUDGES? ADDRESSING INTEGRITY AND SECURITY GAPS IN THE SINDH JUDICIAL RECRUITMENT SYSTEM." International Journal of Advance Research in Education & Literature (ISSN 2208-2441) 5, no. 8 (2019): 5–15. https://doi.org/10.61841/txq2w096.
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The transparency, fairness, and adequacy of the criteria used to select candidates for the position of Additional Sessions Judge (ASJ) in Sindh have long been a source of concern. Given the ASJ’s critical role in adjudicating both criminal and civil matters, the integrity of the selection process is fundamental to upholding judicial standards. However, the current testing mechanism has faced criticism for its limited ability to effectively distinguish between candidates and its emphasis on theoretical knowledge at the expense of practical legal competence. Additionally, concerns have been raised about the subjectivity and potential biases in the selection of interview panel members. This paper examines the existing framework governing the ASJ recruitment process in Sindh, identifying systemic challenges and proposing actionable reforms. Key issues explored include the lack of transparency in exam administration, inconsistent levels of difficulty across examination papers, and insufficient emphasis on evaluating practical legal skills, which are essential to the judicial function. The study advocates for the implementation of clear, objective evaluation criteria and standardized procedures for both the written examination and interview stages. These reforms aim to minimize discretion and reduce opportunities for bias, ensuring the selection of the most competent and deserving candidates. Ultimately, this paper recommends a comprehensive overhaul of the ASJ recruitment system in Sindh to reinforce judicial integrity, promote merit-based appointments, and uphold the foundational principles of justice.
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Ryabtseva, E. V. "Application of modern information technologies as a necessary means of preventing and stopping conflict interests in the judicial activities of Russia." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. LAW Series 145, no. 4 (2023): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6844-2023-145-4-183-190.
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The article analyzes the influence of artificial intelligence on the development of justice in Russia. Taking into account the experience of foreign countries, proposals are made aimed at minimizing corruption risks in judicial activities through the use of information technology. It is substantiated that information technologies used to prevent and suppress conflicts of interest as a guarantee of the independence and impartiality of judges can become part of the ongoing digitalization of justice. As an effective way to prevent conflicts of interest, it is proposed to develop specialized programs that would help judges assess certain situations of conflict of interest and take appropriate measures aimed at preventing it. It is concluded that the system of electronic distribution of cases existing in Russia today makes it possible not to distribute to the judge those cases in which relatives and family members work, which seems insufficient to eliminate conflicts of interest when using the modern system of distribution of cases. The more clear parameters are developed for a system that provides electronic distribution of cases, the fewer situations of conflict of interest will arise. The article substantiates that the optimization of the system for managing conflicts of interest in judicial activities is directly related to information systems, the creation of a single electronic resource for the prevention of conflicts of interest, including: electronic consultation of judges on conflict of interest situations; electronic distribution of cases by excluding from consideration by the judge those whose participation entails a conflict of interest; checking candidates for the position of judge to establish the circumstances preventing their appointment.
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Önal, Emel, Ismail Fidan, Dominique Luneau, and Catherine Hirel. "Through the challenging synthesis of tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives bearing nitroxide moieties." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 23, no. 04n05 (2019): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424619500500.
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Tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives a synthetic heterocycles with convenient preparation and a richness of properties which make them attractive in broad fields such as energy, life and materials sciences. Thus, in the quest for new radical architectures, tetraphenylporphyrins are prime candidates. To this end, we designed free-base tetraphenylporphyrins bearing nitronyl and imino nitroxide moieties covalently bonded to the para-position of the meso-phenyl substituent. Their detailed synthesis and characterization are reported here.
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Suchsland, Ruth, Bettina Appel, and Sabine Müller. "Preparation of trinucleotide phosphoramidites as synthons for the synthesis of gene libraries." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (February 13, 2018): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.28.
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The preparation of protein libraries is a key issue in protein engineering and biotechnology. Such libraries can be prepared by a variety of methods, starting from the respective gene library. The challenge in gene library preparation is to achieve controlled total or partial randomization at any predefined number and position of codons of a given gene, in order to obtain a library with a maximum number of potentially successful candidates. This purpose is best achieved by the usage of trinucleotide synthons for codon-based gene synthesis. We here review the strategies for the preparation of fully protected trinucleotides, emphasizing more recent developments for their synthesis on solid phase and on soluble polymers, and their use as synthons in standard DNA synthesis.
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Craft, Hykeem M., Rene Malveaux, Sonja A. Lopez, and Julie P. Combs. "The Acclimation of New Assistant Principals." Journal of School Administration Research and Development 1, no. 2 (2016): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jsard.v1i2.1914.
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 Although the assistant principal position has been the career path for aspiring principals, some researchers have claimed the position lacks adequacy as a training position. With limited research available, the purpose of this study was to explore the induction and acclimation experiences of newly assigned assistant principals. Following a phenomenological research approach, interviews were conducted with six public school assistant principals. New assistant principals prepared for their positions by seeking prior leadership opportunities and asking questions, but they noted a lack of confidence in making decisions. These new assistant principals, recognizing the importance of professional relationships, worked to build trust with students and teachers. Implications for school district leaders, preparation programs, and aspiring candidates are provided.
 
 
 
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A. Manko, Dr Barbara. "Online Preparation for the Remote Global Workforce." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 8, no. 1 (2019): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v8n1p1.
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The purpose of researching how much online learning in a university setting influences the students’ preparedness for remote work in the global labor force is to prove the following: without the essential opportunity to learn in the virtual classroom, students might finish their degrees completely without knowledge of how to cope and function in a job position which requires partial or total online work. Being able to telecommute or work from a remote location and all that this sort of work entails will be a given within 10-20 years when new hires are being considered for employment. Universities play a key role in getting the next generation of workers ready for remote professional opportunities which would otherwise require additional training and acclimatization in order for entry level candidates to experience a seamless initialization into companies already moving steadily towards a more remote work-based model.
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MANDYCHEV, D. V. "LEGAL ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF NON-COMPLIANCE OF JUDGES (CANDIDATES FOR THE POSITION OF A JUDGE) WITH INDEPENDENCE CRITERIA (РART II)". Law and Society, № 5 (2021): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2021.5.25.
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MANDYCHEV, D. V. "LEGAL ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF NON-COMPLIANCE OF JUDGES (CANDIDATES FOR THE POSITION OF A JUDGE) WITH INDEPENDENCE CRITERIA (PART 1)." Law and Society, no. 4 (2021): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2021.4.15.
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Maruci, Cici. "The 2025 Pilkada Phenomenon Preparation, Candidates, and Political Dynamics in the Election." Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 7, no. 1 (2025): 21. https://doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.7.1.21-40.
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This study uses qualitative methods to understand the dynamics of political tensions after the 2024 elections in maintaining democratic stability in Indonesia. The type of research chosen is a case study, which allows for in-depth exploration of the specific context and complexity of the post-election political situation. Regional Head Elections (Pilkada) are a means of implementing people's sovereignty in the regions. This is a development in the governance system in Indonesia. In the Indonesian government, one of the principles known is the principle of autonomy, which means that there is freedom for the Regional Government to regulate its own region. Pilkada is a means to elect regional heads and people's representatives in the DPRD, where they are directly elected by the people in their regions. Thus, the legitimacy of the position of Regional Heads and DPRD Members becomes more representative, if this Pilkada is carried out democratically and in accordance with applicable procedures based on laws and regulations. The principles that must be met by election organizers as per the International IDEA standards have also been formulated in the Election Law, stated in Article 3 of Law 7/2017, election organizers in carrying out the election stages must meet the principles of independence, honesty, fairness, law, order, openness, proportionality, professionalism, accountability, effectiveness, and efficiency.
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Tavernier, Willa. "Developing scholarly communication competencies: How a post-master’s degree residency program can provide career preparation." College & Research Libraries News 82, no. 4 (2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.82.4.178.
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Scholarly communication librarianship is a messy field. Its margins are ill-defined and ever- changing. There is a lack of curricular training in library schools and a lack of opportunities for early-career candidates. As a result, preparing librarians for a scholarly communication career presents a challenge. In this piece I discuss this messiness and describe my personal experiences in a residency position, showing how these kinds of positions support the professional development of scholarly communication librarians, with specific reference to the NASIG Core Competencies for scholarly communication librarians.
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Busurmanov, Zhumabek, Aiman Kussainova, Lazzat Nazarkulova, and Almas Kanatov. "Judicial Education Development Issues and Prospects in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Light of the OECD Countries’ Experience." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 53 (March 30, 2019): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.819.825.
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The relevance of the topic is determined by the needs of modern Kazakhstani society in an independent judiciary and highly professional judges, capable of being a genuine guarantor of human and citizen rights and freedoms. Based on the study of the OECD countries’ experience, it is argued that it is the judicial education that plays a key role in the formation of an independent, highly professional judiciary. The current state of judicial education in the Republic of Kazakhstan and its development issues are considered. Prospective directions of its development are justified based on the OECD countries’ experience. A number of measures for improving judicial education is argued to be undertaken: the need for compulsory special training of candidates for the position of a judge, the development of teaching staff through the involvement of the best sitting judges in the training process, and the need to remove judicial education from the executive authorities. The role of new technologies in the development of judicial education is particularly mentioned.
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Kovalchuk, Ivan. "ОСНОВНІ ВИМОГИ ДО СУДДІВ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЇХНЬОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В КРАЙОВИХ СУДАХ ГАЛИЧИНИ (1850–1918)". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law, № 79 (15 грудня 2024): 76–85. https://doi.org/10.30970/vla.2024.79.076.
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The article analyzes the main requirements for judges and the peculiarities of their activities in the regional courts of Galicia (1850–1918). It is noted that regional (district) courts acted as courts of second instance for the appeals against decisions of district courts as well as courts of first instance in a specified district when considering criminal and civil cases, the value of the subject matter of which was more than 1,000 crowns. Regional courts in Galicia, as courts of first instance, considered: civil cases (family disputes, guardianship cases, cases of restoration of rights, adoption, inheritance according to wills); criminal cases – cases of violation of state laws, anti-government activities, organization of illegal associations, murder, robbery, arson, cases of insulting the honor and dignity of the emperor or his family. Disputes of a mining, commercial and promissory nature, regardless of the price of the subject matter of the dispute, were considered by special senates of only a few regional/district courts in Galicia. In the proceedings of regional courts in Galicia, civil cases related to property and land disputes prevailed, and among criminal cases – the cases of political crimes, theft, forgery of money and documents, as well as infliction of bodily harm. Regional courts in Galicia acted as collegial judicial bodies and considered civil cases with three judges, and criminal cases with four judges. The judge of the regional court could be a person with a legal education who had to pass the relevant professional exams and complete a mandatory internship. At first, three state exams were to be passed: legal-historical, judicial and political. For their reception, a special commission was created in each higher educational institution by order of the Minister of Religions and Education. It had to determine the level of the candidate's legal training, i.e. whether the graduate has legal insight, whether he can conduct legal proceedings independently, or whether he has a good command of legal terminology. The subject of the legal history exam was Roman, church and German law, as well as the history of the Austrian state, judicial – Austrian civil, commercial and promissory law, civil procedure, Austrian criminal law and procedure. During the political exam, candidates demonstrated their knowledge of Austrian administrative law, science and policy of social economy, and financial legislation of the empire. The first exam was taken three times a year – in winter, summer and autumn, the other two – at any time during the year, except for holidays. Exams were held orally and publicly. Graduates were able to choose the language of the exam. The final grade was determined by the voting of the commission members. With a negative result, it was possible to retake the exam within the time limits set by the commission. The next step in the career of a lawyer was a mandatory free one-year judicial practice in the regional (district) court. One-year judicial practice was a mandatory condition for admission to the position of a judge, but its term was changed specifically for judicial candidates. From 1885, the internship period was extended to two years, and from October 1896 – to three years. After completing such practice, graduates of law faculties were usually appointed as auditors in a certain district court. The minimum requirement for admission to this position was the presence of a certificate of successful completion of legal history and judicial state exams. It was possible to get the position of a judge only after passing the qualifying judge exam. It was conducted by a special commission, which was created every year by order of the Minister of Justice at the High Regional Court. It included university law professors and practicing judges, usually from the same tribunal. The exam consisted of written and oral parts and aimed to reveal knowledge of civil and criminal law, process and procedures. The first part lasted two days, during which the candidates had to complete two tasks – to compile excerpts from acts with court decisions in civil and criminal court cases. Two hours were allotted for the oral exam, during which the applicant was examined in all areas of civil and criminal legislation. In addition, he had to know perfectly the system of functioning of the Austrian judiciary. Keywords: court, regional court, judiciary, Galicia, Austrian Empire.
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Ignatenko, E. A., S. V. Kondratyuk, and T. V. Mychak. "Preparation of a public prosecutor for participation in a trial for cases on the occupation of the highest position in the criminal hierarchy." Vektor nauki Tol’attinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seria Uridicheskie nauki, no. 3 (2022): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2220-7457-2022-3-18-24.
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The paper considers special aspects of organization of the public prosecutor preparation to prosecute on the cases on occupying the supreme position in the criminal hierarchy. The authors specify the peculiarities of prosecuting on this type of cases before the court, formulates recommendations on the tactics of submission of evidence to the court. The paper summarizes the scientific recommendations on the public prosecutor preparation for judicial proceedings. The specifics of judicial consideration of cases on occupying the supreme position in the criminal hierarchy and the public prosecutor’s participation in it are taken into account. The authors identified that tactical specific of submission of evidence by a public prosecutor depends on the constitution of the court. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, the authors demonstrate that to achieve optimal result, it is advisable for public prosecutor to submit evidence in the order corresponding to the sequence of commission of a crime when a case on occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy is considered by professional judges. The paper describes the peculiarities of preparing a public prosecutor to participate in judicial proceedings on the cases on occupying the supreme position in the criminal hierarchy. The authors recommend that a public prosecutor submits evidence in the order corresponding to the structure of the way a defendant takes the highest position in the criminal hierarchy. Concerning the cases involving a jury, it seems reasonable to carry out a judicial examination of specialist – a criminologist – to explain the basic concepts reflecting the way a defendant takes the highest position in the criminal hierarchy. The authors suggest amending criminal procedure legislation on the cases, which cannot be considered by the court consisting of a judge and a tribunal of eight jurors.
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Antonio da Costa Souto, Thiago, Lucas de Souza Peixoto, Luiz Guilherme Menezes da Costa, and Pablo Augusto da Paz Elleres. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE COMBINATION OF TECHNOLOGY WITH ERGONOMICS FOR ESTIMATION OF CORRECT POSTURE BASED ON PYTHON." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 10 (2023): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17694.
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This article outlines the main diseases caused by repetitive strain or poor posture with emphasis on the public that works in the area of information technology (IT), which for the reason that the workday is composed of 8 hours a day in a continuously seated position, has become the focus of the same. In order to improve the well-being of these professionals, a low-cost solution model will be presented to assist in the estimation of posture while performing activities during working hours, since injuries, in the work environment of the type of professional in question, are commonly due to the lack of an ergonomic approach. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, an application was developed that makes use of AI to capture posture and judge whether it is correct or incorrect in relation to the test parameters. To substantiate the ideas explained in this article, a research was carried out using the prototype to verify the classification of the posture of the group of selected people, it was noted that of the group of 15 people, 8 of them presented the correct posture representing 53% of the candidates interviewed and 7 people were with bad posture which makes up 47% of the total candidates. It is noted that a large number of people have poor posture, which can cause unwanted illnesses or injuries in the future.
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SPERANSKY, VALERY KIRILLOVICH. "DANCE SPORTS: THE RATIO OF ERRORS IN THE SUB-COMPONENTS OF THE EUROPEAN PROGRAM TECHNIQUE AMONG ATHLETES AGED 14-15." Physical Culture Sport Tourism Motor Recreation 10, no. 1 (2025): 31–35. https://doi.org/10.47475/2500-0365-2025-10-1-31-35.
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The article presents the number of technical errors made by highly qualified dance couples in dances of the European program, such as: “Slow Waltz”, “Tango”, “Quickstep”. At the same time, the number of errors is recorded in each subcomponent of the technique: Connection in a pair; Center contact in statics and dynamics; Work of feet and position of legs; Work of the body; Drive Action; Preparation for movement; Ascents and descents; Technical elements. A comparative analysis of errors is given for each dance, and the subcomponents of the technique are ranked by the number of errors made, which allows us to judge their complexity. The information obtained can be one of the grounds for placing emphasis when developing a methodology for improving the technical component in dance sport at the stage of improving sports skills.
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Matviyiv, R. I. "Prospects for improving the legal regulation of the sphere of integrity in the judicial system of Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 86 (2025): 96–100. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.1.13.
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The article is devoted to determining the main aspects of improving the legal regulation of the sphere of integrity in the judicial system of Ukraine in order to adapt it to European standards. It is motivated that the principle of integrity of a judge is initially perceived as a necessary standard, which is included in the legal regulation of the sphere of the judicial system in a legal state, however, this legal concept should be perceived broadly, since it embodies the ideology of the legal reality of modernity. The judge represents the protective function of the state, in the perception of the large-scale nature of his activities are aimed at the formation of justice and the rule of law through the implementation of judicial proceedings. Therefore, such requirements for a judge as integrity are a necessary element of achieving the highest standards of state-building. It is proven that the integrity of judges is a significant factor in the transformation of the legal system of Ukraine to European standards of justice, acting as a unique praxeological and philosophical-legal demanded characteristic of the representatives of the judicial corps, which forms respect for the judicial system from the public, determines the trust of society in the state as a whole and represents the effectiveness of the judiciary and its compliance with high standards of justice and the rule of law. Having considered the understanding of integrity, the practice of functioning of judges of various branches and foreign exemplary practice of European states in this area, it is proposed to improve legal regulation for the implementation of the principle of integrity in national practice. It is proven that a comprehensive understanding of integrity, a normatively derived conceptual and categorical apparatus does not exist, in addition, the elements of the integrity of a judge are uncertain and further discussed. Therefore, the identified problem requires immediate normative improvement. It is also motivated that the normative establishment and preliminary coordination between all institutions of uniform indicators (criteria, indicators) for determining the integrity / dishonesty of judges and candidates for this position, which would reflect the principles of legal certainty, the rule of law and justice, is in demand.
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Prysiazhna, Anna. "Organizational and legal aspects of the formation of the corps of professional judges in Ukraine." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi 2, no. 15(27) (2023): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2023.15.27.2.129-134.
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Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the main problems of improving the procedure for forming the judicial corps. In order to create a truly authoritative, professional and, of course, independent judiciary in Ukraine, first of all, it is necessary to improve the system of forming the judicial corps. After all, the main prerequisite for both independence and a high legal status of a judge is proper staffing by highly professional, competent specialists. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is a system of interrelated conceptual principles and methods, which make it possible to comprehensively and fully investigate the foundations of the reform of the judicial system and the formation of a qualified judicial corps. In particular, the following methods were used: the method of scientific forecasting and modeling; axiological method; historical-genetic method; logical method; formal legal method. Results. In the process of research, it was recognized that the selection of candidates for the position of judge, as a prerequisite for the formation of a qualified judicial corps, is a problem of general societal importance, which, due to constant changes in the political, socio-economic and cultural life of society, almost continuously maintains its relevance. Originality. In the research process, it was established that the formation of a highly professional and highly moral judicial corps is possible only on the condition that every citizen with a high legal culture and legal awareness wants to live in a fair, democratic and legal state. Practical significance. The conclusions, provisions and recommendations formulated in the article can be used in law-making activities; research work and educational process.
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Yensi Prasilia, Ahmad Rustan, Nur Nashriani Jufri, and Adi Muliawansyah Malie. "Ratio Decidendi of Supreme Court Decision No. 23 P/HUM/2024 on Judicial Review of Age Requirements for Candidates for Governor." Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 5, no. 3 (2025): 1584–92. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i3.1220.
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Regional elections are a means of exercising popular sovereignty that allows citizens to directly elect leaders at the regional level while providing legitimacy to democratically elected governments. In their journey, political elites often use various methods to become contestants or to prevent their political opponents from competing by changing various legal rules that are considered ‘obstructing’ their political goals through judicial review (JR) at the Supreme Court against regulations under the law. This study aims to analyse the ratio decidendi of Supreme Court Decision No. 23 P/HUM/2024 which changes the age requirement for nominating regional head candidates from the age when they are determined as candidates by the KPU to the inauguration requirement. This research is a type of legal research using 2 (two) types of legal approaches, namely statute approach and conceptual approach. The results showed that the ratio decidendi in the case considered the importance of providing opportunities for the younger generation to participate in the political process and the human rights aspect that age restrictions can be considered a violation of individual political rights.This consideration is a real mistake considering that the position of the judge in deciding JR cases at the Supreme Court acts as a Negative Legislator who is limited to making an assessment of whether the regulation that is the object of the test is contrary to the law as the touchstone?Textually, the KPU regulation that is the object of the test is still in line with the Law so that the petition should be rejected.
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Abzalov, Lenar F., Marat S. Gatin, Ilyas A. Mustakimov, and Roman Yu Pochekaev. "On status of judges in the Mongol Empire and its uluses in 13th–14th centuries: an interdisciplinary analysis." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, no. 90 (2024): 84–95. https://doi.org/10.17223/19988613/90/9.
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The article is characteristic of status of yarghuchi – judge acted in the Mongol Empire and its uluses during 13th–14th cc. The court of Chinggisid states is well covered in historiography, however, the legal status of judges has not yet been specifically analysed due to the use by scholars of mainly narrative sources and the lack of legal ones. The basic source of the study is a legal monument – yarligh (edict) on the appointment of “emir of yarghu” (senior judge) included as an example into the “Dastur al-katib fi ta’yin al-maratib” (“A Scribe's Guide to Determining Degrees”) – Persian-language treatise created in the second half of the 14th c. by Muhammad b. Hindushah Nahchivani, the official at the court of rulers of Mongol Iran from Hulaguid and Jalayir dynasties. The goal of the article is to give an analysis of yarligh and compare it with other sources on yarghu courts – legal monuments of the Yuan dynasty and Golden Horde khans, medieval oriental narrative sources (“Secret history of Mongols”, “History of the WordlConqueror” by Juvaini, “Compendium of chronicles” by Rashid ad-Din, etc.). The institution of yarghuchi was established at the dawn of the Mongol Empire because of the need to judge in accordance with imperial legislation: Great Yasa of Chinggis Khan, his aphorisms (biliqs) and khans’ yarlighs, rather than on a base of customs and traditions. Therefore, the position of yarghuchi could be held by trustworthy representatives of military aristocracy who knew well the rules and principle of the imperial law. The competence of yarghuchi was spread over Turlic-Mongol nomads of Chinggisid states who were a basis of their military forces, while sedentary subjects were tried in accordance with norms of religious and local law customs. Despite the fact that requirements to candidates for the judge positions worded in the analyzed yarligh were universal for Chinggisid states, comparison with other sources of the 13th–14th cc. allows us to clarify specific features of yarghuchi’s status in different uluses. The position of yarghuchi in the Yuan Empire was well institutionalized and correlated with Chinese official ranks. There was a reception of some institutions of Islamic law in the Mongol Iran and careful recordkeeping of legal procedure, etc. Traditional form of yarghu had long been preserved in the Golden Horde: it was functioning in parallel with court of Sharia, moreover, the representatives of two court systems could be in session in the same room of the ruler’s residence. Detailed regulation of yarghuchis’ status did not mean that the court was an independent power branch. As it was common for medieval states, yarghu was not separated from the executive power: judges after their appointment retained positions of noyons (emirs), i.e. they were primarily military servicemen and performed administrative functions. At the local level of government the functions of judges were fulfilled by heads of the local governments (darughas, or basqaqs).
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Różański, Paweł. "The Motor Determinants of the Recruitment of Candidates for Naval Special Forces in the Opinion of the Founder of the Special Military JW. Formoza." Polish Hyperbaric Research 86, no. 1 (2024): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.2478/phr-2024-0006.
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Abstract The study concerns an expert interview conducted with Lieutenant commander Major Józef Rembisz, the founder and first commander of the Formosa Special Military Unit. The interview was realised on 28.01.2018 in Gdynia, at Skwer Kościuszki. The meeting with Mr Józef Rembisz was attended by 25 students of the Uniformed Services Branch of the Academy of Physical Education from Biała Podlaska. The purpose of the interview was to hear from the founder and at the same time experienced commander of the aforementioned special unit about the contemporary trends and interests of young people in this type of forces as well as the possibilities of their fitness preparation for marine special forces. During the meeting, the interviewee brought up historical aspects, presented his biography, and presented his position resulting from observations and reflections on the current possibilities for the preparation of contemporary generations of candidates for selection, i.e. the main test carried out in the Polish special forces. The observations given by the interviewee were aimed at making the listeners aware of the direction they should follow in order to appropriately model their motor skills in order to adequately prepare for the aforementioned selection. The results of the interview are the thoughts and suggestions of an experienced commander of the aforementioned special forces unit suggesting the direction that should be followed by contemporary candidates interested in joining the service in special forces.
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Ristikivi, Merike, Marju Luts-Sootak, and Heli-Triin Räis. "“Kohtuniku amet on liiga raske neile”: Eesti naisjuristide pürgimisest kohtunikuks kahe maailmasõja vahelisel perioodil [Abstract: “Judge’s work is too hard for them”: aspirations of Estonian female lawyers to become a judge in the interwar period]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 2/3 (January 15, 2018): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2017.2-3.05.
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This article discusses the aspirations of two Estonian female lawyers – Auguste Susi-Tannebaum and Olli Olesk – to become a judge in the 1920s. Estonian women were already allowed to study the field of law in the early years of the twentieth century. The possibilities for obtaining a law degree expanded with the foundation of the Republic of Estonia, when female students gained the right to enrol in the university on an equal footing with male students. Nevertheless, it turned out to be much harder to start working in their chosen field: before the Second World War, out of 143 women who had graduated from the Faculty of Law, only 42 were practising lawyers. The first female notary started working only in 1936. No female lawyer became a judge in Estonia before the Second World War, and the first female judges were appointed during the Soviet era in the period of 1940–41. 
 Auguste Susi-Tannebaum and Olli Olesk had graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu and were members of the Estonian Bar Association. However, the applications submitted by Susi-Tannebaum (1924) and Olesk (1929) for candidacy to join the judge’s profession were rejected. Both women contested the negative decisions in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court was guided by the principle of gender equality and implicitly expressed its opinion that female lawyers who apply for a position as a judge cannot be excluded from the candidacy on the grounds of gender.
 Regardless of the Supreme Court’s opinion, it was possible to exclude women from the competition for judge’s positions on the basis of the law granting the chairman of the National Court of Appeal (Kohtupalat) the exclusive right to decide on the suitability of candidates without the obligation of justifying the decision.
 Thus, the cases of Susi-Tannebaum and Olesk indicate how female lawyers who wanted to become judges ended up in a vicious circle: first, the negative response from the National Court of Appeal was followed by the favourable opinion of the Supreme Court on gender equality. Thereafter the Court of Appeal was able to make a further negative (and legally correct) decision on the non-compliance of a candidate for “informal reasons”, without any additional explanation. As it was not obligatory to justify the negative decision, women were deprived of the opportunity to become judges in the 1920s and 1930s.
 In 1936, the position of the head of the Tartu Guardianship and Custodianship Court was given to Ljubov Hütsi, whom the general public considered the first female judge. However, the guardianship and custodianship court was an administrative institution rather than a genuine court of law. It was subject to judicial control and thus the person appointed as the head of such an institution by the Minister of Internal Affairs cannot be considered a judge.
 During the 1940s, repressions and the replacement of previous lawyers offered new employment opportunities for women. Regrettably, several women who were appointed judges from 1940 to 1941 had no higher education in law, and some of them did not even have any kind of legal education. In this period, having a legal education was not a priority, because loyalty to the Soviet regime and membership in the Communist Party were more important prerequisites.
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Steinert, Henning, Christopher Schwarz, Alexander Kroll, and Viktoria H. Gessner. "Towards the Preparation of Stable Cyclic Amino(ylide)Carbenes." Molecules 25, no. 4 (2020): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040796.
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Cyclic amino(ylide)carbenes (CAYCs) are the ylide-substituted analogues of N-heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs). Due to the stronger π donation of the ylide compared to an amino moiety they are stronger donors and thus are desirable ligands for catalysis. However, no stable CAYC has been reported until today. Here, we describe experimental and computational studies on the synthesis and stability of CAYCs based on pyrroles with trialkyl onium groups. Attempts to isolate two CAYCs with trialkyl phosphonium and sulfonium ylides resulted in the deprotonation of the alkyl groups instead of the formation of the desired CAYCs. In case of the PCy3-substituted system, the corresponding ylide was isolated, while deprotonation of the SMe2-functionalized compound led to the formation of ethene and the thioether. Detailed computational studies on various trialkyl onium groups showed that both the α- and β-deprotonated compounds were energetically favored over the free carbene. The most stable candidates were revealed to be α-hydrogen-free adamantyl-substituted onium groups, for which β-deprotonation is less favorable at the bridgehead position. Overall, the calculations showed that the isolation of CAYCs should be possible, but careful design is required to exclude decomposition pathways such as deprotonations at the onium group.
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Azmy, Ahmad. "Pelatihan Dasar Kepemimpinan Dalam Membentuk Karakter Profesionalisme Pengurus OSIS Di Madrasalah Aliyah Al-Falah." Jurnal Abdimas Ekonomi dan Bisnis 1, no. 2 (2022): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/abdiekbis.v1i2.694.
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Basic leadership training is provided to provide preparation for all members of the organization in carrying out their duties professionally. Material directions are given to provide conceptual and applicable aspects of millennial leadership. Student council candidates are still not ready in terms of mentality and leadership. This training aims to provide a new perspective on the meaning of leadership and organizational governance. The training method is face-to-face directly to prospective OSIS Madrasah Aliyah Al-Falah administrators. The head of the organization leads a meeting and the effectiveness of communication for its members. Forming a professional leadership character for young people at Madrasah Aliyah Al-Falah in providing sufficient provisions with strong mentality. The preparation of this training will strengthen the intention and responsibility to carry out the position to advance the school organization in the future. So it can be concluded that basic leadership training is needed to shape the character of leaders in all prospective OSIS management at Madrasah Aliyah Al-Falah Jakarta.
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Kraus, Michael W., Brittany Torrez, Jun Won Park, and Fariba Ghayebi. "Evidence for the reproduction of social class in brief speech." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 46 (2019): 22998–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900500116.
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Economic inequality is at its highest point on record and is linked to poorer health and well-being across countries. The forces that perpetuate inequality continue to be studied, and here we examine how a person’s position within the economic hierarchy, their social class, is accurately perceived and reproduced by mundane patterns embedded in brief speech. Studies 1 through 4 examined the extent that people accurately perceive social class based on brief speech patterns. We find that brief speech spoken out of context is sufficient to allow respondents to discern the social class of speakers at levels above chance accuracy, that adherence to both digital and subjective standards for English is associated with higher perceived and actual social class of speakers, and that pronunciation cues in speech communicate social class over and above speech content. In study 5, we find that people with prior hiring experience use speech patterns in preinterview conversations to judge the fit, competence, starting salary, and signing bonus of prospective job candidates in ways that bias the process in favor of applicants of higher social class. Overall, this research provides evidence for the stratification of common speech and its role in both shaping perceiver judgments and perpetuating inequality during the briefest interactions.
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Zharovska, I. M., and O. S. Rudanetska. "The state-representative and corporate-legal nature of the benevolence of judges: a discussion on European standards." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 6 (December 16, 2024): 862–66. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.06.144.
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It is indicated that the right to a fair trial is guaranteed by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The effective exercise of this right requires, in particular, that everyone has the right to be heard by «an independent and impartial tribunal established by law to determine civil rights and obligations or determine the merits of any criminal charge brought against him». The article is devoted to the analysis of the compliance of national legal regulation with European standards regarding the integrity of the judicial corps and the determination of the legal nature of this phenomenon in the publicauthority and professional-labor sphere. It is indicated that the paradigm of the functioning of the judicial system contains the requirements of professionalism, independence and integrity of the administration of justice, which forms the basis of the development of statehood and the establishment of the principles of the rule of law, which is a requirement of international and European judicial standards. It is reasoned that the state-representative function of the integrity of judges is manifested in the high professional and moral compliance of the judicial corps with the requirements for the high position of a judge. The requirements are broader than for the integrity of other employees, let’s say, executive and local self-government bodies, due to the fact that judges are endowed with unique powers - to protect and restore rights and freedoms, legitimate interests on behalf of the state. The corporate and public nature of integrity is singled out as a professional criterion for judges (judge candidates) in order to meet the position held, which is due primarily to the fact that the judiciary takes place through the implementation of activities based on the judge’s legal awareness and the state provides them with a sufficiently wide discretion to implement powers This nature is manifested in openness and transparency, which is a guarantee of achieving the integrity of judges and the judiciary and judicial self-government. Based on the conclusions of the Advisory Council of European Judges, it is proven that overcoming corruption as a manifestation of dishonesty contributes to the general level of legitimization, where functional legitimacy is based on public trust, which is created through excellent work, transparency, accountability. The hypothetical effectiveness of the new model of corporate labor relations developed in our country has been proven - the joint coordination work of judicial self-government bodies, civil society and independent international experts.
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Shalashnikova, Valentina Yur'evna. ""City manager" in the municipal management system: problems of competitive selection and efficiency of activities." Социодинамика, no. 4 (April 2024): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2024.4.70268.
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The relevance of studying the problems of implementing the "city manager" model is due to the high level of complexity in the activities of modern municipalities. This article analyzes the activities of a city manager in the current Russian conditions and identifies the reasons for the low efficiency of this model. The author considers such aspects of the topic as professional training of city managers, ensuring their high-quality selection, as well as making managerial decisions by a city manager in conditions of constant interaction with both regional authorities and the local community. Special attention is paid to the search for mechanisms to improve competitive events within the framework of the functioning of the "city manager" model in the municipal government system, taking into account existing legislative, political, methodological and personnel barriers. The results of the survey of heads of local governments are analyzed. The article uses methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison and classification, as well as systemic, situational and institutional approaches. It is concluded that there are destructive practices of "transition" (inversion) of positive elements of the "city manager" model into its disadvantages, which is due to an inadequate level of elaboration of key selection processes and preparation of candidates for the position of head of local administration. At the same time, the blurring of the criteria for evaluating a city manager leads to the replacement of the competence criterion by an assessment of the level of political loyalty, the presence of stable ties with the regional elite. In this connection, recommendations are offered on the formation of models for assessing candidates' competencies, the role of professional knowledge and analytical skills of a city manager is justified. Additionally, the expediency of taking into account the "residency qualification" in evaluating candidates for the position of city manager as a factor in supporting the actions of the municipal leader by the local population is considered.
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Skrinnik, D., N. Boychenko, and I. Barbas. "Dynamics of indicators of technical and tactical preparedness of judokas of 19-21 years old of middle weight categories under the influence of the offered models of preparation." Єдиноборства, no. 2(32) (February 9, 2024): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/ed.2024-2.09.
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Purpose: to investigate the dynamics of indicators of technical and tactical preparedness of judokas of 19-21 years old of middle weight categories under the influence of the offered models of training. Material and methods. Methods of the research: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature; timekeeping; analysis of protocols and video recordings of fights of judokas of 19-21 years old of weight categories up to 60 kg, up to 66 kg; pedagogical experiment; methods of mathematical statistics. The pedagogical experiment was attended by 20 judokas aged 19-21 years (Candidate for Master of Sports, Master of Sports of Ukraine), who were divided into control and experimental groups of 10 athletes each. We analyzed 60 fights of sportsmen of the experimental and 60 fights of the control groups. Results: after the pedagogical experiment, the number of fights that ended early increased in the judokas of the experimental group (the beginning of the experiment - 66 %, the end - 77 %) and the number of fights within the allotted time and in additional time decreased. This suggests that the fights of the athletes of the experimental group are quite dynamic, and the use of combinations and counterattacks allows to finish the fight before the allotted time. Also, the number of counterattacks and combinations of techniques during fights increased statistically significantly. Thus, the number of application of the combination technique increased from 18 to 23 (t=3,61; p<0,05), and the counterattacking from 21 to 31 (t=5,73; p<0,05). Also, the increase in the total number of real attempts to perform technical actions from 104 to 138 was established. A more detailed analysis showed that in the stand position sportsmen of the experimental group performed a smaller number of real attempts to perform technical actions in comparison with the beginning of the experiment (beginning - 103, the end - 97). Also, there is an increase in the effectiveness of technical actions (beginning - 24 (23 %), end - 35 (36 %)) estimated by judges as a half-victory (beginning - 12, end - 20) and as a pure victory (beginning - 12, end - 15). In the ground position, an increase in the number of real technical actions is observed. Thus, at the beginning of the experiment this indicator was 30 attempts, at the end - 38. Due to this the total number of real attempts of technical actions increased. Also, there is an increase in the effectiveness of technical actions (beginning - 14 (47 %), end - 19 (50 %)) evaluated by judges as half a victory (beginning - 5, end - 8) and as a pure victory (beginning - 9, end - 11). Conclusions. It is established that under the influence of the offered models of technical and tactical preparation the use of combinations and counterattacks during a fight which allows to finish it earlier than the allotted time in sportsmen of the experimental group increased. The increase in the total number of real attempts to perform technical actions, as well as certain actions (throw with the emphasis of the lower leg in the thigh, picking up under one leg, turning with hands), their effectiveness was established. Also, there is a decrease in the number of throws from the knees in a fight and an increase in its effectiveness. Keywords: competitive activity, judo, training, weight categories, indicators, modeling, models.
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McNeill, Jeffrey, Francisco Benitez-Capistros, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas, et al. "Living the Viva: The Oral Examination in Practice." International Journal of Educational Methodology 10, no. 4 (2024): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/ijem.10.4.629.
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The viva examination or ‘defence’ is a pivotal moment in a student’s or researcher’s career. It marks the conclusion of one stage and the beginning of another, whether during the study period or when competing for research funding. Unlike many other formal assessments, the viva is an oral performance. Its form may strongly depend on the domain of science or knowledge sector, on the university or even on faculty. The rituals of interaction between jurors and candidates may differ in many cultural contexts. Yet, the core elements of the defence are the debate, the use of evidence, and the justification for a statement or opinion delivered orally, are common to all. Accordingly, although a successful defence is about content, it is also about language and attitude. In academic education, there is insufficient preparation for this moment when one is in front of jurors, a commission, and even a wider audience. We draw on our combined experience in our own careers and in their coaching of students to present an analysis of the ‘viva’ process. Our findings may help candidates position themselves in the viva context and offer practical advice on how to prepare, define an attitude, and structure answers and responses in general.